1.

Basic Signals and Signal Graphing:

a) Unit step
% Define the time range
t = -5:0.01:5;

% Define the unit step signal function

unit_step = @(t) (t >= 0);

% Generate the unit step signal

unit_step_signal = unit_step(t);

% Plotting
plot(t, unit_step_signal, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Unit Step Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

b) Rectangular
% Define the time range
t = -5:0.01:5;

% Define the rectangular signal function

rectangular = @(t, width) (abs(t) <= width/2);

% Set the width of the rectangular signal

width_rectangular = 2;

% Generate the rectangular signal

rectangular_signal = rectangular(t, width_rectangular);

% Plotting
plot(t, rectangular_signal, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Rectangular Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
c) Standard Triangle
% Define the time range
t = -5:0.01:5;

% Define the standard triangle signal function

standard_triangle = @(t, period) (1 - abs(mod(t, period) - period/2) / (period/2));

% Set the period of the triangle signal

period_triangle = 2;

% Generate the standard triangle signal

standard_triangle_signal = standard_triangle(t, period_triangle);

% Plotting
plot(t, standard_triangle_signal, 'g', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Standard Triangle Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
d) Sinusoidal
% Define the time range
t = -5:0.01:5;

% Define the parameters for the sinusoidal signal

frequency_sine = 1; % Frequency in Hz
phase_sine = pi/4; % Phase shift in radians

% Generate the sinusoidal signal

sinusoidal_signal = sin(2*pi*frequency_sine*t + phase_sine);

% Plotting
plot(t, sinusoidal_signal, 'm', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Sinusoidal Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

e) Exponential signal
% Define the time range
t = -5:0.01:5;

% Define the parameters for the exponential signal

alpha_exp = 0.5; % Decay rate

% Generate the exponential signal

exponential_signal = exp(alpha_exp * t);

% Plotting
plot(t, exponential_signal, 'c', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Exponential Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;
All the a, b, c, d and e programs in one
% Define the time range
t = -5:0.01:5;

% a) Unit Step Signal

unit_step_signal = double(t >= 0);

% b) Rectangular Signal
width_rectangular = 2;
rectangular_signal = double(abs(t) <= width_rectangular/2);

% c) Standard Triangle Signal

period_triangle = 2;
standard_triangle_signal = 1 - abs(mod(t, period_triangle) - period_triangle/2) / (period_triangle/2);

% d) Sinusoidal Signal
frequency_sine = 1;
phase_sine = pi/4;
sinusoidal_signal = sin(2*pi*frequency_sine*t + phase_sine);

% e) Exponential Signal
alpha_exp = 0.5;
exponential_signal = exp(alpha_exp * t);

% Plotting
figure;

subplot(3, 2, 1);
plot(t, unit_step_signal, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Unit Step Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

subplot(3, 2, 2);
plot(t, rectangular_signal, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Rectangular Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

subplot(3, 2, 3);
plot(t, standard_triangle_signal, 'g', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Standard Triangle Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

subplot(3, 2, 4);
plot(t, sinusoidal_signal, 'm', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Sinusoidal Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

subplot(3, 2, 5);
plot(t, exponential_signal, 'c', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Exponential Signal');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

% Adjusting layout
sgtitle('Basic Signals and Signal Graphing');
2. Illustration of signal representation in time and frequency domains for a rectangular pulse.
% Define time vector
t = -1:0.01:1;

% Generate rectangular pulse

rect_pulse = rectpuls(t, 0.5); % Rectangular pulse with width 0.5 units

% Compute Fourier Transform

fft_pulse = fftshift(fft(rect_pulse));
frequencies = linspace(-1, 1, length(fft_pulse));

% Plotting
figure;

% Time Domain Plot

subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, rect_pulse, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Rectangular Pulse in Time Domain');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

