UNIT- I

TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
PART- A

1. What is sampling distribution?

The probability distribution of a sample statistic is often called sampling distribution of the statistic.

2. What are parameter and statistics in sampling?

Population Sample
Size N n
Mean μ 𝑥𝑥̅
Variance 𝜎𝜎 2 𝑠𝑠 2
Proportion P p

3. What are Type – I and Type-II error?

Type – I Error : Rejected H0 when it is true.
Type – II Error : Accepted H0 , when it is Wrong.

4. Define null hypothesis?

A null hypothesis is a type of statistical hypothesis that proposes that no statistical significance exists in a set
of given observations. It is denoted by H0.

5. Define alternative hypothesis?

Any hypothesis which is complementary to the null hypothesis is called an alternative hypothesis. It is
denoted by H1.

6. Mention the various steps involved in testing of hypothesis.

1. Set up Null hypothesis(H0)
2. Set up Alternate hypothesis(H1)
3. Select the appropriate level of significance.
4. Compute the test statistic.
5. We compare the calculated and tabulated value.

7. Write down the formula of test statistic‘t’ to test the significance of single mean.
𝑥𝑥̅ −𝜇𝜇
The student’s t test is defined in the statistics as 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑆𝑆
�
√𝑛𝑛
1 1
Where 𝑥𝑥̅ = ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 is the sample mean and 𝑆𝑆 2 = ∑𝑛𝑛 (𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥̅ )2 is an unbiased estimate of the
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛−1 𝑖𝑖=1 𝑖𝑖
population variance.

8. Give the main use of 𝝌𝝌𝟐𝟐 - test.

i). Test for goodness of Fit
ii). Test for Independence of attributes.
9. What are the expected frequencies of 2x2 contingency table given below.
a b

c d
Solution:

a b a+b
E(a) = (a+b)(a+c) / N E(b) = (a+b)(b+d) / N
c d c+d
E(c) = (c+d)(a+c) / N E(d) = (c+d)(b+d) / N
a+c b+d N = a+b+c+d

PART – B
𝝌𝝌𝟐𝟐 - test for goodness of fit
1. The following data gives the number of aircraft accidents that occurred during the various days of a
week. Find whether the accidents are uniformly are distributed over the week. AU’ 2010
Days : Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
No. of accidents 14 16 8 12 11 9 14

2. A company keeps records of accidents. During a recent safety review a random sample of 60
accidents was selected and classified by the day of the week on which they occurred.
Days : Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri
No. of accidents 8 12 9 14 17
Test whether there is any evidence that accidents are more likely on some days than others.
3. In 120 throws of a single die, the following distribution of faces was observed.
Face : 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency: 30 25 18 10 22 15
Can you say that the die is biased.

4. A sample analysis of examination results of500 students was made. It was found that 220 students
have dialed, 170 have secured a third class, 90 have secured a second class and the rest, a first class.
So do these figures support the general belief that the above categories are in the ratio 4 : 3 : 2 : 1
respectively?
5. Theory predicts that the proportion of beans in four groups A, B, C, D should be 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. In an
experiment among 1600 beans, the numbers in the four groups were 882, 313, 287 and 118. Does the
experiment support the theory?
6. Given the following contingency table for hair colour and eye colour, find the value of chi – square.
Is there good association between the two?
HAIR COLOUR
FAIR BROWN BLACK TOTAL
EYE BLUE 15 5 20 40
COLOUR GREY 20 10 20 50
BROWN 25 15 20 60
TOTAL 60 30 60 150
7. Find if there is any association between extravagance in fathers and extravagance in sons from the
following data:
Extravagant father Miserly father
Extravagant son 327 741
Miserlyson 545 234
Determine the coefficient of association also.

F - distribution
8. A group of 10 rats fed on diet A and another group of 8 rats fed on diet B, recorded the following
increase in weight (gms)
Diet A 5 6 8 1 12 4 3 9 6 10
Diet B 2 3 6 8 10 1 2 8 - -
Find if the variances are significantly different.
9. Two independent samples of sizes 9 and 7 from a normal population had the following values of the
variables.
Sample I 18 13 12 15 12 14 16 14 15
Sample II 16 19 13 16 18 13 15 - -
Do the estimates of the population variance differ significantly at 5% level?
10. Two random samples gave the following results
Sample Size Sample mean Sum of squares of deviation from the mean
1 10 15 90
2 12 14 108
Test whether the samples have come from the same normal population?

t – test (single mean)

11. A mechanist is making engine parts with axle diameters of 0.7 inch. A random sample of 10 parts
shows a mean diameter of 0.742 inch with a standard deviation of 0.04 inch. Compute the statistic
you would use to test, whether the work is meeting the specification.

