Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Lecture Guide

HEAD LOSSES IN THE PIPELINE

Introduction
Lesson 2 deals with the two main classes of head losses in the pipeline,
namely, the major losses and the minor losses. Specifically, it discusses the
methods of calculating head losses using Moody’s chart and the Darcy-Weisbach,
as well as determining pipe sizes according to the standard schedule numbering
system. The Crane chart is likewise explained in determining the equivalent
length of fittings and valves. These topics are accompanied by sample problems
and corresponding solutions.
Lesson Objectives
At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
• Enumerate the two main classes of head losses and the different fittings
Offline Activities and valves;
(e-Learning/Self- • Use the Darcy-Weisbach equation in calculating head losses;
Paced) • Use Moody’s chart in determining the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor;
• Calculate the equivalent length of fittings and valves;
• Use the Crane chart in determining the equivalent length of fittings and
valves;
• Use the tables in the selection of pipe sizes based on the standard
schedule number; and
• Solve problems involving head losses in the pipeline.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF LOSSES
1. Major head losses are head losses due to fluid friction because of viscosity
and pipe roughness.
2. Minor losses are head losses or turbulence losses due to pipe fittings and
valves.
a. Entrance loss in the flow of fluid from tank to pipe, head loss because
velocity is being created.

Figure 1. Entrance Loss

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b. Exit loss – flow of fluid from pipe to tank, head loss because velocity
is being destroyed.

Figure 2. Exit Loss

c. Sudden Expansion is the flow of fluid in a sudden increase of pipe

diameter, head loss due to the decrease in velocity.

Figure 3. Sudden Expansion

d. Sudden Contraction is the flow of fluid in sudden decrease in pipe

diameter, head loss due to the sudden increase of velocity.

Figure 4. Sudden Contraction

e. Bends (elbows), fittings and valves is head loss due to the change in
magnitude and direction of velocity.

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Figure 5. Elbow & Valves

f. Gradual Expansion and gradual contraction are head loss due to

gradual increase or gradual decrease of fluid velocity.

Figure 6. Gradual Expansion & Contraction

g. A nozzle at the end is head loss due to the very high velocity at the
nozzle outlet.

Figure 7. Nozzle at the End

EQUATIONS FOR THE COMPUTATION OF MAJOR HEAD LOSSES DUE TO

FRICTION
▪ Major head losses are mainly due to friction because of the fluid viscosity
and pipe material roughness. Head losses, ℎ𝑓 , are computed particularly
in a Long Straight Pipe (say L > 500D)
1. Darcy-Weisbach Equation
a. Darcy-Weisbach equation for circular pipe

𝐋 𝐕𝟐
𝐡𝐟 = 𝐟
𝐃 𝟐𝐠
b. For non-circular pipe

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𝐋 𝐕𝟐
𝐡𝐟 = 𝐟
𝟒𝐑 𝐦 𝟐𝐠

Where, hf = Head loss due to friction, m. L = length of the pipe, m.

D = inside diameter of pipe, m. V = velocity of fluid, m/s
g = acceleration due to gravity, 9.8066 m/s2 R m = Hydraulic radius, m

Cross Sectional Area

Rm =
Wetter Peremeter of Cross Section

▪ Value of 𝑓 for laminar Flow:

Hagen-Poiseuille Equation,
64
f= → R e < 2000
Re

Blasius Equation,
0.316
f= → R e < 105
(R e )0.25

where, R e = Reynolds Number

o Friction factor f in laminar flow is a function of Reynolds number,
R e , and independent of the pipe roughness.

▪ Value of 𝑓 for Transition and Turbulent Flows:

ε
𝑓 = ϕ (R e , )
D

Where, ϕ = is a function of R e = Reynolds Number

ε
e = D = relative roughness

𝜀 = Absolute roughness of a pipe material, m.

o Relative roughness is a better indicator of pipe roughness
o Darcy friction factor is one of the parameters used to calculate
friction loss
o Absolute roughness or specific roughness is a parameter that
measures the average size of imperfection inside the pipe.

