Growth And Development Development is defined as the pattern of orderly and predictable changes that begin at conception and continue throughout life. It is a process by which the individual grows and changes throughout the lifecycle: « It can be qualitative as well as quantitative in nature « Growth refers to an increase in the size of the body parts or of an organism as a whole. Growth is quantitative in nature lifespan perspective of development. * Development is life-long which means that it takes place across all age groups commencing from conception to old age + The various processes of human development,i.e biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional are interlinked. + Development is multi-directional as some components of a given dimension of development may increase while others show a decrement. + Development is highly plastic whic! ge means within the person, modifiabi found within psychological development « Development is influenced by historical conditions. The career orientation of .+ Development is influenced by historical conditions. The career orientation of students today has undergone a drastic change and it is not the same as it used to be 50 years ago. Various disciplines like psychology, anthropology, and sociology study development, and each tries to provide answers to development throughout the lifespan. Development is defined as the co- construction of biology, the environment, and the Individual. . . Also Read: Class 11 Neural Control And Coordination Factors Influencing Development « Genotype - An actual genetic material or a person’s genetic heritage. + Phenotype- The way an individual's genotype is expressed in observable and measurable characteristics; they include physical traits like height, weight, and psychological characteristics like creativity, and intelligence. geDevelopment Urie Bronfenbrenner’s contextual view of development focuses on the role of environmental factors in the role of development of an individual: + Microsystem: It is the immediate environment in which individual lives and a child here directly interacts with the social agents. + Mesosystem: It represents the fact that what happens in one ecosystem (family) is likely to impact another ecosystem. + Exosystem: It is defined as the social settings that a person may not experience first-hand but that still influence development « Macrosystem: It includes the culture in which the individual lives. The macrosystems are the subcultures and cultures in which the microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded. + Chronosystem: It comprises the events in the individual's course of life and socio- historical situations which influence their developmentThe Development Stages Human life is categorized into 5 development stages. From the day the infant is born to old age. Here are all the stages mentioned in the human development class 11 notes: Infancy Age Range The age range of Infancy is 0-2 years ald Physical Development * The newborns are governed by reflexes which are defined as automatic responses to stimull. « Some of the reflexes include walking, yawning, blinking, etc. « Children can hear immediately after birth and they respond well to touch and can hear as well. Cognitive Development « Jean Piaget believed that children @ little scientists as they actively exp world around them and try to gain an understanding of the same. « Children lack Object Permanence.Socio-Emotional Development + They prefer familiar faces are scared of strangers and form a close bond with their caregivers called an attachment + Caregivers that are parents reciprocate love and affection to their offspring. Also Read: CBSE Single Girl Child Scholarship Childhood Age Range « Age Range of Childhood is 2-12 years Physical Development * Early Development follows principles of cephalocaudally and proximodistal. + The brain and head grow more rapidly than any other part of the body. + During middle and late childhood, an increase in weight is due to an increae=in the size of the skeletal and muscul systems. Cognitive Development *« Children acquire Ohiect PermanenceCognitive Development * Children acquire Object Permanence. » Language Development is one of the hallmarks of this period which is known as symbolic thinking. Key concepts during this period are animism in which children attribute feelings to Inanimate objects and egocentrism in which children view the world from their point of view only. . Socio-Emotional Development * Crucial dimensions of the socio-emotional development of children are Self, Gender and Moral Development. + Parents and the Socialization process help in forming the self-image of a child. Also Read: Best Countries to Study Psychology Adolescence Age Range i) * The Age Range of adolescents is 12-19 years.Adolescence Age Range + The Age Range of adolescents is 12-19 years. Physical Development + Puberty marks the end of childhood and signifies the beginning of adolescence which is characterized by dramatic physical changes in both growth rate and sexual characteristics. » Hormones released during puberty help in the development of primary and sexual characteristics Puberty in boys is characterized by an acceleration in growth, facial hair, and changes in voice and height. Puberty in girls is marked by menarche which is the onset of menstruation, the rapid growth of height, etc. . . Cognitive Development « Adolescent thinking becomes more systematic problem-solving, went ® possible courses of action, underst ‘J the causes and thus seeking solutions accordingly. » Jean Piaget called this Hypotheticalze « Jean Piaget called this Hypothetical Deductive Reasoning. Socio-Emotional Development « As per David Elkind, Egocentrism prevails during Adolescence in the following manner 1. Personal Fable -Adolescents feel that nobody can understand their feelings. 