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The Terrestrial Macroinvertebrates of the Sub-Antarctic
Îles Kerguelen and Île de la Possession
 Series Editor
Marie-Christine Maurel

The Terrestrial Macroinvertebrates

of the Sub-Antarctic Îles Kerguelen
and Île de la Possession

Maurice Hullé
Philippe Vernon

with the collaboration of

Bernard Chaubet
Damien Fourcy
Romain Georges
Christelle Buchard
First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers,
or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the
CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the
undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

27-37 St George’s Road 111 River Street
London SW19 4EU Hoboken, NJ 07030
UK USA

www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2021

The rights of Maurice Hullé and Philippe Vernon to be identified as the authors of this work have been
asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2021937387

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-78630-760-6

Photography: Bernard Chaubet (INRAE)

Cartography: Damien Fourcy (INRAE)
Species identification: Romain Georges (University of Rennes 1), Christelle Buchard (INRAE)
 Contents

Foreword 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Foreword 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

Chapter 1. General Presentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1. Physical environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1. Location and size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2. Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3. Climate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2. Landscapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.1. Sea-edge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.2. Grasslands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.3. Wetlands and mires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.4. Fellfield and rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.5. Buildings and huts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3. Human occupancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4. Natural history and history of species discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.5. Current research on invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.6. Nature reserve and access areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.7. The terrestrial macroinvertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
vi Terrestrial Macroinvertebrates of the Sub-Antarctic

Chapter 2. Annelida – Clitellata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.1. Order: Crassiclitellata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.1.1. Family: Acanthodrilidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.1.2. Family: Lumbricidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Chapter 3. Mollusca – Gastropoda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3.1. Order: Stylommatophora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1.1. Family: Charopidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1.2. Family: Agriolimacidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Chapter 4. Arthropoda – Arachnida. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4.1. Order: Araneae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.1.1. Family: Anapidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.1.2. Family: Desidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.1.3. Family: Hahniidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.1.4. Family: Linyphiidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
4.1.5. Family: Agelenidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.1.6. Family: Pholcidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.1.7. Family: Theridiidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2. Order: Opiliones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.2.1. Family: Triaenonychidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.3. Order: Pseudoscorpiones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3.1. Family: Chthoniidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Chapter 5. Arthropoda – Insecta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

5.1. Order: Coleoptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5.1.1. Family: Curculionidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.1.2. Family: Hydraenidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.1.3. Family: Latridiidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.1.4. Family: Ptinidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.1.5. Family: Staphylinidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.1.6. Family: Trechidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.2. Order: Diptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.2.1. Family: Anthomyiidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.2.2. Family: Calliphoridae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.2.3. Family: Canacidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.2.4. Family: Carnidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.2.5. Family: Chironomidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5.2.6. Family: Ephydridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.2.7. Family: Helcomyzidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.2.8. Family: Keroplatidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
 Contents vii

5.2.9. Family: Micropezidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

5.2.10. Family: Psychodidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.2.11. Family: Scatopsidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.2.12. Family: Sciaridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.2.13. Family: Simuliidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.2.14. Family: Sphaeroceridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.2.15. Family: Trichoceridae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.3. Order: Hemiptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.3.1. Family: Aphididae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.3.2. Family: Enicocephalidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.4. Order: Hymenoptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5.4.1. Family: Figitidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.5. Order: Lepidoptera. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.5.1. Family: Plutellidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.5.2. Family: Tineidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.5.3. Transient moths and butterflies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.6. Order: Psocoptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.6.1. Family: Elipsocidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.6.2. Family: Trogiidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.7. Order: Thysanoptera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.7.1. Family: Thripidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Chapter 6. Originality and Fragility of Invertebrate Fauna . . . . . . . . . . . 159

6.1. Biogeography and adaptations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
6.1.1. Biogeography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
6.1.2. Taxonomic and functional disharmony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
6.1.3. Biological adaptations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6.2. Biological invasions and climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
 Foreword 1

The extraordinary American conservationist and thinker Aldo Leopold wrote:

“To keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering.” To
keep every cog and wheel presupposes that each one of them is not only known but
can also be identified. For most places, knowing the full diversity of life is only
imaginable. And for most people, identifying that diversity is unthinkable. Yet, a
few specially endowed naturalists seem to be able to do so. And because they are
often too little valued in our modern scientific world, their knowledge passes with
them into history. Thus, places and the people who value them frequently fall into a
cycle of knowing and forgetting.

Yet, every now and then, naturalists and writers come along who are determined
to break that cycle. They recruit, through a combination of tenacity, charm and a
fierce love for a place and its diversity, a host of helpers. Spurred on by the positive
feedback that comes from enthusiasm, they recruit even more extensively. Eventually,
they deliver a monograph of life. A record of a place’s diversity and the means for
others to know it in all of its exquisite detail. In doing so, they make forever known
a part of our world that would otherwise have remained trapped in that cycle of light
and dark.