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Important Notes:
• Values for friction factor, f, may be obtained using Moody’s chart, from
the following references:
a. JW Jones and WF Stoecker, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 2nd
Edition, (USA: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1982), p.105.
b. Philip Potter, Power Plant Theory and Design, 2nd Edition, (New
York: The Ronald Press Company), p. 61-62
c. A.H. Church, Centrifugal Pumps and Blowers. (USA: McGraw-Hill
Book Company, 1944), p.12.
d. Manila Review Institute, Inc., Mechanical Engineering Tables and
Charts, (Manila, Philippines: MRII, 2004), p.119.

• Friction factor, f, may also be obtained using Colebrook Equation

1
f=
√ D 9.3
1.14 + 2 log ( ε ) − 2 log [1 + ε ]
R e (D) √f

• Friction Factor, f, may also be determined using Moody’s Equation, for

turbulent flow.

1
ε 106 3
f = 0.0055 [1 + (20 000 + ) ]
D Re

• Values absolute roughness for some selected materials

Materials 𝜺 (mm)
Glass, spun cement, brass, copper, plastic, 0.002
bituminous lining
Commercial steel or welded steel 0.05
Riveted Steel 0.9 to 9.0
Galvanized iron (G.I.) 0.15
Cast iron (C.I.) 0.25
Concrete 0.30 to 3.0
Wet-mix spun precast concrete 0.60
Timber 0.20 to 0.60
Plastic (PVC, ABS) 1.5 x 10−3
Copper & brass 1.6 x 10−3
Steel 0.06 (0.0002 ft)
C.I. (Plain) 0.24 (0.0008 ft)
Concrete 1.2 (0.004 ft)

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• Equivalent length of valves and fittings. Equivalent lengths of valves and

fittings are obtained using Crane Chart, formulated by Dean, and charted
by the Crane Co., from the following references:
a. Philip Potter, Power Plant Theory and Design, 2nd Edition (New
York: The Ronald Press Company), Figure 2-21, p.70.
b. Frederick Morse, Power Plant Engineering (USA: Litton
Educational Publishing, Inc., 1953), Figure 14-23, p. 607
c. Manila Review Institute, Inc., Mechanical Engineering Tables and
Charts, 5th Edition (Manila, Philippines: MRII, 2004), Chart (S.I.),
p.90: Table, p.112.
d. Manila Review Institute, Inc., Mechanical Engineering Tables and
Charts, 3rd Edition (Manila, Philippines: MRII, 2004), p. 136, Chart
(English Units), p.91.
• Physical Properties of Pipe (Schedule Number)
a. Philip Potter, Power Plant Theory and Design, 2nd Edition (New
York: The Ronald Press Company), Plate 1, pp. 674-677.
b. Frederick Morse, Power Plant Engineering (USA: Litton
Educational Publishing, Inc., 1953), Figure A-6, p. 665
c. Wilbert F. Stoecker, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 2nd
Edition, (USA: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1982), Table 7-2, p. 136.
d. Manila Review Institute, Inc., Mechanical Engineering Table and
Charts, 5th Edition (Manila, Philippines: MRII, 2004), Table, p. 114.
• Recommended Flow of Fluid in Pipe, obtained from the following
references:
a. Frederick Morse, Power Plant Engineering (USA: Litton
Educational Publishing, Inc., 1953), Table 14-6, p.603.
b. Philip Potter, Power Plant Theory and Design, 2nd Edition (New
York: The Ronald Press Company), Table 2-6, p.72.

