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Advances in filament yarn spinning of textiles
and polymers
The Textile Institute and Woodhead Publishing

The Textile Institute is a unique organisation in textiles, clothing and foot-

wear. Incorporated in England by a Royal Charter granted in 1925, the
Institute has individual and corporate members in over 90 countries. The
aim of the Institute is to facilitate learning, recognise achievement, reward
excellence and disseminate information within the global textiles, clothing
and footwear industries.
Historically, The Textile Institute has published books of interest to its
members and the textile industry. To maintain this policy, the Institute has
entered into partnership with Woodhead Publishing Limited to ensure that
Institute members and the textile industry continue to have access to high
calibre titles on textile science and technology.
Most Woodhead titles on textiles are now published in collaboration with
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Editorial Board which advises Woodhead on appropriate titles for future
publication and suggests possible editors and authors for these books. Each
book published under this arrangement carries the Institute’s logo.
Woodhead books published in collaboration with The Textile Institute are
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web site at: www.textileinstitutebooks.com.
A list of Woodhead books on textiles science and technology, most of which
have been published in collaboration with The Textile Institute, can be found
towards the end of the contents pages.
 Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles: Number 150

Advances in filament
yarn spinning of
textiles and polymers
Edited by
Dong Zhang

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Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited in association with The Textile Institute
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Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification
of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made.

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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

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 Contributor contact details

(* = main contact) and

Centre Européen des Textiles
Editor
Innovants (CETI)
D. Zhang 41, rue des Métissages
Textile Research Associates CS 40303
105 Shenandoah Street 59335 Tourcoing, France
Clarksville, TN 37043
E-mail: [email protected]
USA
E-mail: [email protected]; Chapter 3
[email protected]
J. Hagewood
http://www.t1extileresearch.org/ J Hagewood LLC
209 Connors Cir
Chapter 1 Cary, NC 27511, USA
V. Kandagor and G. Bhat*
E-mail: [email protected]
Department of Material Science
and Engineering Chapter 4
University of Tennessee
Knoxville, TN 37996, USA A. Rawal* and S. Mukhopadhyay
Department of Textile Technology
E-mail: [email protected] Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi
Chapter 2 Hauz Khas
E. Devaux New Delhi 110016, India
Ecole Nationale Supérieure des
E-mail: [email protected]
Arts et Industries Textiles
(ENSAIT)
Laboratoire de Génie et Matériaux
Textiles (GEMTEX)
2, allée Louise et Victor Champier
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59056 Roubaix Cedex 01, France

ix
x Contributor contact details

Chapter 5 2401 Research Drive

Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA
C. J. Kuo* and W. L. Lan
Department of Materials Science E-mail: william_oxenham@ncsu.
and Engineering edu
National Taiwan University of
Science and Technology Chapter 9
43, Sec. 4, Keelung Rd. B. Ozipek* and H. Karakas
Da’an Dist. Istanbul Technical University
Taipei City 106, Taiwan Faculty of Textile Technologies and
E-mail: [email protected] Design
Inonu Cad. No: 65
Chapter 6 Gumussuyu/Taksim
Istanbul, 34437, Turkey
S. Mukhopadhyay
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Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi Chapter 10
Hauz Khas Y. Imura and M. Jaffe
New Delhi 110016, India Department of Biomedical
E-mail: [email protected] Engineering
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Chapter 7 University Heights
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Q. Q. Ni*, X. D. Jin, H. Xia
and F. Liu E-mail: [email protected]
Faculty of Textile Science and R.M.C. Hogan
Technology Omni Tech International
Shinshu University USA
Ueda 386-8567, Japan
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Chapter 8
W. Oxenham
College of Textiles
North Carolina State University
 Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles

1 Watson’s textile design and colour Seventh edition

Edited by Z. Grosicki
2 Watson’s advanced textile design
Edited by Z. Grosicki
3 Weaving Second edition
P. R. Lord and M. H. Mohamed
4 Handbook of textile fibres Volume 1: Natural fibres
J. Gordon Cook
5 Handbook of textile fibres Volume 2: Man-made fibres
J. Gordon Cook
6 Recycling textile and plastic waste
Edited by A. R. Horrocks
7 New fibers Second edition
T. Hongu and G. O. Phillips
8 Atlas of fibre fracture and damage to textiles Second edition
J. W. S. Hearle, B. Lomas and W. D. Cooke
9 Ecotextile ‘98
Edited by A. R. Horrocks
10 Physical testing of textiles
B. P. Saville
11 Geometric symmetry in patterns and tilings
C. E. Horne
12 Handbook of technical textiles
Edited by A. R. Horrocks and S. C. Anand
13 Textiles in automotive engineering
W. Fung and J. M. Hardcastle
14 Handbook of textile design
J. Wilson
15 High-performance fibres
Edited by J. W. S. Hearle
16 Knitting technology Third edition
D. J. Spencer
17 Medical textiles
Edited by S. C. Anand
18 Regenerated cellulose fibres
Edited by C. Woodings
19 Silk, mohair, cashmere and other luxury fibres
Edited by R. R. Franck
20 Smart fibres, fabrics and clothing
Edited by X. M. Tao
21 Yarn texturing technology
J. W. S. Hearle, L. Hollick and D. K. Wilson

xi
xii Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles

22 Encyclopedia of textile finishing

H-K. Rouette
23 Coated and laminated textiles
W. Fung
24 Fancy yarns
R. H. Gong and R. M. Wright
25 Wool: Science and technology
Edited by W. S. Simpson and G. Crawshaw
26 Dictionary of textile finishing
H-K. Rouette
27 Environmental impact of textiles
K. Slater
28 Handbook of yarn production
P. R. Lord
29 Textile processing with enzymes
Edited by A. Cavaco-Paulo and G. Gübitz
30 The China and Hong Kong denim industry
Y. Li, L. Yao and K. W. Yeung
31 The World Trade Organization and international denim trading
Y. Li, Y. Shen, L. Yao and E. Newton
32 Chemical finishing of textiles
W. D. Schindler and P. J. Hauser
33 Clothing appearance and fit
J. Fan, W. Yu and L. Hunter
34 Handbook of fibre rope technology
H. A. McKenna, J. W. S. Hearle and N. O’Hear
35 Structure and mechanics of woven fabrics
J. Hu
36 Synthetic fibres: nylon, polyester, acrylic, polyolefin
Edited by J. E. McIntyre
37 Woollen and worsted woven fabric design
E. G. Gilligan
38 Analytical electrochemistry in textiles
P. Westbroek, G. Priniotakis and P. Kiekens
39 Bast and other plant fibres
R. R. Franck
40 Chemical testing of textiles
Edited by Q. Fan
41 Design and manufacture of textile composites
Edited by A. C. Long
42 Effect of mechanical and physical properties on fabric hand
Edited by H. M. Behery
43 New millennium fibers
T. Hongu, M. Takigami and G. O. Phillips
44 Textiles for protection
Edited by R. A. Scott
45 Textiles in sport
Edited by R. Shishoo
46 Wearable electronics and photonics
Edited by X. M. Tao
47 Biodegradable and sustainable fibres
Edited by R. S. Blackburn
48 Medical textiles and biomaterials for healthcare
Edited by S. C. Anand, M. Miraftab, S. Rajendran and J. F. Kennedy
 Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles xiii

