January 31, 2012

January 31, 2012

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 SCOPE

2.0 PURPOSE

3.0 APPLICATION

4.0 CONDUCTOR STRINGING METHODS

4.1 Slack or Layout Method

4.2 Tension Stringing Method

5.0 SAFETY

5.1 Safety Grounding

5.2 General Safety Precautions
5.3 Safety Precautions at Crossing
5.4 Atmospheric Adverse Conditions
5.5 Grounding during Clipping-in

6.0 COMMUNICATIONS

7.0 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR MOBILE EQUIPMENT

7.1 Conductor Bullwheel Characteristics

7.2 Puller and Tensioner Operating Characteristics
7.3 Pilot Line Winder Operating Characteristics
7.4 Traveler characteristics

8.0 TYPICAL PROCEDURES FOR STRINGING OPERATIONS

8.1 Site Selection

8.2 Equipment Location
8.3 Anchors
8.4 Equipment Grounding
8.5 Crossing Structures
8.6 Traveler Installation
8.7 Stringing Procedures

9.0 SAGGING PROCEDURES

9.1 General
9.2 Equipment
9.3 Sag Section
9.4 Sag Span Location
9.5 Tension Changes
9.6 Sagging Procedures with Temporary Dead-Ends
9.7 Preparation Prior to Sagging
9.8 Performance of Sagging Operations
TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 2 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

9.9 Sagging Method and Sample Calculations

10.0 INSTALLATION OF CONDUCTOR AND GROUND WIRE ACCESSORIES

10.1 Splices and Dead-Ends

10.2 Repair of Conductors and Ground Wires
10.3 Jumper Connections

11.0 CLIPPING IN

12.0 DEAD- ENDING

13.0 VIBRATION DAMPER INSTALLATION

14.0 SPACER DAMPER INSTALLATION

15.0 VIBRATION RECORDER INSTALLATION

16.0 INSTALLATION OF OBSTRUCTION MARKERS AND WARNING LIGHTS

17.0 RECONDUCTORING

FIGURES

Figure TC 2207-0100-00: Typical line section illustrating sagging procedure with temporary
dead-ends

Figure TC 2207-0200-00: Isolation of successive sag sections using back snubs

Figure TC 2207-0300-00: Clipping sequence after sagging

Figure TC 2207-0400-00: Typical sagging span (or sag check point)

Figure TC 2207-0500-00: Typical sagging section

APPENDIX-I: Typical Proforma for keeping record of conductor and ground wire
pulling, splicing and sagging

APPENDIX-II: Typical Proforma for keeping record of installation of Vibration

Recorders and measurements of Aeolian Vibrations

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 3 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

1.0 SCOPE

This standard presents general requirements for the selection of methods and procedures to
be adopted for installation of conductors and ground wires for the overhead transmission
line system of Saudi Electricity Company (SEC), Saudi Arabia. This standard does not
address special conductors such as high temperature low sag (heat-resistant). These
conductors shall be installed in accordance with the procedures/methods as recommended by
the conductor manufacturers.

2.0 PURPOSE

The purpose of this standard is to present in one document, sufficient details of presently
used methods and procedures for practical and effective control of conductors and ground
wires during stringing operations.

3.0 APPLICATION

This standard is applicable to the overhead transmission line conductors and ground wires of
all sizes. Since stringing practices for different projects may be strongly influenced by the
magnitude and nature of each project, and by local circumstances, appropriate methods have
to be utilized.

Any legal requirements of national, provincial or local regulations shall have to be observed.

4.0 CONDUCTOR STRINGING METHODS

The basic methods, which are most widely used in the electric power industry, are presented
in this standard.

4.1 Slack or Layout Method

4.1.1 In this method, the conductor reel is carried along the line on a vehicle and
the conductor is deposited on the ground. The conductor reels are positioned
on reel stands mounted on a transporting vehicle. Braking device is normally
provided to prevent overrunning and backlash. When the conductor reel is
carried past a supporting structure, pulling is stopped and the conductor is
placed in the travelers attached to the structure before proceeding to the next
structure.

4.1.2 This method is mainly applicable to the construction of new lines in cases
where maintenance of conductor surface condition is not critical and where
terrain is easily accessible to a pulling vehicle. This method is generally
limited to one conductor per phase.

4.1.3 This method is not recommended to be used in urban areas where hazards
exist from traffic or where there is a danger of contact with energized circuit

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 4 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

and in areas where sand or sandy soil or rocky areas are encountered because
of possible damage to the conductors.

4.1.4 In SEC system, this method shall only be used for stringing of single short
spans but with prior approval by SEC. All possible measures shall be adopted
to avoid any contact of conductor with the ground.

4.1.5 Major equipment required to perform slack stringing includes reel stands,
pulling vehicle(s), and a splicing cart.

4.2 Tension Stringing Method

4.2.1 In this method, the conductors are kept under controlled tension during
stringing process. This method is used to keep the conductors clear of the
ground, energized circuits and obstacles, which might cause damage to the
conductors. It requires the pulling of a light pilot line into the travelers, which
in turn is used to pull in a heavier pulling line (also called a bull line). The
pulling line is then used to pull in the conductors from the reel stands using a
bullwheel tensioner and a bullwheel puller. For lighter conductors, a
lightweight pulling line may be used in place of a pilot line to directly pull in
the conductors. A suitable ground vehicle can be used to pull or layout a pilot
line or a pulling line. This method provides the most economical means of
conductor stringing.

4.2.2 Major equipment required for tension stringing includes reel stands,
tensioner, puller, reel winder, pilot line winder, splicing cart, and pulling
vehicle.

4.2.3 Unless otherwise specified, this method shall be used for stringing of
conductors and ground wires for overhead transmission lines in the system of
SEC.

5.0 SAFETY

5.1 Safety Grounding

5.1.1 The degree of grounding protection required for a given transmission line will
depend upon the exposure to electrical hazards, which exist with in the
construction area. For a transmission line remote from other lines and at a
time of low probable thunderstorm activity, minimal grounding requirements
shall suffice. The minimum grounding requirements include the bonding and
grounding of all machines involved in stringing of conductors, pulling line or
pilot line. In addition, running grounds shall be installed on all conductive
lines in front of the pulling and tensioning equipment.

5.1.2 When a transmission line is located in a congested area with exposure to

numerous parallel lines and crossing situations, and with probability of
thunderstorm activity and adverse weather conditions, extensive grounding

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 5 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

requirements shall be needed. The most significant hazard results from

working in the proximity to energized lines.

5.1.3 Specific procedures and methods for grounding are covered in the IEEE
Guide to the Installation of Overhead Transmission Line Conductors (IEEE
Std. 524). The procedures and methods described in this Guide shall be
applied during installation of new conductors, re-construction of transmission
lines (re-conductoring etc.) and installation of conductors in the close
proximity of existing energized parallel circuits (energized conductors on the
same or different supporting structures).

5.1.4 Following minimum safety and grounding procedures shall be followed

during stringing operations in the sections with parallel existing energized
high voltage lines:

a. Temporary electrical grounds shall be placed at both ends of the

section and at intervals along the line, which is under construction.
The grounding sets installed at both ends of the section shall remain in
place until the completion of the work and shall be removed as the last
phase of the cleanup. Hot stick shall be used for installing and
removing the grounding sets.

