1.

Personality Adjectives
Collocations
Positive Definition

Supportive To provide or offer assistance when necessary.

Cheerful Having a happy or pleasant personality.

Ambitious Having a strong desire for success.

Outgoing Having a sociable and friendly personality.

Considerate Having a kind and thoughtful personality.

Confident Being sure of oneself.

Adventurous Someone who likes to try new and daring things

Negative Definition

Pessimistic Someone who often thinks negatively about life.

Rude Impolite

Insensitive Unfeeling or uncaring about other people’s feelings.

Stingy Someone who doesn’t like to share.

Deceitful A dishonest person who tries to hide the truth.

Arrogant Someone who believes they are better than others.

Bad/short-temper A person who has an angry, irritable personality.

ed

Physical Characteristics

Height Tall, slender, short

Build Chubby, petite, thin, stocky, small, large, muscular

Hair Long, short, medium length, red, black, brown, gray, brunette, bald,
straight, curly, wavy, thin, blonde

Eyes Blue, brown, dark brown, gray, green

Men’s Clean-shaven, mustache, beard

facial
features

Complexio fair, pale, dark, light

n

● Awkward uncomfortable
● put up a facade to pretend to be something you are not
● an eye for detail making sure everything is perfect
● Punctual being on time
● a negative trait bad characteristic
● Takes after his parents resemble a parent or ancestor
● interpersonal skills be good at talking to others
● Empathetic understanding others emotions
● generous listener take time to hear what others are saying
● to emulate to imitate
● Insecure shy and not confident
● moody sometimes happy and sometimes sad/ cross

Relationship with people

Get on with sb

Look up to sb

Be/Keep in touch with sb

Grow apart from sb

 Take after sb

Grow up together with sb

2.Environment

Climate change Negative changes to the world weather patterns

fossil fuels energy resources like gas and oil

global warming an increase in temperature all-over the world, as a result of

greenhouse effect

natural disaster an event like an earthquake, hurricane etc

Acid rain Rain which is polluted by chemicals

endangered animals or plants are on the verge of extinction

species

Natural the place where animals and plants would normally be found
environment

paper recycling the processes of reprocessing waste paper for reuse

Resource Lack of natural resources worldwide

depletion

Marine pollution The pollution of our oceans and seas

greenhouse effect heating of the atmosphere due to the carbon dioxide and other
gases

Man-made widespread damage or loss of life brought about by action of

disaster humans

Overpopulation The increasing population of the world

toxic waste poisonous rubbish, produced by industrial processes

Wildlife to protect animals and plants and their habitats
conservation

biodiversity a diversity in nature, among plants and animals

Exhaust-fumes :

Example Sentences

Global warming: Global warming is causing polar bears in the north and deep south to
die.

Green consumer: Becoming a green consumer can help fix the climate crisis in the
world.

Carbon emissions: Reducing our carbon emissions can slow down the effects of global
warming on our planet.

Carbon footprint: Every person must reduce their carbon footprint by mindfully treating
the environment better.

3.TECHNOLOGY
1. Access to the Internet – Able to connect to the Internet
2. Advances in technology – Progressive forward movement in technology
3. Become obsolete – become out of date
4. Computer literate – Adequate knowledge of a computer
5. Control remotely – To control technology from a distance
6. Emerging technology – Brand new machines and software
7. Glued to the screen – Unable or unwilling to leave the digital device
8. Hacking into the network – To gain illegal access to the computer
9. Internet-enabled – Machines or appliances that have Internet access
10. Keep a hard copy – Keep a paper copy
11. Labour saving device – An appliance that saves work
12. Not rocket science – It is not very difficult
13. Online piracy – The downloading of licenced media without payment
14. Reinstall the programs – To put computer programs back onto the computer
15. Shop online – Shop via the Internet
16. Social media networks – Online platforms for communication between people
and organisations
17. Surfing the web – To move from one site to another on the Internet
18. To click on an icon – To use the mouse to click on the pictures to get into
programs
19. To crash – To stop working suddenly