49 Total colour management in textiles

Edited by J. Xin
50 Recycling in textiles
Edited by Y. Wang
51 Clothing biosensory engineering
Y. Li and A. S. W. Wong
52 Biomechanical engineering of textiles and clothing
Edited by Y. Li and D. X-Q. Dai
53 Digital printing of textiles
Edited by H. Ujiie
54 Intelligent textiles and clothing
Edited by H. R. Mattila
55 Innovation and technology of women’s intimate apparel
W. Yu, J. Fan, S. C. Harlock and S. P. Ng
56 Thermal and moisture transport in fibrous materials
Edited by N. Pan and P. Gibson
57 Geosynthetics in civil engineering
Edited by R. W. Sarsby
58 Handbook of nonwovens
Edited by S. Russell
59 Cotton: Science and technology
Edited by S. Gordon and Y-L. Hsieh
60 Ecotextiles
Edited by M. Miraftab and A. R. Horrocks
61 Composite forming technologies
Edited by A. C. Long
62 Plasma technology for textiles
Edited by R. Shishoo
63 Smart textiles for medicine and healthcare
Edited by L. Van Langenhove
64 Sizing in clothing
Edited by S. Ashdown
65 Shape memory polymers and textiles
J. Hu
66 Environmental aspects of textile dyeing
Edited by R. Christie
67 Nanofibers and nanotechnology in textiles
Edited by P. Brown and K. Stevens
68 Physical properties of textile fibres Fourth edition
W. E. Morton and J. W. S. Hearle
69 Advances in apparel production
Edited by C. Fairhurst
70 Advances in fire retardant materials
Edited by A. R. Horrocks and D. Price
71 Polyesters and polyamides
Edited by B. L. Deopura, R. Alagirusamy, M. Joshi and B. S. Gupta
72 Advances in wool technology
Edited by N. A. G. Johnson and I. Russell
73 Military textiles
Edited by E. Wilusz
74 3D fibrous assemblies: Properties, applications and modelling of three-dimensional textile
structures
J. Hu
xiv Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles

75 Medical and healthcare textiles

Edited by S. C. Anand, J. F. Kennedy, M. Miraftab and S. Rajendran
76 Fabric testing
Edited by J. Hu
77 Biologically inspired textiles
Edited by A. Abbott and M. Ellison
78 Friction in textile materials
Edited by B. S. Gupta
79 Textile advances in the automotive industry
Edited by R. Shishoo
80 Structure and mechanics of textile fibre assemblies
Edited by P. Schwartz
81 Engineering textiles: Integrating the design and manufacture of textile products
Edited by Y. E. El-Mogahzy
82 Polyolefin fibres: Industrial and medical applications
Edited by S. C. O. Ugbolue
83 Smart clothes and wearable technology
Edited by J. McCann and D. Bryson
84 Identification of textile fibres
Edited by M. Houck
85 Advanced textiles for wound care
Edited by S. Rajendran
86 Fatigue failure of textile fibres
Edited by M. Miraftab
87 Advances in carpet technology
Edited by K. Goswami
88 Handbook of textile fibre structure Volume 1 and Volume 2
Edited by S. J. Eichhorn, J. W. S. Hearle, M. Jaffe and T. Kikutani
89 Advances in knitting technology
Edited by K-F. Au
90 Smart textile coatings and laminates
Edited by W. C. Smith
91 Handbook of tensile properties of textile and technical fibres
Edited by A. R. Bunsell
92 Interior textiles: Design and developments
Edited by T. Rowe
93 Textiles for cold weather apparel
Edited by J. T. Williams
94 Modelling and predicting textile behaviour
Edited by X. Chen
95 Textiles, polymers and composites for buildings
Edited by G. Pohl
96 Engineering apparel fabrics and garments
J. Fan and L. Hunter
97 Surface modification of textiles
Edited by Q. Wei
98 Sustainable textiles
Edited by R. S. Blackburn
99 Advances in yarn spinning technology
Edited by C. A. Lawrence
100 Handbook of medical textiles
Edited by V. T. Bartels
101 Technical textile yarns
Edited by R. Alagirusamy and A. Das
 Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles xv

102 Applications of nonwovens in technical textiles

Edited by R. A. Chapman
103 Colour measurement: Principles, advances and industrial applications
Edited by M. L. Gulrajani
104 Fibrous and composite materials for civil engineering applications
Edited by R. Fangueiro
105 New product development in textiles: Innovation and production
Edited by L.Horne
106 Improving comfort in clothing
Edited by G. Song
107 Advances in textile biotechnology
Edited by V. A. Nierstrasz and A. Cavaco-Paulo
108 Textiles for hygiene and infection control
Edited by B. McCarthy
109 Nanofunctional textiles
Edited by Y. Li
110 Joining textiles: Principles and applications
Edited by I. Jones and G. Stylios
111 Soft computing in textile engineering
Edited by A. Majumdar
112 Textile design
Edited by A. Briggs-Goode and K. Townsend
113 Biotextiles as medical implants
Edited by M. W. King, B. S. Gupta and R. Guidoin
114 Textile thermal bioengineering
Edited by Y. Li
115 Woven textile structure
B. K. Behera and P. K. Hari
116 Handbook of textile and industrial dyeing. Volume 1: Principles, processes and types of
dyes
Edited by M. Clark
117 Handbook of textile and industrial dyeing. Volume 2: Applications of dyes
Edited by M. Clark
118 Handbook of natural fibres. Volume 1: Types, properties and factors affecting breeding
and cultivation
Edited by R. Kozłowski
119 Handbook of natural fibres. Volume 2: Processing and applications
Edited by R. Kozłowski
120 Functional textiles for improved performance, protection and health
Edited by N. Pan and G. Sun
121 Computer technology for textiles and apparel
Edited by J. Hu
122 Advances in military textiles and personal equipment
Edited by E. Sparks
123 Specialist yarn and fabric structures
Edited by R. H. Gong
124 Handbook of sustainable textile production
M. I. Tobler-Rohr
125 Woven textiles: Principles, developments and applications
Edited by K. Gandhi
126 Textiles and fashion: Materials design and technology
Edited by R. Sinclair
127 Industrial cutting of textile materials
I. Viļumsone-Nemes
xvi Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles

128 Colour design: Theories and applications

Edited by J. Best
129 False twist textured yarns
C. Atkinson
130 Modelling, simulation and control of the dyeing process
R. Shamey and X. Zhao
131 Process control in textile manufacturing
Edited by A. Majumdar, A. Das, R. Alagirusamy and V. K. Kothari
132 Understanding and improving the durability of textiles
Edited by P. A. Annis
133 Smart textiles for protection
Edited by R. A. Chapman
134 Functional nanofibers and applications
Edited by Q. Wei
135 The global textile and clothing industry: Technological advances and future challenges
Edited by R. Shishoo
136 Simulation in textile technology: Theory and applications
Edited by D. Veit
137 Pattern cutting for clothing using CAD: How to use Lectra Modaris pattern cutting
software
M. Stott
138 Advances in the dyeing and finishing of technical textiles
M. L. Gulrajani
139 Multidisciplinary know-how for smart textiles developers
Edited by T. Kirstein
140 Handbook of fire resistant textiles
Edited by F. Selcen Kilinc
141 Handbook of footwear design and manufacture
Edited by A. Luximon
142 Textile-led design for the active ageing population
Edited by J. McCann and D. Bryson
143 Optimizing decision making in the apparel supply chain using artificial intelligence (AI):
From production to retail
W. K. Wong, Z. X. Guo and S. Y. S. Leung
144 Mechanisms of flat weaving technology
V. V. Choogin, P. Bandara and E. V. Chepelyuk
145 Innovative jacquard textile design using digital technologies
F. Ng and J. Zhou
146 Advances in shape memory polymers
J. Hu
147 Design of clothing manufacturing processes: A systematic approach to planning, schedul-
ing and control
J. Gersak
148 Anthropometry, apparel sizing and design
D. Gupta and N. Zakaria
149 Silk: Processing, properties and applications
K. Murugesh Babu
150 Advances in filament yarn spinning of textiles and polymers
D. Zhang
151 Designing apparel for consumers: The impact of body shape and size
M.-E. Faust and S. Carrier
 Introduction

