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Noarrtatny — Quecoas gitke UA he \ Oble tO exsacise Cone- ~e Waumah_ Ambedkan — as wy [chesnvene oh other Becarrse| he : 7a pees a public Ans He pubric censctorce tak duboundiues Institutions/Commissions (Study Material) CD 4 @ scanned with OKEN Scanneryo ~ caste based maues Wandin —> do @owlkeed Hive Bot Ws Ambedkar twrarcked to Morcote peobeckronte trem wnrdes Conctitutrorn The Unique clcademy sion for Scheduled Article 338 of the Constitution provides forthe setting up ofa National Comm ~ Castes to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the Seheduled Castes under the Constitution. Background For effective implementation of various safeguards provided in the Constitution for the SCs & Ts and various other protective legislations, the original constitution provided for establishment of National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled ‘Tijbes. The Commission was assigned the duty to investigate all matters relating to the safeguards for SCs and STs in, various statutes and to report to the President. It was set up as ional Leyel Advisory Body to advise the Government on broad policy issues and levels of development of Scheduled: Castes{a Schiei However, till 1990, the Commission had 1 ict ebisitutional baking, (Later, the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Schediile was, given, con tribes ras given, cons sufional backing via the 65th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1990. ‘By, Constitition (S9thyAmendment) Act, 2003, the erstwhile National Commission for Scheduled. C: ind: Sellediled ‘Tribes was replaced by two separate Commissions namely-(j) the National Commission for Selieduled Castes (NCSC), and (i) the National Commission for Seal samide~NaSTp Vy 2 AGE ee. Issues of Concern “2.02, fe Oy 8 & a stronger case for fundamental change or evena sharp analysis of the. ae ‘of discrimination and has failed to bring about any contréieclfinge in incidents‘of atrocities against Dalits and untouchability that persist in some regions. (2) The lack of institutionalization in the posers of potsinan ote Commission has meant that competent and committed members are less likely to be appointed, especially in a political environment. a) 3) The Commission is supposed to prepare ai Annual Report or presentation to Parliament by president./Reports are often tabled two or more years after they have been submitted to the President. This dilutes the whole purpose of investigation and preparation of reports, (4) The most significant handicap of the Commission is the fact that its decisions are( (not binding), but recommendatory. The Constitution makes it incumbent upon the Central and state ‘governments to consult the Commission, but does not state that its advice would be binding. (S) The Constitution gives the Commission (quasi-judicial Jpowers of investigation, but does not mention the form in which the Commission's judament of a particular issue would be Tnstitutions/Commissions (Study Material) @ scanned with OKEN Scannercriticized by many scholars. Recommendations (1) Annual Report + It is a crucial activity of the Commission, the importance o¢ {onerally overdodked. The Report is generally tabled several years afer the period ig, iis required either n Article 338 jtsap ior the discussion of the Report in Pati pertains, and is barely debated, An am rules by which the President may fix @ = 2) Chee quality ofreports|:The quality of reports in terms ofthe data they contain, and the in which the data is organized, has also been declining over the years. It would be a forthe Commission to undertake qualitative studies along with Social anthropologis Jind a scientists: Cominission can inlituonalize mechanisms by which contemporary éhange.