Here, Maurice Hullé and Philippe Vernon have done just this for the larger
invertebrates of the extraordinary sub-Antarctic islands of the Îles Kerguelen and the
Île de la Possession.

Doing so could not have been easy. Scattered knowledge is one thing. But
finding the animals to verify the knowledge and to captivate the attention of new
recruits is quite another. The sub-Antarctic islands are simply gorgeous and
apparently teeming with life. Yet, most are no longer what they once were. On
islands free of introduced species – such as rodents, cats, carnivorous beetles,
herbivorous slugs and system-altering weeds – the abundance of invertebrates is
x Terrestrial Macroinvertebrates of the Sub-Antarctic

extraordinary. Beetles, moths and other insects are simply everywhere, even in the
apparently hostile habitats such as fellfields. The coastal zones no longer stand out as
special because of their abundance of insects (notably some very strange flies). Yet
on islands such as the Îles Kerguelen and the Île de la Possession, where introduced
species have had much time to do their work, abundances, except of the introduced
species and some coastal inhabitants, are very low. Low to the point of thinking that
some species have gone forever. Yet, often they have not. It simply takes a great deal
of work to find them. And a very special talent of combining relentless enthusiasm
for hard field work and exceptional charm to keep people coming back in search
of knowledge, to look at more specimens and answer more questions. Questions that
can be remarkably uncomfortable to ensure that the knowledge is secure.

Such tenacity, a characteristic of the authors, results in a handsome reward, and

this monograph of the larger terrestrial invertebrate life of these islands is just such a
reward. How extraordinary to have this work. The question “I wonder what this is?”
is answered readily. And with that question addressed, immediately others can be
posed. What does it do? What is its history of abundance? What is its future? How
do we mitigate further change?

The sub-Antarctic islands are a global treasure. Most are recognized as such
through their listing as World Heritage Sites. Here, we have a further record of the
treasures of two of the most important island groups in the sub-Antarctic. As far as
we can tell, and new genetic techniques are on the cusp of revealing, much of the
terrestrial invertebrate diversity of the Indian Ocean sub-Antarctic islands originated
here. In this respect, a history of accomplished French researchers, starting with
René Jeannel, has been vital. These islands lie at the center of the evolutionary
drama that is the sub-Antarctic. A drama that has captivated the minds of some of
biology’s greatest thinkers. Knowing the islands’ diversity and being able to
recognize it places that drama and its actors within everyone’s grasp. Being able to
tell the carabid beetles Amblystogenium minimum from Amblystogenium pacificum
is now as easy as telling a Macaroni from a Rockhopper penguin.

The drama is not played out. The sub-Antarctic treasures face much difficulty
because of introduced species, the local impacts of global climate change and what
is now being increasingly documented as a positive effect of climate change on
invasive species. If the play is not to end a tragedy, new actors are required; new
actors with new parts. Parts that require thoughtful conservation action based on
compelling evidence. In delivering this monograph, Maurice Hullé and Philippe
Vernon have changed the nature of the auditions. They have broadened the talent
pool to everyone who has a love of life as we know it. And they have extended the
audience too. Even those who have never come close to the theatres that are these
islands can take part by having the islands’ diversity revealed.
 Foreword 1 xi

This monograph is an exceptional tribute to the way in which good science,

strong support for it and personal tenacity, enthusiasm and humor can be combined
to deliver a lasting legacy. I recommend that as a reader you now plunge yourself
into the world of sub-Antarctic terrestrial life, a world that, once seen, will never
leave you. Cogs and wheels have never looked this good.

Steven L. CHOWN
Professor, Monash University
President, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Melbourne, Australia
September 2020
 Foreword 2

When confronted with a book about invertebrates of sub-Antarctic islands, we

might expect a boring list written in a 19th-Century fashion by museum experts
about their identification… But the multidisciplinary state of the art of two modern
field naturalists makes this book fascinating. Maurice Hullé and Philippe Vernon
have indeed been remarkably successful in providing a story on biodiversity, with
nice iconography, which started in 1830 and is still evolving today.

It is also nice that this book provides a historical view, a well-deserved tribute to
those pioneers who first described the remarkable endemic larger invertebrates of
the sub-Antarctic Îles Kerguelen and the Île de la Possession (Eaton, Waterhouse,
Jeannel, Dreux, Voisin, etc.) and on their expeditions (Challenger, Volage, Gauss,
etc.). It was indeed the time of the first discovery and description of species. And
also the time when similarities of these invertebrates were found with the remote
wildlife of Africa and America. It raised puzzling questions on the way the
invertebrates were once established on the islands.

