Symbiosis International (Deemed University)

Gram: Lavale, Tal: Mulshi, Dist.: Pune,

Maharashtra, India Pin: 412115

MUSEUM CATALOGUE

DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE INCLUDING

TOXICOLOGY
 Museum Catalogue: Index

Articles Count Page No.

Specimens 62 2 - 22
Bones 304 23 - 152
Charts 52 153 - 154
Weapons 123 155 - 208
Models 45 209 -222
X-Rays 50 223 - 242
Photographs 55 243 - 257
Poisons 102 258- 298
Miscellaneous Items 21 299 - 309
Slides of Forensic Importance 20 310 - 318

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 DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE
WET SPECIMENS
Sr.No. Identification No. Name of Specimen
1. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-1 Heart - Stab injury
2. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-2 Heart – Post MI Rupture
3. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-3 Heart - Normal
4. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-4 Heart- Stab Injury
5. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-5 Heart – Hypertrophy of Lt Ventricle
6. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-6 Heart - Cardiomegaly
7. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-7 Rt Lung – Stab injury
8. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-8 Lt Lung – Laceration
9. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-9 Rt Lung -Normal
10. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-10 Lt Lung - Normal
11. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-11 Liver – Stab injury
12. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-12 Liver -Laceration
13. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-13 Spleen – Stab Injury
14. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-14 Spleen - Laceration
15. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-15 Spleen -Splenomegaly
16. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-16 Spleen - Laceration
17. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-17 Kidney Rt –Stab Injury
18. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-18 Kidney Lt – Stab injury
19. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-19 Kidney Rt –Tumor
20. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-20 Kidney Lt- Tumor
21. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-21 Kidney Rt -Hydronephrosis
22. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-22 Kidney Lt - Hydronephrosis
23. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-23 Kidneys Rt & Lt with attached structures-
Normal
24. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-24 Skin – Multiple Stab injuries
25. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-25 Skin – Incised wound
26. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-26 Skin – Burns
27. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-27 Brain- Laceration
28. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-28 Brain - Subdural Haemorrhage
29. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-29 Brain- Normal
30. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-30 Brain – Normal
31. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-31 Uterus- Perforation of Uterus in Criminal
Abortion
32. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-32 Uterus- Abortion Stick in Uterus
33. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-33 Uterus -Normal
34. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-34 Testis Rt -Torsion
35. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-35 Testis Lt - Torsion
36. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-36 Testis Rt – Normal
37. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-37 Testis Lt- Normal
38. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-38 Stomach -Normal
39. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-39 Stomach – Perforation

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40. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-40 Stomach– Corrosive Poisoning
41. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-41 Stomach– Method of removal of stomach with
its contents in poisoning cases
42. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-42 Hyoid Bone - Normal
43. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-43 Fetus – Female Fetus -38 Weeks, 2.01Kg (Still
born)
44. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-44 Fetus- Male Fetus With Umbillical Cord &
placenta – 17 Weeks, Weight- 150 Gms,
(MTP)
45. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-45 Snake- Russel Viper
46. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-46 Snake- Saw Scaled Viper
47. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-47 Snake- Non Poisonous
48. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-48 Nerium Odorum (Pink Flower)
49. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-49 Nerium Odorum (Pink Flower)
50. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-50 Nerium Odorum (Pink Flower)
51. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-51 Nerium Odorum (Pink Flower)
52. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-52 Nerium Odorum (White Flower)
53. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-53 Cerbera Thevetia (Yellow flower)
54. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-54 Cerbera Thevetia (Yellow flower)
55. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-55 Cerbera Thevetia Fruits
56. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-56 Calotropis Gigantea
57. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-57 Calotropis Gigantea
58. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-58 Calotropis Gigantea
59. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-59 Ricinus Communis
60. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-60 Ricinus Communis
61. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-61 Dhatura Alba Fruits
62. SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-62 Skin – Tattoo mark

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1.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-1 Heart - Stab injury

Description: This specimen of stab injury to heart, margins are clear cut and not
haemorrhagic.
Medicolegal Significance: Mostly homicidal, causes by pointed, sharp edged weapon.
Shape of the wound may indicate the type of weapon which may have caused the injury.
Direction and dimensions of the wound indicate the relative positions of the assailant and
the victim. If a broken fragment of weapon is found, it will identify the weapon or will
connect an accused person with the crime. Position, number and direction of wounds may
indicate manner of production i.e. suicide, accident or homicide. A stab of the right
ventricle is more rapidly fatal, blood escaping through the wound to cause
hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade

2.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-2 Heart – Rupture

Description: Specimen of heart rupture, margins are not clean cut and ventricular wall
around rupture is infracted and thinned.
Medicolegal Significance: The common sites of traumatic cardiac rupture in order of
diminishing frequency are: right auricle, right ventricle, left auricle, ventricular septum
and valves. The only natural cause of rupture of the heart is softening or thinning by
infarction, which invariably occurs in the left ventricle.

3.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-3 Heart – Normal

Description: This is specimen of normal heart, no evidence of any injury or

myocardial infraction or fibrosis.
Medicolegal Significance: Death association with heart condition can be sudden death.
Heart is one of the organs that can be transplanted.

4.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-4 Heart- Stab

Description: This specimen of stab injury to heart, margins are clear cut and not
haemorrhagic.
Medicolegal Significance: Mostly fatal, mostly homicidal, causes by pointed, sharp
edged weapon. Shape of the wound may indicate the type of weapon which may have
caused the injury. Direction and dimensions of the wound indicate the relative positions
of the assailant and the victim. If a broken fragment of weapon is found, it will identify
the weapon or will connect an accused person with the crime. Position, number and
direction of wounds may indicate manner of production i.e. suicide, accident or homicide.
A stab of the right ventricle is more rapidly fatal, blood escaping through the wound to
cause hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade.