-* ‘Tansitions inthe socal structure can be re can be mote, recorded and sted pon, nd @ institutions dnd public employment have sg reserved constituencies it in Parliament as well? ® ises lke the chan contibute to des iy Bigot and international, ae iySinstitutionalized mechanism ir © ons Mice tate om ‘members, would be appropriate, as the leadership id,pérsonnel are aoe of the Commission’s effectiveness The progessof| srs the, CommissionShould be made more autonomous of te fhe da Sulit for the members of the. Commission o be ut. 2 pe Sith au eonsensul (©) Use of suo motu’ Son ‘Commission‘écts on complaints of those sections that are articulate and capable of mounting claims. The Commission needs to be sensitive tothe excusin due to the lack of education, resources and information, and should ideally use its sw rt powers more actively Conclusion It would be desirable for the Commission to engage in an intemal evaluation of its peor and to redefine the institution substantively so as to accomplish its mandate in the spirit in which! was intended. This would enable the Commission to enkance the ability to venture into emet® sensitive areas of eoncem Itappears that as and when the Commission is effective, its its moral authority tats ins" if not decisive, The Commission could arguably use its power to coniribute and guide debates Society onthe issues, which are important to protect the rights of and stop atrocities against" Scheduled Castes is Institutions/Commissions (Study Material) @ scanned with OKEN ScannerAM ase - = Bort Ne = Trwvents Power eld vs Sc hothens i ‘ mr eaeuae wolatron _ pemenwed cit eee iy NWembes” ob Sc. would Pretihy coumilssuarr x Peak e bY on ae Be cannot vowtake, uo qui based om” “pe : coop AGANIE osel Unable dlded, attebnen! @ scanned with OKEN ScannerThe Unique ‘Academy Se ibs wee Introduction “VOW es — BELA ety P ‘The National Commission for Schell Vibes (NCS) was established! by amending Article 934 and inserting anew tile 338A the onsition through the Constitution (89th Amesnlinend) Ae, 2003. By this amendment, The ersiwhile National Commission for Scheduled Cast Tribes was replaced by two separate Commissions namely- ee (National Commi jidmic backwardness like Gi) National Comm = and Geographical Certain Communities suffering from extreme So% Antouchability, Primitive Agri-Practices, Lack’ a {The commission was 4 /“ ¢ STs in various isaara needed special consideration iets ‘assigned th to investigate all fat lors re statutes and to report to the President Analysis of NCST dy, ih 'AITPN\is_an ‘Alliance of Indigrus ‘and, Tribal spedplesi4Organizations’ and_individual activists across the Asian region te and fblect the rights of indigenous and tribal peoples in Asia. In itsreportion i im the woking afiie Comtissi ‘ a) (Goorhessaar}: Tab ihe ti fis acquired constitutional status and broader ee su ple of ST has come unde ierigerciom. The Commission has rgébcen given the power to enforce implementation of ts recommendations, or rulings. This reflects is ineffectiveness. (2) Flawed Investigatic cies): NCST has been given a broad mandate including conduct of inquiry into specific-camplaints of violations of the rights of the Scheduled Tribes and has the power femmes civil court while conducting such inquiry. These powers are rarely used by the oes | Dependence : Financial independence is a mean_of ensuring operational independence, The report points out that in the case of the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, funds are provided under the budgetary grants of Ministry of Tribal A fairs of the Government of India, The lack financial autonomy and dependence on the Ministry is major cause of the Commission’s weakness, : (4) (Lack of Regional Cooperation\: The investigation by NCST depends upon cooperation wih respective state governments, With rust deficiency, the investigative officers lack local support and cooperation, Jon for Scheduled Castes (N ion for Scheduled Tribes (Nt 1) ‘Tustitutions/Commissions (Study Material) acl, @ scanned with OKEN ScannerA « AK ae tauimes ees & 1 CEST ou rise bl 20\ The Pee Aeadeny 2p apr OU pe te, Ro Fhe Human rel iti, ‘tt "highlighted issues Such 4 opment progress human righ, serably failed € live Up to ig “athe and alienation, vitinization of the til (©) Poor tinplem varios Policies : er ‘sehr se ta are Mh violations. The report Jamented that the