Chapter no.

2 Domestic and commercial installation

General rules for domestic and commercial wiring

installation

 Total load in the circuit should not exceed 800 watts, and
number of points should not exceed 10 in one circuit.
 Lightning and power device should have the different circuits
 Minimum size of the conductor in sub circuit should not be
less than 1/8 in case of copper wire and 1/1.4 mm ( 1.5 mm 2)
in case of aluminum wire.
 The size of conductor should be such that the voltage drop
should not increase more than 3% of the connected voltage
when full load current is flowing.
 All lightning load the fuse wire should not exceed 5 ampere
capacity of power it is 10 ampere.
 All D.B. should be marked as power and light.
 All the accessories should be fixed on the round block or
board with brass screw.
 No inflammable Shades should be used in the installation.
 In the domestic wiring three pin plug only should be used.
 All the Ironclad appliances, switches etc . Should be Earthed
(e.g. Ceiling fan, bracket,brass holders,etc)
 All the switches should be connected through live wire
 All the fans should be fitted at the height of 2.5 metres from
the ground.
 Neutral should be linked.
 Different methods of wiring
a) Looping out from switch and ceiling rose
b) Looping out from switch
c) Looping out from ceiling rose
d) Looping out from junction box

a) Looping out from switch and ceiling rose -

In this type of phase wires coming out from the main switch
connect to the first switch from where it goes to their second
switch by looping.
from second to third and likewise
similarly, the neutral wire is carried out by looking from one
ceiling to the next.
the looking in connection as shown in figure

b) Looping out from switch -

in this type special two terminals and connectors switches are
connected as shown in figure. both live wires as well as neutral
wires are taken to the switch and from the switch this wire goes to
the next switch by looping.

c) Looping out from ceiling rose -

Special type of ceiling rose has the terminal and connector is
made used in the looping system. both live and neutral wires
enter in the ceiling rose and loop for the second point.

d) Looping out from junction box -

In this type of wiring, phase and neutral conductors from the
switches and the ceiling rose will terminate in the junction box. the
wires are looped from the junction box for the next point. the
system is useful for small houses.
Line diagram for Residential wiring -
General rule for wiring installation -
Before the wiring work is to be carried out some IS rule are to be
followed
General rule are as followed
 One sub circuit should not be more than 800 watts
 One circuit should be limited to 10 points only
 Number of sub circuit should be calculated first knowing the
total load of a plan
 Loads for
 Fluorescent tube = 40 watts
 Ceiling fan, socket outlet, lamp = 60 watt
 Mercury lamp = 80 watt
 TV set = 60 watt
 According to IS rule maximum power load in a circuit should
not be more than 2 KW (2000W) or 2 points whichever is
less.
 As per the load on the circuit calculate current rating of main
switch and distribution box
 Provide metal protection wherever necessary
 Wall socket must have earth point
 All metallic covers, appliances, pipes, fans, brackets are
earthend
 Fuse must be of proper capacity
 Fuse be kept in phase wire and not in neutral wire of the
circuit
 Switch board for operation be at the height of 1.5 metres
from floor of rooms
 Fans are hug 2.5 to 2.7 metres from floor
 “A light and power circuit be independent”
  Independent distribution fuse board provided for each sub
circuit use colour code R,Y and B for 3 phase connection
 Insulation resistance test be taken prior to commissioning
with wiring project Use Megger. There is a limit of leakage
current
 If there are machines/ Motors/ pumps - provide earthing
 Put caution notice of work voltage greater than 250 volt
 Circuit of completion must be checked by authorized person
having certified authority by government

Route line diagram and actual wiring connection diagram

Main distribution board by line diagram
The main board consists of energy metre and is the point of entry
of supply to the consumer.
from this the supply is given to means which of the consumer.
Hence the main board and the main switch should be near the
entrance of the building.
the distribution board from where supply is taken to the difference
of sub circuits , should be located adjacent to the main
switchboard.
in case of large buildings, supplies taken from the main
distribution board to different sub distribution board.
From the sub distribution board, supplies taken to different sub
circuit.
the sub distribution board are located near the centre of the
loads to which this subcircuit supply power. Such scheme shown
in figure.

The main switch board should never be installed in kitchens, toilet

or within 2.5 metres of washbasin.
in the situations, such as exposed to weather the main switch
board should be protected against rain by enclosing in water
proof enclosure.

Civil engineering building plan

Such diagram are drawn to scale showing location of Windows,
doors, passages, washrooms, bathrooms, dimensions and height
of walls, etc. Such civil engineering plan are first of all studied by
electrical engineer then has to decide the wiring route.
Once the wiring route is decided, the main circuit is divided into
sub circuit keeping IE rule.
see the following civil engineering plan for 1 BHK house which is
to be provided light and Fan points.