12. A random sample of 10 boys had the following I.Q’s : 70, 120, 110, 101, 88, 83, 95, 98, 107, 100.
Do these data support the assumption of a population mean I.Q of 100? Find a reasonable range in
which most of the mean I.Q. values of samples of 10 boys lie.

13. Samples of two types of electric balls were tested for length of life and following data were obtained
Type I Type II
Sample size n1 = 8 n2 = 7
Sample mean 𝑥𝑥�1 = 1234 hours ���2 = 1036 hours
𝑥𝑥
Sample S.D s1 = 36 hours S2 = 40 hours
Test whether the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the binomial law holds and that
the chance of male birth is equal to that of female birth?
 UNIT – II DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
Part - A
1. Define “experimental error”?
The estimation of amount of variation due to each of the independent factor separately and then, comparing
these estimates due to assignable factors with the estimates due to the chance factor is known as experimental
error or simple error.

2. What are the uses of analysis of variance?

1. To test homogeneity of several means
2. The ANOVA technique is now frequently applied in testing the linearity of the fitted regression line.

3. What do you mean by one- way classification on analysis of variance?

In one-way classification the data are classified according to one factor.

4. What do you mean by two- way classification on analysis of variance?

In two-way classification the data are classified according to two different factors.

5. Write down the ANOVA table for one way classification.

Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean

F-Ratio
Variation squares freedom squares
Between 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
SSC C–1 MSC = F= >1
columns 𝐶𝐶−1 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Within 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
SSE N–C MSE =
columns 𝑁𝑁−𝐶𝐶

6. Write down the ANOVA table for two way classification.

Source of Sum of Degrees of
Mean squares F-Ratio
Variation squares freedom
Between 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
SSC C–1 MSC = F= >1
columns 𝐶𝐶−1 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Between 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
SSR R -1 MSR = F= >1
rows 𝑅𝑅−1 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
Error SSE (C-1) (R-1) MSE =
(C−1) (R−1)

7. Define Mean sum of squares.

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
Mean Squares =
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

8. What do you understand by “Design of an experiment”?

The design of experiment may be defined as “the logical construction of the experiment in which the
degree of uncertainty with which the inferences is drawn may be well defined”.

9. What are basic principles in the design of experiments?

1. Randomization 2. Replication 3. Local Control

10. Why a 2 X 2 Latin square is not – possible? Explain.

 Consider, a nxn Latin Square design, then the degrees of freedom of “reedom for SSE is (n-1)(n-2)
For n =2 , degrees of freedom of SSE = 0 and hence MSE is not defined.
Hence, 2 X 2 Latin square is not – possible.

11. Write down the ANOVA table for two way classification.
Source of Sum of Degrees of
Mean squares F-Ratio
Variation squares freedom
Between 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
SSC N–1 MSC = F= >1
columns 𝑁𝑁−1 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Between 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
SSR N–1 MSR = F= >1
rows 𝑁𝑁−1 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
Treatment SST N–1 MST = F= >1
𝑁𝑁−1 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
Error SSE (N-1) (N-2) MSE =
(N−1) (N−2)

12. What is contrast and orthogonal contrast in a 22 – factorial design?

Contrast is the linear combination of treatment means such that the sum of the co-efficient is zero.
Contrast is orthogonal the sum of the product of the co-efficient of the corresponding treatment means is zero.

Part – B
Completely Randomized Design (One – way classification)
1. The following are the numbers of mistakes made in 5 successive days of 4 technicians working for a
photographic laboratory.
Technician I Technician Technician Technician
(X1) II (X2) III (X3) IV (X4)

6 14 10 9
14 9 12 12
10 12 7 8
8 10 15 10
11 14 11 11
Test at the level of significance𝛼𝛼 = 0.01, whether the differences among the 4 samples means, can be
attributed to chance.
2. A completely randomized design experiment with 10 plots and 3 treatments gave the following results:

Plot No : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Treatment
A B C A C C A B A B
:
Yield : 5 4 3 7 5 1 3 4 1 7
Analyse the results for treatment effects.
3. The following table shows the lives in hours of four brands of electric lamps.
Brand A
1610 1610 1650 1680 1700 1720 1800
:
Brand B
1580 1640 1640 1700 1750
:
Brand C
1460 1550 1600 1620 1640 1660 1740 1820
:
Brand D
1510 1520 1530 1570 1600 1680
:
Perform an analysis of variance test the homogeneity of the mean lives of the four brands of Lamps.