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5.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-5 Heart – Hypertrophy

Description: This is specimen of cardiac hypertrophy; an estimate is made by measuring

the thickness of the ventricular walls at a point about 1 cm below the atrioventricular
valve. The upper limits of normal are: left ventricle: 1.5 cm, right ventricle: 0.5 cm and
atrial muscle: 0.2 cm.
Medicolegal Significance: The most common cause of LVH is high blood pressure
(hypertension). Other causes include athletic hypertrophy (a condition related to
exercise), valve disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HOCM), and
congenital heart disease

6.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-6 Heart – Cardiomegaly

Description: This specimen of enlarged heart suggestive of cardiomegaly, Cardiomegaly

is not a disease, but rather a condition that can result from a host of other diseases such as
obesity or coronary artery disease. Cardiomegaly can be serious: depending on what part
of the heart is enlarged, the patient can suffer from heart failure.
Medicolegal Significance: It caused due to natural causes. Possible causes include:

 Heart valve disease

 Cardiomyopathy (disease of the heart muscle)
 Pulmonary hypertension
 Pericardial effusion (fluid around the heart)
 Thyroid Disorders
 Hemochromatosis (excessive iron in the blood)
 Amyloidosis
 Chagas disease, an important cause of cardiomegaly in Latin America[16]
 Viral infection of the heart
 Pregnancy, with enlarged heart developing around the time of delivery
(peripartum cardiomyopathy)

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7.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-7 Rt Lung – Stab injury

Description: This specimen of stab injury to right lung, margins are clean cut and depth
is larger than width of injury
Medicolegal Significance: Mostly homicidal, causes by pointed, sharp edged weapon.
Shape of the wound may indicate the type of weapon which may have caused the injury.
Direction and dimensions of the wound indicate the relative positions of the assailant and
the victim. If a broken fragment of weapon is found, it will identify the weapon or will
connect an accused person with the crime. Position, number and direction of wounds may
indicate manner of production i.e. suicide, accident or homicide. Stab wounds of the
lungs are usually not fatal, unless a major pulmonary blood vessel has been severed

8.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-8 Lt Lung – Stab injury

Description: This specimen of stab injury to right lung, margins are clean cut and depth
is larger than width of injury
Medicolegal Significance: Mostly homicidal, causes by pointed, sharp edged weapon.
Shape of the wound may indicate the type of weapon which may have caused the injury.
Direction and dimensions of the wound indicate the relative positions of the assailant and
the victim. If a broken fragment of weapon is found, it will identify the weapon or will
connect an accused person with the crime. Position, number and direction of wounds may
indicate manner of production i.e. suicide, accident or homicide.

9.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-9 Rt Lung –Normal

Description: Specimen of right lung, the right lung is divided into three lobes, superior,
middle, and inferior, by two interlobular fissures. One of these separates the inferior from
the middle and superior lobes, and corresponds closely with the fissure in the left lung.
Medicolegal Significance: Mode of death in lung failure is called asphyxia.

10.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-10 Lt Lung - Normal

Description: The left lung consists of two lobes: the superior and inferior lobes. A
bronchopulmonary segment is a division of a lobe, and each lobe houses multiple
bronchopulmonary segments. Each segment receives air from its own tertiary bronchus
and is supplied with blood by its own artery
Medicolegal Significance: Mode of death in lung failure is called asphyxia.

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11.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-11 Liver – Stab injury

Description: This is specimen of stab injury to liver, margins are clean cut, depth is
more than width.
Medicolegal Significance: Fatal unless intervention is done death due to haemorrhagic
shock. Mostly homicidal, causes by pointed, sharp edged weapon. Shape of the wound
may indicate the type of weapon which may have caused the injury. Direction and
dimensions of the wound indicate the relative positions of the assailant and the victim. If
a broken fragment of weapon is found, it will identify the weapon or will connect an
accused person with the crime. Position, number and direction of wounds may indicate
manner of production i.e. suicide, accident or homicide.

12.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-12 Liver –Laceration

Description: Specimen of liver rupture or laceration.

Medicolegal Significance: Mostly accidental, caused by blunt force trauma, Liver

ruptures are more frequent in falls from height than in other mechanism of blunt
abdominal trauma. The right lobe of the liver is involved more often than the left lobe.
Tears are often irregular in nature but have been shown to be almost parallel in many
cases. Death is mostly due to haemorrhagic shock. Lacerations are more common in right
lobe of liver. a lateral impact on the right side commonly causes lacerations of the right
lobe of the liver

13.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-13 Spleen – Stab Injury

Description: Specimen of stab injury to spleen with clean cut margins, gaping of wound
is minimum.
Medicolegal Significance: Mostly homicidal, causes by pointed, sharp edged weapon.
Shape of the wound may indicate the type of weapon which may have caused the injury.
Direction and dimensions of the wound indicate the relative positions of the assailant and
the victim. If a broken fragment of weapon is found, it will identify the weapon or will
connect an accused person with the crime. Position, number and direction of wounds may
indicate manner of production i.e. suicide, accident or homicide. Death due to
haemorrhagic shock.

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14.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-14 Spleen – Laceration

Description: This is wet mount specimen of spleen laceration.

Medicolegal Significance: Mostly accidental, caused by blunt force trauma, spleen
ruptures are more frequent in falls from height than in other mechanism of blunt
abdominal trauma. A forceful blow to your abdomen during a sporting mishap, a fistfight
or a car crash, for example — is the usual cause of a ruptured spleen. If you have an
enlarged spleen, a less forceful trauma might cause rupture. Without emergency
treatment, the internal bleeding caused by a ruptured spleen can be life-threatening. Death
is mostly due to haemorrhagic shock.

15.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-15 Spleen –Splenomegaly

Description: This is wet mount specimen of spleen shown enlarged spleen suggestive of
splenomegaly.
Medicolegal Significance: Its mostly naturally caused, enlarged spleen susceptible to
rupture. The most common causes of splenomegaly in developed countries are infectious
mononucleosis, splenic infiltration with cancer cells from a haematological
malignancy and portal hypertension (most commonly secondary to liver disease, and
sarcoidosis). Splenomegaly may also come from bacterial infections, such as syphilis or
an infection of the heart's inner lining (endocarditis) The causes of massive splenomegaly
(spleen >1000 g) are: chronic myelogenous leukaemia, myelofibrosis, malaria, splenic
marginal zone lymphoma

16.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-16 Spleen – Laceration

Description: This is wet mount specimen of spleen laceration.

Medicolegal Significance: Mostly accidental, caused by blunt force trauma, spleen
ruptures are more frequent in falls from height than in other mechanism of blunt
abdominal trauma. A forceful blow to your abdomen during a sporting mishap, a fistfight
or a car crash, for example — is the usual cause of a ruptured spleen. If you have an
enlarged spleen, a less forceful trauma might cause rupture. Without emergency
treatment, the internal bleeding caused by a ruptured spleen can be life-threatening. Death
is mostly due to haemorrhagic shock.