Hall Light points 2

Fan points 1

Plug-points 2
Bed Rooms Light points 2

Fan points 1

Plug-points 1

Kitchens Light points 2

Fan points 1

Plug-points 1

W.C. ad Bath Light points 2

Fan points 1

Passage Light points 1

Poarch Light points 1

Lamp points 60 watts each

Tube points 40 watts each
Fan points 60 watts each
Plug points 60 watts each
Power plug points 1000 watts each
Exhaust points 100 watts each
Total Load calculations -

Light points 60 x 9 540 watts

Fan points 60 x 3 watts
Plug points 60 x 4 watts
Power pints 2 x 1000 watts
Sub circuit 1. -
Full - load current at unity p.f.
= (total load)/(supply voltage)x(power factor)
=
= ______ Ampere
Considering maximum current = 1.5 times full-load current
Therefore , Maximum current = 1.5 x ______ Ampere
Selection of 3/20 PVC wire in this
3 represent - no. of conductor and
20 represent gauge of each conductor.
Fuse used - ___ A
Sub circuit 2. -
Full - load current at unity p.f.
= (total load)/(supply voltage)x(power factor)
=
= ______ Ampere
Considering maximum current = 1.5 times full-load current
Therefore , Maximum current = 1.5 x ______ Ampere
Selection of ___ PVC wire in this
3 represent - no. of conductor and
20 represent gauge of each conductor.
Fuse used - ___ A

Sub circuit 3. -
Full - load current at unity p.f.
= (total load)/(supply voltage)x(power factor)
=
= ______ Ampere
Considering maximum current = 1.5 times full-load current
Therefore , Maximum current = 1.5 x ______ Ampere
Selection of ___ PVC wire in this
3 represent - no. of conductor and
20 represent gauge of each conductor.
Fuse used - ___ A

Big newly constructed house load calculation draw single

line diagram

Total load of the installation

1. Power socket = 1000x4 = 4000W
2. Lightning load =60x20 = 1200W
3. Fan load = 60x10 = 600W
4. Plug point load= 100x10 = 1000W
5. Exhaust fan load=100x2=200W
Total = 7000W
 As the total load is more than 3000 watts, the installation will
be provided at 3 phase 4 wire type connection. The energy
metre will also be a 3 phase 4 wire type energy metre.
 Now the load will be divided into sub circuit, for providing
supply to power- socket a separate D.B. will be provided. If
two fuse unit will be provided so that each unit will be used
for providing protection to to power plug sockets in one sub
circuits.
 Two sub circuits will be used for power plug socket and they
will be supplied from to phase say R and Y of the system.
 Remaining load of 3000 watt will be supplied by a circuit
taken from 3rd phase B of the system. Now the total load of
“3000 watts cannot be supplied in one circuit. As per ie
rules”, “maximum load of a circuit can be 800 watts or 10
number of points”. Hence, the total number of 42 points will
be divided into sub circuit as follows
 8 point per sub circuits - 3 no.s
 9 point per sub circuits - 2 no.s
 Now the single line diagram for installation is shown as

General requirement and inspection of electrical installation

according to I.S.
A) General requirements, procedure
1. Which is the system of wiring?
2. What is the method of wiring?
3. Details of the load: - total load , total current , designing current
4. To decide the number of sub circuit from main circuit following
the IS rules for lightning the power circuit.
5. Distribution of points in each sub circuit.
6.The different drawing such as - single line diagram, flow
diagram, photographic view, etc.
7. Size and length of wire/ cable
8.main switch, switches in circuits, fuse unit, distribution boxes.
9. Length of casing capping/ conduit.
10. I.S. rules to be followed regarding limit of voltage drop in the
length of wiring.
11. Cost of accessories materials, fittings, items to be fitted such
as fans, light pictures, socket points.
12.Tooling fittings minor equipment to be purchased.
13. Labour charges ( per point or % basis)
14. Unforeseen charges / overhead charges / contingency etc.
15. Special requirements for the plan suggested by house owner.
B) Inspection of electrical installation
General inspection is carried out once in a year. During
inspection following are checked
1) Main switch board and service connection
2) Miscellaneous

1) Main switch board and service connection -

 Voltage is within the permissible limit +/- 5%
 Location of switch board to be close to the supply and not far
away.
 Use colored wire red for phase and black for neutral
 Check fuse current capacity is proper ( lead tin)
 Size of conductor wire as per the circuit load
 Underground cable/ wire is properly sealed.
 Cable coil not leaking.
 Check earthing properly protected ( no damage to it)
 Pipe conduit properly earthing
 Clear working space around the board for inspection/
checking.
2) Miscellaneous -
Following points to be respected
 No more than 10 points in a sub circuit.
 no more than 800 watts consuming points in a sub circuit.
 leakage current is not more than = full load current/5000.
 insulation resistance between a) conductor- earth b)
between conductors is satisfying I.E. rules.
 single pole switch provided in phase wire and not in neutral.
 upto earth electrode the resistance is less than 1 ohm.
 metal parts, conduit, ironclad switches distribution boards,
G.I. pipes, conduit pipe properly earthed