But in the 1970s and 1980s, there was a huge academic pressure on biologists
worldwide to abandon such projects, obviously involving the collection of long-time
series, for a more mechanistic approach in cellular and molecular biology. As a
result, systematicians and field biologists disappeared from universities and research
organizations. Physiology, once predominant when molecular biology emerged,
became a science of the past. However, as a pocket of resistance, long-term
programs on biodiversity received logistics and funding by the successive French
organizations in charge of sub-Antarctic research (Mission de Recherche des Terres
xiv Terrestrial Macroinvertebrates of the Sub-Antarctic

Australes et Antarctiques Françaises (TAAF)1, Institut Français de la Recherche et

de la Technologie (IFRTP)2 and Institut Polaire Paul-Émile Victor3 (IPEV)).
Thanks to the principal researchers, Paul Tréhen and Yves Frenot, and thanks to the
support of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), particularly in
the recruitment of new scientists, long-term series were obtained.

Technicians and engineers also played a major role in the treatment of field data
and samples. It is not surprising that some of them contributed largely to the
preparation of this book. In particular, the engineer Romain Georges and the
technicians Christelle Buchard and Bernard Chaubet should be acknowledged.
Thanks to them and to all the volunteers who, over the years, have been
overwintering in Kerguelen and the Île de la Possession. Our knowledge on the
biology of the larger invertebrates of Kerguelen and the Île de la Possession has
considerably increased over the last decades, as shown in this book.

The focus was particularly on their geographical distribution, their ecology and
population dynamics. We note that it is also then that it was perceived that the
endemic fauna of the islands was not in a preserved sanctuary but had to cope with
an increasing number of introduced species. Meteorological recordings made it
possible to characterize the first changes in ambient temperature and rainfall,
indicating climate changes. They also showed that even a small increase in ambient
temperature and drop in rainfall could facilitate the influx of invasive species.

With such knowledge being securely documented by field work and long-term
series, this book illustrates how powerful it is to now enter a mechanistic and
functional approach. Ecophysiology is the key to determining the environmental
conditions which enable or limit the ability of invertebrate newcomers to survive
and establish themselves on the islands and for the endemic species to deal with
such invaders. Complementing the understanding of physiological mechanisms of
adaptation, genomics open new perspectives to decipher and understand the origin
and biogeography of sub-Antarctic invertebrate fauna.

Thus, altogether, this book is not only about the listing of the larger invertebrates
of Kerguelen and the Île de la Possession. It is a truly remarkable story on a field
and laboratory research which is still ongoing, providing detailed information on

1 Research mission of the The French Southern and Antarctic Lands.

2 French Institute of Science and Technology.
3 The French Polar Institute Paul-Émile Victor.
 Foreword 2 xv

the origin, evolution and ecosystem functioning of the invertebrate fauna of

sub-Antarctic islands.

Yvon LE MAHO
Emeretus Director of Research, CNRS, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien
(University of Strasbourg/CNRS) and Centre Scientifique de Monaco
Member, French Academy of Sciences and Chair of the board, French Polar Institute
Strasbourg, France
September 2020
 Acknowledgements

This book is based on extensive fieldwork that was only possible thanks to the
logistics and funding provided by the administration of the French Southern and
Antarctic Territories (TAAF) and the French Polar Institute Paul-Émile Victor
(IPEV).

We are grateful to the leaders of the successive research programs, dedicated to

the study of biodiversity and the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, where this
work took place: Paul Tréhen, Yves Frenot, Marc Lebouvier and David Renault.

From the very first missions that followed the establishment of the bases to the
present day, many explorations have been carried out in almost all sectors of the Îles
Kerguelen and Île de la Possession. Many people have made it possible to reach an
almost exhaustive knowledge of the macroinvertebrate fauna. This involves more
than 150 people: all the young wintering field assistants and the scientists in summer
campaigns, as well as the civilian and military staff dedicated to logistics and who
often accompanied the scientists into the field. May we thank them all here
collectively!

We would like to thank Marc Lebouvier who made a major contribution to data
acquisition and management, and Christelle Buchard and Romain Georges, who
have done a lot of work on species identification, collection management and the
identification training we put in place each year for young wintering scientists. We
are also very pleased to have been able to illustrate most of the invertebrate species
present on the Îles Kerguelen and the Île de la Possession thanks to our fellow
photographer, Bernard Chaubet. Damien Fourcy drew all the maps of the Kerguelen
and Crozet islands specifically for this book.
xviii Terrestrial Macroinvertebrates of the Sub-Antarctic

We would also like to thank the specialists who brought their expertise on the
chapters devoted to the different taxonomic groups: Yves Frenot (earthworms),
Maryvonne Charrier (mollusks), Julien Pétillon and Cyril Courtial (spiders), Steven
Chown (weevils), Vladimir Gusarov (rove beetles), Adam Broadley (sciarids),
Torbjorn Ekrem and Aina Maerk Aspaas (chironomids), Evelyne Turpeau and
Christelle Buchard (aphids) and Richard Harrington (lepidopterans).

We are grateful to the “Zone Atelier Antarctique et Terres Australes”

(https://zaantarctique.org/) and to Françoise le Moal for editing the meteorological
data from the Kerguelen and Crozet weather stations provided by Météo France. We
would also like to thank Clément Quetel and Floran Hoarau of the French Southern
Lands National Nature Reserve for the information on the reserve and the maps of
the access areas, as well as Yann Laurent and Franck Duval for their drawings of
insect morphology.