All temporary grounds installed for protection shall be clearly visible

for inspection and shall be flagged by use of a red cloth placed at the
point of grounding. All grounds, except those placed at both ends of
the section, and red flags shall be removed when they are no longer
needed for protection.

b. Grounding cables shall be connected to the ground source first and

then to the equipment. When removing the grounds, the ground must
be removed from the equipment first and then from the ground source.

c. All pulling and tensioning equipment shall be bonded and effectively

grounded with approved type driven grounds securely attached to the
equipment. At least two driven grounds shall be used at both the
pulling and tensioning setup. All conductive parts of the tensioning
setup and equipment shall be operated from grounded or insulated
platform.

d. Running grounds shall be installed within 6 meters of the tensioning

setup to constantly ground each sub-conductor and overhead ground
wire. At the pulling setup grounding shall be achieved by the use of
block grounds connected to the adjacent structure.

e. Guy wire or temporary guy wire shall not be used for grounding.

5.2 General Safety Precautions

5.2.1 Prior to initiation of the stringing activity in any section of the line it shall be
ensured that:
TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 6 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

a. The installation of all structures within the section of the line is

satisfactorily completed. Signed copies of the structure installation
reports referred in TCS-P-122.06 shall be reviewed to verify that there
are no missing braces & nuts/bolts and that all the connections are
tightened at the specified torque values.

b. The stringing loads will not exceed the design loads for any of the
structure.

c. If any structure is to be subjected to the loads exceeding the design

loads, temporary bracing shall be provided for such structure, and the
bracing shall be subject to approval by SEC.

d. The stringing and sagging operation is such that no sudden loads will
be applied on the structures.

5.2.2 Reel handling equipment, including pulling and tensioning devices shall be in
safe operating condition and shall be leveled and aligned.

5.2.3 Linemen shall not work directly under the lines during pulling of conductors
or on the cross-arms except as necessary to guide the running board over the
stringing traveler. Safety instructions in illustrative/pictorial form shall be
given to the linemen.

5.2.4 Linemen engaged in the installation of conductors shall wear approved

personal protective equipment.

5.3 Safety Precautions at Crossing

5.3.1 Whenever any power line, communication line, highway or railroad is to be

crossed, the owners shall be notified well in advance and all temporary
changes shall be pre-arranged.

5.3.2 All existing lines, which are de-energized for crossing, shall be short circuited
and grounded at each side of the crossing.

5.3.3 Guard structures shall be provided at all crossings, as required for the
protection of conductor, line, road structure, or feature being crossed, and as
required by the owner, or SEC. Crossing structures shall be installed along
superhighways, expressways and railroads and the rope net shall be installed
between these crossing structures to cradle the pulling line and the
conductors.

Guard structures shall be of sufficient strength and stability to withstand the

stresses to which they may be subjected.

As soon as the guard structures have served their purpose, these shall be
removed and all holes shall be backfilled.

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 7 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

5.3.4 Adequate control and traffic signs shall be provided whenever the conductor
being pulled is crossing the roads, highways and rail roads.

5.4 Atmospheric Adverse Conditions

All pulling and stringing operations shall stop when either wind velocities are such as
to cause conductors to deflect more than 1.5 meter at mid span from the normal no
wind position or there is any indication of lightning activity in the area or if there is
poor visibility due to sand storm or fog.

5.5 Grounding during Clipping-in

Safety grounding shall be installed at the work site before start of clipping-in
operations for conductors and ground wires.

6.0 COMMUNICATIONS

6.1 Slack stringing shall require a minimum of communications. It shall be desirable to

have communication between the pulling vehicle and the personnel at the reel
location.

6.2 Tension stringing shall require effective and reliable communications between the
personnel at the tensioner and those at the puller end, and at intermediate check
points at all times during stringing operations. For stringing of bundled conductors
with running board, it will be desirable to observe the running board as it passes
through each traveler. The running board observer shall have reliable
communications with both pulling and tensioning ends.

Standby communication system, particularly during actual stringing operation,

should be available in case one system fails.

7.0 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR MOBILE EQUIPMENT

7.1 Conductor Bullwheel Characteristics

The number of grooves in the bullwheel shall be sufficient to prevent the outer layer
of wires of multi-layer conductors from slipping over underlying layers. The depth of
grooves shall be in the range of 0.5 or more times the conductor diameter and flare
angle shall be 5 to 15 degrees from the vertical. Tandem bullwheels shall be so
aligned that the offset will be approximately one-half of the groove spacing. The
material and finish of the grooves shall be such as not to injure the surface of the
conductor. Elastomer lined grooves are recommended for all conductors.

7.2 Puller and Tensioner Operating Characteristics

The pulling and braking systems shall operate smoothly and shall not cause any
sudden jerking or bouncing of the conductor. Each system shall be readily
controllable and capable of maintaining a constant tension.
TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 8 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

The controls shall allow the independent adjustment of tension in each conductor.
This is particularly vital when stringing bundled conductors. Puller and tensioner
shall be equipped with tension indicating devices. Capacity of the puller and
tensioner shall be selected based on conductor weight and length to be strung and
stringing tensions.

7.3 Pilot Line Winder Operating Characteristics

Pilot line winders shall have operating characteristics similar to drum type pullers.
They shall have multiple drums to provide pilot lines for several phase conductors
and/or ground wire position. These units shall have capability for high-speed
operation. Retardation of the drums shall be desirable in order to provide controlled
payout of the pilot lines. These units may be employed to directly pull in overhead
ground wire.

7.4 Travelers Characteristics

7.4.1 Travelers shall be made of suitable material, which shall not damage the
conductors with due consideration to its weight. The travelers may be made
of steel, aluminum or alloy and may be lined or unlined. If travelers are made
of steel, then these shall be lined with neoprene or other suitable rubber
material to provide protection of aluminum conductors. For galvanized steel
overhead ground wires, the traveler grooves may be made of steel. Travelers
made of aluminum may be unlined but lining shall always be preferred.

7.4.2 The diameters of the travelers shall be sufficiently large to permit satisfactory
and smooth passing of conductors during stringing operations. The preferable
diameter at the bottom of the traveler groove shall be 20 times the conductor
diameter or more. However, in no case it shall be less than 51 cm.

8.0 TYPICAL PROCEDURES FOR STRINGING OPERATIONS

8.1 Site Selection

The selection of pull, tension, anchor and splicing sites shall consider accessibility,
location of dead-ends, length of conductor to be strung, available conductor and line
length, puller capacity, snub structure loads, including placement of puller, tensioner
and conductor anchor locations, placement of reel stands, pilot line winders and the
ability to provide an adequate grounding system.

8.2 Equipment Location

The location of the puller, tensioner, and intermediate anchor sites shall be selected
so that the snub structures are not overloaded. Where possible, a pulling line slope of
3:1 (three horizontal to one vertical) from the traveler to the site shall be adopted. It
shall also be necessary to position the puller so that the pulling lines enter the
machine at a minimum horizontal angle to minimize the possibility of damaging the
line. When a bullwheel type puller is employed, the reel winder to recover the pulling
line shall be located at the pulling site.
TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 9 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

The arrangement of the tensioner and reel stands shall be such that the lateral angle
between the conductors as it approaches the bullwheel and the plane of the rotation
of the wheel is not great enough to cause the conductor to rub on the sides of the
groove.

8.3 Anchors

Anchors shall be required for holding equipment in place and snubbing conductors
against tensions imposed. The type of anchor shall depend upon soil conditions and
sagging and stringing tensions. Portable equipment is often used for this purpose, as
well as ground type anchors. Slack shall be removed from all anchor lines prior to
loading to minimize the possibility of equipment movement or impact loads to the
anchors. The anchors and their accessories shall be able to withstand the maximum
conductor tensions with a safety factor of three (3).