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17.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-17 Kidney Rt –Stab Injury

Description: This wet mount specimen of stab injury to right kidney, margins are clean
cut, gaping of injury in minimum.
Medicolegal Significance: Mostly homicidal, causes by pointed, sharp edged weapon.
Shape of the wound may indicate the type of weapon which may have caused the injury.
Direction and dimensions of the wound indicate the relative positions of the assailant and
the victim. If a broken fragment of weapon is found, it will identify the weapon or will
connect an accused person with the crime. Position, number and direction of wounds may
indicate manner of production i.e. suicide, accident or homicide. Death is due to
haemorrhagic shock.

18.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-18 Kidney Lt – Stab injury

Description: This wet mount specimen of stab injury to left kidney, margins are clean
cut, gaping of injury in minimum.
Medicolegal Significance: Mostly homicidal, causes by pointed, sharp edged weapon.
Shape of the wound may indicate the type of weapon which may have caused the injury.
Direction and dimensions of the wound indicate the relative positions of the assailant and
the victim. If a broken fragment of weapon is found, it will identify the weapon or will
connect an accused person with the crime. Position, number and direction of wounds may
indicate manner of production i.e. suicide, accident or homicide. Death is due to
haemorrhagic shock.

19.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-19 Kidney Rt –Laceration (Rupture)

Description: This is wet specimen of rupture of right side of kidney. A kidney

laceration is an injury in which a tear in the kidney tissue might lead to bleeding or
leaking of urine into the abdominal cavity. The blood or urine collects in a space called
the retroperitoneum.
Medicolegal Significance: kidneys are guarded by your back muscles and rib cage. But
injuries can happen as a result of blunt trauma or penetrating trauma. Blunt trauma: damage
caused by impact from an object that doesn’t break the skin. Penetrating trauma: damage
caused by an object that pierces the skin and enters the body.

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20.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-20 Kidney Lt- Laceration (Rupture)

Description: This is wet specimen of rupture of right side of kidney. A kidney

laceration is an injury in which a tear in the kidney tissue might lead to bleeding or
leaking of urine into the abdominal cavity. The blood or urine collects in a space called
the retroperitoneum.
Medicolegal Significance: kidneys are guarded by your back muscles and rib cage. But
injuries can happen as a result of blunt trauma or penetrating trauma. Blunt trauma: damage
caused by impact from an object that doesn’t break the skin. Penetrating trauma: damage
caused by an object that pierces the skin and enters the body.
21.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-21 Kidney Rt –Hydronephrosis

Description: Wet specimen of right kidney Hydronephrosis, shows distention of the

renal calyces and pelvis with urine as a result of obstruction of the outflow of urine distal
to the renal pelvis. Analogously, hydroureter is a dilation of the ureter. The presence
of hydronephrosis or hydroureter can be physiologic or pathologic
Medicolegal Significance: It is caused due to: kidney stones, pregnancy, an enlarged
prostate gland in men, narrowing of the ureters caused by injury, infection or surgery.
some types of cancer, including kidney cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer or ovarian
cancer.

22.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-22 Kidney Lt – Hydronephrosis

Description: Wet specimen of left kidney Hydronephrosis, shows distention of the renal
calyces and pelvis with urine as a result of obstruction of the outflow of urine distal to the
renal pelvis. Analogously, hydroureter is a dilation of the ureter. The presence
of hydronephrosis or hydroureter can be physiologic or pathologic
Medicolegal Significance: It is caused due to: kidney stones, pregnancy, an enlarged
prostate gland in men, narrowing of the ureters caused by injury, infection or surgery.
some types of cancer, including kidney cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer or ovarian
cancer.

23.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-23 Kidney –Normal

Description: This is wet mounted specimen of kidney, reddish-brown bean-shaped. They

are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space, and in adult humans are
about 12 centimetres (4 1⁄2 inches) in length.
Medicolegal Significance: The kidney participates in whole-body homeostasis,
regulating acid-base balance, electrolyte concentrations, extracellular fluid volume,
and blood pressure. The kidney accomplishes these homeostatic functions both
independently and in concert with other organs, particularly those of the endocrine
system. Various endocrine hormones coordinate these endocrine functions; these
include renin, angiotensin II, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic
peptide, among others.

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24.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-24 Skin – Stab injury

Description: This is wet specimen of stab wound over skin, its deeper than length and
width.
Medicolegal Significance: caused by pointed, sharp edged weapon. Shape of the wound
may indicate the type of weapon which may have caused the injury. Direction and
dimensions of the wound indicate the relative positions of the assailant and the victim. If
a broken fragment of weapon is found, it will identify the weapon or will connect an
accused person with the crime. Position, number and direction of wounds may indicate
manner of production i.e. suicide, accident or homicide. Gaping of stab wound depends
on location of stab wound.

25.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-25 Skin – Incised wound

Description: This is wet specimen of incised wound over skin, its length is largest
dimension, caused by sharp edged weapon.
Medicolegal Significance: Indicate the nature of weapon (sharp-edged). Give an idea
about the direction of force. Age of injury can be determined. Position and character of
wound may indicate manner of production, i.e. suicide, accident, or homicide

26.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-26 Skin – Burns

Description: This specimen of skin burns. Can be caused due to heat or by a chemical or
physical agent having an effect similar to heat. Can be classified in to superficial, partial
and full thickness

Medicolegal Significance: The total body surface area (TBSA) involved isusually
worked out by the Wallace Rule of Nine, contain carbon and soot particles and the
mucosa is congested with frothy mucus secretions. This is suggestive of antemortem
burns due to inhalation of gases.

27.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-27 Brain- Laceration

Description: This wet specimen laceration of brain

Medicolegal Significance: Fatal, caused due to impact of hard object associated with
fracture of skull bone. Associated with intracranial haematomas.

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28.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-28 Brain - Subdural Haemorrhage

Description: This is wet specimen of subdural haemorrhage; haemorrhage can be seen

under surface of dura and outer surface of arachnoid mater It is essentially venous or
capillary and not arterial bleeding.
Medicolegal Significance: Usually traumatic, unilateral, the presence of any amount of
SDH is usually interpreted by forensic experts as an indicator that the amount of force
sustained by the individual was likely sufficient to cause lethal brain injuries. However, it
is possible for individuals to survive SDH. Histopathology of SDH, both acute and
chronic, is used as a basis for estimating the period between injury and death which helps
in correlating the events prior to death.

29.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-29 Brain- Subarachnoid Haemorrhage

Description: This is wet specimen of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in the

subarachnoid
space between the arachnoid and pia mater mixed with CSF
Medicolegal Significance: Can be traumatic or natural causes. SAH has a predominantly
basal distribution. It is usually found over the orbital surface of the frontal lobe, parietal
lobe and anterior third of the temporal lobes. It can be unilateral or bilateral, localized or
diffuse. Headache that reaches its maximum intensity in < 1 min (thunderclap headache).
SAH is the most common cause.