David Hatcher and Richard Harrington provided invaluable help in proofreading

and correcting our French-English.

The entire ISTE team were also a great help in the conception of the book.

Thanks to our supervisory institutes, the University of Rennes 1, the National

Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and the National Research Institute for
Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE) for hosting our research activities and
signing our mission orders!

Finally, we express our warmest gratitude to Steven Chown and Yvon Le Maho,
who agreed to write the forewords of this book and with whom we are happy to
share our passion for the sub-Antarctic islands.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
Hon. Thomas E. Watson,
Thomson, Ga.
Friend Watson:
I want to compliment you on the splendid work you are doing in
your publications. I am glad you give space to the money question,
for it is really the only question worth while. With an insufficient
money supply no economic system, however good, will succeed. No
matter how high an ethical standard we may have or how
industrious the people may be, poverty will stalk through the land if
we do not have a money volume equal to our money needs. Our
money shortage begets interest and the consumer pays all interest
in commercial transactions. What is our money shortage? I place it
at not less than fifteen billion. We could use thirteen billion for the
one purpose of conserving wealth, and we could certainly use two
billion in active circulation. Our bank deposits were more than
thirteen billion, and we had less than three billion in circulation. The
fact that we can and do use credit to help out the money shortage,
does not alter the fact that we should have tangible money to use
instead of being forced to use credit, which always carries with it the
interest charge.
But enough of this. No answer expected, though I do appreciate
a letter from you. I know your time is too precious. A man that
writes for millions now and millions yet to come can not afford to
write to one lone person, and I think you are writing for the ages.

Yours with best wishes,

RICHARD WOLFE.

WE ALSO WISH IT.

Luzerne, N. Y., Oct. 24, 1908.
Hon. Thomas E. Watson,
Thomson, Ga.
Dear Sir:
I wish it were possible for you to make sufficient inroads in the
South to help build up a great new party which would have some
honest convictions as to the people’s right to rule themselves, a
democracy of vital grip.

Success to you,
GEO. THOMAS.

A FINE LETTER FROM

MRS. MARION TODD.
Springport, Mich., Dec. 16, 1908.
My Dear Mr. Watson:
Anything that appears to have your endorsement is worthy of
consideration, and, as the language of Dr. S. Leland, in your last
Magazine, in his speech refers to woman in an offensive manner, I
inflict this article upon you and consider it only fair that it be placed
before the same readers. Dr. Leland refers to woman in the following
language:
“They will be anything for love, and if they can’t get that * * *
some will rush into the lecture field—join the Salvation Army—form
Women’s Rights Societies, and do deeds that make the angels
weep.”
It’s not surprising that women join the Salvation Army, since it’s
an Army that has done more good than all the churches on earth
have ever done; but what really puzzles me is how Dr. Leland
happened to know that the angels weep because women rush into
the lecture field—form Women’s Rights Societies, etc. Was he so
close to the angels that he could hear the rustle of their wings?
There is no known record of angels weeping over woman suffrage
societies, etc. The only thing that approaches a record of weeping
angels is, that Lucifer, in his tilt with heavenly comrades, might
have wept, not because of woman suffrage societies, evidently, but
probably because he happened to be kicked over the battlements of
Glory. We hope Dr. Leland, who is now dead, found better favor in
the beyond than did Lucifer, since he was no doubt as good a man
would like to find a place could be.
Dr. Leland informs us that “true women are not public
brawlers”—otherwise lecturers. The poor, dear man! Did he think a
public lecturer had to be a brawler? The sainted Mary E. Willard was
a public lecturer, imagine her a public brawler! She did more good
than and left an Influence superior to that of any man in the nation.
Her name is found upon the scroll of honor, where many a man
would like to find a place. Mrs. Maud Ballington Booth is a public
speaker. Let all men uncover their heads at the mention of her
name.
Dr. Leland says: “Administrative faculties are not hers.”
Without a trial how could he know she was so deficient? Man has
demonstrated his ability in that line; God forbid that woman
develops the same kind if the opportunity ever occurs.
Public plunder and panics, the murder of babies in workshop and
factory, a Congress, so corrupt that trusts and corporations rule the
land—such is the administration of man. Dr. Leland says the forum is
no place for her silver voice, but the rotten reign of man makes it
the most appropriate place, for the cesspool will not cleanse itself.
We are informed further that “woman discusses not the course of
the planets.” What the discussion of the planets has to do with the
right of suffrage is not exactly clear, as I believe there are a few
voters who are unqualified to discuss the course of the planets. In
case it has a bearing, I would announce that it was a woman who
drew the world’s prize in competition with the wisest in this line but
a short time ago. The Doctor said:
“She guides no vessels through the night and tempest across the
trackless sea.” But she does greater things. She possesses the heart
and heroism to jeopardize her life in rescuing the shipwrecked. We
have many a Grace Darling, we have many a Florence Nightingale,
who have manifested greater bravery and brain than required to
guide a vessel. But this latter charge will not hold today.
Finally, as a clincher, the Doctor stated that “the strength of
Milton’s poetic vision is far beyond her delicate perception, she
would have been affrighted at that fiery sea upon whose flaming
billows—

‘Satan, with head above the waves

And eyes that sparkling blazed.’”