CO mandate in protecting hum rights of tides: spe Comission i criticized foy ee ots 200A as and programs: 1S lack of "ellierency in implementing tas, and even the much concrete mechanis : touted Tribal Sub Pen = es Ba fin enon VA ugh sending teams 1 iba ‘Al safeguards, laws, Recommendations “The following ae the recommenda! wn should increase its(PIS and evaluate i at yemes. (2) The Commissio areas to oversee policies, and sche (2) Greater granting OF m1 ely from the 3) Create mor well increase Tribes” ‘The recommendations Of @ andit functions with eg Conclusion oud The pattern. of historical ‘developms nt for ‘Scheduled ‘Tribes and thus, this community never has been integral part of mainsite wast Government, ‘many ‘and schemes €0 guard tribals Fowever, Ke attention has been given oh various administrative and he commission. The current suffers throu! acts, policies to empower t structural as. sequited. But legislative effo To address these issues, legislative efforts are. qt is wor! efficiently. Thus, investigating jn the long run gay ifthe im lementing 8 legislation and, judiciary all have to work together for effective implementation of various safeguards provided in the Consttation for Scheduled Tribes. rts would be successful eg agencs nstitations/Commissions (Study Material) G@ : = Scanned with OKEN ScannerTribes — tal Tonge, Tonen f aise at jTonsen pre Bo nln Tabet Cease ‘esha eae * Trxub)t hahyeet Neha opin } }- tbats Fe ewetaped aon pect cpt Lves the ou cutie, » oul - renre Ye position me °, pesh, Fee, sete he Fo Meepeck ovbel Lind ond fonsak xi \ Rained tn work oh adn. + webal axeas net be even Pale LS eat ang nana 1 be j exobyed, “ung een Onannetan thock bas {Gteps Faken] — [> Comedie t p> Pre \5(4)-2pecrs So Pt 2S ~ Ruan ~eduand curt} eo ST and S EBC sb er ad +o coneuve , sep] * Laauee and eco Uteacaks 5 Mose by and nreaken sections Bed — PAesy een - We QM CSchedirte S 3-6) Par QT — 4 uu fo erodes pre ror O4U), Ant 837, 284 ~nessoworiou of, seats L 1 : edu : Spel reprecentation te indian Pek OMS PRI Aer BH ~ & het 330 -—S1/SC weeeavalien LS Ss any Luis— —Sc[st Poplact: 1984 — Bonded Labour Abetttinu fet 114 6 — WU Labour prohibuis ay Jom ack elite qa — FRA 2006 ~— Forest conservation Ack 1480 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner7 V ubniik reports to President — ta ates) plank Tnebda GedndAd trade opfectash, SOMES f v Blurig comanatttee reson en cals - | (era SASS Beir) des) Lape oe leas se holarcneps Se ahudenks varaeny 7B KAKA Commebtee. — I maine. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerThe Unique Academy Bald CT as chain el pryerntone aabupplement: $& weonkng, on aiposet Be “pastes HR 23 Thi S year marks the 26th anniversary of the National Homan Rights Commission (MHC pul 4 Connission, which draws its mandate fram dh Protetion of Hannan Rights (PH) Act 19994 hash : ‘been mired in connoverses since its formation, Wh offen Hendeseribed as {Paper Viger] umble ervew to potetoninary cen frm ham rights ils commited times by the sae chery. ensarrwna’ : The NHRC, disillusioned by it ‘Then helplessness in vngingjuse inthe aleged extrajudicial ings of shake 1.528)persons in Manipur, had last year veferved (0 itself as aCoolliless tigers vefore the Supreme cal a th 2 wy Back ae enpourmort kground qv 1n.1993, the UN General Assembly adopted the(Rris Principles)on Muiman Rights. This led ee to the constitution of national human rights instilitigns inalmost“évery:coiinkfy, Every five years, y India’s human rights agency, the NHRC, hassforindergo)gcereditution byjan agency affiliated to . the UN Human Rights Council (UNHCR). The Cémmistion’s cofipliahce tosthe Paris Principles is ascertained in this process, which is similanto NAC aéstediltion,ofndian colleges — better the grade higher the benefits. py oberg ER glia Pcadth, foils , detentnin ploces AR iment aalSebve is PM Protection and promotion of human rights lhe Cofnihsiongbok up include the following: to thé Naito iuman Rights Commission, 2,318 cases of death fake encounters have been registered with it singe 1993. NHRC focused the