The use of fibres is one of the most important inventions of human history.
From earliest times, people have planted cotton and ramie from which to
extract fibres for clothing as a substitute for animal skins, though the quality
was often crude and unrefined. The Chinese extracted silk to produce high-
quality apparel. The invention of rayon in 1903 triggered a revolution which
led to the first synthetic fibre in 1935, so setting in train the rapid develop-
ment of the synthetic fibre industry. To date, the most commonly used spin-
ning methods include, but are not limited to, melt spinning, dry spinning and
wet spinning, with nanofibre technologies emerging more recently.
The history of man-made fibres dates back to the 19th century, and has
evolved over the years into a complex field of technology. During the past
50 years, the need for an understanding of the fundamental theory of fibre
formation, combined with a market-driven requirement for fibrous mate-
rials, has increased interest and attracted attention from scientists, thus
enhancing knowledge of these materials.
The inherent qualities of natural fibre-forming materials have limited
their useful applications. Silk, cotton and wool have been in use for thou-
sands of years, but their inherent deficiencies (for example, the tendency of
cotton to wrinkle, the delicacy required in handling silk, and the shrinking
characteristics of wool) limited their application, and the lifetime of such
products was therefore short.
In 1903 rayon, the first manufactured fibre, was developed. Advances in
the understanding of fibre chemistry for many applications had begun to
emerge. By 1950, over 50 different types of man-made polymeric fibres had
been produced. This historic advance in fibre technology was preceded by
the modification of naturally occurring polymers, enabled by advancing
understanding of the background chemistry and physics of polymers.
Since the discovery of natural silk, technology has sought to imitate nature
whilst also attempting to produce artificial and synthetic materials with
properties similar to those of the natural textile. The exceptional mechani-
cal and handling characteristics of natural silk have remained the reference
points in this field. The synthetic fibre invented and patented in 1884 by
Bernigaud de Chardonnet, often called ‘artificial silk’, is considered to be the
first significant result in the development of man-made fibres. Development

xvii
xviii Introduction

of such materials followed the appearance of plastics at the beginning of

the twentieth century and the work done by Hermann Standinger in under-
standing the macromolecular structure of polymers. Polyamide 6.6 fibre
(nylon) developed by DuPont de Nemours in 1938 revolutionised clothing
manufacture, as well being used for military applications. The functional
characteristics of this fibre closely resemble those of silk. It has exceptional
strength, flexibility and lightness and was the first in a long series of syn-
thetic fibres whose properties continued to diversify with progress in mac-
romolecular chemistry.
There are three principal methods of producing polymeric fibres: melt
spinning, wet spinning, and dry spinning. Although there are several meth-
ods of filament production, melt spinning is the preferred method, and is
one of the most economical, mainly due to the simplicity of the process,
which does not require solvents. Most commercial synthetic fibres are pro-
duced from crystalline polymers by the melt spinning process. For polymers
without a stable melt phase, it is necessary to spin the fibre from solution.
Dry spinning uses a highly volatile solvent (with a high vapour pressure), so
the fibre forms during spinning by solvent evaporation. Wet spinning is used
only if the potential polymer solvents are of low volatility. The fibre must
be spun in a non-solvent bath to remove the spinning solvent and coagulate
the fibre.
As requirements for the performance offered by fibre products increases,
the development of reinforced fibre has become a key focus. In the US dur-
ing the 1970s, DuPont successfully developed an aramid with strength above
17.6cN/dex, leading to the development of high-strength fibres. The main
types of high-strength fibres include PPTA fibre, UHMWHP fibre, and car-
bon fibre.
As the demands made on fibre product performance increased, many spe-
cial spinning methods were researched and developed. Methods including
gel spinning, electrostatic spinning, and integrate composite spinning have
been applied in industrial production. Gel spinning has been widely used for
the production of fibres with high strength and high mechanical properties.
Bi-component fibres are a class of poly-blend fibres, manufactured by spe-
cial spinning techniques, the aim of which is to overcome the limitations of
conventional single-component spinning. The blending of polymers for spe-
cialised spinning improves processing and properties for specific end uses.
Electro-spinning is a relatively simple and inexpensive method for pro-
ducing fibres with diameters in the nanometer range. In recent years, many
different kinds of polymer nano-fibres have been produced by this technol-
ogy. While electrospinning technology is simple, it has a high potential for
applications using nano materials. Nano-composite fibres are fabricated by
electrospinning technology. These fibres are expected to be multi-functional
and are based on the selection of particles and polymers which may have
 Introduction xix

a high potential in engineering applications such as sensing and electroac-

tive actuators. The development of bi-functionality nanocomposite fibres
is therefore a challenge for the wider application of nanofibres. However,
the production rate for electro-spinning is relatively low when compared to
other spinning methods.
Integrated Composite Spinning (ICS) is based on the concept of combin-
ing filament yarns with staple fibres to produce a composite yarn. It differs
from other yarn formation systems in being designed to integrate a staple
fibre component into semi-molten polymer. The concept has aroused con-
siderable interest due to its high production speed when compared to other
staple spinning processes. The potential applications for such a system are
mainly technical, performance, and medical textiles.
Today, synthetic fibres are ubiquitous. They surround us in clothing, bed-
ding and home furnishings. They are also found in applications such as dust
covers for use under sofas and beds, air and liquid filtrations, sound absorb-
ers in car doors, insulation materials in buildings, and as fillings in pillows
and cushions. They are primary materials in diapers, cleaning wipes and
many window treatments. They are used in dental brushes and floss, and
for stitching and bandaging wounds. Many surgical procedures would not
be possible without the use of biodegradable synthetic fibre sutures which
hydrolyse and dissolve in the body. These fibres are often used as reinforce-
ment materials in plastic parts, automobile tyres, and even in concrete. Much
of modern life depends upon our understanding, production and use of syn-
thetic fibres.

Dr Dong Zhang
May, 2013
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
This continued till they spoiled the engine; and then
they threw whole buckets of water and mud over us.
Mr. Goddard, a leading gentleman of the town, lent
the mob his guns, halberd, and engine, and bade
them use us as badly as they could, only not to kill
us; and he himself sat on horseback the whole time,
laughing to see us thus treated. After we left the
town, they dressed up two images, and called one
Cennick, and the other Harris, and then burnt them.
The next day, they gathered about the house of
Mr. Lawrence, who had received us, and broke all his
windows with stones, cut and wounded four of his
family, and knocked down one of his daughters.”

Within three months after this, Cennick was again

in peril. While preaching at Stratton, the Swindon
mob arrived, with “swords, staves, and poles.”
Cennick writes:—“Without respect to age or sex, they
knocked down all who stood in their way, so that
some had blood streaming down their faces, and
others were taken up almost beaten and trampled to
death. Many of our dear friends were cut and bruised
sadly; and I got many severe blows myself.”