Randomized Block Design (Two – way classification)

4. An experiment was designed to study the performance of four different detergents for cleaning fuel injectors.
The following “cleanliness” readings were obtained with specially designed equipment for tanks of gas
distributed over 3 different models of engines :
Engine
Engine Engine Total
1 2 3
Detergent A 45 43 51 139
Detergent B 47 46 52 145
Detergent C 48 50 55 153
Detergent D 42 37 49 128
Total 182 176 207 565
Perform the ANOVA and test at 0.01 level of significance, whether there are differences in the detergents or
in the engines.
5. Four verities A, B, C, D of a fertilizer are tested in a RBD with 4 replications. The plot yields in pounds are as
follows:
Column/ row
1 2 3 4

1 A 12 D 20 C 16 B 10
2 D 18 A 14 B 11 C 14
3 B 12 C 15 D 19 A 13
4 C 16 B 11 A 15 D 20
6. The following data represent the number of units production per day turned out by different workers, using 4
different types of machines.
Machine type
A B C D
1 44 38 47 36
2 46 40 52 43
Workers
3 34 36 44 32
4 43 38 46 33
5 38 42 49 39
Test whether five men differ with respect to mean productivity and test whether the mean productivity
is the same for the four different machine types.
Latin Square Design
7. The following is a Latin square of a design when 4 varieties of seeds are being tested. Set up the analysis
of variance table and state your conclusion. You may carry out suitable change of origin and scale.
A 105 B 95 C 125 D 115
C 115 D 125 A 105 B 105
D 115 C 95 B 105 A 115
B 95 A 135 D 95 C 115
8. A variable trial was conducted on wheat with 4 varieties in a Latin Square design. The plan of the experiment
and per plot yield are given below:
C 25 B 23 A 20 D 20
A 19 D 19 C 21 B 18
B 19 A 14 D 17 C 20
D 17 C 20 B 21 A 15
Analyse the data and interpret the result .
9. A farmer wishes to test the effects of different fertilizers, A, B, C, D on the yield of wheat. In order to
eliminate sources of error due to variability in soil fertility, he uses the fertilizers in a Latin squarearrangement
as indicated in the following table, where the numbers indicate yields in bushels per unit
area.
A 18 C 21 D 25 B 11
D 22 B 12 A 15 C 19
B 15 A 20 C 23 D 24
C 22 D 21 B 10 A 17
Perform an analysis of variance to determine, if there is a significant difference between the fertilizers
at𝛼𝛼 = 0.05 level of significance.
 UNIT – III
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND EIGEN VALUE PROBLEMS
PART - A
1. Write a sufficient condition for Iterative method to converge.
2. Write the iterative formula for Newton – Raphson method?
3. Write the order of convergence and convergence condition of Newton -Raphson method.
4. Find an iterative formula to find√N, where N is positive number.
1
5. Arrive an iterative formula to find the value of where N is positive number, using Newton - Raphson
𝑁𝑁
method?
6. Compare Gaussian elimination method and Gauss - Jordan method in solving the linear System AX = B?
7. Compare Gaussian elimination and Gauss - Jacobi methods.
8. Compare Gaussian-Jacobi and Gauss - Jordan methods.
9. Give two indirect methods to solve a system of linear equations?
10. Compare Gaussian Jacobi & Gauss - Seidel methods in solving the linear system𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐵𝐵?
11. What is the use of Power method?

PART – B
Newton- Raphson method
1. Find the positive root of 𝑥𝑥 4 − 𝑥𝑥 − 10 correct to three decimal places Using Newton- Raphson method.
2. Find the real positive root of 3𝑥𝑥 – 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 – 1 = 0 by Newton's –Raphson method correct to 6decimal
places?
3. Obtain iterative formula for finding √𝑁𝑁 where N is a positive real number and hence evaluate√12.
1
4. Find the iterative formula for finding the value of where N is a positive real number using Newton –
𝑁𝑁
1
Raphson method. Hence evaluate correct to 4 decimal places.
26

Gauss Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel

5. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel method
27𝑥𝑥 + 6𝑦𝑦 − 𝑧𝑧 = 85,6𝑥𝑥 + 15𝑦𝑦 + 2𝑧𝑧 = 72, 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 + 54𝑧𝑧 = 110.
6. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss-Seidel method 4𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧 = 14, 𝑥𝑥 + 5𝑦𝑦 − 𝑧𝑧 = 10, 𝑥𝑥 +
𝑦𝑦 + 8𝑧𝑧 = 20.
7. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss-Seidel method
20𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 − 2𝑧𝑧 = 17,3𝑥𝑥 + 20𝑦𝑦 − 𝑧𝑧 = −18, 2𝑥𝑥 − 3𝑦𝑦 + 20𝑧𝑧 = 25.