We again find the Doctor an incompetent judge of woman. A

wife who has to encounter a drunken husband time after time, and
who lives in terror of her life, is used to blazing eyes and bleared
eyes, and all kinds. She would prefer to meet Satan, any time, for
there is no record of his being a “drunk.”
Woman asks for the ballot that she may vote this worst of hells
out of her life. Yet we find men who respect her so much they would
withhold this privilege of defense.
Such chivalry is sick and needs medicine.

(Mrs.) Marion Todd.

A VICTIM OF MILITARY DISCIPLINE.

Dear Mr. Watson:
I am requested to write out the details of the execution of a
Confederate soldier at Morton, Mississippi, in July, 1863. I will
endeavor to do so to the best of my recollection; and I think that
what I shall write will be substantially correct, because the incident
is frescoed upon my memory.
 During the siege of Vicksburg, General Joseph E. Johnson was
placed in command of the Army in Mississippi which was being
organized outside to relieve General Pemberton. General W. H. T.
Walker commanded a division in said Army. His command consisted
of the brigares of Guist, Wilson, McNair, Ector and Gregg. I was on
the staff of General Gregg. We were for some time at Yazoo City
preparing to move on the rear of General Grant, who was then
closely besieging Vicksburg. When we got ready and our large
supply train prepared (which we expected to take into Vicksburg),
we marched from Yazoo City towards the Big Black Creek and
encamped some days at a little hamlet called Vernon, a few miles
West of Canton. While in camp there, one day a regiment of cavalry
passed along the road, by the side of which the 46th Georgia
Regiment was encamped. This regiment was commanded by Colonel
Peyton Colquitt, who was afterwards killed at Chickamauga. Some
one recognized a man in the cavalry who formerly belonged to the
46th Georgia. The soldier had deserted from the latter regiment
whilst it was on the Georgia coast, and joined this regiment of
cavalry. He was arrested—charges preferred against him for
desertion. He was tried by a court martial which was sitting at
Vernon.
The man was convicted, but no publication was then made of the
results of the trial, but the findings were regularly forwarded to
General Johnson’s headquarters, and then we broke camp and
moved down to the Big Black for the purpose of crossing to attack
General Grant. Indeed, we reached the point to cross on the night of
July 3rd, and the engineer corps was preparing to throw the
pontoons across, when news came that Vicksburg had surrendered.
Then we commenced our retrograde movement towards Jackson—
passing through Clinton, Mississippi, en route. Sherman was sent in
pursuit and we reached Jackson one day ahead of him and went into
the works which had been prepared for the defense of Jackson.
Sherman immediately extended his besieging lines with both
flanks resting on Pearl River, forming a semi-circle, leaving the
Eastern side of the city open for our retreat. I think we remained
there one week before retreating. General Johnson found it
impossible to keep Sherman from crossing the river and getting in
his rear and, therefore, evacuated the works and took up his line of
march one night towards Meridian. After we were some distance on
the road beyond Brandon, a terrific rain-storm came on, with heavy
thunder and lightning. The rain was so heavy and the night so dark
the troops scarcely march, encountering here and there wagons and
artillery stuck in the mud.
We reached Morton about daylight and went into camp. The sun
rose in all its brightness and intensity of July heat. The troops were
drying off and preparing their camp for cooking, etc., when this
convicted soldier struggled up to the provost guard and said to the
Major in command: “Well, Major, I got lost last night but am up as
soon as I could find you.” The officer turned over to the guard and
said: “I am sorry you came up for orders have been issued that you
must be shot today at one o’clock p. m.”
When General Walker learned of this incident, his sympathies
were aroused and he and Major Cumming mounted their horses and
rode to General Johnson’s headquarters. General Walker
dismounted, recited the facts to his superior officer and interceded
for the poor fellow. The only reply was: “General Walker, my orders
must be obeyed.” The latter saluted and replied, “General, they shall
be,” and mounted his horse. With tears in his eyes he instructed
Major Cumming to have Major Schauff (I do not know that I spell
this name correctly) make a detail for the execution and carry it out
at 1 o’clock promptly.
He then ordered the division out to witness the execution. The
brigade formed three sides of a square in a large old field flanked by
second growth of pines; the grave had been dug in the center of it,
his coffin resting on the further side from the firing squad. The
condemned man asked not to be blindfolded; his hands were tied
behind his back, he knelt on his coffin, and in the presence of the
whole division, including his old 46th Georgia Regiment and his
comrades therein, and was shot to death, placed in his box, or
coffin, and was buried right there in that old field.
The saddest part of it was that the testimony showed he had
been so good and gallant soldier in his adopted regiment, and he
stated the only reason he left the 46th Georgia was that he got tired
of inaction down on the coast and wanted to be where he could do
some fighting. He also stated that he had a wife and child at home
in Georgia.
I wish I knew his name and Company, but I do not. Major
Cumming may.
I think these facts are substantially correct, and hope they will be
of some service to you.