8.4 Equipment Grounding

Adequate grounding shall be established at all sites. The methods required and
equipment used will be determined by the degree of exposure to electrical hazards
and the soil conditions at the site. All equipment, conductors, anchors and structures
within the work area shall be bonded together and to the ground source.

8.5 Crossing Structures

When crossing roads, highways, railroads, energized lines, etc. some type of
supplementary crossing structure shall be employed. This can be guard-poles erected
in football goalpost fashion of suitable height. In some cases, rope nets are strung
between the poles to give more positive protection.

The installation of crossing structures shall be done well in advance of any wire
stringing operations. Generally, a separate crew shall be required for these structures
and after clipping they shall be removed, holes backfilled, and poles reinstalled in the
next sag section.

8.6 Traveler Installation

8.6.1 For single conductor vertical insulator assemblies; the travelers shall be
connected directly to the insulators, and with V-string insulator assemblies,
directly to the yoke plate. For bundled conductor lines, the travelers shall be
connected to the end of the insulators. When travelers are to be installed to
the string through deadend structures, these shall be connected directly to the
structures. If substantial line angles are involved, two travelers in tandem
shall be required to reduce the load on each traveler.

8.6.2 Where bundled conductor travelers are used at line angle locations of over 5
degrees, it is advisable to change to single conductor travelers after the
passage of running board to facilitate accurate sagging.

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 10 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

8.6.3 When adequate quantities of travelers are available, these shall be installed at
the same time the insulators are installed. Under some situations, travelers
may be attached to slings or rods in place of normal insulator assembly.

At the time the travelers are hung, finger lines, when used, shall be installed
and tied off at the base of the structures.

8.6.4 In case of apprehension of any exposure to electrical hazards, the traveler

grounds shall be installed at the first and the last structure between the
tensioner and the puller.

8.7 Stringing Procedures

8.7.1 Installation of Pulling Lines

When finger lines are installed, they shall be used to pull the pilot line or
pulling line through the travelers as it is pulled out. The pilot line, when used,
shall be pulled back by use of the pilot line winder pulling behind it the
pulling line from a reel or drum puller, which in turn then shall be used to pull
in the conductor. The initial pulling out of the pilot line or pulling line shall
be done with any vehicle such as a pick-up truck or tractor, as appropriate.

8.7.2 Installation of Conductor

a. The conductor shall be furnished in matched sets of reels. At no time

the conductor shall be allowed to contact the ground or any object,
which might cause damage to the conductor.

b. All reels shall be inspected in the field prior to installation. Reels

showing signs of careless handling, such as split frames or crashed
outer protective lagging shall be inspected carefully for conductor
damage.

Preparatory to unreeling a conductor from the reel, the outer protective

lagging shall be removed carefully, and all surfaces in contact with the
running conductor shall be examined for protruding objects, which
might damage the conductor.

Care shall be taken to insure that the conductors from the reels carry
no dirt. Reels shall be properly cleaned before starting stringing
operations for any line section.

c. A spreader bar shall be used when lifting or lowering the reels. Full or
partial reels shall not be dropped or rolled under any circumstances.

d. The conductors in the bundle shall be strung simultaneously and shall

hang in the travelers for the same period of time not exceeding 24
hours and in exceptional cases, up to 48 hours before being sagged to
the specified sag.

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 11 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

e. The conductors shall start and end approximately at the same points of
the line and stringing operations shall be planned to keep the waste to
a minimum. Lengths of conductor less than 100 meters are scrap
lengths and shall not be spliced into the line without approval.
Jumpers shall be cut only from scrap lengths unless otherwise
permitted.

f. Stringing of conductors and temporary guying of conductors shall be

done by methods that will prevent damage to the conductors and the
structures in any way. Temporary guying/dead-ending to tower
footings will not be permitted. Where temporary dead-end is required,
the conductors shall be attached to suitable temporary anchors. The
angle formed by conductors and ground wires to the horizontal shall
not exceed 15 degrees. The anchors shall be aligned in the direction of
stringing.

g. The sub-conductors shall be strung simultaneously by means of

running board attached to a single pulling line with a swivel.
Subconductors shall be connected to a swivel connections and a
stocking type (woven wire) grip. The grips shall be secured to the
conductors by means of a band installed around the tail end of the
grip.

h. Two reel lengths of conductor may be pulled into the travelers using
only approved type swivels and grips to make the connections
between the reel lengths. Double stocking will be permitted, but
permanent splices shall not be pulled through the bullwheels. Pulling
compression joints over the travelers shall be avoided as far as
possible. Under certain specific cases SEC may consider to allow the
compression joints to pass through the travelers subject to the
fulfillment and submission of the following documents and
requirements by the Contractor:

i. The Contractor notifies SEC in writing and seeks written

approval to do so.

ii. The compression joints are suitably designed to pass through

the travelers (Contractor to submit written confirmation from
the compression joint manufacturer).

ii. Compression joints are protected by cover joints specifically

designed for the purpose (Contractor to submit details of cover
joints).

iv. The depth and flare angle of grooves of the travelers shall be
adequate to facilitate the passage of swivels, grips and
compression joints and shall not damage or spread the grooves
(Contractor to submit written confirmation from the traveler
manufacturer).

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 12 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

v. Contractor to submit written confirmation that the compression

joints shall not be allowed to pass through the angle/tension
structures.

A ball bearing swivel link shall be used for the connections between
conductors, pulling lines and running boards. Swivel links shall be of
sufficient rated working load to withstand loads placed on them during
tension stringing. They shall be compatible with the travelers being
used so that they can pass through without spreading or damaging the
sheaves. Swivel links shall not be passed over bullwheels under
tension.

i. Sections of the conductor damaged by application of gripping

attachments or any other way during stringing shall be removed before
conductor is sagged in place.

j. All stringing operations must be conducted so that at no time will any

suspension structure be subjected to longitudinal loads and at no time
will any tension structure (except dead-end structure) be subjected to
excessive unbalanced loads resulting from longitudinal loads on the
opposing faces. At no time shall any structure be subjected to torsion.
The vertical angles of the pulling lines shall be such as to minimize
the vertical loading on the structures.

The conductor and ground wire reels, tensioner, and pulling machines
shall be located as near to mid span as possible but in no case shall the
slope of the conductor or ground wire between any machine and the
traveler or any anchor lead be steeper than 3:1 (three horizontal to one
vertical i.e., about 15-20 degrees to the horizontal).

k. The tension in the conductor during stringing shall be maintained as

constant as practicable. The sag in each conductor shall be maintained
at least 20 percent greater than the sagging value specified in sag
charts and the maximum tension shall never exceed the sagging
tensions.

If the conductor is left unattended during stringing operations, it shall

be freely suspended between the travelers so as to provide a safe clear
distance over ground or obstructions.

The minimum tension shall be such as to maintain the conductors at a

minimum distance of 3 meters above ground or any obstacle.

When there is possibility of conductor being damaged due to wind or

other conditions they shall immediately be fully tensioned. It is
recommended that variations in stringing tensions be as small as
possible and the tension shall be near the maximum tension permitted.
Immediately after completing a section of the line, the tensions shall
be increased to the maximum permitted stringing values.