30.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-30 Brain – Normal

Description: This is a wet specimen of brain. No swelling, shrinkage or herniation, upper

and lateral surfaces of the brain for asymmetry or flattening of the convolutions and no
other abnormality found.
Medicolegal Significance: Brain death is one of the modes of death. Medically and
legally the patient is dead at brain death. The same time appears on death certificate.
Brain death needs to be certified by a board of doctor's consisting of:
1)Registered Medical Practioner (RMP) in charge of hospital where brain death has
occurred.
2)An independent RMP – a specialist.
3) Neurologist / Neurosurgeon nominated by panel.
4) RMP treating the patient.

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31.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-31 Uterus- Perforation of Uterus in Criminal
Abortion

Description: Wet specimen of uterus showing perforation. Can be caused by

Abortifacient drugs, General violence, and Local violence.

Medicolegal Significance: Nearly all criminal abortion take place at about 2nd and 3rd
month of pregnancy, when the woman in certain about her condition. It is resorted mostly
by widows and unmarried girls. In criminal abortion, pieces of placenta are often retained
in the uterus. IPC sec 312 to 316 involved in criminal abortion.

32.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-32 Uterus- Abortion Stick in Uterus

Description: Wet specimen of abortion stick It is a wooden or bamboo stick, wrapped at

one end with cotton, wool or piece of cloth and soaked with juice of marking nut,
Calotropis or paste made of arsenious oxide or lead.

Medicolegal Significance: It is introduced into the vagina or os by dais (traditional birth

attendants) and retain there, till contraction starts. Its used for criminal abortion.

33.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-33 Uterus –Normal

Description: This is wet specimen of uterus, the human uterus is pear-shaped, the uterus
is a thick-walled muscular organ capable of expansion to accommodate a growing foetus.
It is connected distally to the vagina, and laterally to the uterine tubes. The uterus has
three parts; Fundus – top of the uterus, above the entry point of the uterine tubes. Body –
usual site for implantation of the blastocyst. Cervix – lower part of uterus linking it with
the vagina. This part is structurally and functionally different to the rest of the uterus. See
here for more information about the cervix.
Medicolegal Significance: Evidence of criminal abortion present in uterus. Deaths due to
haemorrhage and sepsis are complications of perforation of the uterus. While perforation
is a recognized complication of any procedure involving instrumentation of the uterus,
death due to sepsis/ haemorrhage could occur.

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34.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-34 Testis Rt –Laceration

Description: This is wet specimen of right testis with laceration.

Medicolegal Significance: Can be accidental or assault with rage. Can be fatal, can cause
psychogenic shock. Can cause emasculation (IPC section-320)

35.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-35 Testis Lt – Laceration

Description: This is wet specimen of left testis with laceration.

Medicolegal Significance: Can be accidental or assault with rage. Can be fatal, can cause
psychogenic shock. Can cause emasculation (IPC section-320)

36.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-36 Testis Rt – Normal/ Torsion

Description: This is wet specimen of right testis with torsion.

Medicolegal Significance: Can be accidental or assault with rage. Can be fatal, can cause
psychogenic shock. Can cause emasculation (IPC section-320)

37.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-37 Testis Lt- Normal/ Torsion

Description: This is wet specimen of left testis with torsion.

Medicolegal Significance: Can be accidental or assault with rage. Can be fatal, can cause
psychogenic shock. Can cause emasculation (IPC section-320)

38.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-38 Stomach –Normal

Description: This specimen of stomach, the stomach is divided into four sections: the
cardiac region, the fundus, the body, and the pylorus or atrium. The stomach is lined by a
mucous membrane that contains glands (with chief cells) that secrete gastric juices. Two
smooth muscle valves, or sphincters, keep the contents of the stomach contained: the
cardiac or oesophageal sphincter and the pyloric sphincter.

Medicolegal Significance: Most of poison absorbed through stomach, stomach and its
content preserved in post-mortem examination in suspected poisoning for confirmation.
From the state of digestion of
food and the quantity of food substance in the stomach, it can be estimated for what
period the person survived after taking his last meal if the quality, quantity and the time
of the last meal taken can be known, the approximate time of his death can be made out
indirectly.

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39.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-39 Stomach – Perforation

Description: This is wet specimen of stomach with perforation.

Medicolegal Significance: it can be natural or unnatural. Perforation of gastric or
duodenal ulcer is natural cause and can ne caused due to corrosive poisoning like strong
acids and alkalis

40.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-40 Stomach– Corrosive Poisoning

Description: Mineral acids produce coagulative necrosis, precipitate proteins with

resultant hard eschar or scab (which may protect the underlying tissue from further
damage), have no remote action and act as irritants when slightly diluted, but as
stimulants when well diluted. Acids usually causes second degree, deep partial thickness
burns, tend to be clearly demarcated and are dry, hard and mildly oedematous. The
stomach is the most commonly involved organ following an acid ingestion. This may due
to some natural protection of the oesophageal squamous epithelium.

Medicolegal Significance: Accidental poisoning is common in children. Homicidal cases

are rare, and few suicidal cases are seen.

41.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-41 Stomach– Method of removal of stomach with its

contents in poisoning cases

Description: This is specimen showing Method of removal of stomach with its contents
in poisoning cases. Two ligatures are applied at the cardiac end of the oesophagus and
two ligatures below the pyloric end of the stomach. The stomach is removed by cutting
between the double ligatures at both ends and it is opened along the greater curvature.
The mucous membrane is examined for the presence of any stain, congestion,
hemorrhage, desquamation, ulceration, sloughing or perforation. The content of the
stomach is noted in respect to quantity, nature of material/food, state of digestion, colour,
and smell.
Medicolegal Significance: One of the contents of preservation of viscera in postmortem
examination in case of poisoning

42.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-42 Hyoid Bone – Normal

Description: This is specimen of hyoid bone. No evidence of fracture.