M. P. CARROLL.
 Poem Outlines.
By Sidney Lanier.
Charles Scribner’s Sons,
Publishers, New York.

D’Israeli’s “Calamities and Quarrels of Authors” may be ransacked

in vain for an example of misfortune, suffering and heroic combat
with adversity, more pathetic and more admirable than that of
Sidney Lanier.
The literary history of our own country presents many an
instance of the neglected genius, struggling with poverty, but none
of them appeals to us quite so powerfully as does that of the
Georgia poet who wrote the “Hymn to Sunrise”—wrote it when his
hand was too weak to lift food to his mouth and when his fever
temperature was 104.
 Born in Macon, Ga., in 1842, he had hardly graduated, with the
first honor, at Oglethorpe College, before the Civil War drew him, a
youth of eighteen, into the Macon Volunteers, the first Georgia
troops that went to the front.
At the end of the war,—in which he had been in several battles
and had spent months in prison—he returned on foot to Georgia.
After a long and desperate illness, he went to Alabama, where he
clerked in a store in Montgomery, and then became a school teacher.
He married in 1868 and soon afterwards had the first
hemorrhage from the lungs.
Returning to Macon, he studied law and began its practice, with
his father.
The lung trouble was a fixture, however, and he went to New
York for treatment. The remainder of his life presents the distressing
spectacle of pursuer and pursued—the Disease in chase of the
victim. We find him now in Texas, then in Florida, now in
Pennsylvania, then in North Carolina,—with his remorseless enemy
on his trail, always.
In the occasional improvements in his health, in the temporary
respites from the implacable foe, was done the literary work which
gives Sidney Lanier his place in the hall of fame. A born musician, he
played organ, piano, flute, violin, banjo and guitar, but his
preference was the violin and his specialty the flute.
It was his exquisite music on the flute which secured and held for
him the leadership of the Peabody Symphony Concerts, in Baltimore.
To this city he went to live in 1873, and Baltimore was his home
during the few years that were left to him.
There is no record of a braver struggle with poverty and disease
than that made by the Georgia poet during these last tragical years.
Fugitive writings for the magazines, lecture courses to private
classes, books in prose and books in verse, first-flute in an orchestra,
public lectures at the Peabody Institute, and then the final scene in
North Carolina where the long, hideous battle comes to its pitiful
close. (Aug. 1881.)
It is not probable that Sidney Lanier ever got much money out of
his books.
“Tiger Lilies,” his novel, made no hit; “The Science of English
Verse” could not possibly appeal to many; and even his volumes of
verse had no considerable recognition during the poet’s life-time.
Indeed, it is doubtful whether Lanier will ever be one of the favorites
of all classes, like Burns and Byron, Longfellow and Bret Harte.
It appears to be the literal fact that the Georgia poet was
always hard up. Poverty and Consumption were always dogging
his steps. To keep himself and family from want, he had to be first-
flute in the Concert, had to deliver those lectures. No matter how
weak he was, no matter how ill and depressed, he had to go,—and
he did go and go and go, until he was so far spent that it may be
said that his last lectures were the death-rattle of a dying
man. It is said that his hearers, to whom his condition was but too
evident, listened to these final discourses “in a kind of fascinated
terror.”
Read this extract from one of his letters to his wife:
“So many great ideas for Art are born to me each day, I am
swept away into the land of All-Delight by their strenuous
sweet whirlwind; and I find within myself such entire, yet humble,
confidence of possessing every single element of power to carry
them all out, save the little paltry sum of money that would suffice
to keep us clothed and fed in the meantime.
“I do not understand this.”
(The black type is ours.)
It reminds one of that letter of Edgar Poe, written to Childers of
Georgia, requesting a small loan and saying simply, abjectly, “I am
so miserably poor and friendless.”
 His poverty cowed Poe, and caused him to do unmanly things.
Poverty did not cow Sidney Lanier, and never in his life did he do an
unmanly thing. Much of the time he was not able to have his family
with him. Therefore, the battle that was fought by this unfearing
soul was a sick man, a lonely man, a care-worn man, a sensitive
man, a very poor man against odds that he knew he could not long
resist.
In 1905, Charles Scribner’s Sons brought out a complete
collection of the “Poems of Sidney Lanier, edited by his wife.” Of
those poems we have not space to write.
The present volume is unique and to those who value the brief
suggestion which fires a train of thought, it is valuable,—exceedingly
so.
Not all of these “Outlines” are properly so called. Many of them
are as complete in themselves as are the Cameos of Walter Savage
Landor.
Like other Georgia bards—A. R. Watson, Dr. Frank Tickner, Joel
Chandler Harris, Frank L. Stanton and Don Marquis,—Sidney Lanier
could put so much thought and beauty into four lines as to give one
a sense of perfection.
For example,

“And then
A gentle violin mated with the flute,
And both flew off into a wood of harmony,
Two doves of tone.”