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 13 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

l. The spinning of the conductors and ground wires shall be prevented

during stringing. Unreeling of the conductors shall be closely watched
at all times in order to detect any damage or flaw in the conductor.

m. When reeving the bullwheels of a tensioner with the conductor

entering and leaving the wheel from the top facing in the direction of
pull, conductor shall enter from the left and leave from the right for
right hand lay (standard for aluminum conductors) and enter from the
right and leave from the left for left hand lay (standard for overhead
ground wires excluding OPGW). This procedure will avoid the
tendency to loosen the outer layer of strands as the conductor passes
around the bullwheels. In some cases, OPGW may have the same lay
as of overhead ground wires i.e., left lay; therefore it shall enter the
bullwheel in the same way as the conductor.

n. For smooth stringing operations, pulling speed shall be kept in the

range of 5 to 8 km per hour. Lower speed may cause significant
swinging of the traveler and insulator hardware assemblies, whereas
higher speeds may create a potential hazard of greater damage in case
of a malfunction.

o. The maximum tension imposed on the conductor during stringing

operations shall not exceed that necessary to clear obstructions on the
ground. This clearance shall be confirmed by observation. In general,
stringing tension of about one-half of the sagging tension is a good
criterion.

p. The reel shall be positioned so that it will rotate in the same direction
as the bullwheels. Loosening of the stranding may occur between the
reel and bullwheels of the tensioner. However, as the conductor is
unwound from the reel and straightens out, the outer strands become
loose, a condition that is particularly noticeable in large diameter
conductor, and can be observed best at the point at which it leaves the
reel. As the conductor enters the bullwheel groove, the pressure of the
contact tends to push the loose outer strands back toward the reel
where the looseness accumulates, leading to the condition commonly
known as “birdcaging”. If this condition is not controlled, the strands
can become damaged to the extent that the damaged area of conductor
must be removed. This problem can be remedied by allowing enough
distance between the reel and the tensioner to permit the strand
looseness to distribute along the intervening length of conductor, and
simultaneously enough back tension on the reel to stretch the core and
inner strands to sufficiently tighten the outer strands.

q. Sub-conductor oscillation may occur in bundled conductor lines,

temporary spacers or other means shall be required to prevent
conductor surface damage prior to installation of spacers.

r. When conductors are to be terminated on one side of a tension

structure, which is not designed as a full tension deadend, temporary
TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 14 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

guys shall be installed. These guys shall be installed prior to the

termination of line conductors on the structure and shall remain in
place until after the complete installation of all the line conductors on
both sides of the structure has been accomplished.

s. Methods and procedures for the installation of overhead ground wires

shall be the same as those used for the conductors except that the loads
and tensions involved shall be lighter. Ground wires shall be pulled
with lightweight pulling lines, which shall be installed directly without
the use of a pilot line. The ground wires shall normally be installed
prior to pulling of conductors due to their higher location on the
structures, and to prevent damage to the conductors when pulling
ground wires up through them.

9.0 CONDUCTOR SAGGING

9.1 General

9.1.1 A complete set of design criteria including structure design data, stringing
data, line profiles and conductor sag templates etc for the sag section should
be available in the field. Prior to start of stringing activities in any section of
transmission line the as-built span lengths shall be measured and recorded.
Only as-built span lengths shall be used for the planning of pulling set ups
and sagging of conductors.

9.1.2 After being pulled into the travelers the conductors in a sag section shall be
sagged within 24 hours. The conductors shall be sagged in accordance with
the approved sag charts. The exact value of sag for a given span length at a
given temperature shall be ascertained from the appropriate sag chart or by
interpolation of data.

9.1.3 Temporary snubs shall be used between a section previously sagged and
clipped-in and the section being sagged. Dead-ending or snubbing shall not be
permitted on any structure except dead-end structures at the nominal point of
attachment.

9.1.4 When conductors are sagged a mark shall be placed on each conductor at the
last structure in each pull. The location of this mark shall be checked in the
presence of SEC representative after the succeeding sag has been made to
ascertain whether or not the back spans are still sagged properly. Unless the
next section of the line is sagged, the wire grips shall not be removed.

9.2 Equipment

Major equipment required for sagging includes transits and theodolites, portable
radios, conductor thermometers, sagging platforms and targets, hand levels, stadia
rods, measuring tapes and miscellaneous marking devices. SEC representative shall
verify all these equipment before the commencement of sagging activity.

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 15 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

9.3 Sag Section

The length of the conductor sagged in one operation shall be limited to the length
that can be sagged satisfactorily, usually 4,000 to 7,000 meters. Excessive sag section
length will usually result in sagging difficulties.

9.4 Sag Span Locations

9.4.1 Before sag spans are selected, a small-scale profile of the entire sag section
shall be drawn to provide a complete, clear picture of the relationship
between the terrain and the conductor. Such a profile is a valuable tool to be
used in the selection of sag spans and may emphasize locations of potential
problems.

9.4.2 Sag spans shall be at or near each end of the sag section. For a sag section
with more than eight spans, additional sag span(s) near the center of the sag
section shall be required. Sag spans shall be longer, level spans and shall be
more equal to the ruling span length. If the sag span is not a level span, it is
best if the transit is located at the lower structure since the conductor control
is increased. Sag spans shall also be located on each side of the line angles
greater than 10 degrees.

9.4.3 When sagging conductor lengths more than four spans, the sag shall be
checked near each end span and at or near the middle span of the length being
sagged. The length of the span used for checking sag shall be nearly equal to
the ruling span as practicable.

9.4.4 The sag of span more than 600 meters in length shall be checked in addition
to the above. Sag at sharp vertical angles and horizontal angle of 10 degrees
or more shall also be checked on both sides of the angle.

9.4.5 The sags shall be determined by means of a transit or other approved

methods. At least one person shall be provided to measure the correct sag for
pulls up to five spans, two persons for six to eight spans and three persons for
nine spans or more.

9.4.6 In the quad bundle the sag of the upper sub-conductors shall be the same and
the lower sub-conductors shall be sagged from 30 to 60 mm more than the
upper sub-conductors.

9.4.7 A tolerance of plus or minus 10 mm of the sag per 30 meter of horizontal

span length, but not to exceed 150 mm in any one span, will be permitted,
provided:

a. The upper sub-conductors in the span assume the same sag

b. The necessary ground clearance is obtained

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 16 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

c. The conductor tension between successive sagging operations is

equalized so that the suspension insulator assemblies will assume the
proper position when the conductor is clipped-in

d. The sag in the lower sub-conductors of the bundle is 30 to 60 mm

more than the sag in the upper sub-conductors

9.4.8 The temperature, spans, structure, general weather, wind velocity, wind
direction, sags and reference drawing shall be recorded for each section of the
conductor, as it is being installed, tensioned and sagged. A typical Proforma
for keeping the record of pulling, splicing and sagging of conductors and
ground wires is attached as an Appendix I. This shall be signed by the
contractor as well as by SEC Representative. This Proforma shall be
submitted to SEC as part of the as-built documents.

9.5 Tension Changes

Tension changes may occur at any point within a stringing section where a dead-end
structure is located. The most complicated situation will occur when tension changes
divide the stringing section into three or more separate parts, each of which must be
sagged independently of the other. Under these conditions, two or more ruling spans,
and hence two or more required tensions exist within a stringing section.

9.6 Sagging Procedure with Temporary Dead-Ends

9.6.1 The separate sag spans can occur within one strung section during
construction especially when a long stretch of suspension structures is
present.

The most complicated situation will occur when the section is divided in three
or more independently sagged parts. Under these conditions two or more
ruling spans and hence two or more different tensions shall normally exist
within sag section also aggravated by the fact of conductor creep.

Although the conductor is continuous throughout the entire sag section the
tension changes may be accomplished by the correct use of grips and hoists
placed on the conductor at the structures where the tension changes occur.