Medicolegal Significance: In case of death due to alleged constriction of the neck, there
may be fracture of hyoid bone or thyroid cartilage with extravasation of blood into the
tissues, helpful for estimation of age, Inward compression fracture of hyoid bone is the
most diagnostic finding of throttling

15
43.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-43 Foetus – Female Foetus -38 Weeks, 2.01Kg (Still
born)

Description: This specimen of female foetus, 38 weeks and 2.1kg. Scalp is covered with
dark hair; lanugo hair is seen only in shoulders; vernix caseosa is present over the
flexures of joints and neck folds; still born foetus is born after 28 weeks of pregnancy
Foetus which has died in utero and which did not breath or show any other signs of life,
at any time after being completely born.
Medicolegal Significance: Rough age of feutus can be measured by rule of hasse. The
length of fetus is measured from crown to heel in centimeters. During first 5 months of
pregnancy—square root of length gives approximate age of fetus in months. During the
last 5 months—length in centimetres divided by 5 gives age in months.

44.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-44 Foetus- Male Foetus with Umbilical Cord &

placenta – 17 Weeks, Weight- 150 Gms, (MTP)

Description: This specimen of Foetus- Male Foetus with Umbilical Cord & placenta –
17 Weeks, Weight- 150 Gms, (MTP), lanugo hair is visible on body; pupillary membrane
is visible and meconium is seen in the upper part of small intestine.

Medicolegal Significance: Placenta Gives an idea of the length of gestation. It transfers

of poisons, bacteria and antibodies across the placenta may result in death, disease or
abnormalities of foetus. In criminal abortion, pieces are often retained in the uterus.

45.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-45 Snake- Russel Viper

Description: It’s a poisonous, vasculotoxic, flat triangular head with V-mark, covered
with small scales. Short and narrow neck, pupils are vertical slit like.
Medicolegal Significance: About 80% of venomous snake bite in India is by saw-scaled
viper, more local reaction is seen along with pain and oozing. Local necrosis is extensive
which may lead to gangrene. Serous and serosanginous blisters sometimes appear.
Bilateral parotid swelling ('viper head'), conjunctival edema and subconjunctival
hemorrhage. Petechial hemorrhages, epistaxis, hemoptysis, hematuria, and bleeding from
the bite site and rectum are common. Death is due to circulatory failure in early phase
and haemorrhagic complications later.

16
46.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-46 Snake- Saw Scaled Viper

Description: It’s a poisonous, vasculotoxic, large triangular head, covered with small
scales. Short and narrow head, pupils are vertical slit like.
Medicolegal Significance: About 80% of venomous snake bite in India is by saw-scaled
viper, more local reaction is seen along with pain and oozing. Local necrosis is extensive
which may lead to gangrene. Serous and serosanginous blisters sometimes appear.
Bilateral parotid swelling ('viper head'), conjunctival edema and subconjunctival
hemorrhage. Petechial hemorrhages, epistaxis, hemoptysis, hematuria, and bleeding from
the bite site and rectum are common. Death is due to circulatory failure in early phase
and haemorrhagic complications later.

47.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-47 Snake- Non-Poisonous

Description: This is specimen of non-poisonous snake, head scales are large, small belly
scales, scales distal to anal plate have double row.
Medicolegal Significance: Fangs are solid, bite mark of non-poisonous snake has two
rows and no marks of fangs.

48.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-48 Nerium Odorum (Pink Flower)

Description: White Oleander, all parts of the plant are poisonous. Active principles:
Nerin consisting of three glycosides—neriodorin, neriodorein and karabin. It is similar to
that of digitalis causing death from cardiac failure. Neriodorein causes muscular
twitching and tetanic spasm which is more powerful than strychnine

Medicolegal Significance: Homicide is rare. Accidental poisoning is sometimes met

with when decoction is used: Externally to reduce swelling. As a remedy for venereal
diseases. c. As a love-philter (increases attraction between the giver and taker). d. For
treatment of cancer and ulcers. It is used as cattle poison. Nerium odorum resists heat and
can therefore be detected even from the burnt remains of the dead body.

49.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-49 Nerium Odorum (Pink Flower)

Description: White Oleander, all parts of the plant are poisonous. Active principles:
Nerin consisting of three glycosides—neriodorin, neriodorein and karabin. It is similar to
that of digitalis causing death from cardiac failure. Neriodorein causes muscular
twitching and tetanic spasm which is more powerful than strychnine

Medicolegal Significance: Homicide is rare. Accidental poisoning is sometimes met

with when decoction is used: Externally to reduce swelling. As a remedy for venereal
diseases. c. As a love-philter (increases attraction between the giver and taker). d. For
treatment of cancer and ulcers. It is used as cattle poison. Nerium odorum resists heat and
can therefore be detected even from the burnt remains of the dead body.

17
50.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-50 Nerium Odorum (Pink Flower)

Description: White Oleander, all parts of the plant are poisonous. Active principles:
Nerin consisting of three glycosides—neriodorin, neriodorein and karabin. It is similar to
that of digitalis causing death from cardiac failure. Neriodorein causes muscular
twitching and tetanic spasm which is more powerful than strychnine

Medicolegal Significance: Homicide is rare. Accidental poisoning is sometimes met

with when decoction is used: Externally to reduce swelling. As a remedy for venereal
diseases. c. As a love-philter (increases attraction between the giver and taker). d. For
treatment of cancer and ulcers. It is used as cattle poison. Nerium odorum resists heat and
can therefore be detected even from the burnt remains of the dead body.

51.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-51 Nerium Odorum (Pink Flower)

Description: White Oleander, all parts of the plant are poisonous. Active principles:
Nerin consisting of three glycosides—neriodorin, neriodorein and karabin. It is similar to
that of digitalis causing death from cardiac failure. Neriodorein causes muscular
twitching and tetanic spasm which is more powerful than strychnine

Medicolegal Significance: Homicide is rare. Accidental poisoning is sometimes met

with when decoction is used: Externally to reduce swelling. As a remedy for venereal
diseases. c. As a love-philter (increases attraction between the giver and taker). d. For
treatment of cancer and ulcers. It is used as cattle poison. Nerium odorum resists heat and
can therefore be detected even from the burnt remains of the dead body.

52.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-52 Nerium Odorum (White Flower)

Description: White Oleander, all parts of the plant are poisonous. Active principles:
Nerin consisting of three glycosides—neriodorin, neriodorein and karabin. It is similar to
that of digitalis causing death from cardiac failure. Neriodorein causes muscular
twitching and tetanic spasm which is more powerful than strychnine

Medicolegal Significance: Homicide is rare. Accidental poisoning is sometimes met

with when decoction is used: Externally to reduce swelling. As a remedy for venereal
diseases. c. As a love-philter (increases attraction between the giver and taker). d. For
treatment of cancer and ulcers. It is used as cattle poison. Nerium odorum resists heat and
can therefore be detected even from the burnt remains of the dead body.