That is not the “Outline” of a poem; it is a poem, perfect in its

way and complete in itself. There was nothing more to be said.
Again,
 “Tolerance, like a Harbor, lay
Smooth and shining and secure,
Where ships carrying every flag
Of faith were anchored in peace.”

This also,

“Who doubts but Eve had a rose in her hair

Ere fig leaves fettered her limbs?
So Life wore poetry’s perfect rose
Before ’twas clothed with economic prose.”

And,

“How did’st thou win her, Death?

Thou art the only rival that ever made her cold to me.”

And,

“Wan Silence lying, lip on ground.

An outcast Angel from the heaven of sound,
Prone and desolate
By the shut Gate.”

One more selection, and we leave off:

“Look out Death, I am coming,

Art thou not glad? What talks we’ll have,
What mem’ries of old battles.
Come, bring the bowl, Death; I am thirsty.”
 This is no “Outline”; it is a complete poem, a terribly complete
poem. Like the flash in a night of storm, it lights up a world of
raging elements and universal gloom.

“Pokahuntas, Maid of Jamestown.”

By Anne Sanford Green.
The Exponent Press,
Culpeper, Va.
In the Introduction, the author says,
“We have expended great pains, and much time and thought, to
demonstrate that the whole story of Pokahuntas and John Smith was
mainly true, and not mythological, and unfit to be told, as some
Virginia historians have been at pains to prove.
“But really, that it was true that Captain John Smith loved the
Indian maiden, and that he was the one love of her life.”
The author cites the county records of Virginia to substantiate
the facts upon which her story rests, and uses extensively the work
of Annas Todkill, “My Lady Pokahuntas,” published in the
seventeenth century.
Out of these materials has been evolved a narrative which is
deeply interesting. How the Indian girl saved Captain Smith’s life,
how she came to love him, how she saved the colony from
starvation, how the enemies of Captain Smith finally made his
position unbearable and how he sailed away, after a tender leave-
taking of Pokahuntas, how the ungrateful colonists captured the girl
and held her as hostage, how the report of Captain Smith’s death
came to Jamestown and was believed by all, how the Indian maiden
was wooed and won by Rolfe, how she went to England and was the
honored guest of royalty, how she saw Captain Smith at
Shakespeare’s theatre, how her love for him revived and filled her
with despair, how she sickened and died,—such is the outline of this
fascinating story. The author tells it, without the waste of a word,
and with simplicity, directness and force.

Disastrous Financial Panics:

Cause and Remedy.
By Jesse Gillmore,
San Diego, Cal.
Price 25 cents.
“Indeed, a most love of a book,” wrote some one rapturously of a
volume which had pleased him immensely. One is tempted to repeat
the phrase in reference to Mr. Gillmore’s little work, because he has
swept out the ambiguous, the obscure and tiresome, condensed
statistical tables into a few lines and made his subject vitally
interesting. The difficulty of enlightening a majority of people on the
evils of our financial system consists in the refusal of the reader to
be bored by dreary compilations of figures and tedious elaborations.
Mr. Gillmore’s book is history and logic in so entertaining a form that
the reader is delighted; and even a school boy would find in it
nothing dull or confusing. The true test of a popular work on an
instructive subject really is whether or not it is laid down by the
reader with a definite: “Why, I understand that. It was never made
so plain to me before.”
The small price and the ease with which the pamphlet may be
handled and read should make “Disastrous Financial Panics” a very
valuable contribution to the cause of reform.

The Cure of Consumption, Coughs and Colds.

By Fred. K. Kaessman.
Price 10 cents.
 Health-Wealth Publishing House,
Lawrence, Mass.
A neat booklet containing encouraging words and advice that will
prove exceedingly beneficial wherever practicable to follow. And
even where the suggestions cannot be carried out completely, the
sufferer from lung trouble should approximate the ideal conditions
for cure as closely as possible. The work emphasizes the value of
fresh air, exercise and wholesome food and the worthlessness of
patent nostrums.

