2.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A comprehensive review of literature forms an integral part of scientific

inquiry. It is necessary for the researcher to acquaint himself with the work done in
the past to delineate the important problem, means the main aim of review of
literature is to determine what work, both theoretical and empirical has been done
previously, to assist in the delineation of the problem area, provide a basis for
theoretical frame work, to provide insight into methods and procedures, to suggest
operational definitions of major concepts and to provide a basis for understanding
of the findings.

With this understanding in the mind, the literature pertinent to the problem
has been reviewed in light of the objectives of the study. It has been presented
under the following sub-heads:

(i) Training needs of cauliflower growers about recommended

cauliflower production technology.

(ii) Knowledge level of cauliflower growers about recommended

cauliflower production technology.

(iii) Association between selected independent variables and training

needs.

(iv) Constraints as faced by the cauliflower growers in use of

recommended cauliflower production technology.

2.1 Training needs of cauliflower growers about recommended cauliflower

production technology

Farooqui et al. (1992) explored the training needs in the field of agriculture
and found that respondents expressed their interest for training in manuring and
fertilizers application followed by plant protection technology (97.22 per cent) and
irrigation methods (93.05 per cent).

Nikam et al. (1992) concluded that paddy cultivators focused their training
needs mainly on plant protection, weed control, seed treatment, fertilizer and
improved varieties.

Prasad and Mrutyunjayam (1992) found the training needs of farmers with
regard to various areas of HYV of paddy cultivation.

Urde et al. (1992) in their study concluded that respondents in Gunj

watershed programme needed more of practical training on soil conservation,
intercropping, insect and disease control.

Gurav and Lamble (1995) found that training needs were perceived by the
respondents on seed treatment, processing of agriculture product, improved
varieties of crops, seed rate, water management, application of fertilizers,
intercultural operation, disease and pest control measures and tillage operations.

Ojha and Singh (1996) reported that all the respondents perceived
training needs in the areas of high yielding varieties, seed treatment,
method and time of sowing, plant protection measures and fertilizer
management.

Raut et al. (1997) concluded that the training needs in various areas
furnished in order of priority were crop protection, irrigation, harvesting, land
preparation, fertilizers application and storage which clearly indicated the relative
importance and weightage assigned to the respective area.

Deshmukh and Mane (1999) reported that majority (50 per cent) of
the respondents had medium level of training need and 40 per cent respondents fell
under higher training need group, whereas, only 9.33 per cent farmers were
observed in least needed training need group.
 Ahuja (2002) observed that training needs for entrepreneur were increasing
day by day in the villages and requests from independent groups were given to
conduct village based trainings for which the groups were ready to provide fees.

Meena and Chauhan (2002) observed that the highest training need was
expressed about crop rotation and soil conservation by both the groups i.e.
beneficiary and non- beneficiary respondents.

Menaria et al. (2002) concluded that majority of the respondents (62.50

percent) fell under the medium level of training need groups while (20.83 percent)
were kept under the high training need groups and remaining (16.67 percent)
respondents possessed low level of training needs.

Savaliya et al. (2003) observed that area under mango orchard and mango
yield index have maximum positive direct effect of training needs so it could be
said that as area under mango orchard and mango yield index increase the
training needs of the farmers increase.

Dangi and Bairathi (2006) concluded that the respondents possessed

highest training needs about some of the crucial training aspects viz. method of
lancing, high yielding varieties, time of latex collection, selection of seed and time
of lancing. The respondents expressed least training needs regarding method of
sowing, storage of opium and management of irrigation water. It was noted at the
same time that none of the respondent had training needs with regard to “quantity
and method of manure and fertilizers application, use of improved implements and
plant protection measures.

Landge and Tripathi, (2006) concluded that the majority of the „kisan mitras’
perceived that most needed training areas in the agriculture and allied field were
crop production and vermicomposting, public health and sanitation, seed
production technology, medicinal plant growing, and farm equipment
management. While in the minor field like livestock rearing and feeding,
processing of milk and milk products, breeding of cattle and buffaloes, health care
of animals and financial management and feed conservation techniques were
sought in the area. However, particularly in agriculture; the most needed training
areas were seed treatment, land preparation, irrigation management and training
in sowing techniques. These aspects may be considered as priority areas for
imparting trainings to the „kisan mitras’ towards upgrading their knowledge and
skill in the field of agriculture.

Rajput et al. (2007) concluded that majority of Bt cotton farmers gave

highest emphasis of training needs on features of Bt cotton technology, as this
information can help them to a great extent while adopting in their fields. They
were also required a training on insect sco uting, detection of ETL of different
pests, application of manures and fertilizer management, various Bt cotton
varieties available in the market, hybrid features and its cultivation practices,
harvesting and marketing of Bt cotton.

Bajpai et al. (2007) concluded that most of the farmers of the district
Udham Singh Nagar wanted a package of practices on rice cultivation. The major
areas in which farmers needed more considerations were plant protection
measures, seed treatment, fertilizer treatment, improved and hybrid seed
varieties, seed rate, spacing and land preparation. In other areas like methods
and time of transplanting, water management, harvesting time and intercultural
operations.

2.2 Knowledge level of cauliflower growers about recommended

cauliflower production technology

Parewa (1992) found that majority of the farmers had medium level of
knowledge about improved technology of both palak and brinjal cultivation.

Halkatti and Sunderswamy (1994) found that all the farmers had knowledge
about the recommended varieties and time of potato crop. They further reported
that potato growers had reasonably good knowledge of chemical dose of
fertilizers, FYM, seed rate and plant protection measures.

Thakur (1996) revealed that nearly half of the respondents (47.50 per cent)
possessed low level of knowledge. Respondents having medium level of
knowledge (30 per cent) were next in position followed by those (22.50 per cent)
who had high level of knowledge about higher production technology.

Waman et al. (1996) revealed that a large section (70 per cent) of onion
growers had medium to high level of knowledge regarding onion cultivation
technology. The important areas of onion cultivation which need attention based
on lack of knowledge of respondents were onion disease and pests control
methods of fertilizer application and improved varieties.

Chaturvedi (1997) observed that nearly half of the periphery farmers i.e. 35
(46.67%) had higher knowledge about improved practices of cauliflower growing.
On the other side only few distant respondents 5 (6.67%) were observed to be in
high level of knowledge. It means that majority of respondents were following
traditional practices of cauliflower.

Meena (1999) reported that there was a significant difference between

peripheral and distant farmers about knowledge of major improved practices of
cabbage cultivation.

Meena (2001) found that there exists a significant knowledge difference

with regards to all the practices of onion production technology between trained
and untrained respondents.

Meena (2002) revealed that on the whole about 74 percent of tomato

growers were having medium knowledge level about tomato cultivation practices
and 13 percent respondents were having higher knowledge level, whereas similar
percent of farmers were having low knowledge level about recommended
cultivation practices of tomato.

Singh (2002) it was observed that Knowledge level of tomato cultivators

was significantly related with the technological gap in respect of quantity of
nitrogenous fertilizer, weed control and plant protection measures.

Arneja and Khangura (2003) concluded that 40.00 percent of farmers had
low level of knowledge while 32.00 percent of respondent had medium level of