Advanced Engineering

Mathematics for ECE

  Complex Numbers and its Application

Question 1:
What is the principal value of √(-16) in the complex number system?

A) 4i
B) -4i
C) 2i
D) -2i

Explanation:
The square root of -16 is equal to 4i because when squared, 4i * 4i = -16.

Answer: A) 4i

Question 2:
Evaluate (2 + 3i)^3.

A) -46 - 9i
B) 46 + 9i
C) -46 + 9i
D) 46 - 9i

Explanation:
To find the cube of a complex number, raise both the real and imaginary parts to the power of 3.

Answer: B) 46 + 9i

Question 3:
What is the polar form of the complex number 3 + 4i?

A) 5∠53.13°
B) 5∠45°
C) 5∠30°
D) 5∠60°

Explanation:
Convert the complex number to polar form using the magnitude and argument formulas.

Answer: B) 5∠45°

Question 4:
Given the complex number z = 2 + 3i, what is the complex conjugate of z?

A) 2 - 3i
B) -2 + 3i
C) -2 - 3i
D) 2 + 3i

Explanation:
The complex conjugate changes the sign of the imaginary part.

Answer: A) 2 - 3i

Question 5:
Find all the complex solutions to the equation z^3 + 8 = 0.

A) -2, 1 + i√3, 1 - i√3

B) 2, -1 + i√3, -1 - i√3
C) -2, -1 + i√3, -1 - i√3
D) 2, 1 + i√3, 1 - i√3

Explanation:
Use the fact that a^3 + b^3 = (a + b)(a^2 - ab + b^2).
Answer: A) -2, 1 + i√3, 1 - i√3

Question 6:
What is the product of the complex numbers (1 - i)(2 + 3i)?

A) 5 - 5i
B) 5 + 5i
C) -5 + 5i
D) -5 - 5i
Explanation:
Use the distributive property to multiply the complex numbers.
Answer: A) 5 - 5i

Question 7:
Which of the following is the correct expression for the argument of the complex number z = -1 - √3i?

A) 300°
B) 210°
C) 150°
D) 240°

Explanation:
Use the arctangent function to find the argument in degrees.

Answer: B) 210°

Question 8:
Calculate the real and imaginary parts of the complex number 2(cos 60° + i sin 60°).

A) 1, √3
B) √3, 1
C) 1, -√3
D) -√3, 1

Explanation:
Use the trigonometric form of a complex number to find the real and imaginary parts.

Answer: A) 1, √3

Question 9:
Find the value of e^(πi/3).

A) 1/2 + i√3/2
B) 1/2 - i√3/2
C) -1/2 + i√3/2
D) -1/2 - i√3/2

Explanation:
Use Euler's formula to express e^(πi/3) in trigonometric form.

Answer: A) 1/2 + i√3/2

Question 10:
Which complex number lies on the line perpendicular to the real axis and passing through the point 3 + 4i?

A) -4 + 3i
B) -3 - 4i
C) 4 - 3i
D) 3 + 4i

Explanation:
A line perpendicular to the real axis corresponds to a purely imaginary number.

Answer: C) 4 - 3i
  Series and transforms (Power Series, Bessel, Legendre, Fourier Series and Applications; Fourier
Transforms, Inverses, and Applications)

Question 1:
What is the interval of convergence for the power series ∑(n=0 to ∞) (2^n / n!) x^n?

A) (-2, 2)
B) [-2, 2]
C) (-∞, ∞)
D) [0, 2]

Explanation:
The interval of convergence for a power series can be determined using the ratio test or by analyzing the
endpoints. In this case, the power series is a Taylor series for the exponential function, and its interval of
convergence is (-∞, ∞).

Answer: C) (-∞, ∞)

Question 2:
Which of the following is a solution to the Bessel's differential equation of order 1, given by x^2 y'' + x y' + (x^2 - 1)
y = 0?

A) J0(x)
B) J1(x)
C) Y0(x)
D) Y1(x)

Explanation:
Bessel's differential equation of order 1 has solutions in terms of Bessel functions J0(x) and J1(x).

Answer: B) J1(x)

Question 3:
Legendre polynomials are solutions to which type of differential equation?

A) Bessel's equation
B) Legendre's equation
C) Hermite's equation
D) Laguerre's equation

Explanation:
Legendre polynomials are solutions to Legendre's differential equation, which is a second-order linear ordinary
differential equation.

Answer: B) Legendre's equation

Question 4:
What is the Fourier series of the function f(x) = x on the interval [-π, π]?

A) ∑(n=1 to ∞) ((-1)^(n+1) / n) sin(nx)

B) ∑(n=1 to ∞) ((-1)^n / n) cos(nx)
C) ∑(n=0 to ∞) ((-1)^n / n) sin(nx)
D) ∑(n=1 to ∞) ((-1)^n / n^2) sin(nx)

Explanation:
To find the Fourier series of a function, you need to compute the coefficients using the formulas for a_n and b_n
for the cosine and sine terms, respectively.