9.6.2 In order to achieve the correct sagging, the location of the temporary dead-
ends must be selected and sag data determined. The insulator strings shall be
held vertical at these temporary dead-end points and must not be moved,
when sagging operation is carried. The exact location of these points is not
critical so they can suit the convenience of the field operation.

It can be stated in general that it always will be necessary to provide means of

holding the insulator strings plumb with the conductor clipped-in, when the
next section is put to the proper sag.

9.6.3 Figure TC-2207-0100-00 shows a typical section to illustrate the problem.

Structure No. 1 is a full dead-end and the conductors have been pulled to
TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 17 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

initial sag through Structure No. 6, a temporary dead end and snubbed. Up to
Structure No. 11 the next temporary dead-end the conductors have been
strung slack. In sag Section I on Structures 1-6 the solid curve represents the
initial sag, the position of conductors at the time of sagging. The dotted curve
represents intermediate sag with a result of creep the conductors will assume
at the time of sagging Section II on Structures 6-11.

It should be noted that trouble would occur in proceeding to sag Section II

unless positive steps are taken to protect the sag in Section I.

If no clipping is done on Towers 1-6 and Section II is pulled to specified

initial sag, Section I will also be pulled, where creep has taken effect to the
same tension and corresponding sag. The conductors will resume the position
of the solid curve and will definitely be overstressed. If the structures are
clipped it will produce some restraining effect, but these will be pulled out of
vertical, especially at the front structures. The overstress will remain but
definitely distributed. If the effort is made to keep the insulators plumb it will
result in reduced tension and increased sag in Section II. In other words,
unless steps are taken to isolate successive sag sections, proper sags and
tensions will not be achieved. The effect is proportional to the length of the
sections.

9.6.4 Figure TC-2207-0200-00 shows a procedure for isolating successive sag

sections. The number of structures corresponds to Figure TC-2207-0100-00
and the sketch shows the situation at the time of sagging Section II. At this
time in Section I the dotted curve represents the initial sag and the solid curve
represents intermediate sag resulting from creep. Structure No. 5 next behind
the temporary dead end (TDE) No. 6 has been clipped. This is done as
quickly as possible after completion of sagging in Section I to serve as a
reference station REF.

Structure No. 6, TDE has been fitted with ‘back snubs’, which is the key to
the operation. They are roughly 6 meters long and are attached to the
conductor with a grip. The other end is attached to the cross-arm. The
maximum tension in snubs is very small (only differential) and does not
present any danger to the cross-arms. Stations A and B are conventional sag
control points for Section II.

9.6.5 The sag procedure is simple and as follows:

Recall that the reference Structure No. 5 was clipped immediately on

completion of the last sag and insulator string was vertical at that time. It
merely remains to keep these insulators plumb during the sag of Section II. In
doing so we keep the conductors in Section I virtually undisturbed.

At the start, Station REF usually reports the insulators are off plumb, because
of overnight slacking of the front snubs (TC-2207-0100-00). For this reason it
is best to leave the back-snubs slack until the pull is close to sag.

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 18 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

At this point station REF takes the control and advises station TDE as to the
opposition of the insulators. When they are brought vertical the back-snubs
are tightened enough to hold them so. From here on, the sagging procedure is
normal, Station ‘R’ serving as a control point along with Station ‘A’ and ‘B’.
When station A and B report “on sag” and Station R continues to report
“plumb”, the sag is complete.

Clipping could start immediately at the next reference tower.

Note that the structures behind No. 5 were not clipped before sagging Section
II. There would be no objection if the clipping of all structures were
completed before sagging ahead. But if it will not be completed any work on
Structure No. 4, 3, 2 etc. in progress at the time of sagging Section II will
disturb the insulators at No. 5 and will confuse the operation. It is best to
follow the clipping sequence shown in Figure TC-2207-0300-00 working
backwards from the reference tower. In case of Section II the clipping
following the sag ahead will start at No. 9 and work back to No. 6, where the
back snubs will have remained in place. They may be removed and the
structure is clipped in the normal way.

9.6.6 Construction Specifications for conductors stringing require clipping to start

not earlier than 2 hours after sag, for conductors suppose to adjust themselves
prior to clipping. This is not absolutely necessary under proper conditions of
sagging, suitable travelers and sufficient control points. For the method
recommended the clipping of reference point shall be done without delay and
48 hours maximum time for clipping shall be considered as desirable only.

9.7 Preparation Prior to Sagging

9.7.1 Sagging thermometers shall be installed sufficiently prior to the actual

sagging operation to allow temperature stabilization and shall be mounted far
enough above the ground to avoid the effect of ground heat radiation.
Thermometers shall be inserted in a conductor section (about 0.5 m in length)
to represent the temperature internal to the conductor. Two thermometers
shall be used in the sag spans, which are near, or at the ends of the sag
section.

9.7.2 The availability of sufficient portable radios shall be insured. All sagging
personnel shall insure that they have the proper equipment and sagging data
in their possession. The person who controls the sagging shall have a
complete set of records pertaining to the entire sagging section in his
possession.

9.8 Performance of Sagging Operation

9.8.1 After all preparations have been made and all personnel associated with the
sagging operation are in position, the person who controls the sag shall relay
all last minute details to the puller operator. He shall obtain last minute
thermometer readings and use the average of the two readings adjusted for an
estimated increase or decrease in temperature at sag completion as the
TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 19 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

temperature for sagging the conductor. This information shall be relayed to all
persons involved in the sagging.

9.8.2 A conductor shall never be sagged to the level of a previously sagged

conductor. Sag all conductors based on temperature design criteria only. At
the time of sagging conductors, sag of any given phase shall be within 150
mm of the theoretical value for the existing temperature conditions. The sag
of all phase of a circuit shall have similar tolerances and direction from the
theoretical sag. Sub-conductors within a phase shall have tolerances between
each other of not over two conductor diameters with a maximum of 50 mm.
When checking sags at a time after original sagging, it must be remembered
that creep will increase the sag and greater tolerance limits must be allowed
for this and unavoidable variations. Although, it is desirable to sag as soon as
possible, it must be remembered that errors may be introduced during
clipping and dead-ending processes.

9.8.3 Conductor shall be sagged in progressive order from the tensioner to the
puller end. As the puller operator initiates conductor movement each person
in a sag span progressing from the puller end to the tensioner end shall inform
the person who is sagging and controlling the conductor movement as it
moves through the sag section.

9.8.4 Actual conductor sagging is initiated by the person who controls the sag and
is first performed by the person in the sag span farthest from the puller
working with persons who have spliced the conductor in the span containing
the anchors for the previous sag. As the conductor is slowly released from the
anchors, the person who is sagging shall ask the puller operator to take all the
slack out of the conductor until it is slightly below sag. This condition shall
be maintained until the conductor is completely released from the hold down
blocks. Once the conductor is completely released, it can be pulled to sag. In
case of bundled conductors, they shall all be brought to sag as evenly as
possible.

9.8.5 When sag is completed, a tension reading shall be recorded if a dynamometer

has been used. The reading should be very close to the nominal tensions
expected. Should the reading deviate excessively from the nominal expected
values, the trouble should be located and any corrections made before sag is
accepted.

9.9 Sagging Method and Sample Calculations

9.9.1 Method

Transit-Target method shall be used for sagging of conductors and ground

wires as this method is accurate and very popular. It basically consists of
sagging conductor according to the sag charts prepared for the purpose (refer
to TES-P-12203 for preparation of sag charts). The sag is checked by optical
instruments (transit) against suitable ‘target’ as shown in Figure
TC-2207-0400-00.