Design drawing and Estimation and Costing of residential

installation

estimation of premises of house ( civil plans) and wiring diagram,

preparing materials schedule

assuming height of ceiling = 3 metres( 10 feets)

in such case following important procedure to be considered to
facilitate estimation of the work.
1. what is the system of wiring?
2. what is the method of wiring?
3. details of the Load:
i) total load total current designing current
4. to decide the number of sub circuit from main circuit following
the IS rules for Lightning the power circuit.
5. distribution of points in each sub circuit.
6. the different drawing such as - single line diagram, flow
diagram, photographic view,etc.
7. size and length of wire/ cable
8.main switch, switches in circuits, fuse unit, distribution boxes.
9. length of casing capping/ conduit.
10. I.S rules to be followed regarding limit of voltage drop in the
length of wiring.
11. cost of accessories materials, fittings, items to be fitted such
as fans, light pictures, socket points.
12.Tooling fittings Minor equipment to be purchased.
13. labour charges ( PerPoint on % basis)
14. unforeseen charges/ overhead charges/ contingency etc.
15. special requirements for the plan suggested by house owner.
what is the method of wearing
Wiring estimation of small house to room veranda

2 room house 5 x 5 m , 5 x 5 m , 5 x 3 m(veranda) as shown in

the plan is to be provided with electric lightning. supply is 230
volts, single phase. TRS(Toughed rubber sheated) wiring is used.
draw plan and estimate the material. take height of ceiling = 3.5m

For reference -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeWj_yhIuPo&t=713s

Light point - 3 no.s one each room

Fan 2 no.s - in two rooms
Tube 2 no.s - one in two rooms each.
Plugs points 2 no.s
Fans,Light,Plug each - 60W
Tubes 40 W

Disposition of lamps, ubes, fans, etc.

total wattage = (3x60) + (2x60) + (2x40) + (2x60) = 500W
[ as per the IS rule only one circuit up to 80 watt or 10 point ]. So
for this installation One circuit( not more sub circuit) is sufficient.
number to decide size of fire current has the formula
I=W/V
= 500 / 230
= 2.17 Amp.
short circuit current = 2.17x1.5 = 3.255 Amps.
 selection of switch ( main switch)
250 V , 15 A , Double pole Iron clad switch (ICDP)

selection of wires
single strand 1.4 mm diagram aluminium 250 volt glade wire
capable of 9 ampere current is suitable (TRS type).

other details
Ceiling height 3.5 metres
height of horizontal run from
ground floor level 3 metres
switch board 1.5 metres
from ground level
metre board distance is 0.5
metre
Downward run 1.5 metres
vertical run 0.5 metres

wiring layout in isometric

view
wiring diagram

this diagram shows electric

connection of lamps, tubes,
fans, sockets, metre boards
and main switch. One circuit
only ( no need of sub circuits)
 Find actual length of Batten –

From metre board to main board = 0.2 mm of size 13mm x

13mm
downward Run above main board = 1.5m of size 13mm x 13mm
horizontal Run from main board to SB1 = 1.8m of size 25mm x
13mm
From SB1 up lamp L1 = 1.5 +0.5 +1.5 = 3.5m of size 19mm x 13
mm
horizontal Run from main board to SB2 = 0.5 + 2.5 =3m of size
13mm x 13mm.

“Note - that batten running at inner wall in two rooms but on

outer wall in veranda”

Downward Run above SB2 = 1.5m of size 44mm x 13 mm

vertical Run above SB2 and along the ceiling upto fan
F1 = 0.5+2.5 = 3m of size 31mm x 13mm
from fan F1 to lamp L2 = 2.5 + 0.5 = 3m of size 13mm x 13mm
horizontal Run from SB2 to SB 3 = 2.5+2.5 = 5m of size 13mm x
13mm.
Drop from horizontal run to SB2 = 1.5m of size 38 mm x 13 mm.
From horizontal run to fan F2 = 0.5 + 2.5 = 3m of size 25mm x
13mm
From fan F2 to lamp L3 = 2.5 +0.5 = 3m of size 13mm x 13mm
From F2 to tube point T2 = 2.5+0.5 =3m of size 13mm x 13mm
Total length of 13mm x 13mm size batten =
0.2+1.5+3+3+3+5+3+3 =21.7m
Total length of 19mm x 13mm size batten =3.5m
Total length of 25mm x 13mm size batten =1.8+3=4.8
Total length of 31mm x 13mm size batten =3m
Total length of 38mm x 13mm size batten =1.5m
Total length of 44mm x 13mm size batten =1.5m