● computer age: the period in modern history characterised by rapid

technology development and widespread computer use.
● Living in a computer age has many benefits.
● computer buff: a user who is good at working with a computer.
● Mike is a computer buff. He got an A+ on his programming exam.
● computer fatigue: a syndrome of tiredness resulting from long
computer usage.
● About 60% of IT specialists are affected by computer fatigue.
● cutting-edge: something innovative and leading, ground breaking.
● Cutting-edge technology.
● gadget: an advanced piece of technology, like a smartphone.
● Nowadays almost everybody owns a gadget.
● Computer geek: someone who is obsessed with technology, especially
computers.
● My friend is a real geek. He owns a bunch of computers and other
gadgets.
● hold the line: wait a minute.
● She told me to hold the line, because she had to open the door.
● large screen: a big-sized monitor.
 ● A few days ago I decided to renew my computer, so I bought a large
screen for it.
● light years ahead: very far away from.
● Modern computers are light years ahead of those which people used in
the 90s.
● on the cutting edge: at the forefront of progress.
● Scientists are on the cutting edge of experimenting with new medicine.
● operating system: the most important program that runs the computer.
● I chose to buy a laptop which is based on the Windows operating
system.
● out of steam: tired, exhausted.
● Due to today's intense workday I am out of steam, so I won’t be able
to work tomorrow.
● rocket science: a very complicated subject for someone.
● Biology is a rocket science for me. I don’t understand anything in it.

4.Health
1. to be prone to obesity(noun/verb) used in bad

Meaning: to be likely to become fat [in an unhealthy way]

Example: Children who are addicted to watching television, instead of

playing outdoor games, are more prone to obesity.

2. eating disorders

Meaning: problems which occur when people are unhappy with their bodies,
and therefore eat far too much or far too little.
Example: Advertising tells women that they should have bodies like
supermodel celebrities, and this sometimes leads to eating disorders such as
anorexia or bulimia.

3. safe hygiene standards

Meaning: a safe level of keeping yourself, living areas or working areas clean
in order to prevent illness and disease

Example: Maintaining safe hygiene standards in hospitals, homes and

workplaces is a simple and inexpensive way to combat the spread of
diseases.

5. to launch a full-scale investigation into sth

Meaning: to start an investigation completely or using all available methods,

equipment, money, etc.

Example: Scientists are about to launch a full-scale investigation into the

cause of the outbreak of the disease.

6. the outbreak of an epidemic

Meaning: a large number of diseases occurring at the same time in a

particular community

Example: A lack of government programs for vaccination and regular health

care may lead to the outbreak of an epidemic, particularly in developing
countries.

5. sedentary lifestyle (ant) active lifestyle

Meaning: involving little exercise or physical activity

Example: A sedentary lifestyle is a major factor in health problems such as

obesity and heart disease.
6. healthy eating habits

Meaning: eating healthy food at regular times of the day

Example: Health education involves teaching people about healthy eating

habits, such as regular mealtimes and eating fruit and vegetables every day.

7.a fitness regime/plan

Meaning: a method or routine of taking regular exercise

Example: Even elderly people can adopt a fitness regime by taking light
exercise such as walking or jogging.

8.health awareness campaigns

Meaning: publicity to encourage people to be concerned about looking after

their health.

Example: Public health awareness campaigns are essential if people are to

accept that they have a personal responsibility to look after their own health.

9.alternative healthcare

Meaning: this is a term used by many western countries to describe more

traditional types of healthcare that do not involve operations and
pharmaceutical drugs.

Example: Naturopathy is a form of alternative healthcare which treats illness

and diseases using natural foods, herbs and other techniques.

10.to take out private health insurance

Meaning: to make regular payments to an insurance company, who will pay

for medical or hospital treatment when you need it
Example: In countries with poor public health services, many people have to
take out private health insurance in order to receive adequate medical
treatment.

