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Recognizing and Analyzing

Geometric Shapes

Geometric Transformation
Geometric
Designs Designs
Patterns and Diagrams

Designs, Arts, and Culture

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Recognizing and Analyzing

Recognizing and Analyzing Geometric Shapes Geometric Shapes

• mathematicians instinctively search for geometrical and • Nature displays an infinite

numerical patterns and for symmetry number of geometrical
shapes
• we tend to side with symmetry in everything from planning
our house layout to the way we dress
• Romanesco broccoli
• honeycomb
• sunflower
• pineapple

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Polygon Simple Polygon vs. Complex Polygon

• two-dimensional shape with straight sides
• length and with
• can be classified according to the # of sides
• three-sided - triangle
• four-sided - quadrilateral
• others are pentagon, heptagon, hexagon, and so on.

has only one boundary and never crosses over itself intersects itself

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Convex Polygon vs. Concave Polygon Regular Polygon vs. Irregular Polygon

has no angles pointing inward, all angles are equal and all sides otherwise
internal angles >180°
no internal angles can be more than 180°

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Interior Angles of a Polygon Interior Angles of a Polygon

• are the angles inside the shape • sum of the exterior angles of a polygon is 360°
• interior and exterior angles of each vertex add up to 180°

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Interior Angles of a Polygon Interior Angles of a Polygon

• for a polygon with n sides, the sum of the internal angles is
equal to (n−2) × 180°
• Regular polygon, the measurement of each angle is equal to
°

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Solid 2 Main Types of Solids

• geometry of a three-dimensional space
solid made of flat
• the kind of space we live in surfaces; each
surface is a polygon,
• three-dimensional or 3D because there are three dimensions:
• width, depth, and height.
• Properties
• volume (think of how much water it could hold) and
• surface area (think of the area you would have to paint)
solids with curved
surfaces, or a mix of
curved and flat surfaces

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Platonic solid
• Convex
polyhedron whose
faces are all
congruent convex
regular polygons
• None of its faces
intersect except at
their edges,
• has the same
number of faces
that meet at each
of its vertices

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Platonic solid Verify the Euler Formula for each of the regular polyhedron.

• Euler’s Formula deals with three-dimensional shapes called

polyhedra.
F+V-E=2
F - number of faces
V - number of vertices
E - number of edges
• This formula works only on solids that do not have any holes and do not intersect itself. It
cannot also be made up of two pieces stuck together, such as two cubes stuck together
by one vertex. The Euler’s formula works on the platonic solids.

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Prism Regular Prism vs. Irregular Prism

• a polyhedron whose
sides are all flat
• It has the same cross
section all along its
length, and its shape
is polygon.

• regular prism - cross section of each is a regular polygon

• irregular prism - cross section is an irregular polygon

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Pyramid Pyramid

• polyhedron made by connecting a base to an apex

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Non-polyhedra Recognizing and Analyzing

Geometric Shapes

Transformation
Geometric
Designs
Patterns and Diagrams
rotating a triangle 3D solid object solid formed by
perfectly round
has a flat base bounded by a revolving a small
object in at3D space
and has one curved surface and circle along a line
curved side two parallel circles made by another
of equal size at the circle Designs, Arts, and Culture
ends

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Geometric transformation Geometric transformation

• change of its size, orientation, or position following certain
techniques in mathematics

• Object - the original shape, Image - new shape

• Some of the basic geometric transformations are as follows:

Translation, Rotation, Reflection, and Dilation

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Geometric transformation Geometric transformation

• Translation - • Rotation is a
transformation of an transformation of an
object where every object by rotating
point of it moves a fixed about a given through a
distance and a given given angle
direction

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Geometric transformation Geometric transformation

• Reflection is a • Glide Reflection is a
transformation of an composition of
object where every translation and
point of it and its image reflection in a line
are of the same parallel to the direction
distance from the line of translation
of the symmetry.

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Geometric transformation Activity!

• Dilation is a
transformation of an
object by resizing to
either reduce it or
enlarge

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Recognizing and Analyzing Symmetry

Geometric Shapes

Transformation
Chapter
Outline
Patterns and Diagrams

Designs, Arts, and Culture

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Symmetry Symmetry

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State the order of rotational symmetry for

each shape below.

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Rosette Pattern

• has rotation symmetry around the center point • has rotation symmetry only around a center Point
with reflection lines through the center point • if the rotation has n order, the group is called Cn.
• If the rotation has n order, there will be n
reflection lines and the group is called Dn.

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Examples of Rosette Pattern

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Frieze Pattern Frieze Group

• infinite strip with a
repeating pattern
• border pattern or an
infinite strip pattern
• “frieze” is from
architecture,
decorative carving or
pattern that runs
horizontally just below
a roofline or ceiling

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Frieze Group Frieze Group

Hop

Spinning hop

Jump

Step

Siddle

Spinning sidle

Spinning jump

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Given the figure , illustrate the different

type of frieze pattern.

1. Hop
2. Jump
3. Sidle
4. Spinning hop
5. Spinning jump
6. Walk
7. Spinning sidle

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