Allowing 20% for wastage and joints

Total length of 13mm x 13mm size batten = 21.7+4.3 =26m
Total length of 19mm x 13mm size batten =3.5+0.7=4.2m
Total length of 25mm x 13mm size batten =4.8+0.9 = 5.7m
Total length of 31mm x 13mm size batten =3+0.6=3.6
Total length of 38mm x 13mm size batten =1.5+0.3=1.6m
Total length of 44mm x 13mm size batten =1.5+0.3=1.8m

Length of 19mm conduit

For crossing from verandah to room no. 1 = 0.3m
For crossing from room no. 1 to room no. 2 =0.3m
Total length = 0.6m
Length of 1/1.40 mm aluminum conductor T.R.S. cable
= 2xlength of 13mm x 13mm size batten +
3 x length of 19mm x 13mm size batten +
4 x length of 25mm x 13mm size batten +
5 x length of 31mm x 13mm size batten +
6 x length of 38mm x 13mm size batten +
7 x length of 44mm x 13mm size batten +
2 x Length of 19mm conduit
= 2x21.7 + 3x 3.5 +4x4.8 +5x3 + 6x1.5 + 7x2x0.6
= 43.4 + 10.5 +19.2 +15 9 +10.5 +1.2
=108.8m
Allowing 15% for wastage and connections.
Total length of wire required = 108.8 + 16.2 = 125m

Length of 14 S.W.G. earth wire

From main board to SB2 = 1.5 + 0.5 + 2.5 + 1.5 = 6m
From SB2 to SB 3 = 1.5+2.5+2.5+1.5 = 8m
Total length = 6+8 = 14m

Wastage = 10%
Total length required = 14 + 1.4 = 15.4
= 16m (Approxi.)

Estimation in tabular form -

Sr.no. Material Quantity Rate Amount

Rupees rupees
ICDP switch 1 1500 1500
A.I TRS wire 12 5/m 625
Earth wire 16 5/m 80
Teak wood 50m 10/m 500
Batten
Teak wood board 3No. 100/No. 300
size -03Nos
Round wooden 7 No. 20 / No. 140
clock
Switches 5 9 No. 20/No. 180
ampere
Bulb holder - - 250
Ceiling rose 2 No. 20 40
 Sockets - - 60
Screw - - 50
Clips - - 50
Nails - - 20
T.w gutties - - 25
Earthing terminal 4 10 40
Sundries - - 100
Labours @20% 3955=4000 +
800
Grand 4800/-
Tota

on point basis @1000/- for 8 points = 8000/-

Or on % basis @ 60% of material + labour = 2880/- without
materials.

Q ) Hall in a Polytechnic Institute is shown below. make the

location of MB, SB and electrical point on the plan using electrical
symbol decide the rating of MS, DB and other items. draw single
line diagram. (Providing 12 tubes and 4 fans for illumination and
ventilation).

Design and drawing Estimation and Costing of commercial

installation
Provision in commercial lightning
 Generally big installation are multi stored requiring electric
fitting
 Safety and selectionlisation vision
 Illumination level required is higher
  Air conditioning, near sign for advertisement
 Exhaust fan, amplifier, server system may be needed for
some commercial installations.
 Multi way distribution boxes for each floor
 Some main distribution boards should be provided as per
load requirements at each storey.
 Individual main switch, ICDB, ICTP may be required for
individual.
 Fire protection system may be needed.
 24 hour watch men may be required
 Emergency alarm system system needed.
 Electric door closer may be provided.
 CCTV cameras be connected.
 In case of shopping centre illumination level is different at
different section and at a higher level.
 Spot lightening, mercury vapour lightning may be needed in
big parking areas.
Design consideration of electrical installation system in
commercial building
 The plan of commercial installation is inspected by an expert
electrical engineer.
 If point much more than numbers then 3 phase supply is
taken and points are connected to three phase dividing the
load of R Y B phases as far as possible equally - keeping in
view of IE rule
 Lightning and power circuit be separate
 For big commercial unit the consumer if has demand more
than 50 KVA, he has to adopt HT supply.
 As per IE rule 10 point for 800 watt on sub circuit forming
sub circuit for complete installation for 2000 watt 2 power
sub circuit.
Q)Calculate total load, load current, number of lightning sub
circuits, number of power sub circuits and draw installation plan
for a restaurant with following points, make necessary
assumptions.
Hall : having 20 fluorescent lamp, 10 ceiling fans.
Kitchen : having 5 fluorescent lamps, 2 exhaust fans , 5
PowerPoint of 1 kilowatt each.
Store : having 2 fluorescent lamps, 15 ampere socket outlet.
Corridor : having 4 outlet for CFL