16.primary health care

Meaning: the medical treatment that you receive first when you are sick or
ill, for example from your doctor or local clinic.

Example: Developing countries must allocate resources to establish primary

health care clinics in rural areas and overcrowded city districts.

17.medical practitioner

Meaning: a person who works as a doctor or surgeon

Example: It is essential to train more medical practitioners if public health is

to be improved.

18.to build up one’s immune system/ immunity

Meaning: to increase the ability of your body to fight diseases

Example: A healthy lifestyle and a diet rich in vitamins is a sure way to build
up one’s immune system.

19.mental health problems

Meaning: related to illnesses of one’s mind

Example: Overwork may sometimes result in mental health problems, such

as anxiety and depression.

● balanced diet: eating a sensible mix of different foods

● conscientious about my health: watching and caring about your health
● flavoursome and appealing: good to eat and looking attractive
 ● convenient take away: food which you can eat at home
● healthier eating habits: eating less sugar or salt
● productive at work: achieving more, better results
● processed meat: meat in which there are additives or chemicals
● function successfully: to work, perform in a great way
● tempted by diets: interested in other ways of eating
● adopt a vegan diet: a vegan does not eat meat, or dairy foods
● broad minded: open to other ideas
● Sceptical: not believing something
● over production of meat:
● Public service education message: advice from the government
● Positive reinforcement: rewarding people for doing the right thing

7.Fashion & Clothing

It suits you

It looks good on you

It matches your eye/skin…

Vocabulary to describe types of clothing you like to wear or you often wear

Everyday wear or Casual clothes (tank top, polo shirt, shirt/blouse, jeans)

Workout clothes, Sportswear (hoodie, sweatshirt, sport pants)

Formal clothes (business suit, one-piece suit, vest, camisole)

Business casual/semi-formal clothes

Used clothes

Hand-me-downs
Fashionable/trendy clothes, designer labels

Timeless clothes

Vintage clothes (distressed jeans)

Forgiving cut clothes

Fitted clothes

Vocabulary to talk about pants|trousers

Short pants

Crops

Straights

Distressed jeans

Skinny jeans

Relaxed-fit jeans

Vocabulary to talk about winter clothes

Pullover, sweater, Coat, trench coat, Jacket, leather jacket, Cardigan

to be on trend: to be very fashionable

casual clothes: not formal

classic style: a simple, traditional style that is always fashionable

designer label: a well-known company that makes (often expensive) clothing

dress to kill: wearing clothes that attract admirers

fashionable: in fashion

fashion icon: a person who is famous for their sense of fashion

to get dressed up: to put on nice clothes, often to go out somewhere special

to go out of fashion: to not be in fashion any more

hand-me-downs: clothes that are passed down from older brothers or sisters to their
younger siblings

to have an eye for (fashion): to be a good judge of fashion

to have a sense of style: the ability to wear clothes that look stylish

to keep up with the latest fashion: to wear the latest fashions

to mix and match: to wear different styles or items of clothing that aren’t part of a set
outfit

off the peg outfit: clothing that is ready made

old fashioned: not in fashion any more

on the catwalk: the stage that modals walk along to show off the latest fashions

a slave to fashion: someone who always feel the need to wear the latest fashions

smart clothes: the kind of clothes worn for a formal event

to suit someone: to look good on someone

to take pride in one’s appearance: to pay attention to how one looks

timeless: something that doesn’t go out of fashion

vintage clothes: clothes from an earlier period

well-dressed: to be dressed attractively

Idioms to Talk about Art
The following expressions are used to talk about art

● I was bowled over by this piece of art = I was really impressed

● It took my breath away = It was impressive
● It is jaw-dropping = It was amazing
● It blew my mind = It was amazing

There was a lot of buzz (excitement / hype) about this painting, but it left me cold = I
felt uninterested