18
53.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-53 Cerbera Thevetia (Yellow flower)
Description: This is specimen of oleander (cerebra Thevetia) yellow flower, Oleander
Bears yellow bell-shaped flowers, globular fruits, light green in colour, about 5 cm in
diameter containing a single nut, triangular in shape and light brown in colour. The nut
contains five pale yellow seeds.

Medicolegal Significance: All parts of the plant are poisonous. Milky juice exudes from
all parts of the plant. Active principles: Glycosides—thevetin, thevotoxin, cerberin and
peruvoside. Thevetin is a powerful cardiac poison. It is used as an abortifacient, applied
both locally and internally. Homicide is rare. Accidental poisoning is sometimes met with
when
decoction is used: Externally to reduce swelling. As a remedy for venereal diseases. c. As
a love-philter (increases attraction between the giver and taker). d. For treatment of
cancer and ulcers. It is used as cattle poison.

54.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-54 Cerbera Thevetia (Yellow flower)

Description: This is specimen of oleander (cerebra Thevetia) yellow flower, Oleander
Bears yellow bell-shaped flowers, globular fruits, light green in colour, about 5 cm in
diameter containing a single nut, triangular in shape and light brown in colour. The nut
contains five pale yellow seeds.

Medicolegal Significance: All parts of the plant are poisonous. Milky juice exudes from
all parts of the plant. Active principles: Glycosides—thevetin, thevotoxin, cerberin and
peruvoside. Thevetin is a powerful cardiac poison. It is used as an abortifacient, applied
both locally and internally. Homicide is rare. Accidental poisoning is sometimes met with
when
decoction is used: Externally to reduce swelling. As a remedy for venereal diseases. c. As
a love-philter (increases attraction between the giver and taker). d. For treatment of
cancer and ulcers. It is used as cattle poison.

55.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-55 Cerbera Thevetia Fruits

Description: This is specimen of oleander (cerebra Thevetia) yellow flower, Oleander
Bears yellow bell-shaped flowers, globular fruits, light green in colour, about 5 cm in
diameter containing a single nut, triangular in shape and light brown in colour. The nut
contains five pale yellow seeds.

Medicolegal Significance: All parts of the plant are poisonous. Milky juice exudes from
all parts of the plant. Active principles: Glycosides—thevetin, thevotoxin, cerberin and
peruvoside. Thevetin is a powerful cardiac poison. It is used as an abortifacient, applied
both locally and internally. Homicide is rare. Accidental poisoning is sometimes met with
when
decoction is used: Externally to reduce swelling. As a remedy for venereal diseases. c. As
a love-philter (increases attraction between the giver and taker). d. For treatment of
cancer and ulcers. It is used as cattle poison.

19
56.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-56 Calotropis Gigantea

Description: This is specimen of Calotropis plant. Calotropis plant grows wild almost
everywhere in India. There are two varieties—Calotropis gigantea (akdo, akand) with
purple flowers and calotropis procera (madar) with white flowers. Active principles are
Uscharin, calotoxin, calactin, gigantin and calotropin

Medicolegal Significance: All the parts of the plant are used in Indian medicine, the
flowers as digestive stimulants, the powdered root as emetic and the milky juice as a
vesicant, depilatory and for treatment of chronic skin conditions—all may lead to
poisoning. Juice may be taken orally or applied on an abortion stick to procure abortion.
It may be mixed with milk for infanticide, rarely for suicide or homicide. It may be used
as cattle poison by mixing with fodder or inserting a cloth smeared with the juice inside
the rectum of the animal. Sometimes, it is used to produce an artificial bruise. The roots
of Calotropis procera are highly poisonous to cobras and other poisonous snakes and
hence used by snake charmers to control them.

57.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-57 Calotropis Gigantea

Description: This is specimen of Calotropis plant. Calotropis plant grows wild almost
everywhere in India. There are two varieties—Calotropis gigantea (akdo, akand) with
purple flowers and calotropis procera (madar) with white flowers. Active principles are
Uscharin, calotoxin, calactin, gigantin and calotropin

Medicolegal Significance: All the parts of the plant are used in Indian medicine, the
flowers as digestive stimulants, the powdered root as emetic and the milky juice as a
vesicant, depilatory and for treatment of chronic skin conditions—all may lead to
poisoning. Juice may be taken orally or applied on an abortion stick to procure abortion.
It may be mixed with milk for infanticide, rarely for suicide or homicide. It may be used
as cattle poison by mixing with fodder or inserting a cloth smeared with the juice inside
the rectum of the animal. Sometimes, it is used to produce an artificial bruise. The roots
of Calotropis procera are highly poisonous to cobras and other poisonous snakes and
hence used by snake charmers to control them.

20
58.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-58 Calotropis Gigantea

Description: This is specimen of Calotropis plant. Calotropis plant grows wild almost
everywhere in India. There are two varieties—Calotropis gigantea (akdo, akand) with
purple flowers and calotropis procera (madar) with white flowers. Active principles are
Uscharin, calotoxin, calactin, gigantin and calotropin

Medicolegal Significance: All the parts of the plant are used in Indian medicine, the
flowers as digestive stimulants, the powdered root as emetic and the milky juice as a
vesicant, depilatory and for treatment of chronic skin conditions—all may lead to
poisoning. Juice may be taken orally or applied on an abortion stick to procure abortion.
It may be mixed with milk for infanticide, rarely for suicide or homicide. It may be used
as cattle poison by mixing with fodder or inserting a cloth smeared with the juice inside
the rectum of the animal. Sometimes, it is used to produce an artificial bruise. The roots
of Calotropis procera are highly poisonous to cobras and other poisonous snakes and
hence used by snake charmers to control them.

59.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-59 Ricinus Communis

Description: This is specimen of castor seeds also called as Ricinus Communis. Seeds
are variable, smooth, flattened-oval, mottled with light and dark brown markings, bright
and
polished. They are of 2 sizes, small and big. Small seeds are about 1.2 × 0.8 cm in
dimensions and resemble croton seeds. Active Principle: toxalbumin, ricin, a water-
soluble glycoprotein and a powerful allergen. Seeds contain the highest level.
Medicolegal Significance: Accidental poisoning may occur in children; rarely, powdered
seeds are given for homicide. The powder of seeds causes conjunctivitis when applied to
the eye.