fluorescent lamp 40W

ceiling fans 60W
exhaust fans 100W
PowerPoint 1000W
CFL 15W

Solution -
calculation for total load
Hall : load or of 20 fluorescent lamp = 20x40=800W
load of 10 ceiling fans = 10x60=600W
kitchen: load of 5 fluorescent lamp =5x40=200W
load of 2 exhaust fan = 2x100=200W
load of 5 PowerPoint = 5 x1000 = 5000W

load of Store :
load of two fluorescent lamp = 2x40=80W
load of 15 ampere plug socket = 1x1000=1000W

load of corridor:
load of 4 CFL lamp = 15x4 = 60W
Total load of restaurant = 7940W
 the total load is more than three kilowatt, 3 phase 4 wire service
connection will be provide. as having power factor of installation
has 0.8; calculate line current from
W = √3 x Vl xIl x cosΦ
Substituting values Il = 14.325
Considering max. Current = 1.5 x 14.325 A
Hence for mains we will provide PVC wire of 7/20 , having
current rating of 28 Amp.We will divide the load into power and
light loads.
Total light and fan load = 1940W
Total power load = 6000W
Total light and fan points = 43 Nos.
Total light and fan points = 6 Nos.
We will divide 6 power in 3 sub circuit , each of 2000W and will be
connected between one phase and neutral each.
Load current of each power sub circuit = (2000)/(230 x 0.8)
=_____
Considering max. Current = 1.5 times of Load current
Load current = 16.30 A.
Hence Wire provide for power sub circuit 7/20 PVC wire having
current rating of 20 amperes.
Phase R = 9 tubes + 3 fans + 1 exhaust = 13 points = 640 W
Phase Y = 9 tubes + 3 fans + 1 exhaust = 13 points = 640 W
Phase B = 9 tubes + 4 fans + 4 CFL = 17 points
= 360+240+60 = 660 W
The light and Fan load on Phase R will be divided into two sub
circuit. One Sub circuit will consist of 6 tubes + 2 ceiling fans =
360 watts. And second will have 3 tubes + 1 ceiling + 1 exhaust
fan = 280W
Similar arrangement will be on Phase Y, wild phase B will have
no to sub circuit consisting of one sub circuit will consist of 5
tubes , 1 fan and two CFL = 290W. And other 4 tubes,3 fan and
two CFL = 370W
Now, we will calculate load current of each sub circuit
Consider load of 370 W = Il =
Load current =
I max =
For standard table of wire, PVC 1/18 copper wire having current
rating of 5 ampere will be used for all light and Fan circuit.
now maximum load for circuit will be = 2646.6 W
Load current on each phase =
I max=
Here 7/20 wire will be used for each phase circuit. now we will be
represent th arrangement of circuit and sub circuit etc. of
installation.

Q) Recently constructed portion of the college building is to be

provided with surface on duty wiring. number of electrical points
required has been marked. calculate the load on the various
distribution board with their members

Total number of light = 50

Wattage = 3000W
Total number of fan load = 13 Nos.
Total load = 13 x 60 =780 W
Total load = 3780W
As the load is more than 3 KW it will provided with a 3 phase ,4
wire connection.
Calculating line current of each phase from
W = √3 x Vl xIl x cosΦ
3780 = √3 x 400 x Il x 0.8
Il = 6.82 A
Imax = 1.5 x 6.82 = 10.23 A
https://meet.google.com/heu-nmsz-xsp

Considering ,
Hence 3/20 PVC copper wire will be used for mains. load will be
divided on all the three phases equally i.e., 1260 W on each
phase i.e, 21 points each of 60 W will be provided on each
phase.21 points will be divided into 3 sub circuit ,each consisting
of 7 points,i.e., 420 watts , with maximum current of 3.4 amp. Will
be provided by ⅛ wire copper.
Form sub circuit from main switch to distribution board, wire of
3/22 PVC copper will be provided , having maximum current of 15
amp . The arrangement of distribution board with their sub circuit
is shown in figure.

Testing of wire installation as per IS

Following different test are expected to be performed and the
testing result must satisfy the i s rule.
The test are :
 Insulation resistance between earth and conductor of wiring.
 Insulation resistance between conductors.
 Testing polarities of non linked single pole switches.
 Testing earth continuity path.
 For such type of testing, the instrument devices used are tester,
test lamp, Earth tester, Megger etc.

Insulation resistance between earth and conductor :

 In such test all the fuses and lamps are kept in the circuit
and all switches in “ON” position and initially the main switch
kept in off position and main fuse is taken out :
 To test wire/ cables used in the wiring system are sufficiently
insulated to avoid leakage current.
 IE rule 48 , the insulation resistance between wiring of
installation and earth be of such a value that leakage current
shall be less than 0.02 % of full load current of system.
 In the following figure , circuit contain line and neutral wire,
energy metre, main switch, distribution board and wiring
work connecting lamps.