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 20 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

9.9.2 Calculating the Ruling Span

The sag of each span in a line section to be sagged is governed by the ruling
span. The first step is therefore, to calculate the ruling span.

S13 + S 23 + S 33 + S 43 + .......... + S n3
Ruling Span (R.S) =
S1 + S 2 + S 3 + S 4 + .......... + S n

Where S1, S2, S3, S4 and Sn are the spans required to be sagged in one
operation.

9.9.3 Selection of Sagging Spans

The sagging spans shall be selected on the following basis:

a. For a pull of five to six spans, there shall be one sag check point. If the
pulling section is between six to ten spans, there shall be at least two
sag check points. For a line section of more than ten spans, three
check points shall be required.

b. If there is only one check point, the span shall be located near the
center of the pull and its span length shall be very close to that of the
ruling span to keep errors to a minimum. It is desirable that the transit
and the target towers shall be of the same heights and located at the
same ground level.

c. When two sag spans are selected, these shall be level spans, close to
the ruling span and preferably located towards both ends of the sag
section. There shall be at least a distance of two spans and at the most
three spans between two sag check points.

d. For three check points, two check points shall be located near the ends
of the sag section, while the third one shall be in the center of the
section.

e. If any span is more than 600 meters in length, it shall also be checked.

f. If the sagging section includes a line angle of 10 degrees or more, sag

shall be checked on both adjacent spans.

9.9.4 Sag Calculations

Conductor (and ground wire) sags shall be read out from the stringing charts
prepared for the purpose (refer to TES-P-122.03 for preparation of sag tension
and stringing charts).

These charts shall be made for the ruling spans most likely to occur in the
line. Charts for each of these ruling spans shall show the sags at different
temperatures and for a whole range of individual spans likely to exist in any
TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 21 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

sagging section. After identification of the required sag chart, the sag values
for different temperatures shall be read out for each sagging span or check
point, and used for marking target and transit positions on the structures.

However, sometimes these values shall have to be interpolated for some

(uncommon) ruling spans, individual span length, or temperature ranges for
which the required charts are not available.

Sometimes it is also possible that sag values for the selected spans are not
available in the stringing charts against the required ruling span. In this case
the following formula is helpful in obtaining the required result:

L22
S2 = S1 ( )
L12

Where;

S2 = Sag value in meters for the required span

S1 = Basic sag in meters

L1 = Basic span length in meters

L2 = Span length of the require sag span in meters

9.9.5 Fixing Transit and Targets

In the selected sag spans, after calculations, targets (strips of red tape) shall be
fixed on one structure and the transit on the other one. The targets shall be so
located that these are visible through the transit (targets exposed to the sun).
These targets shall be marked on the structure at a vertical distance, equal to
the calculated sag values at different temperatures, measured from the center
of the conductor (the conductors are in the travelers at this point). The transit
shall be similarly positioned.

The optical instruments shall be of good quality and adjusted to be free of any
error. A simple but sturdy mounting bracket shall also be required for
clamping the apparatus to the structure.

9.9.6 Sagging Operations

a. Before starting actual operations, proper communication link shall be

insured between all check points and the pulling end. Read the
temperature and check that the transit is correctly installed. Level the
transit and coincide the target with the crosshair. Clamp the transit
tight and start pulling the conductor. When the dip of the conductor
coincides with the hairline, the required sag has been achieved.

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 22 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

b. In a quad bundle conductor square configuration, the upper sub-

conductors in each phase shall be in level sag while the bottom sub-
conductors be sagged 30 to 60 mm more. For diamond configuration
the bottom most sub-conductor shall be sagged more than the upper
level sub-conductors. Very often it becomes difficult to sag all the
conductors because of conductor vibrations induced in the structure. In
such case it becomes essential to employ the use of theodolite set on
the ground near the structure base. First with the help of transit one
conductor shall be sagged in all the sagging spans at one temperature
simultaneously. This conductor shall be taken as a reference for
theodolite set on the ground to sag the rest of the conductors. When
sagging operations are completed at one checkpoint, the sagging shall
be carried out in all the checkpoints taking the same reference
conductor. When the inspectors at all the check points agree that the
required sag has been achieved in their respective check spans, the
second to the last structure toward pulling end shall be clipped in to
avoid sag disturbance.

c. Sometimes, during sagging, it becomes difficult to set the conductor at

its required sag in all the sag spans. In other words if the conductor is
in sag at one check point, it may not be in sag at the other sag check
points and vice versa.
Then, in this case:

i. Check the calculations

ii. Check the temperature

iii. Check the transit and target heights

iv. Check the travelers for excessive friction or other malfunctions

v. Check the span length of each check span and proceed with
sagging after correction of discrepancies.

9.9.7 Typical Example Illustrated

a. Suppose a section of structures 1 to 11 is to be sagged. Structure No. 1

is a dead-end and it will be hooked up after pulling is completed. In
the Figure TC-2207-0500-00, the positions of tensioner and puller are
also shown. Sag calculations are done as given below:

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 23 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

Table 07-1: Sagging Section

Structure No. Back Span (meters)

2 201.3
3 318.6
4 326.2
5 302.6
6 318.6
7 354.2
8 358.2
9 337.4
10 330.2
11 359.5

Ruling Span (R.S) = 328.72 meters

b. Select the first sagging span as the back span of Structure No. 4 as it is
very close to the ruling span length. The second sagging span will be
taken as the back span of Structure No. 8. The selection of this
sagging span is done on the basis that there should not be more than 1
km distance between the two check points to get satisfactory results.

First sagging span

Transit structure 4, Target structure 3

Span length = 326.2m Ruling span =328.72m

c. From the sag charts for ACAR conductor (17 % EDS), sag values
against R.S lengths of 320m and 330m at various temperatures for
various span lengths are read. From these charts tabulated below are
the values of sag for ruling spans of 320m and 330m at various
temperatures:

Table 07-2: Sag Values for Ruling Spans

Temperature Sag for R.S = 320m Sag for R.S = 330m
o
C (Meters) (Meters)
28 8.29 8.87
30 8.38 8.96
32 8.46 9.05
34 8.55 9.14
36 8.64 9.22
38 8.72 9.31
Now calculate the sag values at a R.S = 328.72m by using the method
of linear interpolation explained below:

For a temperature of 28oC, from the table above, for a change of 10m
in R.S length, there is a change in sag value of 0.58m. For a change of
1m in R.S length; the change in sag value will be 0.58/10 = 0.058m.
TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 24 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

For a change of 8.72m (328.72-320 = 8.72m) in R.S length, the sag

increment will be 0.058*8.72 = 0.5058m.

Thus the value of sag at a R.S. = 328.72m is given as sag value at R.S.
of 320m plus 0.5058m = 8.29 + 0.5058 = 8.796m.

Now the sag value for a span of 326.2m against a ruling span length of
328.72m is calculated as:

2
⎛ 326.2 ⎞
Sag in span 326.2m = Sag for R.S span of 328.72m * ⎜ ⎟ at t C.
o

⎝ 328.72 ⎠

2
⎛ 326.2 ⎞
Thus at 28 C, we have sag in span 326.2m = 8.796* ⎜
o
⎟ =
⎝ 328.72 ⎠
8.66m.

