INDEX

1. Installation of virtual machine software.

2. Installation of Linux operating system (RedHat / Ubuntu) on virtual
machine.
3. Installation of Windows operating system on virtual machine.
4. Linux commands: Working with Directories:
a. pwd, cd, absolute and relative paths, ls, mkdir, rmdir,
b. file, touch, rm, cp. mv, rename, head, tail, cat, tac, more, less,
strings, chmod
5. Linux commands: Working with files:
a. ps, top, kill, pkill, bg, fg,
b. grep, locate, find, locate.
c. date, cal, uptime, w, whoami, finger, uname, man, df, du, free,
whereis, which.
d. Compression: tar, gzip.
6. Windows (DOS) Commands – 1
a. Date, time, prompt, md, cd, rd, path.
b. Chkdsk, copy, xcopy, format, fidsk, cls, defrag, del, move.
7. Windows (DOS) Commands – 2
a. Diskcomp, diskcopy, diskpart, doskey, echo
b. Edit, fc, find, rename, set, type, ver
8.
b. Working with Windows Desktop and utilities: a. Notepad
c. Wordpad
d. Paint
e. Taskbar
f. Adjusting display resolution
g. Using the browsers
h. Configuring simple networking
Creating users and shares

9.
c.
d.
a. The vi editor. b. Graphics
e. Terminal
f. Adjusting display resolution
g. Using the browsers
Configuring simple networking
Creating users and shares
10. Installing utility software on Linux and Windows

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 Practical 1
Aim: Installation of virtual machine software.
Definition - What does VMware Workstation mean?

VMware Workstation is a virtual machine software that is used for x86 and x86-64
computers to run multiple operating systems over a single physical host computer.
Each virtual machine can run a single instance of any operating system (Microsoft,
Linux, etc.) simultaneously. VMware Workstation strongly supports hardware
compatibility and works as a bridge between the host and virtual machine for all kinds
of hardware resources including hard disks, USB devices and CD-ROMs. All device
drivers are installed via the host machine.

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 Practical 2

Aim: Installation of Linux operating system (Red Hat / Ubuntu) on virtual

machine.

Step 1: Start VMWare Workstation. Select file menu

Step 2: Select typical from the options available and click on next.

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Step 3: Choose option 3 as i will install the operating system later click on
next.

Step 4: Select Linux/version which u supposed to install i. e. Red Hat

Enterprise Linux 6 and click on next.

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Step 5: Rename (optional) the Virtual Machine and click on next .

Step 6: Specify Disk Capacity and Select Option as Store virtual disk as a
single file and click on next.

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Step 7: Ready to create virtual Machine screen comes and Click Finish.

Step 8: Click “Edit Virtual Machine setting”

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Step 9: Select CD/DVD -> Use ISO file -> Click browse.

Step 10: Select ISO file.

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Step 11: Power on the virtual machine

Step 12: Select “Install or Upgrade”

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Step 13: Installation continues.

Step 14: Screen Popups Saying Disk Found with buttons OK and SKIP, Click
on skip.

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Step 15: Installation continues, Click on Next.

Step 16: Select Language as English and Click on next.

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Step 17: Select Keyboard Layout and Next.

Step 18: Select Basic storage device from type of device.

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Step 19: Storage device warning comes select option Yes, discard any data.

Step 20: Types the Hostname which you want to Keep and click on next.

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Step 21: Select time zone as Asia /Kolkata and Click Next.

Step 22: Enter password for root user and Click on Next.

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Step 23: If warning comes Choose Use anyways Option and click on next.

Step 24: In type of installation Select Use all the space option and click on
next.

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Step 25:in writing storage configuration to disk select Write change to disk.

Step 26: formatting bar appears.

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Step 27: after the Software is install correctly select the option as Software
development workstation.

Step 28: installation continues.

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Step 29: installation completes and system ask for reboot select that option.

Step 30: Welcome screen appears, click on forward.

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Step 31: License Page appears select yes option and click on forward.

Step 32: Setup the software update screen appears select No option and click
on forward.