Power method

1 3 −1
8. Find the dominant Eigen value of � 3 2 4 � by power method.
−1 4 10
5 0 1
9. Using power method, find all the Eigen values of A = �0 −2 0�.
1 0 5
25 1 2
10. Find the numerically largest Eigen value of 𝐴𝐴 = � 1 3 0 � and the Corresponding eigenvector.
2 0 −4
1 −3 2
11. Find the numerically largest Eigen value of 𝐴𝐴 = �4 4 −1� by power method.
6 3 5
 UNIT – IV
INTERPOLATION, NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
PART – A
1. What do you meant by interpolation?
2. State Lagrange’s interpolation formula.
3. State inverse Lagrange’s interpolation formula.
4. Using Lagrange’s formula, find the polynomial to the given data:
X 0 1 3
Y 5 6 50
5. From the divided difference table for the following data:
x 5 15 22
y 7 36 160
6. State Gregory- Newton forward difference interpolation formula
7. State Gregory- Newton backward difference interpolation formula
8. Write down the Trapezoidal rule in numerical integration.
1
9. Write down the Simpson’s rule in numerical integration.
3
1
10. Compare Simpson’s rule with Trapezoidal rule.
3
b d
11. State Simpson’s rule for evaluating ∫ ∫ f ( x, y )dxdy .
a c
b d
12. State Trapezoidal rule for evaluating ∫ ∫ f ( x, y )dxdy .
a c

PART – B
Lagrange’s interpolation
1. Using Lagrange’s interpolation, find the value of 𝑓𝑓(3), from the following table:
x 0 1 2 5
f(x) 2 3 12 147
2. Find the third degree polynomial f(x) satisfying the following data:
x 1 3 5 7
y 24 120 336 720

3. Using Lagrange’s interpolation, find 𝑦𝑦(10) given that 𝑦𝑦(5) = 12, 𝑦𝑦(6) = 13, 𝑦𝑦(9) = 14, 𝑦𝑦(11) = 16.

4. Using Lagrange’s interpolation, find the value of 𝑓𝑓(10) from the following table:
x 5 6 9 11
y 12 13 14 16

Newton’s forward and backward interpolation formula

5. Using Newton’s forward interpolation formula, find the polynomial 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥)satisfying the following data. Hence,
evaluate y at x = 5.
x 4 6 8 10
f(x) 1 3 8 10
6. Using Newton’s forward interpolation formula find the cubic polynomial which takes places the following
values:
x 0 1 2 3
f(x) 1 2 1 10
Evaluate, 𝑓𝑓(4) using Newton’s backward formula. Is it the same as obtained from the cubic polynomial
found above?
7. From the following data, find 𝜃𝜃 at𝑥𝑥 = 43 and 𝑥𝑥 = 84
x 1 2 3 4
𝜃𝜃 1 8 27 64
Also express 𝜃𝜃 in terms of x.
8. The following data are taken from the steam table:
Temp.0C 140 150 160 170 180
Pressure kgf/𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2 3.685 4.854 6.302 8.076 10.225
Find the pressure at temperature t = 1420 and t = 1750.

Trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s rule

1 1
9. Using Trapezoidal rule, evaluate ∫−1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 taking 8 intervals.
1+𝑥𝑥 2
6 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1
10. Evaluate∫0 with ℎ = by Trapezoidal rule.
1 + 𝑥𝑥 2 6
𝜋𝜋
11. By dividing the range into 10 equal parts, evaluate ∫0 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 dx by Trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s rule.
Verify your answer with integration.
6 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
12. Evaluate∫0 2
by Trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s rule. Also check up the results by actual integration.
1 + 𝑥𝑥
2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
13. Evaluate∫0 to three decimal, dividing the range of integration into 8 equal parts using Simpson’s rule.
𝑥𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑥+1
1.4 2.4 1
14. Evaluate ∫1 ∫2 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑, using Trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule. Verify your result by actual integration.
4.4 2.6 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
15. Using Trapezoidal rule, evaluate ∫4 ∫2 .
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

