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Differential Calculus

The document explains the concepts of domain and range, special functions, graphical representations, operations on functions, piecewise-defined functions, and composite functions. It provides examples and mathematical expressions to illustrate each concept, detailing how to determine domains, ranges, and key features of various functions. Additionally, it discusses the graphical behavior of functions and how to perform operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on them.

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4 views

Differential Calculus

The document explains the concepts of domain and range, special functions, graphical representations, operations on functions, piecewise-defined functions, and composite functions. It provides examples and mathematical expressions to illustrate each concept, detailing how to determine domains, ranges, and key features of various functions. Additionally, it discusses the graphical behavior of functions and how to perform operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on them.

Uploaded by

tuliaomayzelannguzman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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a.

Domain and Range

The domain of a function is the set of all possible input values (usually xxx-
values) for which the function is defined. The range is the set of all possible
output values (usually yyy-values).

 Example: Consider the function f(x)=1xf(x) = \frac{1}{x}f(x)=x1. The


domain is all real numbers except x=0x = 0x=0 because division by zero
is undefined. The range is also all real numbers except y=0y = 0y=0.
 Graphical Interpretation: The domain corresponds to the horizontal
extent of the graph, while the range corresponds to the vertical extent.

b. Special Functions

Special functions include well-known functions with unique properties:

1. Linear Function f(x)=mx+bf(x) = mx + bf(x)=mx+b (Forms a straight


line)
2. Quadratic Function f(x)=ax2+bx+cf(x) = ax^2 + bx +
cf(x)=ax2+bx+c (Forms a parabola)
3. Absolute Value Function f(x)=∣x∣f(x) = |x|f(x)=∣x∣ (Forms a V-shape)
4. Exponential Function f(x)=axf(x) = a^xf(x)=ax (Growth/Decay curves)
5. Logarithmic Function f(x)=log⁡bxf(x) = \log_b xf(x)=logbx (Inverse of
exponentials)
6. Trigonometric Functions f(x)=sin⁡x,cos⁡x,tan⁡xf(x) = \sin x, \cos x, \tan
xf(x)=sinx,cosx,tanx (Periodic waveforms)
7. Step Function (e.g., Greatest Integer Function ⌊x⌋\lfloor x \rfloor⌊x⌋
which rounds down to the nearest integer)

c. Graphical Representations

Graphing functions allows us to visualize their behavior.

 Intercepts: Where the graph crosses the x-axis (x-intercepts) or y-axis


(y-intercepts).
 Asymptotes: Lines the function approaches but never touches.
 Symmetry: Functions can be even (symmetric about the y-axis) or odd
(symmetric about the origin).
 Transformations:

o Vertical shifts: f(x)+kf(x) + kf(x)+k shifts the graph up/down.


o Horizontal shifts: f(x−h)f(x - h)f(x−h) shifts the graph left/right.
o Reflections: −f(x)-f(x)−f(x) reflects over the x-axis, f(−x)f(-x)f(−x)
reflects over the y-axis.
o Stretching & Shrinking: Multiplying by a factor changes the
steepness.
d. Operations on Functions

Functions can be combined through various operations:

1. Addition: (f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x)(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)(f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x)


2. Subtraction: (f−g)(x)=f(x)−g(x)(f - g)(x) = f(x) - g(x)(f−g)(x)=f(x)−g(x)
3. Multiplication: (f⋅g)(x)=f(x)⋅g(x)(f \cdot g)(x) = f(x) \cdot g(x)(f⋅g)
(x)=f(x)⋅g(x)
4. Division: (f/g)(x)=f(x)g(x),g(x)≠0(f / g)(x) = \frac{f(x)}{g(x)}, \quad g(x)
\neq 0(f/g)(x)=g(x)f(x),g(x)=0

e. Piecewise-Defined Functions

A piecewise function is defined by different expressions over different intervals.

Example: Absolute Value Function

 f(x)={x,x≥0−x,x<0f(x) = \begin{cases} x, & x \geq 0 \\ -x, & x <


0 \end{cases}f(x)={x,−x,x≥0x<0

o This means for x≥0x \geq 0x≥0, the function behaves like
f(x)=xf(x) = xf(x)=x, and for x<0x < 0x<0, it behaves like
f(x)=−xf(x) = -xf(x)=−x.

Graphing: Graph each piece separately according to its rule.

f. Composite Functions

A composite function is formed by applying one function to the result of


another, written as (f∘g)(x)=f(g(x))(f \circ g)(x) = f(g(x))(f∘g)(x)=f(g(x)).

 Example: If f(x)=x2f(x) = x^2f(x)=x2 and g(x)=x+3g(x) = x +


3g(x)=x+3, then (f∘g)(x)=f(g(x))=f(x+3)=(x+3)2.(f \circ g)(x) = f(g(x)) =
f(x + 3) = (x + 3)^2.(f∘g)(x)=f(g(x))=f(x+3)=(x+3)2.
 Order Matters: (f∘g)(x)≠(g∘f)(x)(f \circ g)(x) \neq (g \circ f)(x)(f∘g)
(x)=(g∘f)(x) in general.
a. Domain and Range

Example 1: Find the domain and range of f(x)=1x−2f(x) = \frac{1}{x-


2}f(x)=x−21.