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Step 33: update software page appears select No option and click on forward.

Step 34: Enter user details.

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Step 35: Create the user and click on forward.

Step 36: select date and time and click on forward.

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Step 37: go for Login by submitting password.

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 Practical 3
Aim: Installation of Windows operating system on virtual machine.

Step 1: Open VM ware and select New Virtual Machine option from file
menu.

Step 2: Select typical configuration from options and click next.

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Step 3: select I will install operating system later option and click next.

Step 4: Select the guest operating system as Microsoft Windows and

version as windows XP professional and click next.

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Step 5: Rename (optional) the virtual Machine as required and set the
path. Click on next.

Step 6: Specify the disk capacity and option split virtual disk into multiple
files. Click on next.

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Step 7: Ready to create virtual Machine screen comes and click on finish.

Step 8: select edit the virtual machine setting.

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Step 9: select the CD/DVD (IDE) and browse the ISO image file of
Windows.

Step 10: Select the memory and click on next.

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Step 11: Select the image file of Windows.

Step 12: After the selection is successful click on OK.

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Step 13: Windows Setup Starts.

Step 14: Progress bar is shown as setup continues.

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Step 15: Setup wizard opens up click nest.

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Step 16: Select the date and time zone. Click next.

Step 17: Give the name of user and organization and click next.

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Step 18: Select the domain types as No and click next.

Step19: Write the name of the user and click next.

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 Step 20: Thank you screen comes .click on finish.

Step 21: Windows Screen shows up. Installation is completed.

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 Practical 4

Aim: Linux commands: Working with Directories:

pwd: Displays present working directory where user currently working.

cd: The command allow user to change to other directory.

mkdir: This command creates new directories in a file system

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rmdir: This command removes specified directory which is empty.

ls:This command use to get a list of directories and files

file: file command is used to determine the file type

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touch: create new, empty files. It is also used to change the timestamps.

head: This command use to display first 10 line content in a file

head –n is use to display specified number of lines in a file

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mv: The mv command (short from move) is used to rename and move and
files and directories from one location to another.

cp: This command is use to copy files to files or directories to directories

cat :This command is use to create new file by using standard output
symbol > or redirect the content to some other file or view the content of
the file

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 tail: This command displays last 10 lines content of a file .tail –n is use to
display specified number of lines of a content from a file bottom to up.

more: This more command is used to view the text files in the command
prompt, displaying one screen at a time in case the file is large

less:This command is linux utility which can be used to read contents of

text file one page(one screen) per time. It has faster access because if file is
large, it don't access complete file, but access it page by page.

chmod: This chmod command is used to change the access mode of a file.
The name is an abbreviation of change mode.

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rm: rm stands for 'remove' is used to delete or remove files and directoryin
linux system

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 PRACTICAL 5.A
AIM:Linux commands: Working with files:
a. ps, top, kill, pkill, bg, fg,

PS COMMAND:
The ps command may display different results for different systems because it displays information
about the currently running process of a system.

PS -A COMMAND:

PS -a COMMAND

PSTREE COMMAND:
The pstree command is a Linux command which displays the running processes as a tree.

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PS -U

PS -AL COMMAMND:

TOP COMMAND:
The top command is used to show the Linux processes.

PS -L COMMAND:

PKILL COMMAND:
The pkill command signals a program to run based on various parameters.

FG COMMAND:
The fg command to place a job into the foreground removes the job's process ID from the list of
those known by the current shell environment.

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KILL COMMAND:
The kill command is a built-in command which is used to terminate processes manually

BG COMMAND:
bg command in linux is used to place foreground jobs in background

Practical 5.b
AIM: Linux Commands : Working with files:
grip ,Locate, find .

1. The grep command

The grep command-line tool used to search for a string of characters in a specified
file.

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2. The find command
The find command supports searching by file, folder, name, creation date,
modification date, owner and permissions.

3. Locate command
The locate command finds files in Linux using the file name. Locate is used for
obtaining instantaneous results, and it is an essential utility when speed is a priority.