% Frequency Domain Plot

subplot(2,1,2);
plot(frequencies, abs(fft_pulse), 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Rectangular Pulse in Frequency Domain');
xlabel('Frequency');
ylabel('Magnitude');
grid on;
3. Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation: Generation and display the relevant signals and
its spectrum.
% Parameters
Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency (Hz)
T = 1/Fs; % Sampling period
L = 1000; % Length of signal
t = (0:L-1)*T; % Time vector
Fc = 100; % Carrier frequency (Hz)
Am = 0.5; % Modulation depth (amplitude of modulating signal)
Fm = 10; % Modulating frequency (Hz)

% Modulating signal (message signal)

m = Am*sin(pi*Fm*t);

% Carrier signal
c = sin(pi*Fc*t);

% Modulated signal (AM signal)

s = (1 + m).*c;

% Demodulation
s_demod = s .* c; % Demodulation by multiplying with carrier

% Plotting
figure;

% Time Domain Plots

subplot(3, 1, 1);
plot(t, m, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Modulating Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

subplot(3, 1, 2);
plot(t, c, 'r', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Carrier Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

subplot(3, 1, 3);
plot(t, s, 'm', 'LineWidth', 2);
hold on;
plot(t, s_demod, 'g', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Modulated and Demodulated Signals');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
legend('Modulated Signal', 'Demodulated Signal');
grid on;
4. Frequency Modulation and Demodulation: Generation and display the relevant signals and
its spectrum.
% Parameters
Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency (Hz)
T = 1/Fs; % Sampling period
L = 1000; % Length of signal
t = (0:L-1)*T; % Time vector
Fc = 100; % Carrier frequency (Hz)
Fm = 10; % Modulating frequency (Hz)
kf = 50; % Frequency deviation constant (Hz/V)
m = sin(2*pi*Fm*t); % Modulating signal (message signal)

% Frequency Modulation
s_fm = cos(2*pi*Fc*t + kf*cumsum(m));

% Frequency Demodulation
s_demod = diff(s_fm);

% Plotting
figure;

% Modulating Signal Plot

subplot(3, 1, 1);
plot(t, m, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Modulating Signal (Message)');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

% Modulated Signal Plot

subplot(3, 1, 2);
plot(t, s_fm, 'm', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Modulated Signal (FM)');
xlabel('Time (s)');
 ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

% Demodulated Signal Plot

subplot(3, 1, 3);
plot(t(1:end-1), s_demod, 'g', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Demodulated Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

% Adjusting layout
sgtitle('Frequency Modulation and Demodulation (Simple Version)');

5. Sampling and reconstruction of low pass signals. Display the signals and its spectrum.
% Parameters
Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency (Hz)
T = 1/Fs; % Sampling period
L = 1000; % Length of signal
t = (0:L-1)*T; % Time vector
Fc = 50; % Cutoff frequency of low-pass filter (Hz)
Am = 0.7; % Amplitude of the signal
Fm = 10; % Frequency of the signal (Hz)

% Original low-pass signal

m_lp = Am * sin(2*pi*Fm*t);

% Fourier Transform of the original signal

M_lp = fft(m_lp);

% Sampling
Fs_new = 400; % New sampling frequency (Hz)
T_new = 1 / Fs_new; % New sampling period
t_new = 0:T_new:t(end); % New time vector
m_sampled = interp1(t, m_lp, t_new, 'linear');

% Reconstruction
m_reconstructed = interp1(t_new, m_sampled, t, 'linear');

% Plotting
figure;

% Original Signal Plot

subplot(3, 1, 1);
plot(t, m_lp, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Original Low-Pass Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

% Sampled Signal Plot

subplot(3, 1, 2);
plot(t_new, m_sampled, 'g', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Sampled Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

% Reconstructed Signal Plot

subplot(3, 1, 3);
plot(t, m_reconstructed, 'c', 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Reconstructed Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

% Adjusting layout
sgtitle('Sampling and Reconstruction of Low Pass Signals');
6. Time Division Multiplexing and Demultiplexing.
Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency
duration = 10; % Duration of the signals (seconds)

% Generate two example signals

t = 0:1/Fs:duration; % Time vector
signal1 = sin(2*pi*10*t); % Example signal 1 (10 Hz sine wave)
signal2 = square(2*pi*5*t); % Example signal 2 (5 Hz square wave)