 See the connection of megger to main switch l and other to

earth. The handle of the megger is rotated and pointer of the
maker rotates clockwise from infinity to some reading on
right clockwise direction on the graduated scale reading is
 noted. This reading is the insulation resistance between
wiring and earth.
 As per IE rule this measure the insulation resistance value
should not be less than 50 mega ohm
 The resistance should not be less than 50 mega ohms /
number of outlet in any case it should be between 0.5 mega
ohms to 1 mega ohms.
Insulation resistance between conductor

This test is for testing leakage current between conductor

Same circuit diagram is for this test also but
 Loop at mains which is to be removed
 All lamp, all metallic connections between the two wires of
the installation are removed from the land holders.
Procedure:
 Main switch off
 Main fuses withdraw
 All other users in their position
 All single pole switches in on position
 Megger two terminals are connected to two pole or lines of
the installation
 Megger rotated
 The indicator of megger reeds insulation resistance
between line and neutral conductor in mega ohms.

Testing of polarity of single pole switches

Procedure for testing
 Ensure that all Single pole switches are placed in phase
conductor.
 Neon tester can be used to test whether switch is properly
placed in phase conductor. This is indicated by neon tube
blowing.
 We can use test lamp ( lamp placed in holder and two wires
from holder kept in our hand)
Testing of earth continuity path
 In the wiring system, there are some parts which are of
metallic structure such as iron clad switches, conducts,
switch cover of metal,etc.
 If any leakage is developed in the circuit and find the path
through such metal parts and we touch such parts we get a
shock and this is dangerous.
 So avoid such situations, all such parts are solidly connected
to earthing system with the help of earth wire(8 swg tin wire)
 If there is no earth continuity, that can be confirm by
carrying out “ earth continuity test”
Testing procedure
 Open the main switch
 fuses to be taken off
 keep all other switches in on position
 keep the lamp in the respective lamp holder
 connect one end of the earth continuity tester two and
independent earth and other and is connected to a switch for
conduit. See the connection below.
  The pointer indicates the earth resistance. This resistance
should be less than 1 ohms
 if the pointer indicates more than 1 ohms , then in such case
it indicates that metal conduct aur the switch is not properly
earthed. Necessary checking is carried and the system is
corrected and re tested

Q) In a wiring system there are 20 points each of 50 watts and

4 fan each of 100 watts. The supply voltage is 250 volts.
Find the value of permissible insulation resistance to earth.

Il = total power =
Voltage
Maximum permissible leakage current = Il
5000
Maximum permissible insulation
resistance = supply voltage
maximum permissible leakage current

Residential building service connection

The point of commencement of the supply of energy to consumer

premises up to his energy metre board is service connection
which maybe single phase 230 volt, 3 phase 440 volt. The
service line may be overhead or underground. Supply conductor
wire is supported by tine wire to give mechanical strength to the
service wires. In short, “ the service line is that which bring the
electric energy from supply line to consumer building”.

Service Line connection

 The voltage required for domestic lightning and power
purpose is 230 volt. At the same time the voltage required to
run industrial motor is mostly 400 or 440 volt. This voltage is
 filled by supply agency through distribution lines buy three
phase, 4 wire system.
 The advantage of 3 phase, 4 wire system is that both three
phase and single phase can be used. From distribution lines,
consumer are supplied power individually from the nearest
pole of 3 phase, 4 wire distribution line.
 Consumer premises and the nearest pole of distribution line
are connected by weatherproof cable, the size of which
depends upon the load requirement of the consumer. Thus,
the line bringing electric power from supplier low voltage
distributor up to the energy metre installed at consumer
premises is called as service connection and it is provided
by the supply agency.
 If the distance between existing distribution line pole and
house of the consumer is more than specified limit, then the
service line is extended up to the house of the consumer by
erecting one or more poles and extending the line up to a
suitable distance.
 The service connection to a consumer can be provided in
different ways depending upon the height of the building.
Service connection can also be provided by underground
cable if it is required to do so.
 The service connections terminate at the point where the
supply conductor enter the energy metre provided it at
consumer premises by the supply agency. The supply
agency collect the amount from the consumer as service
connection charges and it's it is their responsibility to install,
maintain and meet any other expenses for supply up to the
energy metre.
 The service line is terminated at suppliers main board, on
which they provide protective fuse and shield energy metre
 Nowadays the suppliers are providing mcb instead of fuse
unit. The consumer has to provide his mb adjacent to the
supplier main board to receive the electrical power
Types of service connection
According to supply
 Single phase 230 volt service line
 3 phase 400 volts service connection for power supply
According to method
 Overhead service line
 Underground service line
Overhead single phase from pole to ground floor by service line
20 metres from pole showing connections
Service life is an electrical line from the distribution pole Up to
your premises. Pole either single phase service line Or three
phase service line is tapped from the line conductor and neutral
conductor also earth conductor. For a small house or flat or small
2-3 stored building, the LT supply is brought from the pole to
premises by overhead connection service life.