Notwithstanding, however, this brutal opposition,

Cennick’s labours were successful. He formed several
Societies. At Brinkworth, in the month of August,
1741, he began to build his first meeting-house. “On
Monday, October 25, 1742,” he writes, “I bought the
house and land at Tytherton, where now our chapel
is built; and, on Sunday, November 14, I preached
the first time there, after we had taken down several
lofts at one end of the house, in order to make
room.” 30

Cennick continues, “Two days after this, we were

sadly misused at Langley-Burrell. The rude people,
besides making a noise, cut the clothes of the
congregation, threw aquafortis on them, and pelted
them with cow-dung.”

In the midst of all this, Cennick wrote to

Whitefield, as follows:—
“Last Tuesday, at Langley, several persons came, casting
great stones at the windows of the house where we
worshipped, and hallooed to each other to disturb us with
their noise. They then blamed each other for not dragging
me out of the pulpit, and pulling the house to pieces. At
last, they laboured very hard in gathering dirt and filth,
which they continued to throw at us till we finished. Not
content with this, they laid wait for us in the fields and
lanes, and pelted us as we passed on our way. They cut the
clothes of some of the Society with scissors, and pushed
them into brooks and ditches.

“The persecutions in these villages seem to increase in

proportion as the work goes on. The ministers and parish
officers threaten to famish the poor ‘Cennickers.’ Their
threats have prevailed with some, while others tell them, ‘If
 you starve us, we will go’ to the meetings; ‘and rather than
we will forbear, we will eat grass like the kine.’” 31

Such was poor Cennick’s plight. First of all,

Whitefield wrote to him a letter of consolation:—
“London, November 20, 1742.

“My very dear Brother,—Your letter did not surprise me at

all, though it made me look up to the Lord for you. I
believed you would be down in the valley of humiliation
soon; but, fear not; it is only that you may be the more
exalted. I trust this will find you mounting on wings like an
eagle; walking, yet not weary; running, yet not faint. God
does and will remarkably appear for you. Doubtless you are
His servant and minister. He, therefore, that touches you,
touches the apple of God’s eye. Poor Wiltshire people! I pity
them. If I knew their bishop, I would apply to him. I wrote
to the Bishop of Bangor for our brethren in Wales, and have
received a very favourable answer. The wrath of man shall
turn to God’s praise, and the remainder of it He will
restrain.”

Dr. Sherlock was the bishop in whose diocese

Cennick’s “Wiltshire circuit” was situated. Sherlock,
as every one knows, was eminent for his learning,
and yet more eminent for his piety. The prelate had
no power to punish the mob for their riotous
proceedings; but he had power to rebuke his
persecuting clergy; and, hence, Whitefield wrote to
him as follows:—
 “London, November 30, 1742.

“My lord,—I beg your lordship’s pardon for troubling you

with this. I believe you will not be offended when you know
the cause.

“There is one Mr. Cennick, a true lover of Jesus Christ,

who has been much honoured in bringing many poor
sinners in Wiltshire to the knowledge of themselves and of
God. He is a member of the Church of England; but is sadly
opposed by the clergy in Wiltshire, as well as by many who
will come to hear him preach.

“In a letter, dated November 16, from Foxham, he

writes thus: ‘The ministers of Bremhill, Seagry, Langley, and
many others, have strictly forbidden the churchwardens and
overseers to let any of the Cennickers have anything out of
the parish; and they obey them, and tell the poor, if they
cannot stop them from following me, they will famish them.
Several of the poor, who have great families, have already
been denied any help. Some of the people, out of fear, have
denied they ever came; and others have been made to
promise they will come no more; whilst the most part come
at the loss of friends and all they have. When the officers
threatened some of them to take away their pay, they
answered, “If you starve us, we will go; and rather than we
will forbear, we will live upon grass like the kine.”’

“In another letter, I received from Mr. Cennick last night,

he writes thus: ‘I should be glad if you could mention the
cruelty of the ministers of Bremhill and Seagry to the
Bishop of Sarum. Indeed, their doings are inhuman. The cry
of the people, because of their oppression, is very great.’

“In compliance with my dear friend’s request, I presume

to lay the matter, as he represents it, before your lordship;
 being persuaded that you will not favour persecuting
practices, or approve of such proceedings to keep people to
the Church of England. Should this young man leave the
Church, hundreds would leave it with him. But I know, that,
at present, he has no such design. If your lordship pleases
to give me leave, I would wait upon you, upon the least
notice. Or, if your lordship is pleased to send a line into
Wiltshire, to know the truth of the matter, and judge
accordingly, it will satisfy your lordship’s most obedient son
and servant,

“George Whitefield.”

The effect of Whitefield’s letter is not known; but,

twelve days after it was written, Cennick says, in his
diary: “On Sunday, December 12th, a servant of
farmer Rogers, of Tytherton, daubed the gates and
stiles our people had to pass over with dung and tar;
and, by this means, many had their clothes entirely
spoiled.”

At present, nothing need be added respecting

Cennick’s circuit. Whitefield visited it a few months
afterwards, and met with some memorable
adventures.

Of course, wherever he was, the Orphan House in

Georgia occupied Whitefield’s attention and time.
The clergyman at Savannah, on account of whom
the chaplain and the surgeon of the Orphan House
had been imprisoned, was now dead; and, further, a
fatal disease was prevalant among the colonists.
Addressing the secretary of the Trustees of Georgia,
Whitefield writes:—
“London, November 20, 1742.

“Another distress is come upon poor Georgia. A violent

sickness rages, and has taken off many. My letters say, the
Orphan-house surgeon had fifty patients under his care.
This, I trust, will more and more convince the Honourable
Trustees, of what benefit the Orphan House is, and will be,
to the colony.

“I hear that Mr. O――, the minister of Savannah, is

dead. I know one Mr. Meriton, a clergyman in the Isle of
Man, who would go and supply his place, if he were applied
to. I believe, the Bishop of Sodor and Man will give him a
recommendation. You may acquaint the Honourable
Trustees with this, and let me know their answer. 32

“I hope, in about two months, to embark for Georgia. I

find, God has given my family a good crop; but the hands
are sick, so they cannot speedily carry it in.”

Of course, the greatest orphanage of the time

was the one founded by Augustus Hermann Francke,
at Halle, in Germany, in which he made provision for
two thousand children. Besides providing for their
sustenance, he established, on their behalf, a large
library, and a museum of natural curiosities; and also
commenced a printing office, and furnished it with
the means of printing books in numerous languages.
Fifteen years ago, Professor Francke had died, at the
age of sixty-five, regretted by all classes in Germany,
and extolled for the noble services which he had
rendered to his country, and to the world. His son
was his successor, and to him Whitefield addressed
the following letter:—
“London, November 24, 1742.

“Rev. Sir,—I have long designed writing to you, but have

always been prevented. I can now defer no longer; for,
though I never saw you in the flesh, I highly esteem you,
and wish you much prosperity in the work of the Lord.

“Your honoured father’s memory is very precious to me.

His account of the Orphan House has been a great support
and encouragement to me in a like undertaking. The
account, sent with this, will inform you how it prospers.
Hitherto, it has answered its motto, and has been like the
burning bush, on fire, but not consumed. About January
next, God willing, I intend to embark. In the meanwhile, I
should be glad to know how it is with your Orphan House;
and whether you have any commands for Georgia.”