% Combine the two signals using TDM

combined_signal = [signal1; signal2]; % Combine signals vertically

% Time Division Demultiplexing (TDD) to extract the original signals

num_signals = size(combined_signal, 1); % Number of signals multiplexed
demux_signal1 = combined_signal(1, :); % Extract signal 1
demux_signal2 = combined_signal(2, :); % Extract signal 2

% Plot the original signals and the multiplexed signal

subplot(num_signals+1, 1, 1);
plot(t, signal1);
title('Original Signal 1');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

subplot(num_signals+1, 1, 2);
plot(t, signal2);
title('Original Signal 2');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

subplot(num_signals+1, 1, num_signals+1);
plot(t, combined_signal(1, :), 'b', t, combined_signal(2, :), 'r');
title('Multiplexed Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
legend('Signal 1', 'Signal 2');
 OR
% Define parameters
Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency
duration = 10; % Duration of the signals (seconds)
num_signals = 2; % Number of signals to multiplex

% Generate example signals

t = 0:1/Fs:duration; % Time vector
signal1 = sin(2*pi*10*t); % Example signal 1 (10 Hz sine wave)
signal2 = square(2*pi*5*t); % Example signal 2 (5 Hz square wave)

% Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

combined_signal = [signal1; signal2]; % Combine signals vertically

% Time Division Demultiplexing (TDD)

demux_signal1 = combined_signal(1, :); % Extract signal 1
demux_signal2 = combined_signal(2, :); % Extract signal 2

% Plot the original signals, multiplexed signal, and demultiplexed signals

subplot(num_signals+2, 1, 1);
plot(t, signal1);
title('Original Signal 1');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

subplot(num_signals+2, 1, 2);
plot(t, signal2);
title('Original Signal 2');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

subplot(num_signals+2, 1, num_signals+2);
plot(t, combined_signal(1, :), 'b', t, combined_signal(2, :), 'r');
title('Multiplexed Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
legend('Signal 1', 'Signal 2');

% Plot demultiplexed signals

for i = 1:num_signals
subplot(num_signals+2, 1, i+2);
plot(t, combined_signal(i, :), 'b--');
title(['Demultiplexed Signal ', num2str(i)]);
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
end
7. PCM Illustration: Sampling, Quantization and Encoding.
clc;
clear all;
close all;
f=10;
fs=20*f;
t=0:1/fs:1;
a=2;

x=a*sin(2*pi*f*t);
subplot(3,2,1)
plot(t,x)
title('figure.1 Analog signal');

x1=x+2;
subplot(3,2,2)
plot(t,x1)
title('figure.2 Amplitude Shifted Analog signal');

subplot(3,2,3)
stem(t,x1)
title('figure.3 Sampled Analog signal');

q=round(x1);
subplot(3,2,4)
stem(t,q)
title('figure.4 Quantized signal');

enco=de2bi(q,'left-msb');
subplot(3,2,5)
plot(t,enco)
title('figure.5 PCM encodedsignal');
 %pcm decoding
deco=bi2de(enco,'left-msb');
subplot(3,2,6)
plot(t,deco)
title('figure.6 PCM Decoded signal');

8. Generate
a) NRZ, RZ and Raised Cosine pulse
b) Generate and plot eye diagram
% Parameters
Fs = 1000; % Sampling frequency (Hz)
T = 1/Fs; % Sampling period
L = 1000; % Length of signal
t = (0:L-1)*T; % Time vector

% Generate NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero) pulse

nrz_pulse = square(2*pi*10*t);

% Generate RZ (Return-to-Zero) pulse

rz_pulse = zeros(size(t));
rz_pulse(t < 0.5) = 1;

% Generate Raised Cosine Pulse

alpha = 0.5; % Roll-off factor
rc_pulse_length = length(t);% Length of the Raised Cosine Pulse
rc_pulse = rcosdesign(alpha, 20, rc_pulse_length, 'sqrt');