 Domain: The function is undefined when the denominator is zero, so


x−2=0⇒x=2x - 2 = 0 \Rightarrow x = 2x−2=0⇒x=2.
o Domain: (−∞,2)∪(2,∞)(-\infty, 2) \cup (2, \infty)(−∞,2)∪(2,∞).
 Range: Since this is a rational function with a vertical asymptote at x=2x
= 2x=2, the range is all real numbers except 0.

o Range: (−∞,0)∪(0,∞)(-\infty, 0) \cup (0, \infty)(−∞,0)∪(0,∞).

b. Special Functions

1. Linear Function: f(x)=3x+2f(x) = 3x + 2f(x)=3x+2 (Straight line with


slope 3 and y-intercept 2).
2. Quadratic Function: f(x)=x2−4x+3f(x) = x^2 - 4x + 3f(x)=x2−4x+3
(Parabola with vertex at (2,−1)(2, -1)(2,−1)).
3. Absolute Value Function: f(x)=∣x−3∣f(x) = |x - 3|f(x)=∣x−3∣ (V-shape
with vertex at (3,0)(3,0)(3,0)).
4. Exponential Function: f(x)=2xf(x) = 2^xf(x)=2x (Growth curve with
horizontal asymptote at y=0y = 0y=0).
5. Logarithmic Function: f(x)=log⁡2(x)f(x) = \log_2(x)f(x)=log2(x) (Inverse
of the exponential function).

c. Graphical Representations

Example: Given f(x)=(x−1)2−4f(x) = (x-1)^2 - 4f(x)=(x−1)2−4, determine


key features of the graph.

 Vertex: (1,−4)(1, -4)(1,−4).


 Axis of Symmetry: x=1x = 1x=1.
 Intercepts:
o Set y=0y = 0y=0 to find xxx-intercepts:
(x−1)2−4=0⇒(x−1)2=4⇒x−1=±2(x-1)^2 - 4 = 0 \Rightarrow (x-
1)^2 = 4 \Rightarrow x - 1 = \pm
2(x−1)2−4=0⇒(x−1)2=4⇒x−1=±2 So, x=3x = 3x=3 and x=−1x
= -1x=−1.
o Set x=0x = 0x=0 to find yyy-intercept: f(0)=(0−1)2−4=−3f(0) =
(0-1)^2 - 4 = -3f(0)=(0−1)2−4=−3, so the y-intercept is (0,−3)(0, -
3)(0,−3).

d. Operations on Functions

Let f(x)=x2+2xf(x) = x^2 + 2xf(x)=x2+2x and g(x)=x−3g(x) = x - 3g(x)=x−3.

1. Addition: (f+g)(x)=(x2+2x)+(x−3)=x2+3x−3(f + g)(x) = (x^2 + 2x) +


(x - 3) = x^2 + 3x - 3(f+g)(x)=(x2+2x)+(x−3)=x2+3x−3.
2. Subtraction: (f−g)(x)=(x2+2x)−(x−3)=x2+x+3(f - g)(x) = (x^2 + 2x) -
(x - 3) = x^2 + x + 3(f−g)(x)=(x2+2x)−(x−3)=x2+x+3.
3. Multiplication: (f⋅g)(x)=(x2+2x)(x−3)(f \cdot g)(x) = (x^2 + 2x)(x - 3)
(f⋅g)(x)=(x2+2x)(x−3). Expanding: x3−3x2+2x2−6x=x3−x2−6xx^3 -
3x^2 + 2x^2 - 6x = x^3 - x^2 - 6xx3−3x2+2x2−6x=x3−x2−6x
4. Division: (f/g)(x)=x2+2xx−3,x≠3(f / g)(x) = \frac{x^2 + 2x}{x - 3}, \
quad x \neq 3(f/g)(x)=x−3x2+2x,x=3 (since division by zero is
undefined).

e. Piecewise-Defined Functions

Example: Define the function:

f(x)={x+2,x<0x2,0≤x<35,x≥3f(x) = \begin{cases} x + 2, & x < 0 \\ x^2, & 0 \


leq x < 3 \\ 5, & x \geq 3 \end{cases}f(x)=⎩⎨⎧x+2,x2,5,x<00≤x<3x≥3

 For x<0x < 0x<0, the function follows f(x)=x+2f(x) = x + 2f(x)=x+2.


Example: f(−2)=−2+2=0f(-2) = -2 + 2 = 0f(−2)=−2+2=0.
 For 0≤x<30 \leq x < 30≤x<3, the function follows f(x)=x2f(x) =
x^2f(x)=x2. Example: f(2)=22=4f(2) = 2^2 = 4f(2)=22=4.
 For x≥3x \geq 3x≥3, the function is constant at f(x)=5f(x) = 5f(x)=5.
Example: f(4)=5f(4) = 5f(4)=5.

f. Composite Functions

Given f(x)=x2+1f(x) = x^2 + 1f(x)=x2+1 and g(x)=2x−3g(x) = 2x -


3g(x)=2x−3, find:

1.

(f∘g)(x)(f \circ g)(x)(f∘g)(x):

2. f(g(x))=f(2x−3)=(2x−3)2+1f(g(x)) = f(2x - 3) = (2x - 3)^2 +


1f(g(x))=f(2x−3)=(2x−3)2+1

Expanding:
3. 4x2−12x+9+1=4x2−12x+104x^2 - 12x + 9 + 1 = 4x^2 -
12x + 104x2−12x+9+1=4x2−12x+10
4.

(g∘f)(x)(g \circ f)(x)(g∘f)(x):

5. g(f(x))=g(x2+1)=2(x2+1)−3g(f(x)) = g(x^2 + 1) = 2(x^2 +


1) - 3g(f(x))=g(x2+1)=2(x2+1)−3

Expanding:

6. 2x2+2−3=2x2−12x^2 + 2 - 3 = 2x^2 - 12x2+2−3=2x2−1

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