It was nothing to write home about = it was normal, nothing special

I didn’t like that painting, I don’t know why, I can’t put my finger on it. (= I can’t explain
why)

That painting was as exciting as watching paint dry. - extremely boring

​ Still life painting: A painting or drawing of an arrangement of objects

Eg: It is a beautiful depiction of still life
​ To have a passion for: To be enthusiastic about Something
Eg: I have a passion for dancing and singing
​ To participate in: To join in
Eg: “Are you going to participate in the contest?”
​ Cognitive development: The construction of thought processes, including
remembering, problem-solving, and decision-making, etc..
Eg: Reading helps in cognitive development
​ Think outside the box: Think creatively
Eg: You should always think outside the box when writing a poetry
 ​ Masterpiece: A work of outstanding artistic skill
Eg: This picture is really a masterpiece
​ Landscape: Scenery, a large area of land
Eg: There is a beautiful landscape near the town
​ Portrait: A painting, drawing, photograph, or engraving of a person, especially
one depicting only the face or head and shoulders
Eg: ”Could you please draw a portrait for me?”
​ Meditation: Psychological treatment to stay calm
Eg: I practice meditation every morning for 10 minutes
​ To be harmonized: To be well combined
Eg: The luggage are harmonized in patterns of rectangles
​ To go through Something: To check Something again
Eg: “She has gone through something I guess?”

1. a work of art/a work of music/a work of literature

Meaning: a painting, sculpture, book, play, piece of music etc

Example: Shakespeare’s plays are considered as one of the greatest works

of literature in the English language.

2. the aesthetic qualities of something

Meaning: The qualities related to beauty and understanding the beauty of

something.

Example: One advantage of studying the arts is that students learn to

appreciate the aesthetic qualities of paintings, literature, and music

3. the portrayal of something/somebody

Meaning: the act of showing or describing something/somebody in a book,
painting, play or film

Example: In the past, the portrayal of women in art was often as

possessions, owned by rich men.

6. a priceless portrait

Meaning: a painting of a person that is extremely valuable

Example: Private art collections may sometimes include priceless portraits

of kings or queens painted by famous artists.

9. performance art

Meaning: A form of art in which the artist performs something, rather than
producing a physical work of art

Example: Some tourist destinations offer performance art by actors to

recreate events from local history, such as battles or local legends.

12. the imposition of censorship

Meaning: the act of preventing something from being available to the public,
because it is considered offensive or a political threat

Example: I believe that the imposition of censorship is sometimes

necessary to protect young people from exposure to pornographic writing or
images.

13. to stage a play

Meaning: to organise and present a play for people to see

Example: It is important to encourage children to be creative, for example

by staging a school play or displaying their artwork on school open days.
14. a talented playwright

Meaning: a person who writes plays for the theatre

Example: Directors of theatres must encourage talented playwrights by

staging their plays for theatre-goers.

15. to appeal to audiences

Meaning: to attract or interest those who go to watch a play or film.

Example: Plays which deal with contemporary social issues are likely to
appeal to audiences.

16. a literature festival/a book festival

Meaning: A regular gathering of writers and readers in a particular city,

perhaps every year.

Example: One way in which to attract tourists to a city is to stage an annual

literature festival, and invite well-known writers to attend.

17. literary and artistic heritage

Meaning: the tradition of writing or painting that a country, city or town has
had for many years, distinguishing it as an important part of its character

Example: Visitors to Britain can enjoy the rich literary and artistic
heritage by going to such places as the birthplace of Shakespeare and the
National Art Gallery in London.

18. to express oneself

Meaning: to communicate some idea or emotion through speech, writing,

painting, music or some other form of art
Example: Schools should encourage pupils to express themselves through
art, music or creative writing in order to stimulate their imagination.

19. works of literary fiction

Meaning: types of literature which describe imaginary people and events,

not real ones

Example: It takes enormous creativity to write works of literary fiction,

and the greatest writers are rightly considered literary geniuses.