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 PRACTIACL 5.C
AIM: LINUX COMMANDS: WORKING WITH FILES:
DATE, CAL, UPTIME, W, WHOAMI, FINGER, UNAME, MAN, DF, DU,FREE,
WHEREIS, WHICH.

DATE COMMAND

The date COMMAND IS USED TO DISPLAY THE SYSTEM DATE AND TIME.

CAL COMMAND

The cal IS A COMMAND THAT PRINTS AN ASCII CALENDAR OF THE GIVEN MONTH OR
YEAR.

UPTIME COMMAND

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THE UPTIME COMMAND PRINTS THE CURRENT TIME, THE LENGTH OF TIME THE
SYSTEM HAS BEEN UP, THE NUMBER OF USERS ONLINE, AND THE LOAD AVERAGE.

W COMMAND

THE w command DISPLAYS TIME AT WHICH THE USER LOGGED IN. SHOWS THE
DURATION OF INACTIVITY SINCE THE USER'S LAST INTERACTION.

WHOAMI COMMAND

THE WHOAMI COMMAND DISPLAYS A USERNAME ASSOCIATED WITH THE

EFFECTIVE USER ID, UNLIKE THE WHO AM I COMMAND, WHICH DISPLAYS THE LOGIN
NAME.

FINGER COMMAND

THE FINGER COMMAND IS A USER INFORMATION LOOKUP COMMAND WHICH GIVES

DETAILS OF ALL THE USERS LOGGED IN.

DF COMMAND

THE DF COMMAND DISPLAYS INFORMATION ABOUT TOTAL SPACE AND AVAILABLE

SPACE ON A FILE SYSTEM.

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 DU COMMAND
THE DU COMMAND STANDS FOR DISK USAGE. IT IS USED TO CHECK THE
INFORMATION OF DISK USAGE OF FILES AND DIRECTORIES ON A SYSTEM.
COMMAND DU DISPLAY A LIST OF ALL THE FILES ALONG WITH THEIR
RESPECTIVE SIZES.

FREE COMMAND

THE FREE COMMAND GIVES INFORMATION ABOUT USED AND UNUSED MEMORY
USAGE AND SWAP MEMORY OF A SYSTEM.

WHEREIS COMMAND

THE WHEREIS COMMAND LOCATES THE SOURCE, BINARY, AND MANUALS SECTIONS
FOR SPECIFIED FILES.

WHICH COMMAND

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THE WHICH IS A COMMAND FOR VARIOUS OPERATING SYSTEMS USED TO IDENTIFY

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THE LOCATION OF EXECUTABLES.

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 Practical 5.d
AIM: Linux commands: Working with files
Compression : tar , gizp
1. Tar Command :

The tar command manipulates archives by writing files to , or retrieving files

from an archive storage medium.

2. GZIP Command:

Gzip is a compressing tool, which is used to truncate the file size.

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 Practical 6

COMMAND: date & time to display system date and time

COMMAND: cd: change directory is use to change from one directory to another. d: is
Change disk from C: disk drive to D:

COMMAND: md is the command use to create a new directory

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COMMAND: dir –This command list all files in the directory

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COMMAND: rd :This command remove the directory from the directory

COMMAND: path: PATH is an environment variable in Microsoft Windows,

specifying a set of directories where executable programs are located

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COMMAND: chkdsk e: Short for Check Disk, chkdsk is a command run utility that is
used on Microsoft Windows-based systems to check the file system and status of the
system's hard drives. The chkdsk command lists and corrects errors on the disk.

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COMMAND: defrag: To increase the free space on a volume, delete unneeded files or
move them to another disk

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COMMAND: copy: Windows copy command can be used to copy files only, we can’t
copy directories.

COMMAND: del This command use to delete specified file.

COMMAND: move: This command used to move the file or directory from one place
to specified location.

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 Practical 7

diskcomp: The diskcomp command compares the contents of a floppy disk with
another floppy disk.

DiskPart: DiskPart commands help us to manage our PC's drives (disks, partitions,
volumes, or virtual hard disks)

Echo: The ECHO-ON and ECHO-OFF commands are used to enable and disable the
echoing, or displaying on the screen, of characters entered at the keyboard.