Answer: A) ∑(n=1 to ∞) ((-1)^(n+1) / n) sin(nx)

Question 5:
What is the Fourier transform of the rectangular pulse function f(t) = 1 for |t| ≤ T/2 and f(t) = 0 otherwise?
A) T sinc(ωT/2)
B) 2T sinc(ωT/2)
C) T sinc(ωT)
D) T/2 sinc(ωT)

Explanation:
The Fourier transform of a rectangular pulse is given by the sinc function.

Answer: A) T sinc(ωT/2)

Question 6:
Which property of the Fourier transform states that the transform of a convolution of two functions is the
pointwise product of their individual transforms?

A) Convolution theorem
B) Parseval's theorem
C) Modulation theorem
D) Differentiation theorem

Explanation:
The Convolution theorem is a fundamental property of the Fourier transform.

Answer: A) Convolution theorem

Question 7:
What is the inverse Fourier transform of F(ω) = 1/(1 + ω^2)?

A) e^(-|t|)
B) e^(-t^2)
C) sin(t)/t
D) cos(t)/t

Explanation:
The inverse Fourier transform involves integrating the given function multiplied by e^(iωt) over all ω.

Answer: A) e^(-|t|)

Question 8:
The Laplace transform of a function f(t) is F(s) = 1/(s^2 + 4s + 5). What is f(t)?

A) e^(-2t) cos(t)
B) e^(2t) cos(t)
C) e^(-2t) sin(t)
D) e^(2t) sin(t)

Explanation:
Use partial fraction decomposition and the inverse Laplace transform to find the original function.

Answer: A) e^(-2t) cos(t)

Question 9:
What is the Laplace transform of the function f(t) = te^(2t)?

A) 1/(s - 2)^2
B) 1/(s - 2)
C) 2/(s - 2)^2
D) 2/(s - 2)

Explanation:
The Laplace transform of te^(at) is a shifted version of 1/(s - a)^2.

Answer: C) 2/(s - 2)^2

Question 10:
Which property of the Laplace transform relates the derivative of a function in the time domain to its transform in
the s-domain?

A) Final value theorem

B) Initial value theorem
C) Differentiation theorem
D) Convolution theorem

Explanation:
The Differentiation theorem relates the derivative of a function to its Laplace transform.

Answer: C) Differentiation theorem

  Partial Differential Equations

Question 1:
Which of the following is a second-order partial differential equation?

A) ∂^2u/∂x^2 + ∂^2u/∂y^2 = 0
B) ∂u/∂t + ∂^2u/∂x^2 = 0
C) ∂u/∂t + ∂u/∂x = 0
D) ∂u/∂x + ∂u/∂y = 0

Explanation:
A second-order partial differential equation involves second derivatives of the dependent variable.

Answer: A) ∂^2u/∂x^2 + ∂^2u/∂y^2 = 0

Question 2:
Which method is commonly used to solve linear partial differential equations with constant coefficients?

A) Method of separation of variables

B) Method of characteristics
C) Method of Laplace transforms
D) Method of undetermined coefficients

Explanation:
The method of Laplace transforms is commonly used for solving linear partial differential equations with constant
coefficients.

Answer: C) Method of Laplace transforms

Question 3:
The general solution of the heat equation ∂u/∂t = k ∂^2u/∂x^2 is given by:

A) u(x, t) = Ae^(kx^2 + t)
B) u(x, t) = Ae^(-kx^2 + t)
C) u(x, t) = Ae^(-kx^2 - t)
D) u(x, t) = Ae^(kx^2 - t)

Explanation:
The general solution of the heat equation involves an exponential term with opposite sign for the spatial derivative
and the time derivative.

Answer: B) u(x, t) = Ae^(-kx^2 + t)

Question 4:
Which type of boundary condition specifies the value of the dependent variable at a boundary?

A) Dirichlet boundary condition

B) Neumann boundary condition
C) Cauchy boundary condition
D) Robin boundary condition

Explanation:
A Dirichlet boundary condition specifies the value of the dependent variable at a boundary.

Answer: A) Dirichlet boundary condition

Question 5:
Which partial differential equation represents a one-dimensional wave equation?

A) ∂^2u/∂x^2 - ∂^2u/∂t^2 = 0
B) ∂u/∂t + ∂^2u/∂x^2 = 0
C) ∂u/∂t - ∂^2u/∂x^2 = 0
D) ∂^2u/∂t^2 - ∂^2u/∂x^2 = 0

Explanation:
The one-dimensional wave equation involves second derivatives with respect to both space and time.

Answer: D) ∂^2u/∂t^2 - ∂^2u/∂x^2 = 0

Question 6:
What is the characteristic equation for the hyperbolic partial differential equation ∂^2u/∂t^2 - c^2 ∂^2u/∂x^2 = 0?

A) λ^2 - c^2 = 0
B) λ^2 + c^2 = 0
C) λ^2 - c^2 = 1
D) λ^2 + c^2 = 1

Explanation:
The characteristic equation for the hyperbolic equation involves the wave speed c.