2. Morse Equation

The following equations, to determine head losses, are currently

used in power plant engineering calculations and adopted in Power Plant
Engineering (mks Units) by Morse. It is called Morse equation in this
book.
𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝑓 = 2𝑓
𝐷 𝑔

Where, L = pipe length, m

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D = inside diameter if pipe, m
V = fluid velocity, m/s
g = acceleration due to gravity, 𝑚/2
f = friction factor
Important Notes:

• Values of f are obtained from Morse’s Power Plant Engineering.

1. Table 14-7, p. 605. Friction Factor f for water flow in iron and steel
pipes
2. Equations of f , p. 605
𝑍
a. Turbulent flow: 𝐷 𝑉 𝑆 < 1163.5
For copper, brass 7 lead pipe,
𝑧 0.355
𝑓 = 0.0081 + 0.0011787 ( ) → 𝑒𝑞. 14 − 12
𝐷𝑉𝑆

For iron and steel pipe,

𝑍 0.424
𝑓 = 0.0035 + 0.007562 ( ) → 𝑒𝑞. 14 − 13
𝐷𝑉𝑆

b. Viscous flow or laminar flow in all pipes

𝑍
𝑓 = 0.000016026 ( ) → 𝑒𝑞. 14 − 14
𝐷𝑉𝑆

c. Flow of steam and air in pipes (Turbulent flow)

𝑍
𝑓 = 0.0054 + 0.0465 ( )
𝐷𝑉𝑆
Where, Z = absolute viscosity or fluid viscosity, centipoise
V = velocity of flow, m/s
D = internal diameter of pipe, m
d = density of fluid, 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
S = specific gravity, water referred to

3. Fluid viscosities are obtained from the following table and equation:
a. Table 14-8, p. 606. Viscosities of Water and Other Viscous
Fluids, in centipoise
b. Viscosity of steam, in centipoise

𝑍 = 0.00894 + 3.6 𝑥 10−5 𝑡

Where, t = steam temperature, °C

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3. Hazen- Williams Formula
The Hazen-Williams formula is used for fluid flowing in a pipe with D >
50 mm and velocity of V < 3 m/s.
a. Fluid velocity, 𝑉 = 0.848 𝐶 𝑅 0.63 𝑆 0.54
𝜋
b. Volume flow rate (circular pipe), 𝑄 = 4 𝐷2 𝑉 = 0.2785 𝐶 𝐷2.63 𝑆 0.54

Where, R = hydraulic mean radius, 𝑅 = 𝐷/4

𝑆 = slope of the energy-gradient line, 𝑆 = ℎ𝐿 /𝐿
ℎ𝐿 = head loss, m
L = length if pipe, m
C = roughness coefficient, which depends only on the
relative roughness of the pipe materials

c. Head loss ℎ𝐿 in m (Hazen-Williams equation)

6.78 𝐿 𝑉 1.85
ℎ𝐿 = 1.17 ( )
𝐷 𝐶

Important Notes:
• Values of Hazen-Williams coefficient, C, for some selected materials:
C.I. pipe, new 130
old 100
New riveted steel 110
Vitrified sewer pipe 110
C.I. pipes in bad condition 80 to 90
Pipes, very smooth and straight 140

• The Hazen-Williams formula, is more advantageous than Darcy’s

formula because the coefficient C is independent of Reynolds number
that trial solutions for finding f are eliminated.

EQUATIONS FOR THE COMPUTATION OF MINOR LOSSES IN PIPE LINES

▪ Minor losses are head losses called turbulence Losses because of the
fittings and valves installed in the piping line or flow line.
1. Entrance – tank to pipe,
V2
hL = k ( )
2g

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Where, V = velocity of fluid in the pipe, m/s
k = coefficient of minor losses, depends on the condition at the
entrance,
For the bell mouth, k ≈ 5

2. Exit – pipe to tank,

V2
hL = k ( )
2g
Where, V = velocity of fluid in the pipe, m/s k≈1

3. Sudden enlargement,
V2 2 − V1 2
hL = k ( )
2g

Where, k ≈ 1
V1 = velocity at upstream, m/s
V2 = downstream velocity, m/s
4. Gradual Enlargement,
V2 2 − V1 2
hL = k ( )
2g