60.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-60 Ricinus Communis

Description: This is specimen of castor seeds also called as Ricinus Communis. Seeds
are variable, smooth, flattened-oval, mottled with light and dark brown markings, bright
and
polished. They are of 2 sizes, small and big. Small seeds are about 1.2 × 0.8 cm in
dimensions and resemble croton seeds. Active Principle: toxalbumin, ricin, a water-
soluble glycoprotein and a powerful allergen. Seeds contain the highest level.
Medicolegal Significance: Accidental poisoning may occur in children; rarely, powdered
seeds are given for homicide. The powder of seeds causes conjunctivitis when applied to
the eye.

21
61.SMCW/FMT/Museum/WS-61 Dhatura Alba Fruits

Description: Dhatura, a member of the Solanaceae family and belongs to the genus
Datura, which consists of many species Datura alba have white flowers. Active principle
includes Hyoscine (scopolamine): 0.2-1.4%, Hyoscyamine and Atropine

Medicolegal Significance: It is a deliriant poison produces sympathomimetic or

parasympatholytic actions. Dhatura is employed mainly as a stupefying poison prior to
robbery, kidnapping and rape. It is sometimes known as rail-road commonly encountered
during a journey. Many a time, robbers disguised as saints offer 'prasad' mixed with
Dhatura seeds and rob the passengers.

62.SMC/FMT/Museum/WS-62 Skin – Tattoo mark

Description: Tatto mark of design on skin.

A tattoo is a form of body modification where a design is made by inserting ink, dyes
and pigments, either indelible or temporary, into the dermis layer of the skin to change
the pigment. The art of making tattoos is tattooing.

Medicolegal Significance: Indicates the name, address, religion, birth date and place of
the person.
Giving an idea about the environmental and social background of the person e.g. tattoo
marks is generally practiced in lower class of society. In addict persons, they are
practiced to conceal the injection sites.
Removal of tattoo marks by either surgery or caustic substance will leave a scar.

22
 DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE
Bones

Sr.No. Identification No. Name of Bone

Male Old
1.
SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-1 Skull
2.
SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-2 Mandible
3. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-3
Scapula Rt
4. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-4
Scapula Lt
5. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-5
Clavicle Rt
6. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-6
Clavicle Lt
7. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-7
Humerus Rt
8. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-8
Humerus Lt
9. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-9
Radius Rt
10. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-10
Radius Lt
11. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-11
Ulna Rt
12. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-12
Ulna Lt
13. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-13 Wrist Bones Rt (carpal)- scaphoid,
trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate,
triquetrum, hamate, Pisiform
14. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-14 Wrist Bones Lt- scaphoid, trapezium,
trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
15. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-15
Metacarpals Rt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
16. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-16
Metacarpals Lt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
17. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-17 Phalanges Rt –Proximal, Middle, Distal
of 5 fingers
18. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-18 Phalanges Lt –Proximal, Middle, Distal
of 5 fingers
19. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-19
Sternum
20. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-20
Ribs 24 (Rt 12 & Lt 12)
21. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-21
Cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)
22. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-22
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 to T12)
23. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-23
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)
23
24. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-24
Hip bone Rt
25. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-25
Hip bone Lt
26. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-26
Sacrum with Coccyx
27. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-27
Femur Rt
28. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-28
Femur Lt
29. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-29
Tibia Rt
30. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-30
Tibia Lt
31. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-31
Fibula Rt
32. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-32
Fibula Lt
33. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-33
Patella Rt
34. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-34
Patella Lt
35. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-35 Tarsals Rt & Lt : Calcaneum, Talus,
Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms (1, 2, 3)
36. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-36
Metatarsals Rt & Lt (1,2, 3, 4, 5)
37. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-37 Phalanges Rt & Lt : Proximal, Middle &
Distal (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Male Adult
38. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-38
Skull
39. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-39
Mandible
40. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-40
Scapula Rt
41. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-41
Scapula Lt
42. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-42
Clavicle Rt
43. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-43
Clavicle Lt
44. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-44
Humerus Rt
45. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-45
Humerus Lt
46. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-46
Radius Rt
47. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-47
Radius Lt
48. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-48
Ulna Rt
49. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-49
Ulna Lt
50. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-50 Wrist Bones Rt (carpal)- scaphoid,
trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate,
triquetrum, hamate, Pisiform

24
51. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-51 Wrist Bones Lt- scaphoid, trapezium,
trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
52. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-52
Metacarpals Rt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
53. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-53
Metacarpals Lt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
54. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-54 Phalanges Rt –Proximal, Middle, Distal
of 5 fingers
55. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-55 Phalanges Lt –Proximal, Middle, Distal
of 5 fingers
56. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-56
Sternum
57. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-57
Ribs 24 (Rt 12 & Lt 12)
58. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-58
Cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)
59. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-59
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 to T12)
60. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-60
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)
61. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-61
Hip bone Rt
62. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-62
Hip bone Lt
63. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-63
Sacrum with Coccyx
64. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-64
Femur Rt
65. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-65
Femur Lt
66. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-66
Tibia Rt
67. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-67
Tibia Lt
68. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-68
Fibula Rt
69. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-69
Fibula Lt
70. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-70
Patella Rt
71. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-71
Patella Lt
72. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-72 Tarsals Rt & Lt : Calcaneum, Talus,
Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms (1, 2, 3)
73. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-73
Metatarsals Rt & Lt (1,2, 3, 4, 5)
74. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-74 Phalanges Rt & Lt : Proximal, Middle &
Distal (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Male Adolescent
75. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-75
Skull
76. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-76
Mandible
77. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-77
Scapula Rt

25
78. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-78
Scapula Lt
79. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-79
Clavicle Rt
80. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-80
Clavicle Lt
81. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-81
Humerus Rt
82. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-82
Humerus Lt
83. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-83
Radius Rt
84. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-84
Radius Lt
85. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-85
Ulna Rt
86. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-86
Ulna Lt
87. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-87 Wrist Bones Rt (carpal)- scaphoid,
trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate,
triquetrum, hamate, Pisiform
88. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-88 Wrist Bones Lt- scaphoid, trapezium,
trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
89. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-89
Metacarpals Rt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
90. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-90
Metacarpals Lt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
91. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-91 Phalanges Rt –Proximal, Middle, Distal
of 5 fingers
92. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-92 Phalanges Lt –Proximal, Middle, Distal
of 5 fingers
93. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-93
Sternum
94. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-94
Ribs 24 (Rt 12 & Lt 12)
95. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-95
Cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)
96. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-96
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 to T12)
97. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-97
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)
98. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-98
Hip bone Rt
99. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-99
Hip bone Lt
100. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-100
Sacrum with Coccyx
101. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-101
Femur Rt
102. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-102
Femur Lt
103. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-103
Tibia Rt
104. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-104
Tibia Lt