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Edit: The MS-DOS text editor, edit, allows us to view, create, or modify any text file
on your computer.

fc:The fc (file compare) command is used to compare two files to one another.

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Rename: The ren and rename commands are used to change the name of files and
directories.

Set path: A command that changes cmd's environment variables only for the current
cmd session; other programs and the system are unaffected. PATH= – Signifies that
PATH is the environment variable to be temporarily changed

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Type: The type command is used to find out if command is builtin or external binary
file. It also indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a command name.

ver: ver (short for version. It prints the name and version of the operating system, the
command shell, or in some implementations the version of other commands.

Find The find command allows us to search for text within a file.

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 Practical 8
Aim: Working with windows, Desktop and Utilities
a) Notepad
b) Wordpad
c) Paint
d) Taskbar
e) Adjusting display resolution
Notepad:
Notepad is a text editor, i.e., an app specialized in editing plain text. It can edit text files
(bearing the ". txt" filename extension)

Wordpad:
WordPad is a free Microsoft Windows program that you can use to create documents such
as letters, notes and posters. It's less complicated than a full word processor but still lets
you perform a range of tasks: create, open, and save documents.
Paint:
Microsoft Paint or 'MS Paint' is a basic graphics/painting utility that is included in all the
Microsoft Windows versions. MS Paint can be used to draw, colour and edit pictures,
including imported pictures from a digital camera for example.
Taskbar:
The taskbar on a computer screen is the narrow strip of icons, usually located at the
bottom of the screen, that shows you which windows are currently open and that allows
you to control functions such as the Start button and the clock.

Adjusting the display resolution:

Changing the screen resolution changes the size of the desktop. If you lower the resolution
of the screen, the items on the screen including pictures, icons, and the font size appear
larger.
 Practical 9
Aim: Working with Linux Desktop and Utilities
f) Vi Editor
g) Graphics
h) Adjusting Display Resolution
i) Using the browser
j) Terminal

Vi Editor:
Vi editor is a powerful and widely used text editor in UNIX and Linux operating system. It
allows us to create, edit and manage text files.

Graphics:
gThumb is a free and open-source image viewer and image organizer with options to edit
images.
Adjusting Display Resolution:
Changing the screen resolution changes the size of the desktop. If you lower the resolution
of the screen, the items on the screen including pictures, icons, and the font size appear
larger.
Using the browser:
A browser is a software program used to locate and display information on the Internet or
an intranet. Browsers are most often used to access Web pages. Most can display
graphics, photographs and text; multimedia information (e.g., sound and video) may
require additional software, often referred to as “plug-ins.”
Terminal:
The Linux terminal is application software that runs on commands. This text-based app
provides a command-line interface (CLI) to control & perform operations on Linux
computers. The "terminal" is one of the most widely-used tools all Linux operating
systems deliver as a default application.

Practical 10
Aim: Installing utility software on Windows
What is Utility Software?
 The Utility Software is system software that helps to maintain the proper and smooth functioning of a Computer
System. It assists the Operating System to manage, organize, maintain, and optimize the functioning of the
computer system.

 Utility Software performs certain tasks like virus detection, installation, and uninstallation, data backup, deletion of
unwanted files, etc. Some examples are antivirus software, file management tools, compression tools, disk
management tools, etc.

 For installing &zip on Windows we need to download it from the below link
 https://www.7-zip.org/
 Once we have downloaded the installer file double click on it

Step 1: The installer file will ask for confirmation

Step 2: Here click on install button

Step 3: It will automatically finish the installation, after finishing the task click on close
button
Step 4: User Interface

Step 5: We can open 7zip by Start>Program Files> 7zip> 7zipFM.exe

Step 6: To add the folder in archive format first select the appropriate file/folder for
archiving then click on add button then select the appropriate action and click on “Ok”
button
Step 7: To extract a particular zip file select the zip file and click the extract button
then select the appropriate options and click “Ok”