Where, k≈1
V1 = velocity at upstream, m/s
V2 = downstream velocity, m/s

5. Sudden Contraction,
V2 2
hL = k ( )
2g

Where, V2 = downstream velocity, m/s; k = depends on the

ratio D2 ⁄D1
k ≈ 0.375 or 0.40 D1 = inside diameter of the upstream
pipe, m.
D2 = inside diameter of the downstream pipe, m

6. Gradual Contraction,
V2 2
hL = k ( )
2g
Where, k = depends on the cone angle ≈ 0.10 to 0.04

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7. Bends and Elbows,

V2 2
hL = k ( )
2g
Where, k = is a function of the angle bend, θ and the ratio r⁄D
k = 0.5 for 90°, smooth bend

8. Nozzle (orifices, Venturi meter),

V2 2
hL = k ( )
2g

Where, k ≈ 0.04 V2 = velocity, m/s

9. Pipe Fittings and Valves,

V2 2
hL = k ( )
2g
Where, k = depends on the fittings and valves.
Important Note: Values of k
45° Bend (elbow) 0.35 to 0.45
90° Bend (elbow) 0.50 to 0.75
Tees 1.5 to 2.0
Gate Valve:
Fully Open 0.25
Half Open 5.6
¼ Open 24
Check Valve (open) 3.0
Globe Valve:
Fully open 10
Half Open 20

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DETERMINATION OF MAJOR LOSS AND MINOR LOSS COMBINED
▪ To make the solution simple, only one equation may be used to compute
for the combined major and minor head losses.
LT V 2
hf = f
D 2g

Where, LT = total length of pipe, m LT = Lsp + Leq

Lsp = length of straight pipe, m Leq = equivalent length of
fittings and valves into straight pipe
hf = major loss + minor loss
hf = Friction loss, hf , (straight pipe) + Turbulence Loss, hf , (fittings
& valves)

L V2 V2 LT V 2
hf = hf + ht = f +k = f( )
D 2g 2g D 2g

Ex. 2.1A pump delivering 230 lps of water whose absolute viscosity is 0.0114
poise has 300 mm diameter suction pipe 254 mm discharge pipe as shown in the
figure below. The suction pipe is 3.5 m long and the discharge pipe is 23 m long.
The water is delivered 16 m above the intake water level. Considering the head
losses in fittings and valves, find a) a head which the pump must supply. b) If the
motor brake power of the driving motor is 75 kW, what is the efficiency of the
pump? Assume pipe material as cast iron.
Given: A pumping installation shown

Q = 230 lps
BP = 75 kW

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Ds = 300 mm
Dd = 254 mm
µ = 0.0114 Poise = 0.00114 Pa-s
Required:
a) The total dynamic head
b) The pump efficiency

Solution:
▪ Consider the Suction Pipe Line

Solving for the suction velocity,

Q 4Q 4(0.23)
V1 = = 2 = = 3.254 m/s
A πD1 π(0.30)2

Solving for the Reynolds Number,

ρD1 V1 1000(3.254)(0.30)
R e1 = = = 856315.79 ≈ 8.6 x 105
µ 0.00114

Solving for the relative roughness of the pipe material,

ε 0.00025 m
e1 = = = 0.00083
D1 0.30 m

Where, ε = 0.25 mm = 0.00025 m (for C.I. pipe)

Solving for the friction factor, f, using Moody’s Chart (p119, MRII)

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Then, from Moody’s Chart, fs = 0.0193
Checking the value of friction factor, f, using Moody’s Equation,
1
ε 106 3
𝑓 = 0.0055 [1 + (20 000 + ) ]
D Re

1
0.00025 106 3
𝑓𝑠 = 0.0055 + 0.0055 [20 000 ( )+ ] = 0.0199
0.30 8.6 𝑥 105

Solving for the Equivalent Length of fittings & valves, using the Crane
Chart (p113, MRII)