Rule 58 -
 The point of commencement of supply of energy to a
consumer shall be Deemed to be the point at the outgoing
terminals of cutout inserted by the supplier in each conductor
of every service line other than an Earth or Earth neutral
conductor or Earth external conductor of a concentric Cable
at consumer premises.
 When the service line is provided with the help of an
overhead line, it must have fixed minimum clearance above
ground of the lowest conductor and definite clearance must
be provided from the adjacent building. This are controlled
by Indian Electricity rules 77 and 79 which are as given
below
Rule 77 -
1) no conductor of an overhead line, including service lines,
erected across a street shall at any part there of be at the height
less than
a) for low and medium voltage line - 5.795m
b) for high voltage line - 6.10m
2)no conductor of an overhead line, including service line, erected
along any street shall at any part there of be at a height less than
a) for low and medium voltage line - 5.490m
b) for high voltage line - 5.795m
3)no conductor of an overhead line, including service line, erected
elsewhere than along or across any street shall be at the height
less than
a) for low medium and high voltage line up to and including 11000
volts, if bare - 4.575m
b) for low medium and high voltage line up to and including 11000
volts, if insulated - 3.965m
c)For high voltage line above 11000 volts - 5.185m
4) for extra High Voltage line the clearance ground shall not be
less than 5.185m + 0.305m for every 33000 volts or part there of
by which the voltage line exceed 33000 volts
provided that the minimum clearance along or across any street
shall not less than 6.10m

Rule 79 -
Where a low or medium voltage overhead line passes above or
adjacent to or terminate on any building ; the following minimum
clearance from any accessible point , on the basis of maximum
sag shall be observed :
a) for any flat roof, open balcony, verandah roof and lean of roof
i)when the line passes above the building a vertical clearance of
2.44m from the highest point
ii) when the line passes adjacent to building a vertical clearance
of 1.22m from the nearest point
b) for pitched roof -
i) when the line above the building, a vertical clearance of 2.44m
immediately under the lines
ii) when the line passes adjacent to the building, a horizontal
clearance of 1.22m
2) any conductor so situated as to have clearance less than that
specified in sub-rule 1) shall be adequately insulated and shall be
attached by means of metal chips at suitable interval to a bear
Earth and wear wire having a breaking strength of not less than
317.52 Kg.
3)the horizontal clearance shall be measure when the line is at
maximum deflection from the vertical due to wind pressure.
Overhead service main
The overhead Service main can be had in a number of ways
depending upon condition prevailing
1) Service main for a Double storey building is as shown in
figure below,
 when the connection from overhead bare aluminium
conductor are brought to the buildings side by weatherproof
cable PVC cable.
2) Service mains for single storey house
When an overhead is to be given to a single story house a g i
pipe

It is a necessity in order to cover the indian electricity rules 77 as

shown in figure represents the method for providing service
connection to a single storey building. The the g i pipe is required
to be supported with stay wire as shown in figure, the connection
of stay wire, i- thimble and stay insulator
Underground service main

When a number of building are side by side for providing a

service connection to all such building it is always convenient to
bring the main from the service pole underground by means of
cable terminating it at the main Board of one building. The main
Board of the second building is Looped to this main board,
similarly the main Board of the third building is looped to the
second main board as shown

The underground service main also become a necessity when the

owner of the building does not want to spoil the beauty of the
building by having an overhead service connection. Following a
cable trench about one metre depth is made and the run of the
cable should be as straight as possible. At bends longer radius
swap should be made. The cable along the pole should be fixed
with the help of clamps, and at least 3 metre or from ground must
be Run in a G.I. pipe of ample size.
Component of overhead 11KV HT line -
Electrical power can be transmitted and distributed by either AC
or DC but in practice 3phase 3 wire system is universally adopted
for transmission of bulk of power and 3 phase 4 wire AC system is
usually adopted for distribution of electrical power. The voltage for
primary distribution are 11, 6.6, 3.3 KV depending upon the
requirement of bulk consumer and for secondary distribution
usable voltage is 400 volts. The various component of three
phase 3 wire primary distribution i.e., 11KV overhead line
numbered as shown in figure.