The values for other temperatures are calculated and tabulated below:

Table 07-3: Sag Values for First Sagging Span

Temperature Sag for R.S = 328.72m Sag for span = 326.2m
o
C (Meters) (Meters)
28 8.796 8.66
30 8.886 8.75
32 8.974 8.836
34 9.064 8.925
36 9.146 9.006
38 9.234 9.092
Second sagging span

Transit structure 8, Target structure 7

Span length = 358.2m Ruling span =328.72m

Using same procedure as above, the values of sag for a span of

358.2m at a ruling span of 328.72m are obtained and the result is
tabulated below:

Table 07-4: Sag Values for Second Sagging Span

Temperature Sag for R.S = 328.72m Sag for span = 358.2m

o
C (Meters) (Meters)
28 8.796 10.444
30 8.886 10.551
32 8.974 10.656
34 9.064 10.763
36 9.146 10.860
38 9.234 10.964

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 25 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

10.0 INSTALLATION OF CONDUCTOR AND GROUND WIRE ACCESSORIES

10.1 Splices and Dead Ends

10.1.1 All splices shall be made at least 15 meters away from structures and no
splices shall be made in dead-end spans or spans greater than 600 meters or
the spans crossing over the highways, railroads, and transmission line
voltages of 33 kV and above unless approved by SEC.

10.1.2 As a rule not more than one joint or splice shall be made in any one conductor
in any one span. However, in exceptional cases, as in the repair of damaged
conductors, or when necessary owing to stringing limitations two splices may
be allowed if approved by SEC.

10.1.3 The splices and compression dead-ends shall be installed in accordance with
the recommendations of the manufacturer of accessories. Conductor shall be
laid out straight for a distance of 15 meters and straightened at the end before
preparation of the ends for splicing or dead-ending. The ends of the conductor
shall be thoroughly cleaned prior to compression. After the compression has
been completed, all corners, sharp projections and indentations shall be
rounded and smoothed, and tape, tape residue, and filler paste shall be
removed from the splice and conductor. If the completed splice requires
straightening, it shall be done on a wood block with the use of a wooden
maul.

If the completed splice or dead-end is not satisfactory, it shall be removed and

a splice or dead-end shall be properly installed.

10.1.4 The dies used to compress the compression joints shall be of correct size, and
all “presses” shall be made in the proper sequence specified by the
manufacturer of the joint. Joint compound that aid electrical contact and
prevention of corrosion shall be used as specified.

Compression shall be completed until the dies touch at their flat surface. If it
is not convenient or possible to see the dies, pump until the safety valve
relieves the hydraulic pressure. There is usually an audible click and change
in the feel of the press to the next position and repeat the process. Do not use
the compression tool for any other purpose than that for which it is designed.

If the dies will not close and pumping is difficult, check to see if the proper
dies are being used. If pumping becomes easy, there is probably insufficient
oil in the system.

10.1.5 Compression joints shall be installed using presses with remote motor
operated hydraulic pumps. The pumps that supply hydraulic oil to the presses
of this type through special hoses shall withstand pressures in the range of
10,000 psi (6.9 Mpa). These presses are capable of producing 60 to 100 tons
of force to compress joints to conductors. Never operate a press without joint.

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 26 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

10.2 Repair of Conductors and Ground Wires

10.2.1 Damage is any deformity on the surface of conductor and the ground wire
which can be detected by eye or by feel and shall be repaired by whichever of
the following methods is appropriate:

a. Repair by manual polishing

b. Installation of repair sleeves over the damaged part

c. Installation of compression joints

d. Replacement with new conductor or ground wire

10.2.2 Slight damage such as superficial scratches or abrasions, which are not deeper
than one-third the strand diameter, shall be repaired by dressing with a fine
emery cloth.

10.2.3 Severe cuts which cannot be repaired with emery cloth due to their depth or
extension, and cause increase in the resistance of the external layers, shall be
repaired by the use of repair sleeves, provided that not more than one-third of
the outer layer is cut or damaged over a length of less than 10 centimeters.

10.2.4 Damaged of the extent greater than described in above paragraphs shall be
repaired by replacing the damaged length of the conductor or ground wire
using compression joints.

10.2.5 When there is repeated damage in the same span or in consecutive spans, it
may become necessary to replace all conductors or ground wire in these
spans.

10.2.6 Whenever a repair sleeve is installed, a rope cage shall be placed on the
sleeve to ensure that there will be no damage from sub-conductor slapping
prior to installation of the spacer dampers.

10.2.7 For the repair of alumoweld or galvanized steel type ground wires, only
compression joints shall be installed.

10.3 Jumper Connections

10.3.1 Where compression type dead-ends are used, the jumper shall be one
continuous piece, and compression type jumper terminals bolted to the
dead-ends shall be used.

10.3.2 For ground wires dead-ends if used with strain type clamps, sufficient length
of wire to form the jumper loop to clear the tower shall be used. Parallel
groove bolted clamps shall be used for this connection.

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 27 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

11.0 CLIPPING-IN

11.1 The clipping is a process in which the conductors are transferred from the travelers to
the suspension clamps attached to the insulator assemblies.

11.2 After being sagged, the conductor shall be allowed to hang in the travelers for not
less than 2 hours before clipping in is commenced, to permit the conductor tension to
equalize.

Plumb marks shall be made on the conductors in the vertical plane through centerline
of the structure prior to clipping in. Only paint, crayon, or wax pencil shall be used
for marks on the conductors. The marking shall be done as soon as possible after
sagging to minimize the effect of creep

All conductor marking in the section being sagged shall be accomplished while the
conductors are in the travelers and before clipping in or dead ending is begun.

11.3 The total time during which the conductor is allowed to remain in the travelers before
being clipped in shall not exceed 72 hours.

11.4 Torque wrenches shall be used to tighten all nuts on clamps/AGS. The torque applied
shall be in conformance with the recommendations of the manufacturer.

11.5 Yoke plates for insulator strings shall be installed as shown on the approved
drawings and shall hang at 90 degrees to the conductor axis within a tolerance of plus
or minus 2.5 cm.

11.6 Well padded pull-lift hooks or other approved methods shall be used for handling
conductors during clipping-in operation.

11.7 When clipping is being done, care must be exercised to be certain that the conductors
are grounded prior to clipping, despite the fact that the lines being clipped are not
attached to any electrical source. This involves placing a personal ground upon the
conductor at the location being worked.

11.8 After the conductors have been marked, personnel lift the weight of conductors
allowing the travelers to be removed and the armor grip suspension units shall be
placed on the conductors. Lifting is done by the use of a hoist suspended from the
structure and conductor lifting hook, which is designed so as not to notch or severely
bend the conductors. After placing the armor grip suspension units on the conductors,
the hooks are lowered, thereby placing the weight of the conductors on the armor
grip suspension unit and completing the assembly. Where bundle conductors are
used, the multiple conductors may be lifted simultaneously by the use of a yoke
arrangement supporting the hooks and a single hoist or other lifting means. A lift
bucket is usually used for placing personnel into position for performing the
clipping-in operations.

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 28 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

12.0 DEAD-ENDING

After sagging, the conductors shall be terminated to the strain/tension structure. For this
purpose, the position of compression dead-ends shall be marked on the conductor taking into
account the length of tension insulator string. The compression dead-ends shall be installed
on a working platform arranged at the structure or on the ground, whereby the conductors
shall have to be lowered again. Conductors shall be held in sag position through temporary
guy wires attached at the structure prior to lowering on the ground.

13.0 VIBRATION DAMPER INSTALLATION

13.1 Vibration dampers shall be placed on the conductors and ground wires immediately
following clipping to prevent any possible damage due to aeolian vibrations, which
at critical tensions and wind conditions may occur in a matter of a few hours.

13.2 Damper spacing shall be measured from the center of support for tangent span. At
dead-end, spacing shall be measured from the mouth of the strain clamp or dead-end
compression connector. Damper shall be securely tightened as per manufacturer’s
recommended torque value to maintain permanent grip throughout its service life.
The dampers shall hang in vertical plane.