2. Imaginary Audience —Adolescents believe that everyone is preoccupied with them and hence, become self-conscious. « Identity Formation also takes place during this stage Also Read: Scope of Psychology Age Range + The Age Range of Adulthood is 20-60 years. ) Physical Development + Physical changes which happen during adulthood due to malnutrition are age" Physical Development « Physical changes which happen during adulthood due to malnutrition are age spots, wrinkling, yellowing of teeth, weight gain, ete. Cognitive development + Cognitive abilities decline during adulthood. A memory decline is more In tasks involving long-term memory rather than short-term memory. Socio-Emotional Development « Marriage brings its own set of concerns like the number of children, and availability of resources. * Alot of adjustments have to be made in marriage keeping in mind each other's likes, dislikes, and preferences * Becoming a parent brings a huge transition and it is accompanied by love for the baby. + Death of a Spouse during Adulthood has a strong emotional implication on the other person.Age Range « lt starts at 60 years onwards. Physical Development « Deterioration in physical development happens like a decline in vision, hearing loss, and changes in physical appearance like grey hair, wrinkles, etc. Cognitive Development + Greater memory decline is witnessed in old age in those tasks which involve long- term memory. Socio-Emotional Development « Inold age, fear of death is likely to occur because of chronic illnesses. « Due to obsession with old memories, the generation gap and the death of a spouse, people become more prone to depression and loneliness. + There is a loss of energy and enthusiasm as well.Word That Matter 1. Adolescence: The developmental period of transition from childhood to early adulthood, starting at approximately 11 to 13 years of age and ending at 18 to 20 years of age. 2. Animism : 4 facet of preoperational thought; the belief that inanimate objects have “lifelike” qualities and are capable of action, 3. Attachment: 4 clase emotional bond between the infant and the parents or caregiver. 4. Centration: The focusing or centring of attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others.5. Cephalocaudal pattern : The sequence in which the greatest growth occurs at the top- the head with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working fram top to bottom, 6. Concrete operational stage : The third piagetian stage, lasting approximately fram 7 to 11 years.7. Deductive reasoning: Reaching a conclusion by accepting the premises of an argument and then following the formal logical rules. 8. Development : |t is the pattern of progressive, orderly, and predictable changes that begin at conception and continue throughout life. 9. Egocentrism : A salient feature of pre- operational thought, which refers to the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective. 10. Evolution: The theory proposed by Charles Darwin that over time organisms originate and change in response to adaptational demands of their unique environments. 11. Gender: The sacial dimension of being male or female. 12. Maturation : The orderly sequence of changes dictated by each person's genetic blueprint. 19 “4enarche : The first occurrence of 2? ‘uation. T#. Motor development: The progression of14. Motor development: The progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities, 15. Object permanence: Understanding that objects and events cantinue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard, or touched. 16. Operations : Internalised sets of actions that allow the child to do mentally what was done physically before. ‘ 17. Phenotype : Observable features by which individuals are recognised. 18. Prenatal period : The time from conception ta birth. 19. Pre-operational stage : The second Piagetian stage in which children begin to represent world with words, images, and drawings but cannot perform operations in logical manner. 20. Primary sex characteristics : The sexual structures necessary for reproduction 21. Proximodistal trend: The center-outward a ‘on of motor development. berty : A period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early21. Proximodistal trend: The center-outward direction of motor development. 22, Puberty : 4 period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence, 23. Reflex are : 4 receptor neuron and an efferent neuron capable of mediating a S-R sequence. 24. Secondary sex characteristics : Physical features that are associated with gender but that are not directly involved in reproduction. 25. Self: The individuals perception or awareness of herself or himself-of her or his body, abilities, personality traits, and ways of doing things. 26. Sensorimotor stage: The first Piagetian stage in which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical and motor actions.