Whitefield’s work was multifarious in its

character; but his great employment was testifying
the gospel of the grace of God. He had no idle
moments; but his highest ambition was to save the
souls of his fellow-men. Hence the following:—
“London, December 4, 1742.
 “Vile and unfaithful as I am, my Master lets me have my
hands full of work. From morning till midnight, I am
employed; and I am carried through the duties of each day
with almost uninterrupted tranquillity. Our Society 33 is
large, but in good order, and we make improvements daily.”

“London, December 9, 1742.

“I am never so much in my element as when I preach

free grace to the chief of sinners. I am much blessed here.
We have many gracious souls. Ere long, I must leave them.”

“London, December 18, 1742.

“The 16th of this month was my birthday. It made me

blush to think how much sin I have committed against God,
and how little good I have done for Him. I am now in my
winter quarters, preparing for a fresh campaign. Our
Society goes on well. Though I richly deserve it, our
infinitely condescending Jesus will not lay me aside, until
He has performed all His good pleasure by me.”

It is a fact of great importance, and which must

always be borne in mind, that, notwithstanding the
excitement in which he lived, Whitefield habitually
cultivated his own personal religion. The following
extracts from letters, written at this period,
beautifully illustrate this momentous matter.

His old friend, the Rev. Benjamin Ingham, by his

powerful preaching, had formed fifty Religious
Societies in Yorkshire and Lancashire, and had
recently placed them under the care of Moravian
ministers. Whitefield now wrote to him as follows:—
“London, December 21, 1742.

“To-day, I dined with old Mr. F――, and was kindly

entertained by him and his wife. I remembered what sweet
counsel you and I had taken there together; and I rejoiced
in the happy prospect of our being, before long, with our
blessed and glorious Lord. My brother, what has our Saviour
done for us since that time? What is He doing now? What
did He do before time began? What will He do when time
shall be no more? O how sweet it is to be melted down
with a sense of redeeming love! O to be always kept low at
the feet of Jesus! It is right, my brother, to insist on poverty
of spirit. I know what a dreadful thing it is to carry much
sail without proper ballast. Joy, floating upon the surface of
an unmortified heart, is but of short continuance. It puffs
up, but does not edify. I thank our Saviour, that He is
shewing us here more of our hearts and more of His love. I
doubt not but He deals so with you. I heartily greet your
dear household, 34 and your Societies. If our Saviour gave
me leave, I would gladly come to Yorkshire; but the cloud
points towards Georgia.”

Colonel Gardiner was still with his regiment in

Flanders, and to him Whitefield wrote the following:
—
“London, December 21, 1742.

“Honoured Sir,—Your kind letter put me in mind of

righteous Lot, whose soul was grieved, day by day, at the
ungodly conversation of the wicked. It was the same with
holy David. His eyes, like yours, gushed out with water,
because men kept not God’s law. Your situation and
employment cannot be very agreeable to a disciple of the
Prince of Peace. I cannot say, I would change posts.
Indeed, honoured sir, I think mine is a glorious employ. I
am not ashamed of my Master, though my Master may well
be ashamed of me. I know no other reason why Jesus has
put me into the ministry, than because I am the chief of
sinners, and, therefore, fittest to preach free grace to a
world lying in the wicked one. Blessed be God! He gives
much success. I am often ashamed that I can do no more
for that Jesus who has redeemed me by His own most
precious blood. O that I could lie lower! Then should I rise
higher. Could I take deeper root downwards, I should bear
more fruit upwards. I want to be poor in spirit. I want to be
meek and lowly in heart. I want to have the whole mind
that was in Christ. O that my heart were Christ’s library! I
would not have one thief to lodge in my Redeemer’s
temple.”

To a titled lady in Scotland, he wrote:—

“London, December 23, 1742.

“The Lord empties before He fills; humbles before He

exalts. At least, He is pleased to deal thus with me. I thank
Him for it, from my inmost soul; for were it not so, His
mercies would destroy us. When I discover a new
corruption, I am as thankful as a sentinel, keeping watch in
a garrison, would be at spying a straggling enemy come
near him. I stand not fighting with it in my own strength,
but run immediately and tell the Captain of my salvation. By
the sword of the Spirit, He soon destroys it. This is what I
call a simple looking to Christ. I know of no other effectual
way of keeping the old man down. Look up then, dear
 madam, to a wounded Saviour. Tell Him your whole heart.
Go to Him as a little child. He will hear your lisping, and set
your soul at liberty.”

The Rev. James Hervey had told Whitefield, that

his “Journals and Sermons, especially the sweet
sermon upon ‘What think ye of Christ?’” had been “a
means of bringing him to a knowledge of the
truth.” 35 In reply, Whitefield wrote to him as follows:
—
“London, December 23, 1742.

“My dear Brother Hervey,—I thank you for your kind and
very agreeable letter. It was refreshing to my soul, and
stirred me to give thanks on your behalf. O my dear
brother, I hope nothing will deter you from preaching the
glad tidings of salvation to a world lying in the wicked one.
I would not but be a poor despised minister of Jesus Christ
for ten thousand worlds. Go on, thou man of God; and may
the Lord cause thy bow to abide in strength! I should be
glad to come, and shoot some gospel arrows in
Devonshire; 36 but the cloud seems now to point towards
America. Blessed be God! for making any of my poor
writings of use to you. If I did not proclaim free grace, the
stones would cry out against me. Whilst I am writing, the
fire kindles. This fire has been, of late, kindled in many
hearts. Our large Society goes on well. We have many who
walk in the comforts of the Holy Ghost. I hear of glorious
things from various parts. I hope, ere long, we shall hear of
persons going from post to post, and crying, ‘Babylon is
fallen! Babylon is fallen!’ I trust you, my dear sir, will be
made a happy instrument, in the Mediator’s kingdom, of
pulling down Satan’s strongholds. Pray write me word, how
 the war is going on between Michael and the Dragon. For
the present, adieu!”

Methodism was prospering in Wales; but it

needed organization. In a letter, sent to Whitefield
shortly before his departure from Scotland, Howell
Harris wrote: “The people are wounded by scores,
and flock under the word by thousands.” Though the
movement was pre-eminently, if not exclusively, a
Church of England one, yet, Dissenters in Wales
were already somewhat numerous. In
Carnarvonshire, there was one congregation; in
Denbighshire, there were three; in Flintshire, one; in
Merionethshire, one; in Montgomeryshire, five; in
Radnorshire, eight; in Cardiganshire, ten; in
Pembrokeshire, nine; in Carmarthenshire, about
twenty; in Brecknockshire, ten; in Glamorganshire,
twenty-three; and in Monmouthshire, thirteen. Some
of the ministers of these congregations were men of
mark. John Thomas, in Carnarvonshire, was “an
humble, meek, and serious man,” and a good
preacher. Lewis Rees, in Merionethshire, was “a very
godly man, exceedingly well gifted in prayer, and also
frequent in it.” Philip Pugh, in Cardiganshire, was
“noted for his uncommon piety, diligence, and
success.” Henry Palmer, in Carmarthenshire, was “an
Apollos in the Scriptures, and very pious.” James
Davies, in Glamorganshire, was remarkable “for his
industry, and for his gifts in preaching and prayer,
especially the latter;” Lewis Jones, “for his
seriousness, popularity, and excellent utterance;” and
Henry Davies, “for devoutness and affectionate
piety.” 37

There were, at least, ten Methodist clergymen in

Wales, including Daniel Rowlands, Rector of
Llangeitho; Howell Davies, 38 Rector of Prengast;
Thomas Lewis, a curate near Brecon; William
Williams, curate of Lanwithid; John Hodges, Rector
of Wenvoe; and his curate, Thomas Sweetly. 39 There
were also a large number of lay-preachers, including
Howell Harris, Herbert Jenkins, J. Beaumont,
J. Lewis, J. Jones, R. Tibbut, John Richards, to say
nothing of John Cennick and Joseph Humphreys,
who were occasional visitors.