Answer: A) λ^2 - c^2 = 0

Question 7:
Which numerical method is commonly used for solving partial differential equations involving time evolution?

A) Finite difference method

B) Finite element method
C) Method of characteristics
D) Laplace transform method

Explanation:
The finite difference method is commonly used for solving partial differential equations with respect to time
evolution.

Answer: A) Finite difference method

Question 8:
For a partial differential equation, if the discriminant of the characteristic equation is zero, the equation is:

A) Elliptic
B) Parabolic
C) Hyperbolic
D) None of the above

Explanation:
A discriminant of zero indicates that the partial differential equation is parabolic.

Answer: B) Parabolic

Question 9:
Which type of partial differential equation can be transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations using
separation of variables?

A) Elliptic
B) Parabolic
C) Hyperbolic
D) None of the above

Explanation:
Separation of variables is commonly used for solving elliptic partial differential equations.

Answer: A) Elliptic

Question 10:
What type of partial differential equation is the Laplace's equation ∂^2u/∂x^2 + ∂^2u/∂y^2 = 0?

A) Elliptic
B) Parabolic
C) Hyperbolic
D) None of the above
Explanation:
Laplace's equation is an example of an elliptic partial differential equation.

Answer: A) Elliptic
  Simultaneous linear and non-linear equations

Question 1:
Which method is used to solve a system of linear equations when the coefficient matrix is non-singular?

A) Cramer's rule
B) Gaussian elimination
C) Newton-Raphson method
D) Secant method

Explanation:
Gaussian elimination is a method used to solve systems of linear equations, especially when the coefficient matrix
is non-singular.

Answer: B) Gaussian elimination

Question 2:
Given the system of equations:
2x + 3y = 8
4x + 6y = 16
What is the solution of the system?

A) x = 2, y = 1
B) x = 1, y = 2
C) x = 0, y = 4
D) x = 3, y = 2

Explanation:
Use Gaussian elimination or substitution to find the solution of the system.

Answer: A) x = 2, y = 1

Question 3:
Which method is commonly used to solve a system of non-linear equations numerically?

A) Matrix inversion
B) Gaussian elimination
C) Newton-Raphson method
D) Cramer's rule

Explanation:
The Newton-Raphson method is often used to numerically solve systems of non-linear equations.

Answer: C) Newton-Raphson method

Question 4:
The Jacobian matrix is used in which method to solve systems of non-linear equations?

A) Gaussian elimination
B) Cramer's rule
C) Newton-Raphson method
D) LU decomposition

Explanation:
The Jacobian matrix is a key component in the Newton-Raphson method for solving non-linear systems.

Answer: C) Newton-Raphson method

Question 5:
Which technique can be used to determine the stability of a fixed point in a system of non-linear differential
equations?

A) Gaussian elimination
B) Routh-Hurwitz criterion
C) Newton-Raphson method
D) Jacobi's method

Explanation:
The Routh-Hurwitz criterion is used to analyze the stability of fixed points in non-linear systems.

Answer: B) Routh-Hurwitz criterion

Question 6:
Which method involves approximating a non-linear function by a linear function near an initial estimate to
iteratively find the root?

A) Bisection method
B) Newton-Raphson method
C) Secant method
D) Fixed-point iteration method

Explanation:
The Newton-Raphson method uses linear approximations to find roots of non-linear equations.

Answer: B) Newton-Raphson method

Question 7:
Which of the following systems of equations is non-linear?

A) 2x + 3y = 7, x - y = 2
B) 3x - y = 1, 2x + 4y = 8
C) 2x^2 + 3y = 7, x + y = 5
D) x + y = 3, 2x - 3y = 6

Explanation:
Non-linear equations involve terms with powers other than 1.

Answer: C) 2x^2 + 3y = 7, x + y = 5

Question 8:
Which method is used to solve a system of linear equations by representing it in matrix form and then finding the
inverse of the coefficient matrix?

A) Cramer's rule
B) Gaussian elimination
C) Newton-Raphson method
D) LU decomposition

Explanation:
LU decomposition is used to solve systems of linear equations by representing them in matrix form.

Answer: D) LU decomposition

Question 9:
The Newton-Raphson method for solving non-linear systems involves which step in each iteration?

A) Calculation of Jacobian matrix

B) Calculation of LU decomposition
C) Calculation of inverse matrix
D) Calculation of eigenvalues

Explanation:
The Jacobian matrix is a key step in each iteration of the Newton-Raphson method.

Answer: A) Calculation of Jacobian matrix

Question 10:
Which method can be used to solve a system of equations even when the coefficient matrix is singular?

A) Bisection method
B) Gauss-Jordan elimination
C) Gauss-Seidel method
D) Cramer's rule

Explanation:
The Gauss-Jordan elimination method can handle systems with singular coefficient matrices.

Answer: B) Gauss-Jordan elimination