13.3 The breakaway type bolts shall be tightened until the outer head breaks off.

14.0 SPACER DAMPER INSTALLATION

14.1 Following the clipping sequence of operations for bundled conductor lines, spacer
dampers shall be installed. This shall be done by placing personnel on the conductors
with the use of a conductor cable car/trolley to ride from structure to structure.
Depending upon the line to be spaced and the equipment available, cars may be hand
powered, towed by persons on the ground or powered by a small engine on the car
itself. The spacer dampers shall be installed as per recommendations of the
manufacturer.

The sub-conductors of each phase shall be secured to each other by means of spacer
dampers installed strictly in accordance with the manufacturer’s data.

The intervals, measured along the length of the conductors at which spacer dampers
are installed shall be as per data provided by the manufacturer with tolerances not
more than plus/minus 1 meter.

14.2 The Contractor in coordination with the spacer damper manufacturer shall arrange at
site, a training session for line staff (engineers, supervisors & linemen) to
demonstrate the correct procedure for installation of spacer dampers. In the training
session, linemen shall be asked in the presence of spacer damper manufacturer to
install spacer dampers on a test set up of conductor. Following points shall be
explained:

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 29 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

- How to open and tighten the clamps, correct orientation of the spacer
dampers in respect of the bundle, the top position and so on etc?

- Cleaning of the conductor and the clamp bore to avoid loosening of the clamp

- Use of proper cable car designed for the purpose and the conductor bundle to
avoid longitudinal misalignments

- Correct orientation of Belleville Washer and the correct position of plane

washer

- Measurement of sub-span lengths

- Use of ratchet type spanner and torque wrench etc. preset at the designed
torque specified by the manufacturer for break away bolts (for vibration
dampers & spacer dampers)

14.3 Spacer dampers shall be installed in a span only after that span has been dead-ended
and clipped-in. The installation of spacer dampers shall be completed in each section
within 72 hours after the sub-conductors have been sagged.

14.4 The bolts of the breakaway type shall be tightened until the outer head breaks off.
The bolt heads shall be in a downward position for viewing from the ground.

15.0 VIBRATION RECORDER INSTALLATION

15.1 Field measurements of aeolian vibrations on conductors shall be required to verify

the performance of the installed damping system (vibration dampers and spacer
dampers). If specified in the SOW/TS and relevant TMSS, these measurements shall
be done with the help of vibration recorders, to be installed on the completed sections
of the transmission line on conductors and ground wires. The recorders shall remain
on the line for a period not less than that specified in the relevant TMSS. The
installation of recorders shall be done in the presence of SEC Representative.
Following points shall be taken into consideration while selecting the representative
spans for installation of vibration recorders:

15.1.1. Span length shall be as longer as possible.

15.1.2. Span shall be exposed to transverse winds (perpendicular to conductors).

15.1.3. Terrain shall be flat without any vegetation or obstructions to permit

maximum laminar wind flow and least turbulence.

15.1.4. Number of spans to be considered for vibration measurements on the

conductors and ground wires shall be as specified in 12-TMSS-01.

15.2 The location of vibration recorders shall be subject to approval by SEC

Representative.

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 30 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

15.3 Date of installation, removal of recorder and other useful information about the
transmission line and the terrain shall be recorded as per typical Proforma attached as
Appendix II.

16.0 INSTALLATION OF OBSTRUCTION MARKERS AND WARNING LIGHTS

16.1 If specified in the SOW/TS, obstruction markers shall be installed on the overhead
ground wires in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer and the
requirements stated in TES-P-122.01. The obstruction markers shall be as per
12-TMSS-03. Manufacturer’s installation drawings shall be strictly followed.

16.2 If specified in the SOW/TS, warning lights shall be installed on the phase conductors
and structures in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer and the
requirements stated in TES-P-122.01. The warning lights shall be as per
12-TMSS-03. Manufacturer’s installation drawings shall be strictly followed.

17.0 RECONDUCTORING

17.1 Before carrying out any reconductoring works, Contractor shall submit to SEC the
detailed procedure/method for review and approval.

17.2 Adequate safety measures per SEC standard TCS-P-122.01 shall be adopted prior to
start of reconductoring works. Existing vibration/spacer dampers shall be removed
and phase conductors shall be unclipped and transferred on the travelers. Rewind the
existing conductors (one single conductor at a time in case of bundled conductors) on
empty wooden/steel reels (properly marked) using tensioning and pulling equipment.
The rewinding process shall be carried according the lay direction of conductor and
per guidelines given in IEEE Std. 524 (Annexure J), latest edition.

17.3 Following measures shall be taken during reconductoring process:

- Existing structures shall be inspected thoroughly before starting restringing.

- Design loads of existing structures shall not be exceeded.

- Sudden loads shall not be applied to the structures during stringing/sagging.

- Existing sag-tension values shall be maintained unless otherwise stated.

- Proposed hardware shall be compatible with the existing structures.

- Conductor shall not be pulled through the grooves of the pulling machine.

- Conductor shall not be cut into pieces and shall not be dragged on the ground.

17.4 New phase conductor may be pulled by using existing conductor as a pilot wire if
approved by SEC.

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 31 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 32 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 33 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

APPENDIX I

CONDUCTOR AND GROUND WIRE PULLING REPORT

Project:
Contractor:
Temperature: Weather:
From Structure No.: To Structure No.:
Pull No.: Date:

Phase and
Reel No. Length Joint Location Waste
Sub-conductor No.
Circuit No. I

Circuit No. II

Ground Wires

General Remarks:

Contractor’s Representative SEC Representative

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 34 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

APPENDIX I

CONDUCTOR AND GROUND WIRE SPLICING REPORT

Project:
Contractor:
From Structure No.: To Structure No.:
Date:

MID SPAN SPLICE/DEAD-END SPLICE

Length/Diameter
Phase and Joint Die Elongation
(Before & After Remarks
Sub-conductor No. Description Reference (%)
Compression)
Circuit No. I

Circuit No. II

Ground Wires

Repair Work:

Contractor’s Representative SEC Representative

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 35 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

APPENDIX I

CONDUCTOR AND GROUND WIRE SAGGING AND CLIPPING REPORT

Project: Contractor:
Sag from Structure No.: To Structure No.:
Ruling Span length: Date:
Date Clipped-in: Weather:
Sagging Method: Waste:

Phase and Transit Target Span Temp. Sag/ Date Time

Sub-conductor No. Structure Structure Length (ºC) Tension From To
Circuit No. I

Circuit No. II

Ground Wires

Remarks:
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Contractor’s Representative SEC Representative

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 36 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time
TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION STANDARD TCS-P-122.07, Rev. 01

APPENDIX II

RECORD OF VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS

Project:

Contractor:

Conductor Type: Structure No.

& Span Length:

Structure Support
(AGS, armor rods, conventional clamp etc.)

Damper type & Number: Phase & sub-conductor:

Date recorder installed: Date recorder removed:

Type of recorder: Distance (sensor to clamp):

Every day temperature & corresponding stress:

Yearly minimum temperature & corresponding stress:

Terrain conditions (flat, hilly, woody etc.):

Maximum bending amplitude/strain recorded:

General Remarks:

Contractor’s Representative SEC Representative

TCSP12207R01/MAA Date of Approval: January 31, 2012 PAGE NO. 37 OF 37

License=Abahsain Consolidated co. for Energy and Power Ltd./SA-5001182 Not For Resale ,1/3/2017 2:30:41 PM Saudi Time