20. a literary genius

Meaning: a person with outstanding ability in writing

Example: Although not every child will become a literary genius, it is still
important for students to practice creative writing at school.

23. I took up playing a musical instrument

Meaning: to start to learn to play a musical instrument

Example: Schools should encourage all those children who have an interest
to take up a musical instrument.

25. a concert venue

Meaning: a place where people go to listen to live music at an organized

event

Example: Cities offer many cultural attractions for music-lovers, such as the
Paris Opera.

26. a resident orchestra

Meaning: a large group of people who play musical instruments together in
the same venue.

Example: In most cities, a resident orchestra must receive a subsidy from

the local authority in order to survive financially.

27. an opera house

Meaning: a dedicated building such as a theatre or other venue, in which the

performers sing while the orchestra plays the music

Example: The financial costs of running an opera house are very high, and
so ticket prices to see an opera are expensive.

28. Traditional folk songs

Meaning: songs in the traditional style of a country or community

Example: Traditional folk songs are part of the cultural heritage of a nation
or region.

30. to sing in a choir

Meaning: to sing in a group of people, for example in a church or public

performance

Example: One way that schools can encourage children to enjoy music is to
give them an opportunity to sing in a school.

8.Murder
Murderer
Victim
Traffic offence
Pickpocketing
Shoplifting
Fraudster
Vandalism
Human trafficking
Robbery
Arrested
Home arrest
Death sentence
Rehabilitation centre
Was Charged 10$

Crime And Punishment Vocabulary words

ROBBERY
A robbery takes place when someone (a robber) enters a
property that is not his/hers and takes something (cash,
paintings, jewellery and other items).

A ROBBER (the person) usually breaks in (gains access

illegally to a building, house office or apartment) and robs
(the verb to rob) items as I have described.

Many centuries ago there were “highway Robbers” travelling

across England on horseback where they would rob the
stagecoach usually occupied by well off (wealthy) travellers.

A BREAK IN to our home or office is also referred to as

BURGLARY and the BURGLAR is the criminal.

MUGGING
This is where an individual is attacked in the street and
robbed of his possessions he is carrying. These usually
consist of jewellery like rings and watches, cash, credit cards
and mobile phones.

The MUGGER (person who commits the crime) may or may

not use violence. The victim is then said to have been
MUGGED or robbed.

ASSAULT

This word is usually used to describe when a person is

attacked in their home or work place or in the street by a
person referred to as the ASSAILANT. The attack may be an
unprovoked attack (not planned or carried out for a
particular reason). The reason is not usually to take
possessions but purely to inflict harm or injury on the VICTIM
(the person assaulted).

SHOPLIFTING

Not seen as a really serious crime as people are seldom

injured, shoplifting is when an individual deliberately takes
something from a shop with out paying for the goods. This is
typically food or clothing that is concealed (hidden) in a bag
or a coat to avoid being detected (seen) by a security guard
or shop assistant. The SHOPLIFTERS (those carrying out the
crime) are often young adolescents (teenagers) but not
always.

PICKPOCKETING

A well known crime which is highlighted in many old novels.

This occurs when someone unknown to you casually (in a
relaxed way) is able to steal (take with out your knowledge)
a purse or wallet from your coat or pockets whilst standing
beside or behind you. This often takes place in a busy street
where people are constantly bumping into each other. The
PICKPOCKET (criminal) mixes with the crowd in shops and train
stations trying to identify an unsuspecting (innocent) victim.

MURDER

This is of course the most serious of all crimes. People are

regrettably murdered every day.

Some people die accidentally in car accidents so they are KILLED

not murdered.

When someone is murdered it is usually deliberate (intentional). For

example, shot by an armed robber or attacked in the street.
However, if someone dies from an attack but it was not intended to
kill that person then the murderer/killer is likely to be charged with
MANSLAUGHTER - unintentional murder which is a lesser charge.