% Plot the pulses

figure;
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(t, nrz_pulse, 'LineWidth', 2);
title('NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero) Pulse');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

subplot(3,1,2);
plot(t, rz_pulse, 'LineWidth', 2);
title('RZ (Return-to-Zero) Pulse');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

% Generate a time vector matching the length of rc_pulse

t_rc = linspace(0, (length(rc_pulse)-1)*T, length(rc_pulse));

subplot(3,1,3);
plot(t_rc, rc_pulse, 'LineWidth', 2);
title('Raised Cosine Pulse');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
grid on;

% Generate and plot eye diagrams

eye_diagram(nrz_pulse, Fs, 10); % NRZ pulse
eye_diagram(rz_pulse, Fs, 10); % RZ pulse
eye_diagram(rc_pulse, Fs, 10); % Raised Cosine pulse

function eye_diagram(signal, Fs, oversampling_factor)

% Calculate symbol length
symbol_length = round(Fs / oversampling_factor);

% Calculate number of symbols and remaining samples

num_symbols = floor(length(signal) / symbol_length);
remaining_samples = rem(length(signal), symbol_length);

% Plot the eye diagram

figure;
hold on;
for i = 1:num_symbols
start_index = (i - 1) * symbol_length + 1;
end_index = i * symbol_length;
plot(signal(start_index:end_index));
end

% Plot the remaining samples

if remaining_samples > 0
plot(signal(end - remaining_samples + 1:end), 'Color', [0.5 0.5 0.5]);
end

hold off;

% Set axis labels and title

xlabel('Sample Index');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Eye Diagram');
grid on;
end
9. Generate the probability density function of Gaussian distribution Function.
% Parameters
mu = 0; % Mean of the Gaussian distribution
sigma = 1; % Standard deviation of the Gaussian distribution

% Generate x values
x = linspace(-5, 5, 1000); % Range of x values

% Compute the PDF

pdf = (1 / (sigma * sqrt(2 * pi))) * exp(-(x - mu).^2 / (2 * sigma^2));

% Plot the PDF

figure;
plot(x, pdf, 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('x');
ylabel('PDF(x)');
title('Probability Density Function of Gaussian Distribution');
grid on;
10. Display the signal and its spectrum of an audio signal.
Fs = 1000; % sampling frequency (Hz), reduced for demonstration
duration = 20; % duration of the signal (seconds), increased for demonstration
frequency = 100; % frequency of the sine wave (Hz)
num_cycles = 5; % number of cycles of the sine wave within the duration

% Time vector for a single cycle

t_single_cycle = 0:1/Fs:(1/frequency);

% Generate the sine wave signal for a single cycle

y_single_cycle = sin(2*pi*frequency*t_single_cycle);

% Repeat the single cycle to create the split signal

y = repmat(y_single_cycle, 1, num_cycles);
t = (0:length(y)-1)/Fs;

% Display the signal waveform

subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, y);
title('Sine Wave Signal with Split');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% Compute and display the spectrum

Y = fft(y); % compute Fourier transform
N = length(Y); % length of the signal
f = (0:N-1)*(Fs/N); % frequency range
Y = abs(Y)/N; % take the absolute value and normalize
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(f, Y);
title('Spectrum');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
xlim([0, Fs/2]); % plot only positive frequencies
 OR
% Generate a simple sine wave signal
Fs = 44100; % sampling frequency (Hz)
duration = 3; % duration of the signal (seconds)
frequency = 1000; % frequency of the sine wave (Hz)
t = 0:1/Fs:duration; % time vector
y = sin(2*pi*frequency*t); % generate the sine wave signal

% Display the signal waveform

subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, y);
title('Sine Wave Signal');
xlabel('Time (s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');

% Compute and display the spectrum

Y = fft(y); % compute Fourier transform
N = length(Y); % length of the signal
f = (0:N-1)*(Fs/N); % frequency range
Y = abs(Y)/N; % take the absolute value and normalize
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(f, Y);
title('Spectrum');
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
xlim([0, Fs/2]); % plot only positive frequencies