For want of rules and order, there had been

occasional collisions among these godly and earnest
men. To prevent this, in the future, the first
Calvinistic Methodist Conference was held at
Waterford, in South Wales, on January 5, 1743. The
conference consisted of four clergymen—George
Whitefield, Daniel Rowlands, J. Powell, and William
Williams; and of three lay-preachers—Howell Harris,
Joseph Humphreys, and John Cennick. Whitefield
was elected moderator. The decisions were: 1. That
the lay-preachers should be divided into two classes
—Superintendents and Exhorters; and that Howell
Harris should be their general overseer. 2. That each
superintendent should have a certain district in which
to labour. 3. That the ordained clergymen should visit
the “districts,” or circuits, as far as they were able.
4. That the Exhorters should be arranged in two
divisions,—public and private. 5. That Messrs.
Jenkins, Beaumont, James, J. Lewis, B. Thomas, and
J. Jones should be the Public Exhorters; and that
certain brethren, whose names were mentioned,
should be the Private Exhorters. 6. That the Private
Exhorters should “inspect only one or two Societies
each, and should follow their ordinary calling.”
7. That none should be received into the Association,
as Exhorters, but such as were “tried and approved
of.” And, 8. That no one should “go beyond his
present limits without previous advice and
consultation.”

At a monthly meeting, held soon afterwards, the

boundaries of each circuit were fixed; and it was
further agreed: 1. That all public exhorters should
have about twelve or fourteen Societies to overlook,
with the assistance of the private exhorters, twice a
month. 2. That T. Williams should be the
superintendent of the Societies in the vale of
Glamorgan and in part of Monmouthshire. 3. That
J. Lewis should be the superintendent of part of
Monmouthshire and part of Breconshire. 4. T. Jones,
of “parts of Monmouthshire and the other side of the
Passage.” 5. T. James, of parts of Breconshire and
Radnorshire. 6. And J. Jones, of Herefordshire and a
part of Radnorshire. 7. That J. Beaumont and
H. Jenkins should assist Howell Harris in visiting all
the Societies in Wales and England. And, 8. That the
associations or conferences of “ministers and
exhorters in England and Wales should be held every
half-year.” 40

Thus was founded Calvinistic Methodism. For a

brief period, Whitefield was its chief; and the
Tabernacle, London, was its principal seat of
government.

It is a notable fact, that the first Calvinistic

Methodist Association was held eighteen months
before Wesley held his first Methodist Conference in
London. How far the one gave birth to the other, it is
impossible to determine; but, at the beginning, the
two organizations strongly resembled each other.
Howell Harris was the general overseer in Wales, as
Wesley was in England. The Welsh “superintendents”
corresponded to Wesley’s “assistants;” the “public
exhorters” occupied the same position as Wesley’s
itinerants; and the “private exhorters” exactly
answered to Wesley’s local preachers.

This is not the place for a history of the Calvinistic

Methodist Connexion; but, it may be added, that, in
1870, the Welsh Calvinistic Methodists had 1,126
chapels and preaching places; 1,031 societies;
92,735 communicants; 419 ministers; 354 local
preachers; 3,321 deacons; 18,579 Sunday-
schoolteachers; and 143,946 Sunday-school scholars.
The cost of their chapel property was estimated, at
the census of 1851, at nearly a million sterling.

After finishing the business of the first conference

of the Calvinistic Methodists in Wales, Whitefield
returned to London, and, for some unstated reason,
abandoned his intention of immediately setting sail
for Georgia. Perhaps this change of purpose was
occasioned by the duties imposed upon him as
moderator of the newly organised body, or perhaps,
the cause was a domestic one; for Whitefield, a few
months later, became a father.

Meanwhile, his fellow-labourers in Wales kept him

well informed of their proceedings. Hence the
following:—
“February 2, 1743.
 “My dearest, dearest Brother Whitefield,—We met to-day,
according to appointment, and had a most heavenly
Association. I trust the work goes on sweetly everywhere.
In most places, there is a general, fresh, and uncommon
stirring. Many come anew under convictions, and old
worldly professors and backsliders return. Never before did
I feel such power given me in preaching, and in
administering the Lord’s supper. The Lord comes down
among us in such a manner as words cannot describe. To
prevent nature mixing with the work, I have openly
discountenanced all crying out; but God gives such light
and power in the ordinance, that many cannot help praising
and adoring Jesus. Thus I was obliged to leave my whole
congregation, consisting of many hundreds, in a flame—the
one catching it from the other. This is our condition
generally every Sabbath. I trust the exhorters move, for the
most part, very properly, and that every one is owned in his
place.

“I am, etc.,

“Daniel Rowlands.” 41

Ten days later, Howell Harris wrote to Whitefield,

as follows:—
“February 12, 1743.

“With us, the work everywhere goes on more and more

sweetly. I trust we shall have good order. The exhorters
shew a very tractable spirit; each observes his place; and
we have sweet harmony and love. Great power attends the
ministers and exhorters in their several places. The Lord
greatly blesses brother Herbert Jenkins. He is universally
liked, and called for; and, unless his call be exceeding clear
to Wiltshire, I do not think he ought to go, except it were
occasionally. Perhaps, my brethren Beaumont, T. James,
Jenkins, and myself, may alternately visit our English
brethren, if we are called for, and see that our Saviour
blesses us there.

“Since I left you, I have been able to visit the Societies

in every place where I have been. My dear Lord favours me
with continual employment every day, and gives me
strength of body. In some places, He blesses us with His
presence in a wonderful manner. He sometimes gives great
freedom to pray for the bishops and clergy. Brother
T. Lewis, the young clergyman near Brecon, comes on
gloriously and powerfully, and has sweet union with us. He
will be a shining light. The work in Cardiganshire is
uncommon. I hope to be there in about a fortnight. I am
now going towards Montgomery and Radnorshire. On the
1st of March, we are to have another Association at
Llandovery, Carmarthenshire; from whence I hope to go to
Pembrokeshire, and so to settle all the Societies against our
next meeting at Waterford, where I trust our Lord will send
you.

“February 14. Since I wrote the above, I have seen

brother W. Williams, on his return from brother Rowlands.
He informed me of the enemy being let loose on them,
while they were discoursing near the sea-side in
Cardiganshire. A company of ruffians came upon them,
armed with guns and staves, and beat them unmercifully;
but they escaped without much hurt. The ruffians were set
on by a gentleman of the neighbourhood. No wonder the
enemy rages, when he sees his kingdom so attacked.

“I am, etc.,

“Howell Harris.” 42
 A fortnight afterwards, Harris wrote again to
Whitefield:
“March 1, 1743.

“My dearest brother Whitefield,—Last Sunday, I was with

brother Rowlands at the ordinance, where I saw, heard,
and felt such things as I cannot communicate on paper. I
never before witnessed such crying, heart-breaking groans,
silent weeping, holy mourning, and shouts of joy and
rejoicing. Their ‘Amens,’ and crying of ‘Glory to God in the
highest!’ would have inflamed your soul, had you been
there. It is very common, when Mr. Rowlands preaches, for
scores to fall down by the power of the word. Some lie
there for hours; some praising and admiring Jesus Christ
and free grace; others wanting words to express their
feelings. Some fall down on their knees, praying and
interceding for a long time together; others lie wounded
under a sense of their having pierced Jesus, so that they
can hardly bear it; others triumph over all their enemies;
and others rejoice in hope of a clearer manifestation of
God’s glory.