FRAUD

This has been a crime throughout the centuries and usually

associated with money or valuable paintings or jewellery. The
FRAUDSTER (criminal) attempts to get someone’s money or
valuables. This in the case of a painting can be attempted by trying
to replace the original painting with a copy (forgery).

Today, fraud is now a big issue because of internet crimes so people

are trying to find ways to access our personal details and bank
accounts on-line and rob us without having to physically break in to
our homes or offices.

Other crimes include ARSON where someone deliberately sets fire to

buildings or forests
and

BLACKMAIL where the criminal (BLACKMAILER) tries to get money

for you in exchange for not divulging (releasing) very private
information that may damage your reputation (personal photo’s or
details perhaps of some affair).

So there are many ways to describe different types of crime as we

have seen: Burglary, Robbery, Mugging, Shoplifting but the
unfortunate person is usually only referred to as a victim. A VICTIM
OF CRIME.

Useful Sentences And Phrases Related To Crime And

Punishment

He was accused of committing a crime. – believed to be a suspect

responsible for a particular crime

He was charged with committing the crime. – when the evidence

clearly shows he carried out the crime

He was sent forward for a trial or put on trial. – a date is set when
he must appear before the Judge and Jury

He was found guilty. – the evidence presented to the Judge and Jury
is accepted by the Jury as proof that he committed the crime

He is sentenced by the Judge or the Judge passes sentence. – the

judge announces what the punishment will be
He will serve his time. – judge tells him how long and where he will
be kept until released

He was released on probation. – after serving part of his sentence

the prisoner is eligible for parole.

9.News stories

(noun) newly
received
information about The TV show was interrupted by breaking news
breaking news
an event that is about an assassination.
currently occurring
or developing

(noun) the
suppression or Censorship is a major problem in many parts of
censorship prohibition of any the world, meaning that people cannot get
parts of books, access to real news.
films, news, etc.

(adj) able to be
The channel is popular, but few intelligent
credible believed;
people find their reporting credible.
convincing

One of the biggest threats in recent years is the

(noun) false
disinformation campaigns run by the Russian
disinformation information which is
and Chinese governments, which have
intended to mislead
effectively weaponised free speech in the West.

(noun) the right to

express any In most Western countries, free speech is
free speech opinions without considered a sacred value, yet few realize how
censorship or many problems it creates.
restraint
 (noun) a heading at
the top of an article Nowadays, it is pretty common to scan the
headline or page in a headlines on a news app without even reading
newspaper or the articles.
magazine

(noun) a person
who writes for
Journalists are often criticized but they are an
journalist newspapers,
integral part of any democratic society.
magazines, or
news websites

A lot of people have lost trust in the mainstream

(noun) traditional or
media, which is a problem because, in spite of
mainstream established
their various biases, they mostly adhere to a
media broadcasting or
code of conduct that is absent in alternative
publishing outlets
media.

(noun) false or
Social media has made misinformation more
misinformation inaccurate
common than ever before.
information

(noun) means of
mass People have said for decades that print media
print media communication in is dying, yet it will probably last longer than they
the form of printed think.
publications

(noun) information,
especially of a
biased or In some countries, like China and North Korea,
propaganda misleading nature, there is no real difference between reporting and
used to promote a propaganda.
political cause or
point of view

Make/publish propaganda

(noun) content whose Twenty years ago, who could have

clickbait
main purpose is to attract predicted the rise of clickbait?
 attention and encourage
visitors to click on a link
to a particular web page

(noun) information made Where once journalism sought to inform or

content available by a website or ask questions, now it often seems like little
other electronic medium more than content.

(noun) a person with the

ability to influence
One of the biggest social trends of the last
potential buyers of a
few years has been the rise of the
influencer product or service by
influencer, with most young children now
promoting or
listing this as their career aspiration.
recommending the items
on social media

(verb) transmit or receive

He’s been livestreaming the protest for
live video and audio
livestream about four hours now and has more than
coverage of (an event)
20,000 viewers.
over the internet

(verb) make a post on the She tweeted a screenshot of the e-mail

tweet social media application she received from that company and their
Twitter share price dropped 20%.