From the Crane Chart,

Long Sweep Elbow 6.9 m
Gate Valve (Fully open) 2.0 m
Then, Leq1 = 6.9 + 2.0 = 8.9 m

For the total length of suction line, Ls = Lsp + Leq1 = 3.5 + 8.90 = 12.4 m

Solving for the Head Loss at the suction line,

Ls V1 2 12.4 (3.254)2
hfs = fs = (0.0193) ( ) = 0.444 m
D1 2g 0.30 2(9.8066)

▪ Considering the Discharge Pipe Line

Solving for the discharge velocity,

Q 4Q 4(0.23)
V2 = = 2 = = 4.539 m/s
A2 πD2 π(0.254)2

Solving for the Reynolds Number,

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ρD2 V2 (1000)(4.539)(0.254)
R e2 = = = 1011321.05 ≈ 1.01 𝑥 106
µ 0.00114

Solving for the Relative Roughness,

ε 0.00025 m
e2 = = = 0.00098 ≈ 0.001
D2 0.254 m

Solving for the Friction Factor, using the Moody’s Chart

Then, from the Moody’s Chart, fs = 0.02

Checking the value of f using Moody’s Equation,

1
ε 106 3
fd = 0.0055 + 0.0055 [20 000 ( ) + ]
D R e2

1
0.00025 106 3
fd = 0.0055 + 0.0055 [20 000 ( )+ ] = 0.021
0.254 1.01 x 106

Solving for the Equivalent Length of valves & fittings, Using the Crane
Chart

From the Crane Chart,

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Gate Valve: fully open 1.60 m
Check Valve 20.0 m
Standard Elbow (3 pcs x 8.3 m) 24.9 m

Then, Leq2 = 1.60 + 20.0 + 24.9 = 46.5 m

Solving for the total length, Ld = L2 + Leq2 = 23 + 46.5 = 69.5 m

Solving for the head loss at the discharge line,

Ls V2 2 69.5 (4.539)2
hfd = fd = (0.021) ( )[ ] = 6.04 m
D2 2g 0.254 2(9.8066)

a) Solving for the Total Dynamic Head, TDH.

TDH = (zB + zA ) + HLAB = 16 + 0.444 + 5.75 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟖𝟒 𝐦

b) For the pump efficiency:

WP ρgQ(TDH) 1000 (9.8066)(0.23)(22.18)

np = x 100 % = = = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟐 %
BP 1000BP 1000(75)

Ex. 2.2 What is the power of the pump required to draw 50 lps of water from
reservoir A to reservoir B, as shown below? Assume an over-all efficiency of the
pump 70 % and an average relative roughness for cast iron of 0.50 mm. The
absolute viscosity of water is 0.001002 Pa-s.
Given: Pumping Installation Show
Suction Line Discharge Line
Straight Pipe 18 m 50 m
Nominal Diameter 8 inches 6 inches
Schedule Number 80 40
Pipe Material Cast Iron Cast Iron
Absolute roughness 0.50 mm 0.50 mm
Water viscosity 0.001002 Pa-s 0.001002 Pa-s
Q = 50 lps
Pump efficiency = 70 %

Required:
The pump brake power if the pump efficiency is 70 %

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Figure:

Solution:
▪ Consider the Suction Pipe Line
o From Pipe Table (p114, MRII), inside diameter, D1 = 193.7 mm for 8’’
nominal diameter of suction pipe.