“Mr. Rowlands’ congregations consist of above two

thousand people, the greater part of whom are brought
into glorious liberty. Many of them are scattered up and
down the country, and, being exceedingly poor, they cannot
come to that exact order and plan which you have in
London. I see daily that what is right and much to
edification in one place and among some people, is
impracticable among others. We have left it to brother
Rowlands to settle and unite the people in private bands,
and we find the good effect of doing so. He provides some
glorious souls to exhort and watch over them.
 “O my brother, my heart is full. I am sure God is about
to do a great work in Wales. There is a revival everywhere.
I believe you will be detained here by Jesus Christ a longer
time than you think. There are eight counties open for you,
and thirsting to hear you. Opposition ceases, and, I believe,
you will have many churches opened to you, besides
chapels. Some new houses for worship are being built.
Beaumont is much owned in Radnorshire and
Herefordshire.

“I am, etc.,

“Howell Harris.” 43

No wonder that Whitefield went to Wales as soon

as possible. On his way, he spent a fortnight in
Gloucester and the immediate neighbourhood. The
following letters, apparently to his friend Syms, are
full of interest:—
“Gloucester, March 24, 1743.

“My dear Man,—An effectual door is opened in these

parts. On Saturday night (March 19th), I preached here.
The Lord was with me. On Sunday morning, I preached
again in the barn. It was a sweet time to me and to the
people. At noon, I preached at Mr. F――r’s, on the hill, to a
glorious auditory. Here Jesus Christ displayed His power. At
four, I preached in a field near Stroud, to a congregation
consisting of many, many thousands. Afterwards, I went to
the new house at Hampton, and the glory of the Lord filled
it. It is reported to be haunted; but the landlord spoke truly,
when he said, we should pray the devil out of it. It is
exceedingly commodious for our purpose.
 “On Monday, at noon, I preached in the courtyard to a
large auditory. I also settled, in the name of Jesus of
Nazareth, an orphan house. Particulars of that you shall
have hereafter. It will be but of little expense. In the
evening, the Lord gave me a sweet time at Pitchcomb.

“On Tuesday, a man was hanged in chains on Hampton

Common. A more miserable spectacle I have not seen. I
preached, in the morning, to a great auditory, about a mile
from the place of execution. I intended doing the same
after the criminal was turned off, but the weather was very
violent. Thousands and thousands came to hear me, but,
through misinformation, stayed at the top of the hill, while I
preached at the bottom. In the evening, I preached at
Gloucester, in the barn.

“On Wednesday, I preached at Gloucester-Ham, near

the gallows, after another malefactor was turned off. God
gave me to speak with power; but, the weather being
violent, I was shorter than usual. In the evening, I
preached again in the barn. It was a night much to be
remembered.

“This morning, I preached again, and am just now going

to my evening lecture. To-morrow, I leave Gloucester for a
few days. The Association is put off for a week, so I shall
have more time in Gloucestershire. Never did I see people
more hungry and simple. Many come telling me what the
Lord did when I was here last. Let Him have all the glory! I
am sure God called me here.

“George Whitefield.” 44

“Gloucester, March 29, 1743.

“My dear Man,—Last Thursday evening, I preached at

Gloucester, with as sweet, convincing, soul-edifying power
as ever I felt in my life. The barn, though made more
commodious, was quite crowded.

“On Friday morning, I preached again; and, afterwards,

went to Hampton, the snow falling and freezing on us all
the way. In the evening, I preached at Chalford, upon
walking with God.

“On Saturday, I preached at Ruscom in the morning,

and at King-Stanley in the afternoon. In the evening, I
visited brother C――’s sweet Society; and, afterwards, rode
to Hampton. The congregations, on account of the weather,
were not so great; but our Saviour most richly fed us. At
Stanley, I thought I was on the very suburbs of heaven.

“On Sunday morning, I preached at Dursley, where our

dear brother Adams 45 had been taken down the Sunday
before. No one was permitted to touch or affront me. The
congregation consisted of some thousands, and the word
came with a most gloriously convincing power. In the
afternoon, I preached to about twelve thousand on
Hampton Common, at what the people now call
‘Whitefield’s Tump,’ because I preached there first. They
hung on me to hear the word. It ran and was glorified. In
the evening, we had a most precious meeting with the two
united Societies in the new house at Hampton.

“On Monday, I preached at Painswick. It was a precious

opportunity. From a little after one until near seven in the
evening, I met the different classes of the Society here, and
was much pleased with many of them. They grow, and will,
I believe, be brought into good order.

“Last night and this morning, I preached again with

sweet power. Preaching here is now like preaching at the
 Tabernacle. This evening I am to preach again; and, after
that, to hold our first lovefeast.

“And now, my dear man, help me to be thankful, and to

bless the Lord for all His mercies conferred on

“George Whitefield.” 46

For four days longer, Whitefield continued to

preach twice a day; and then, on the evening of
Saturday, April 2, set out for Wales. The following
letter, also addressed to Mr. Syms, describes his
journey:—
“Waterford (South Wales), April 7, 1743.

“My dear Man,—I preached and took my leave of the

Gloucester people on Saturday evening last. It was past
one in the morning before I could lay down my weary body.
I rose again at five; got on horseback, and rode to
Mr. F――’s; where, at seven, I preached to a sweet
congregation, come [on Easter Sunday] to meet their risen
Saviour. At ten, I read prayers, and preached from these
words. ‘I am the resurrection and the life.’ I afterwards
helped to administer the sacrament in Stonehouse church.
Then I rode to Stroud, where I preached to about twelve
thousand, in Mrs. G――’s field. Much of the Divine presence
was there. About six in the evening, I preached to a like
number on Hampton Common; and, after this, I went to
Hampton, and held a general lovefeast with the united
Societies there. I went to bed about midnight, very cheerful
and very happy.

“On Monday morning, I preached near Dursley, to some

thousands, with great convictions accompanying the word.
About seven in the evening, I reached Bristol, and
preached, with wonderful power, to a full congregation, at
Smith’s Hall; and afterwards spent the evening very
agreeably with dear Mr. Chapman, of Bath, and some other
friends.

“On Tuesday morning, I preached again to a full

congregation; and then set out for this place, where we
arrived at about eight in the evening.

“On Wednesday, at noon, I opened the Association, with

a close and solemn discourse upon walking with God. The
brethren and people felt much of the Divine presence.
Afterwards, we betook ourselves to business. Several
matters of great importance were dispatched. We broke up
about seven, and met again at ten, and continued settling
the affairs of the Societies till two in the morning.

“On Thursday, we sat again till four in the afternoon.

Then, after taking refreshment, I preached upon ‘The
Believer’s Rest,’ after which we went on with our business,
and finished our Association about midnight.

“I am chosen, if in England, to be always moderator. I

trust our Saviour gives me a spirit for it. I find, more and
more, the Lord will lead me in a way by Himself, and will
perform in me and by me all the good pleasure of His will.
Dear Brother Harris, in my absence, is to be moderator.