(adj) circulated rapidly

The video went viral in a matter of hours
Go viral and widely from one
and his career was ruined.
internet user to another

​ headlines = heading or title appearing at the top of a page or article

​ columns = news that is printed in vertical columns rather than taking a whole
page
 ​ advice column = a column in the newspaper where advice is given to people who
write in for it
​ obituaries = a section in the newspaper about people who have recently died
​ horoscope = a section in the newspaper about star signs and zodiac signs which
foretell the future
​ weather report = a section in the newspaper for weather forecasts
​ business section = a section in the newspaper with business news
​ international / world news section = a section in the newspaper which focuses on
news from abroad
​ caption = an explanation or title matching a picture or cartoon
​ letter to the editor = a section in the newspaper for people to express their views
to the editor of the newspaper
​ special feature = a special story
​ editorial = a news article containing the editor’s opinions

10.Vocabulary list for advertising topic:

Commercials: an advert on tv or radio

Imagery: visual images

Tantalizing: something that creates desire and excitement

Live up to its hype: when something is as good as you expected it to be

Product placement: a practice in movies or tv shows when a product or its brand name
appear on screen visibly in order to gain exposure

Celebrity endorsement: when a famous person advertises a product by saying he or she

uses it

Grating: describes sounds that are annoying

Inclined to purchase: likely to buy

Potential customers: people who might possibly buy your product

Turn someone off: to make someone uninterested in something

Pop-ups: advertisements that suddenly appear on a computer or device screen.

Subconscious: the part of the brain that sees, hears or remembers things that you do
not actively remember

Subliminal advertising: describes something that can influence the subconscious mind
without
the conscious mind realizing it

Billboards: a large outdoor board, usually alongside large roads, used to display an ad

Flyer: a small paper advertising a product, business or event

Website traffic: the internet users who visit a website

Brand awareness: when customers recognize or remember a brand and its qualities

Jingle: music that accompanies commercials

Telemarketing: the marketing of good or services over the phone

Bombard: attack continuously

Buying power: the money someone has to buy things

Free-for-all: a situation with no rules, limits or restrictions

Impressionable: describes a person who is easily influenced

advertising agency: a company that creates adverts for other companies

advertising budget: the amount of money a company decides to spend on advertising
brand awareness: how well people know a particular brand
brand loyalty: the degree to which people continue to buy from the same brand or
company

buy and sell: often used to refer to the buying and selling of items between individuals

call to action: something that encourages someone to take a particular action, such as
making a purchase or clicking a link on a website

celebrity endorsement: to have a well-known person promote a product

classified ads: small advertisements often put in a newspaper or magazine by

individuals

to cold call: to call someone with the aim of selling something without them asking you
to do so

commercial break: the short period during TV programmes when advertisements are
shown

commercial channel: TV channels that make money from showing advertisements

to go viral: to quickly become extremely popular on the Internet through social media

junk mail: unwanted promotional leaflets and letters

to launch a product: to introduce a new product

mailing list: a list of names and contact details used by a company to send information
and advertisements

mass media: large media outlets like TV, newspapers and magazines

niche product: a product that is aimed at a distinct group of people

to place an advert: to put an advert somewhere

press release: something written by a company for newspapers and magazines and
websites to share and publish
prime time: the time during the viewing schedule when most people watch TV or listen
to a broadcast

product placement: to advertise a product by using it as a prop in a TV show or film

sales page: a page specifically used to promote a product or service

to show adverts: to display adverts on TV

social media: websites that enable users to create and share content or to participate in
social networking.

spam email: unwanted, promotional email

target audience: the people a company want to sell their product or service to

word of mouth: recommendations made by individuals to other individuals about a

product of service