UNIT – V
NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
PART - A
1. State Taylor’s series algorithm for the first order differential equation.
2. What is the truncation error of Taylor’s series method?
3. Write Euler’s formula and Modified Euler’s formula.
4. Why improved Eluer method is superior to Eluer method?
5. Write the Runge – Kutta algorithm of fourth order to solve 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦), 𝑦𝑦(𝑥𝑥0 ) = 𝑦𝑦0 .
6. State which is better. Taylor series (or) R-K method. Why?
7. Write Milne’s – Bashforth method Predictor and Corrector formulae.
8. Write Adam’s – Bashforth method Predictor and Corrector formulae.
9. Compare Runge – Kutta methods and Predictor-Corrector methods for solution of initial value
problem.
PART –B
Taylor’s series method
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1. Using Taylor’s series method find y at 𝑥𝑥 = 0.1if = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 − 1, y(0) = 1.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2. Find the values of y(0.1) and y(0.2) given = x + y , y(0) = 1, using Taylor series method.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
3. Using Taylor’s series method find y at 𝑥𝑥 = 0.1 correct to 4 decimal places from = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑦,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦(0) = 1, with ℎ = 0.1. Compute terms upto𝑥𝑥 4 .
 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
4. Using Taylor’s series method, Find 𝑦𝑦(1.1) given = x + y , y(1) = 0,.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
5. Using Taylor’s series method with first five terms in the expansion find 𝑦𝑦(0.1) correct to three
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
decimal places, given that = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 2 , y(0) = 1.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Runge- Kutta method of fourth order

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2
6. Using Runge- Kutta method of fourth order, solve = with 𝑦𝑦(0) = 1at 𝑥𝑥 = 0.2, by
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑥 2
taking ℎ = 0.2.
7. Using R – K method of fourth order find 𝑦𝑦(0.1) and 𝑦𝑦(0.2) for the initial value problem
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 2 , 𝑦𝑦(0) = 1.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
8. Use the fourth order R – K method to compute y for 𝑥𝑥 = 0.1, given 𝑦𝑦 ′ = , 𝑦𝑦(0) = 1, take ℎ =
1+𝑥𝑥 2
0.1.
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
9. Solve for 𝑦𝑦(0.1)𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑧𝑧(0.1) from the simultaneous differential equations = 2𝑦𝑦 + 𝑧𝑧 ,
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑦𝑦 − 3𝑧𝑧 , 𝑦𝑦(0) = 0, 𝑧𝑧(0) = 0.5using Runge – Kutta method of fourth order. AU’ 2012
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Milne’s method
10. Using Milne’s method find 𝑦𝑦(4.4) given 5𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑦 2 − 2 = 0, 𝑦𝑦(4) = 1,
𝑦𝑦(4.1) = 1.0049, 𝑦𝑦(4.2) = 1.0097, 𝑦𝑦(4.3) = 1.0143.
11. Determine the value of 𝑦𝑦(0.4) using Milne’s method given 𝑦𝑦 ′ = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 2 , 𝑦𝑦(0) = 1. Use Taylor
series to get values of 𝑦𝑦(0.1), 𝑦𝑦(0.2), 𝑦𝑦(0.3).
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
12. Given = x3 + y , y(0) = 2 compute 𝑦𝑦(0.2) = 2.073, 𝑦𝑦(0.4) = 2.452, 𝑦𝑦(0.6) = 3.023, are got
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
byRunge – Kutta methods of fourth order. Find 𝑦𝑦(0.8) by Milne’s Predictor – Corrector method
taking ℎ = 0.2.
Adam’s – Bashforth Predictor and Corrector methods
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
13. Given = 𝑥𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑦𝑦), 𝑦𝑦(1) = 1, 𝑦𝑦(1.1) = 1.233, 𝑦𝑦(1.2) = 1.548, 𝑦𝑦(1.3) = 1.979, evaluate
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦(1.4) Adam’s – Bashforth method.
14. Using Adam’s Bashforth method, find y(4.4) given 5𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 ′ + 𝑦𝑦 2 − 2 = 0, 𝑦𝑦(4) = 1,
𝑦𝑦(4.1) = 1.0049, 𝑦𝑦(4.2) = 1.0097, 𝑦𝑦(4.3) = 1.0143.