problem of custodial deaths and took steps to see that these are nol -ssed ‘by the state agencies and the guilty persons are made to account for their sins of commission and omission. umyentiers In all these cases of police excesses like torture, illegal detention/untawful arrest, false implications, fake encounters, the Commission either directed the authorities or the state governments concerned to pay compensations tothe families ofthe victims or made certain recommendations to undertake enquiry info the case, (2) (Refugees One of the most important works of the NHRC is the efforts in the treatment of refugees. For instance, the Commission asked the Arunachal Pradesh Government to take all possible measures to ensue the safety ofthe life and pope of gman Ha ie Bar 24 in the state and approached the Supreme Court to protect this group. in 1994, NHRC directed the-Lamil Nadu state government to provide immediate medical treatment to Sri Lankan (Tamil "Figes” ~~ IADR and Pot caer w fens aelotad of fens? Qo «eas Ny “usttaions/Commissions (Study Material) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner_— The Unique Academy The Rights ‘of Women and Children) The NIIRC has been working W protect and promote i the rights of Women and children in various ways. The commission examined the issue of “serininalion asa cause of human rights violations LLErea detail in the Asinual Report for 1999-2000, especialy in relation to gender and caste based discriminations The Commission in July, 2011 took suo motu cognizance in many cases of alleged child about from hazardous indistrgs inthe country. In Sollabe ration with the Department of Women and Child Development, Government of ‘nda and UNICEE the Commins popred fain fr sensitizing the subordinate Jualiciary on Traficking of Women and Children for eommercal extal exploitation (A) Violence related to Tiots): In 2003, after Godhra riots in Gujaral, NHRC visited the place and made a detailed fefort. It was perhaps the first time that the NIIRC has intervened in decisive manner ina situation of this kind since its ce its ine in 1993By rejecting reports ‘that{it was the primary and Provided by state government, the Commission made’ itele : sty, equality and dignity 0 ible eer inaction that may sa Sy Haslhraaed nessa ions] and human rights, the Commission: anemia, HIV/AIDS and ssn the progress and st as well as penetr: Ths po that can be fall isGd¥ This is'paitig individuals or groups st es eed J important aspect of its protective functions ‘This isd? This is: patti ly relevant in those situations which involve belonging to the'targinalised sections of society who do not have the financial or social resources to lodge individual complaints. (2) The Commission has taken cognisance of many{reports)by Indian and foreign news agencies It focused on some key human rights isues such as custodial deaths, fake encounters, police atrocities including torture, crude methods of laparoscopy, disappearances in the Kashmir Valley and violence against women, ete. (3) The NHRC has adopted {proactive approacilin the area of economic, social and cultural, rights. By rejecting the justification that poverty was the principle cause of and therefore ‘Justification for child prostitution and child labour, NHRC raised the fundamental questions of equity and justice in the country and called for policies for ensuring economic and social rights. Issues of Concern Its often argued that there is no institution which needs an audit and critical appraisal of its work Institutions/Commissions (Study Material) @ scanned with OKEN Scannerfy8) Advis omy MOLI Dea aaa 4) enguduy pLLlhein | year : The ae femy : d Pf eeorvence pre than does the Nationalijur Is in “ nan Rights Commi are 8s follows. ag n (NHRC it ationing of Nunes . fsues with the Fuetoning 0) Gente mR RE abe a fy Dols aveung $10/00 OCA <8 : + ing wih the Conn HABE rea sary a = of accumutat 2 — lated case (2) Lack of oUF Delay cd cases becomes heavy. onan paklea ne 2 in Drublication ‘of annual reports by two or three yeurs has been’ Concerned z ‘mmission is