Usury.
By Calvin Elliott.
Price $1.
Published by the Anti-Usury League,
Albany, Oregon.
It is safe to say that more sincere Christians have been gulled
into submission to injustice and oppression by the Scriptural phrase,
“Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar’s,” than by anything
else. Therefore, Mr. Calvin’s careful analysis of the economical
situation created by the custom of exacting usury is enormously
strengthened by his clear conception of the true meaning of Bible
sayings. He traces the history of interest through both Old and New
Testaments down to the present time and shows beyond cavil the
inquiry of a system which insures the perpetual enslavement of a
debt-paying class for the benefit of a moneyed aristocracy.
There can be no freedom so long as usury endures. We may
sometimes sigh for the power of a king—but what European
monarch does not servilely bow to the will of the house of
Rothschild? Until we have corrected the ability to extort taxes from
generations yet unborn, we may expect neither liberty, nor justice
nor equality.
EVOLUTION
By LANGDON SMITH
When you were a tadpole and I was a fish,
In the Paleozoic time,
And side by side on the ebbing tide,
We sprawled through the ooze and slime,
Or skittered with many a caudal flip,
Through the depths of the Cambrian fen,
My heart was rife with the joy of life,
For I loved you even then.

Mindless we lived and mindless we loved,

And mindless at last we died;
And deep in a rift of the Caradoc drift
We slumbered side by side.
The world turned on in the lathe of time,
The hot lands heaved amain,
Till we caught our breath from the womb of death,
And crept into light again.

We were amphibians, scaled and tailed,

And drab as a dead man’s hand;
We coiled at ease ’neath the dripping trees,
Or trailed through the mud and sand,
Croaking and blind, with our three-clawed feet
Writing a language dumb,
With never a spark in the empty dark
To hint at a life to come.

Yet happy we lived, and happy we loved,

And happy we died once more;
Our forms were rolled in the clinging mold
Of a Neocomian shore.
The eons came, and the eons fled,
And the sleep that wrapped us fast
Was riven away in a newer day,
And the night of death was past.
Then light and swift through the jungle trees
We swung in our airy flights,
Or breathed in the balms of the fronded palms,
In the hush of the moonless nights.
And oh! what beautiful years were these,
When our hearts clung each to each;
When life was filled, and our senses thrilled
In the first faint dawn of speech.

Thus life by life, and love by love,

We passed through the cycles strange,
And breath by breath, and death by death,
We followed the chain of change.
Till there came a time in the law of life
When over the nursing sod
The shadows broke, and the soul awoke
In a strange, dim dream of God.

I was thewed like an Auroch bull,

And tusked like the great Cave Bear;
And you, my sweet, from head to feet,
Were gowned in your glorious hair.
Deep in the gloom of a fireless cave,
When the night fell o’er the plain,
And the moon hung red o’er the river bed,
We mumbled the bones of the slain.

I flaked a flint to a cutting edge,

And shaped it with brutish craft;
I broke a shank from the woodland dank.
And fitted it, head and haft,
Then I hid me close to the reedy tarn,
Where the Mammoth came to drink—
Through brawn and bone I drove the stone,
And slew him upon the brink.

Loud I howled through the moonlit wastes

Loud I howled through the moonlit wastes,
Loud answered our kith and kin;
From west and east to the crimson feast,
The clan came trooping in.
O’er joint and gristle and padded hoof,
We fought, and clawed and tore,
And cheek by jowl, with many a growl,
We talked the marvel o’er.

I carved the fight on a reindeer bone,

With rude and hairy hand,
I pictured his fall on the cavern wall
That men might understand.
For we lived by blood, and the right of might,
Ere human laws were drawn,
And the age of sin did not begin
Till our brutal tusks were gone.

And that was a million years ago,

In a time that no man knows;
Yet here tonight in the mellow light,
We sit at Delmonico’s;
Your eyes are deep as the Devon springs,
Your hair is dark as jet;
Your years are few, your life is new,
Your soul untried, and yet—

Our trail is on the Kimmeridge clay,

And the scarp of the Purbeck flags,
We have left our bones in the Bagshot stones,
And deep in the Coraline crags;
Our love is old, our lives are old,
And death shall come amain;
Should it come today, what man may say,
We shall not live again?

God wrought our souls from the Tremadoc beds

 And furnished them wings to fly;
He sowed our spawn in the world’s dim dawn,
And I know that it shall not die.
Though cities have sprung above the graves
Where the crook-boned men made war,
And the ox-wain creaks o’er the buried caves,
Where the mummied mammoths are.

Then as we linger at luncheon here,

O’er many a dainty dish,
Let us drink anew to the time when you
Were a tadpole and I was a fish.

Ed. Note: Above striking poem is reproduced at the special

request of a friend.

Bargain In Books
We have a few copies left of the bound volumes
of the Jeffersonian Magazine for 1907, which we
will give away as a premium or sell at a greatly
reduced price.
 As a premium you can secure these two
handsome volumes for three subscribers to the
Weekly or to the Magazine at one dollar each. On
receipt of your remittance of three dollars we will
send you the books.
During the year 1907 Mr. Watson contributed to
the Jeffersonian Magazine some of the ablest and
most thoughtful articles that have come from his
pen.
The two volumes are well bound, finely
illustrated, and contain serial stories, fiction and
cartoons. They form a pictorial history of the world
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Transcriber’s Notes:
 The cover image was created by the transcriber, and is in the public domain.
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 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WATSON'S
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