Solving for the V1 ,

Q 4Q 4(0.050)
V1 = = 2 = = 1.70 m/s
A1 πD1 π(0.1937)2

Solving for the Reynolds Number,

ρD1 V1 (1000)(1.70)(0.1937)
Re = = = 328 632.73 ≈ 3.3 x 105
µ 0.001002
Solving for the Relative Roughness,
ε 0.0005
e1 = = = 0.00258 ≈ 0.003
D1 0.1937
For the friction factor using Moody’s Chart

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Then, f1 = 0.026
Checking for the value of f using Moody equation,
1
ε 106 3
fd = 0.0055 + 0.0055 [20 000 ( ) + ]
D2 R e2
1
0.0005 106 3
fd = 0.0055 + 0.0055 [20 000 ( )+ ] = 0.0264
0.254 3.3 x 106

Solving for the equivalent length of fittings and valve (Using the Crane
Chart)

Elbow = (21 ft)(1 m/3.28 ft) 6.40 m

Gate valve (fully open) = (4.5 ft)(1 m/3.28 ft) 1.37 m
Then, Leq1 = 6.40 + 1.37 = 7.77 m

For the total length of the suction line, Ls = L1 + Leq1 = 18 + 7.77 = 25.77
m
Solving for the head loss, hf1

Ls V1 2 25.77 (1.70)2
hf1 = f1 = (0.026) ( )( ) = 0.51 m
D1 2g 0.1937 2(9.8066)

▪ Considering the Discharge Pipe Line

o From pipe table (p114, MRII), for 6’’ nominal diameter the inside
diameter is D2 = 154.1 mm.

Solving for the velocity,

Q 4Q 4(0.050)
V2 = = 2 = = 2.68 m/s
A2 πD2 π(0.1541)2

Solving for the Reynolds Number,

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ρD2 V2 (1000)(2.68)(0.1541)
R e2 = = = 412 163.67 ≈ 4.1 x 105
µ 0.001002
Solving for the Relative Roughness,
ε 0.0005
e2 = = = 0.00324
D2 0.1541
For the value of Friction factor using Moody’s Chart

Then, fd = 0.027
Checking for the value of f using Moody Equation,
1
ε 106 3
fd = 0.0055 + 0.0055 [20 000 ( ) + ]
D2 R e2
1
0.0005 106 3
fd = 0.0055 + 0.0055 [20 000 ( )+ ] = 0.0279
0.1541 4.1 x 105

Solving for the Equivalent length of Fittings and Valves

Using equivalent length table (p112, MRII), for 6 inches nominal
diameter
Elbows (2 x 4.88) 9.76 m
Gate valve (full open) 1.07 m
Check valve 10.67 m
Then, Leq2 = 9.76 + 1.07 + 10.67 = 21.5 m

Solving for the total length of the discharge line, Ld = L2 + Leq2 = 50 +

21.5 = 71.5 m
Solving for the head loss at the discharge line,

Ld V2 2 71.5 (2.68)2
hf2 = fd = (0.027) ( )( ) = 4.59 m
D2 2g 0.1541 2(9.8066)

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Prepared by: ALBERTO D. YAZON, PhD
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited
Solving for the Total Dynamic Head, TDH:
TDH = (zB + zA ) + HLAB = (zB + zA ) + (hf1 + hf2 )
TDH = (20 + 4.5) + (0.51 + 4.59) = 29.6 m
Solving for the pump Brake Power, BP
ρgQ(TDH) 1000(9.8066)(0.05)(29.6)
BP = = = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟕𝟑 𝐤𝐖
1000ƞ 1000(0.70)
• Therefore, use a 25-kW motor, if the pump is directly coupled to the
motor.

PIPE SIZE SPECIFICATIONS

• If the requirement is to specify the pipe sizes, take the following

example:

Ex. 2.3 A pump is to draw water from reservoir A to reservoir B, as shown in the
figure below. Recommend the pipe sizes and the size of motor to be used for the
following specifications:
Suction Pipe Line
Length of straight pipe: 100 m
Pipe Material: Cast Iron
Absolute roughness: 0.50 mm
Schedule Number: Sch. 80
Discharge Pipe Line
Length of straight pipe: 400 m
Pipe Material: Cast Iron
Absolute roughness: 0.50 mm
Schedule Number: Sch. 40
Other Data:
• Pump Capacity: 40 lps
• Pump efficiency: 78 %
• Water viscosity: 0.001002 Pa-s
• Allowable velocity: 1.0 to 2.50 m/s
• Pipe sizes D1 > D2