not independent in respect of the (wo most importaal CL, Hyprtbee’ @) Complaints agains(Armed Fores} Lac... are directed Teeth | Large numbers of complaints of human rights violations Xe members of the “armed forces”, where the Act weakens the NHRC's ig tedress to the public in such cases. oe @) OPsRUERSAICTORpFOReANN : (UsGURESETEETION procedur}:Theselestioncommittectaskedwithappointingthechsiperson— U6// COses effectiveness in providin, arty. The criteria to assess Fiven, need” and the members to the Commission is dominated by the nuliig candidates are also not specified. — Xe ywaadh, ONE Wa Kewe ©) Pst vestigation mecbanion CREE AEM alee forNHRC NHRC esl ir iome edie WES ty einai reste vet TH ATCT ey Interest restricts the scope oftheir work.”Alsuithtse offiilsjre not - : there is no parliamentary oversight on theitfunétioning and’ oo accountability to the Comptroller and: Auditor General: afdshavevofien been accused of human rights violations themselves.) "fh: ms peg (© (Annual Reporil): None of the WHR dl Rebor® aflée He April 2004-March 2005 report have been ew Ne oe lostmuchoftieir Ree t agGutablé and as an advocacy ool of the EN et Laie om accessible. One scholar fas called such groupsCrecep| ‘ors and transmitters’Jin the cycle of hhuman rights activity. (3) NHRC can collaborate with various (reat platforms|including those at international level 1o implement international norms in practice. This would expand the reach and scope of the Commission. (4) The NHRC urgently requires officers of its own to carry out fndependent investigations) and the government should provide it resources for the same. ae (5) NHRC should opt for its independence by introducing a transparent selection procedure for its members and chairpersons, because the above-mentioned changes would be of little consequence if the working of Commission is adulterated with political influence. &) Tmpicmentotisn + Precedimre Regulations w fastitutlons/Commissions (Study Material) @ scanned with OKEN ScannerLocke ~ exvreuy indus! cae eee ¢ ove Le poreve so ech +o the t * HR has a oven ite ~ 3 wreaden & universal mr "Need \ NHRC 7 ee cae ceia delays, need hp O- eumeed ongenteatan hance, ANA eee pacteck RR We mee te Maat ats 1a4a composition AHR, o Stowe ef HR ta natn — 3) Skate Sp prone - = terture, custodint deaths, “Deane tid singe UN Convyentin ow “ealive ee wteertae 1) -Reha pudiel - Ut Cetea ace ack DA cane Taste oe was anveas explnitnd oe and Naweda B: Randolon ens nee eS @ scanned with OKEN Scannerdeeveoses Ln ai atonnnd ‘ ~~. Oe 4 ‘op ARE — THR vuelodtuoug here. tnevease. weorhp B¥/ ty Mess thona =MoHA (o520~21 ond 2bu~22) ~— Reduced etal amen of woneln coreg: Meemmended by NHRO Toh} Stakervoldin Pn ky! — Wek pow HR ia Ladin and UN Ae, is “ we ee WM Andie nemoing hadley pe pee ak idy NHRC had A wot neon ten AESPA and pe ogee dusstnions . Lh hos nok poche pred ton re @ Malreva! Ves a) agnor out? ond abeldvsn et — be men. | eens — yebe Wwe pols rv ve dp tones Walved to 4632 ‘J, Lavl2—16 ond role-20) — Presence of SURE — Wow Enterrrenkuow, NHRE om cases rege unden SHARE dues be ee ob! Tw ebsake weap el ear Louk /prbunol ian @ scanned with OKEN ScannerThe Unique Academy Conclusion The awareness of human rights is neither expansive nor deep. NFIRC in 25 years has not been able to expand the knowledge. eapacity and understanding of people and also the state about Hurman Rights, including the right to life and frecdom of expression. In this context, the effective functioning, of the Commission is faeed with constraints which are legal, administrative 8 well-as nancial in nature. These constraints severely handicap the Commission in dealing with human rights viofations which are, at times, demanding more powers in the hands of the Commission to deal with the situation. When itcomes to the protection of human rights, i’s not enough to just empower the Commission with more recourses and power. The deliberate steps should be taken to sensitize the society about tL ———_———— the importance of the human rights concept. ee 4 oly faye sean @ scanned with OKEN Scanner