1) RCC poles or steel tubular pole - 10.973m (36’) holes made of

RCC are used to support the conductor system. Normally 1/6 th
of the Poland is embedded in the ground. the span between two
Pole is usually 55 to 60 metres and can go up to 100 metres at
river crossing.
2) pin type insulator - three pin type insulator are placed on
individual pole; to a fixed on wooden cross arm and one at the top
of hammer which is fixed to the top of the pole. this insulators are
used to support the phases (i.e., R Y B) conductors and insulators
them from the supporting structure.
3) top hampers - this are used to support the pin type insulator at
the top of the pole.
4) bird guard - the pin type insulator are fitted over wooden piece
known as bird guard. this are used to avoid short circuit for Earth
for caused by sitting Birds, which Mains short circuit the two live
conductor And may Earth one of the line conductors. these are
just fitted on the top of the hamper.
5) line conductors - there are three phase conductor usually of
ACSCR e.g. - 8 sheet conductors, which are name as Red,
yellow and blue.
6) Earth wire - galvanized iron Earth wire are run in parallel below
the the line conductor and are supported on hooks( eye bolts)
fixed to the cross arm attached to the pole. this are also called
Guards wire, because any broken conductor will fall on this wires.
7)hooks for earth wire or Eye Screw Bolt - Two hooks or screw
Bolt are used on each cross arm to support the earth wire.
8)Knee bracing set - one knee bracing set is fixed on each pole
to support the cross arm on each two pin type insulator and two
eye screw bolts are fixed for supporting the phase wires and
Earth wires.
9) stay wire - GI stranded stay wire is used with the end or angle
pole to take up the stream of the line and transverse load acting
on the line.
10) stay insulator - egg type insulator are used in the stay to
avoid flow of any leakage current to earth. normally stay insulator
are provided at the height of 3 metres from the ground level.
these are generally made of porcelain.
11) stay or anchor rod - Stay rod is used to tighten the stay wire
and for fixing into the ground.
12) GI square clamp - clamp is made of galvanized iron and is
used for fixing or holding stay with and other equipment such as
cross arm operating switches.
13)PG clamps - the jumper connections to the line conductor is
made through PG(Parallel Grooved) clamps. the PG clamps are
shown in figure.
14) danger plates - on each pole or Tower of HT line a danger
plate indicating the working voltage of the line and word
“DANGER” is provided at a height of 2.5 metres from the ground
level.
15) anti climbing devices - GI bared wire is placed around the
pole at a height of 2.3 metre from the ground level to safeguard
against the climb being by an authorised person.
16) Cradle guard - Cradle guard is a small piece of GI wire and is
connected between two Earth wires. Its function is to earth the
phase conductor, if the phase conductor is accidentally broken
and fall on it.
17) earthing - after every 1 kilometre length of the line the earth
wire are connected to earth through GI wire taken below to
ground along the pole.
18) lightning arrester - to protect line against lightning a lightning
arrester is provided on each face after every 3 kilometre of the
line.
19) binding wire - binding wire of Aluminum is used to bind the
aluminum conductor with pin type insulator this wire do not touch
the pin of the insulator.
20) RCC muffs - this are used for concreting the Steel poles.
21) cross arms - on each pole 7’ x 5” x 5’ wooden cross are
made from good seasoned wood fixed to support the pin type
insulator and eye screw Bolt or hooks for earth wire .
Difference between overhead service connection and
underground service connection

Over Head Cable Under Ground cable

The bare conductors are used Conductors are insulated and

in open space. The conductor placed inside of under ground
are laid with the help of
transmission towers

They are not safe. The They are very safe.

environmental affect these
conductors frequently.

The fault occurs due to the The environmental factor does

environmental factor such as not cause the fault. But some
raining, lightning, snow etc. other manual earth evacuation
may cause the fault.

Conductor size is very less Size of the conductor to be

high

Over Head Cable insulation It needs high insulation. The

cost is very less and it does cost of insulation is high. i.e.
not require any insulation as cost for an 11kV 3 core cable
the advantage of overhead. comes around $ 30 per meter.
But the conductor should be The high cost is only for the
laid above the safety height. insulation.
i.e. a 110 kV over head
conductor should be laid above
4 meter from the ground

The cost of the conductor is But here we should install high

 less. i.e. one meter of ACSR expensive conductor which
conductor cost around $ 1. means to transformer power
This is very cheap as we cannot increase the
compared with the voltage, therefore we should
underground cable. We increase the current. The flow
increase the voltage to reduce of current is directly
the loss. So ultimately the size proportional to the size of the
of the conductor gets down. conductor.

Very easy expansion Very difficult to expand.

Fault can be detected very In this, we cannot detect the

easily. The fault in the fault location. Since the fault
overhead lines are visual such will be hidden inside of the
as flash over, conductor open underground.
circuit, conductor short circuit
etc. This is the advantage of
overhead lines

Repair is possible Very difficult to repair. We

should go for replacement.
This leads to high expensive

It causes radio interference NO radio interference

due to high voltage, due to
corona discharge.

Cost of Installation / MW is Cost of installation / MW is

very less very expansive

Long distance bulk power can It cannot be used to long

be transmitted distance. It is suitable of short
distance with low power
 transmission

Compulsory transmitting tower It does not require any

is required. transmitting towers

Inductor is predominate Capacitor is predominant

Proximity effect does not affect Proximity effect is high

since the distance between the
conductor are very high

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