Specify the pipe size.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Prepared by: ALBERTO D. YAZON, PhD
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited
Figure:

Solution:
• Considering the Suction Pipe Line
Solving for the Pipe Inside Diameter, Try say,

4Q 4(0.040)
Vs1 = 1.25 m/s ∶ Ds1 = √ =√ = 0.2019 m = 201.9 mm
πVs1 π(1.25)

o Then, referring to the pipe table (p114, MRII), the nearest ID = 0.2027
m, with nominal diameter of 8 inches for Sch. 80.

Checking the actual velocity for 8’’ nominal diameter, D1 = 0.2027 m

4Q 4(0.040)
V1 = = = 1.24 m/s
πD1 2 π(0.2027)2

o Since, 1.0 m/s < 1.24 m/s < 2.50 m/s, the assumption is correct.
Therefore, use the following pipe specification for the suction line:
8” Nominal Diameter
Sch. 80 Cast Iron Pipe
(ID = 0.2027 m)

o If the computed velocity, V, is outside the given velocity range, try

another value of velocity, then refer to the table and check the actual
velocity.

• Considering the Discharge Pipe Line

Solving for the discharge pipe inside diameter,

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Prepared by: ALBERTO D. YAZON, PhD
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

m 4Q 4(0.040)
try, Vs2 = 2.0 : Ds2 = √ = √ = 0.1596 m = 159.6 mm
s πVs2 π(2.0)

o Then, referring to pipe table (p114, MRII), the nearest Id = 0.1541 m with
nominal diameter of 6” for Sch. 40 pipe.

Checking the velocity for 6” nominal diameter, D2 = 0.1541 m

4Q 4(0.040)
V2 = = = 2.14 m/s
πD2 2 π(0.1541)2

o Since 1.0 m/s < 2.14 m/s < 2.50 m/s, the trial is correct. Therefore, use
the following discharge pipe specifications:
6” nominal diameter
Sch. 40 Cast Iron Pipe
(ID = 0.1541 m)

o If the computed value of velocity, V, is outside the given velocity range,

try another value then refer to the pipe table and check for the actual
velocity.

Determination of the BP of the Pump

• Consider the suction line

ρV1 D1 1000(1.24)(0.2027) ε
R s1 = = ≈ 2.51 x 105 e1 =
µ 0.001002 D1
0.0005
= = 0.0025
0.2027
1
ε 106 3
f1 = 0.0055 + 0.0055 [20 000 ( ) + ]
D1 R s1
1
0.0005 106 3
f1 = 0.0055 + 0.0055 [20 000 ( )+ ] = 0.0262
0.2027 2.51 x 105

Equivalent Length, using Crane Chart,

Standard Elbow 6.40 m

Gate Valve (fully open) 1.37 m

Then, Leq1 = 7.77 m Ls = 100 + 7.77 = 107.77 m

Ls V1 2 107.77 (1.24)2
hf1 = f1 = (0.0262) ( )[ ] = 1.09 m
D1 2g 0.2027 2(9.8066)

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Prepared by: ALBERTO D. YAZON, PhD
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

• Consider the discharge line

ρV2 D2 1000(1.145)(0.1541)
R e2 = = ≈ 3.3 x 105
µ 0.001002

1
ε 106 3
f2 = 0.0055 + 0.0055 [20 000 ( ) + ]
D2 R e2
1
0.0005 106 3
fd = 0.0055 + 0.0055 [20 000 ( )+ ] = 0.0279
0.1541 3.3 x 105