“The Brethren have put the Societies in Wales upon my

heart. O pray that I may put them, and all my other
concerns, upon the Mediator’s shoulders: those alone can
bear them. Perhaps, in a month, I may come to London. It
seems the will of the Lord, that I should stay in Wales
about a fortnight, and take a tour into Pembrokeshire.
 Great doors are open there. Our Saviour keeps me very
happy; and is, I believe, preparing me for greater blessings.

“I am, etc.,

“George Whitefield.” 47

Such is Whitefield’s own account of the second

conference of the Calvinistic Methodists,—a godly
council, sitting till midnight one day, and till two
o’clock in the morning on another, and refreshing
themselves, in the midst of their business, with two
warm-hearted sermons, by the young man whom
they had elected to be their moderator as long as he
lived. Whitefield’s sermon, preached at the opening
of the conference, has been published; but lack of
space prevents the insertion of even a mere outline
of it. It is one of his best, and, of course, has a slight
Calvinistic tinge.
“The in-being of sin,” said the preacher, “will never be
totally removed, till we bow down our heads and give up
the ghost. The apostle Paul, no doubt, speaks of himself,
and that, too, not when he was a Pharisee, but a real
Christian, when he complains, that, when he would do
good, evil was present with him, not having dominion over
him, but opposing and resisting his good intentions and
actions, so that he could not do the things which he would,
in that perfection which the new man desired. This is what
he calls sin dwelling in him. But as for its prevailing power,
it is destroyed in every soul that is truly born of God, and is
 gradually weakened as the believer grows in grace, and the
Spirit of God gains a greater ascendancy in the heart.”

“O prayer,” cried the impassioned preacher, in another

part of his Conference sermon, “O prayer, prayer! it brings
and keeps God and man together; it raises man up to God,
and brings God down to man. If you would keep up your
walk with God, pray, pray without ceasing. Be much in
secret, set prayer. When you are about the common
business of life, be much in ejaculatory prayer. Send, from
time to time, short letters post to heaven, upon the wings
of faith. They will reach the very heart of God, and will
return to you loaded with blessings.”

With respect to that with which he was often

charged, he justly observed:—
“Though it is the quintessence of enthusiasm, to
pretend to be guided by the Spirit without the written
Word, yet it is every Christian’s duty to be guided by the
Spirit in conjunction with the written Word. Watch,
therefore, I pray you, O believers, the motions of God’s
blessed Spirit in your souls; and always try your
suggestions or impressions by the unerring rule of God’s
most holy Word. By observing this caution, you will steer a
middle course between two dangerous extremes; I mean,
enthusiasm on the one hand, and Deism and downright
infidelity on the other.”

On the subject of Christian fellowship, two

sentences fell from his lips, which Methodists of the
present day will do well to ponder.
 “If we look into Church history, or make a just
observation of our own times, I believe, we shall find, that,
as the power of God prevails, Christian Societies and
fellowship meetings prevail proportionately. And as one
decays, the other insensibly decays and dwindles away at
the same time.”

“One word,” cried the preacher, “one word to my

brethren in the ministry, and I have done. You see, my
brethren, my heart is full; I could almost say it is too big to
speak, and yet too big to be silent, without dropping a word
to you. I observed at the beginning of this discourse, that,
in all probability, Enoch was a public person, and a flaming
preacher. Though he be dead, does he not speak to us, to
quicken our zeal, and to make us more active in the service
of our glorious and ever-blessed Master? How did Enoch
preach? How did he walk with God? Let us follow him, as
he followed Christ. The judge is before the door. He that
cometh will come, and will not tarry. His reward is with
Him; and, if we are zealous for the Lord of hosts, ere long,
we shall shine as stars in the firmament, in the kingdom of
our Father, for ever and ever.”

Whitefield himself has left no information

respecting the business of the Conference, except
that he was chosen to be perpetual moderator, and
that, in his absence, Howell Harris was to be his
substitute. Fortunately, a manuscript book,
containing the minutes of the proceedings, has been
preserved, and, from it, the following facts are
gleaned.
 The clergymen present were Whitefield,
W. Williams, T. Lewis, and Howell Davies. The lay-
preachers were Howell Harris, Herbert Jenkins,
T. James, J. Beaumont, T. Williams, J. Lewis,
T. Adams, and Mr. Hughes. Besides these, there was
also present a Dissenting minister, whose name is
not recorded.

After going through the list of superintendents,

exhorters, and stewards, and making appointments
for the several circuits, it was further agreed, 1. That
the superintendents should have liberty to preach,
not only in their own circuits, but, when journeying,
elsewhere. 2. That “Howell Harris should be
superintendent over Wales, and go to England when
called.” 3. That all persons, who thought they had a
call to be exhorters, should make application to one
of “the monthly Associations,” by whom “their gifts,
graces, and call” should be “closely examined.” If
approved of, they were to be appointed, by the
“Association” examining them, to a suitable circuit;
with the proviso, that the “General Association”
should be informed of the action that had been
taken. 4. That the superintendents should send an
account of what God had done, in their respective
circuits, to London every month, directed to Mr. J.
Syms, Charles Square, Hoxton, for the minister of the
Tabernacle. 5. That each superintendent should keep
a book, in which he should write the names of his
private exhorters, and also the names of the
members of his Societies; and that he should report
the state of each Society to the General Association.
6. That the next Quarterly Association should be held
at Trevecca, on the first Wednesday after
Midsummer-day. 7. That there should be a Monthly
Association in each of the counties of South Wales.
8. That the Monthly Associations should consist of an
ordained minister as a moderator, the superintendent
of the circuit, his assistants and private exhorters.
9. That a secretary should be chosen, for each
monthly meeting, to enter in a book minutes of the
proceedings. 10. That each meeting should begin
and end with prayer and exhortation. 11. That
private exhorters should not send notices of
preaching to any place; but should speak in any
private house, to the family and neighbours, if
desired. 48

Such was the primitive platform of the Calvinistic

Methodists, laid down, at Waterford, in Wales, on
April 6th and 7th, 1743. As soon as the Conference
was ended, their moderator again set out on his
gospel-ramblings. The following jottings are taken
from the letters which he wrote to his friend and
secretary Syms:—
 Saturday, April 9. Preached at Cardiff, and at Fonmon. 49
At Cardiff, the congregation large; and the greatest scoffers
quiet.

Sunday, April 10. Preached twice at Lantrissaint, where

Howell Harris also preached in Welsh. 50

Monday, April 11. Preached from a balcony, in the

street, at Neath, to about three thousand people. 51

Tuesday, April 12. Preached once at Harbrook, and twice

at Swansea, the congregations at the latter place consisting
of four thousand persons. In all these visits, he was
accompanied by Howell Harris, who generally preached in
Welsh, after Whitefield’s sermon was concluded.

Wednesday, April 13. Preached twice at Llanelly, and

once at Abergwilly.

Thursday, April 14. Preached twice at Carmarthen, “one

of the greatest and most polite places in Wales; in the
morning, from the top of the cross; in the evening, from a
table near it. It was the great sessions. The justices desired
I would stay till they rose, and they would come.
Accordingly they did, and many thousands more, and
several people of quality.” 52

Friday, April 15. Preached at “Narberth, to some

thousands, with great power.”

Saturday, April 16. Preached at Newton, and at

Jeffreston, to “several thousands, very like the Kingswood
colliers.”

Sunday, April 17. “Preached at Llys-y-fran, and had, as it

were, a Moorfields congregation;” 53 also “to about the
same number near Haverfordwest.”
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