Equivalent length, using table for the equivalent length

Standard Elbow = 3(4.88) 14.64 m

Gate Valve (full open) 1.07 m
Check valve 10.67 m

Then, Leq2 = 26.38 m

Ld = 400 + 26.38 = 426.38 m

Ld V2 2 426.38 (2.14)2
hf2 = f2 = (0.0279) ( )[ ] = 18.03 m
D2 2g 0.1541 2(9.8066)
• Solving for the total dynamic head (TDH)

TDH = z2 + z1 + HLAB = 12 + 3.5 + 1.09 = 18.03 = 34.62 m

• Pump brake power

ρgQ(TDH) 1000(9.8066)(0.04)(34.62)
BP = = = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟒𝟏 𝐤𝐖
1000ƞp 1000(0.78)

Use a 20-kW motor drive.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Prepared by: ALBERTO D. YAZON, PhD
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Performance Tasks

EXERCISES 2

Solve the following.

#1. A pump is required to draw 50 lps of water (SG = 0.988) from reservoir A, with static suction lift of 4.5 m,
to reservoir B, with static discharge head of 15 m. the pipe in the suction line is a 6” nominal diameter, sch.
40, and 80 m long. The pipe in the discharge side is a 4” nominal diameter, schedule 40, and 150 m long. The
fittings and valves installed in the suction line are one-foot valve, one standard elbow, and one gate valve:
and in the discharge line are one check valve, one gate valve, and two standard elbows. Assuming an absolute
roughness of 0.24 mm for a cast iron pipe, and an absolute viscosity of water of 0.01002 Poise. Neglecting
the head losses in the foot valve and at the exit in the discharge reservoir. Determine the pump brake power
if the pump efficiency is 82 %.

#2. Specify the sizes of pipes (cast Iron, schedule 40) and the size of the motor to be used for a pump to lift
water at 40 lps, from reservoir A to reservoir B.

Consider the following data:

Total static head 50

Fittings and valves;
o Suction line (1 foot valve, 1 standard elbow & 1 gate valve)
o Discharge line (1 check valve, 1 gate valve, 1 long sweep elbow, & 2 standard elbows)
Length of straight pipes:
o Suction line 300 m
o Discharge line 80 m
Absolute viscosity of water 0.001002 Pa-s
Absolute roughness of Cast Iron 0.00026 m
Darcy-Weisbach friction factor 0.025
Water velocity 1.0 m/s to 2.75 m/s

Neglect the head losses in the foot valve an at the pipe exit in the discharge reservoir, and do not use equal
sizes of the suction and discharge pipes.

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Prepared by: ALBERTO D. YAZON, PhD
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Understanding Directed Assess

Rubric for Exercises 2
CRITERIA EXEMPLARY SATISFACTORY DEVELOPING BEGINNING RATING
4 3 2 1

Comprehensive The score of the The score of the SAQ The score of the The score of the
Ability SAQ and and Activities is SAQ and SAQ and
Activities is around 70% to 89% Activities is Activities is
around 90% to Correct. around 40% to around 0% to
100% Correct. 69% Correct. 39% Correct.

Workmanship The neatness of The neatness of the The neatness of The neatness
the solution for solution for the SAQ the solution for of the solution
the SAQ and and Activities is the SAQ and for the SAQ
Activities is very good quality. Activities is and Activities
good quality. standard needed
quality improvement

Accuracy The submitted The submitted work The submitted

work manifests manifest the work
qualities which required qualities partiall
go beyond the y manifest the
requirements required
qualities.
Certain aspects
are
either
incomplete or
incorrect.
Total

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Prepared by: ALBERTO D. YAZON, PhD
 Republic of the Philippines
Laguna State Polytechnic University
Province of Laguna
ISO 9001:2015 Certified
Level I Institutionally Accredited

Learning Resources

Francisco, Jose R. (2007). Guidebook in Fluid Machinery

LSPU SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE: TECHNOLOGY FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING

Prepared by: ALBERTO D. YAZON, PhD