26
105. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-105
Fibula Rt
106. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-106
Fibula Lt
107. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-107
Patella Rt
108. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-108
Patella Lt
109. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-109 Tarsals Rt & Lt : Calcaneum, Talus,
Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms (1, 2, 3)
110. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-110
Metatarsals Rt & Lt (1,2, 3, 4, 5)
111. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-111 Phalanges Rt & Lt : Proximal, Middle &
Distal (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Male Child
112. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-112
Skull
113. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-113
Mandible
114. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-114
Scapula Rt
115. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-115
Scapula Lt
116. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-116
Clavicle Rt
117. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-117
Clavicle Lt
118. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-118
Humerus Rt
119. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-119
Humerus Lt
120. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-120
Radius Rt
121. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-121
Radius Lt
122. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-122
Ulna Rt
123. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-123
Ulna Lt
124. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-124 Wrist Bones Rt (carpal)- scaphoid,
trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate,
triquetrum, hamate, Pisiform
125. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-125 Wrist Bones Lt- scaphoid, trapezium,
trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
126. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-126
Metacarpals Rt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
127. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-127
Metacarpals Lt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
128. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-128 Phalanges Rt –Proximal, Middle, Distal
of 5 fingers
129. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-129 Phalanges Lt –Proximal, Middle, Distal
of 5 fingers
130. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-130
Sternum

27
131. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-131
Ribs 24 (Rt 12 & Lt 12)
132. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-132
Cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)
133. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-133
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 to T12)
134. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-134
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)
135. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-135
Hip bone Rt
136. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-136
Hip bone Lt
137. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-137
Sacrum with Coccyx
138. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-138
Femur Rt
139. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-139
Femur Lt
140. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-140
Tibia Rt
141. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-141
Tibia Lt
142. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-142
Fibula Rt
143. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-143
Fibula Lt
144. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-144
Patella Rt
145. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-145
Patella Lt
146. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-146 Tarsals Rt & Lt : Calcaneum, Talus,
Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms (1, 2, 3)
147. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-147
Metatarsals Rt & Lt (1,2, 3, 4, 5)
148. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-148 Phalanges Rt & Lt : Proximal, Middle &
Distal (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Female Old
149. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-149
Skull
150. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-150
Mandible
151. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-151
Scapula Rt
152. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-152
Scapula Lt
153. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-153
Clavicle Rt
154. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-154
Clavicle Lt
155. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-155
Humerus Rt
156. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-156
Humerus Lt
157. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-157
Radius Rt
158. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-158
Radius Lt

28
159. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-159
Ulna Rt
160. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-160
Ulna Lt
161. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-161 Wrist Bones Rt (carpal)- scaphoid,
trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate,
triquetrum, hamate, Pisiform
162. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-162 Wrist Bones Lt- scaphoid, trapezium,
trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
163. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-163
Metacarpals Rt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
164. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-164
Metacarpals Lt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
165. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-165 Phalanges Rt –Proximal, Middle, Distal
of 5 fingers
166. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-166 Phalanges Lt –Proximal, Middle, Distal
of 5 fingers
167. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-167
Sternum
168. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-168
Ribs 24 (Rt 12 & Lt 12)
169. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-169
Cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)
170. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-170
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 to T12)
171. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-171
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)
172. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-172
Hip bone Rt
173. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-173
Hip bone Lt
174. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-174
Sacrum with Coccyx
175. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-175
Femur Rt
176. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-176
Femur Lt
177. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-177
Tibia Rt
178. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-178
Tibia Lt
179. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-179
Fibula Rt
180. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-180
Fibula Lt
181. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-181
Patella Rt
182. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-182
Patella Lt
183. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-183 Tarsals Rt & Lt : Calcaneum, Talus,
Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms (1, 2, 3)
184. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-184
Metatarsals Rt & Lt (1,2, 3, 4, 5)
185. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-185 Phalanges Rt & Lt : Proximal, Middle &
Distal (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

29
 Female Adult
186. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-186
Skull
187. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-187
Mandible
188. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-188
Scapula Rt
189. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-189
Scapula Lt
190. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-190
Clavicle Rt
191. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-191
Clavicle Lt
192. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-192
Humerus Rt
193. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-193
Humerus Lt
194. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-194
Radius Rt
195. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-195
Radius Lt
196. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-196
Ulna Rt
197. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-197
Ulna Lt
198. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-198 Wrist Bones Rt (carpal)- scaphoid,
trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate,
triquetrum, hamate, Pisiform
199. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-199 Wrist Bones Lt- scaphoid, trapezium,
trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
200. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-200
Metacarpals Rt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
201. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-201
Metacarpals Lt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
202. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-202 Phalanges Rt –Proximal, Middle, Distal
of 5 fingers
203. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-203 Phalanges Lt –Proximal, Middle, Distal
of 5 fingers
204. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-204
Sternum
205. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-205
Ribs 24 (Rt 12 & Lt 12)
206. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-206
Cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)
207. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-207
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 to T12)
208. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-208
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)
209. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-209
Hip bone Rt
210. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-210
Hip bone Lt
211. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-211
Sacrum with Coccyx

30
212. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-212
Femur Rt
213. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-213
Femur Lt
214. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-214
Tibia Rt
215. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-215
Tibia Lt
216. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-216
Fibula Rt
217. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-217
Fibula Lt
218. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-218
Patella Rt
219. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-219
Patella Lt
220. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-220 Tarsals Rt & Lt : Calcaneum, Talus,
Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms (1, 2, 3)
221. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-221
Metatarsals Rt & Lt (1,2, 3, 4, 5)
222. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-222 Phalanges Rt & Lt : Proximal, Middle &
Distal (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Female Adolescent
223. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-223
Skull
224. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-224
Mandible
225. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-225
Scapula Rt
226. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-226
Scapula Lt
227. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-227
Clavicle Rt
228. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-228
Clavicle Lt
229. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-229
Humerus Rt
230. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-230
Humerus Lt
231. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-231
Radius Rt
232. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-232
Radius Lt
233. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-233
Ulna Rt
234. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-234
Ulna Lt
235. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-235 Wrist Bones Rt (carpal)- scaphoid,
trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate,
triquetrum, hamate, Pisiform
236. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-236 Wrist Bones Lt- scaphoid, trapezium,
trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
237. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-237
Metacarpals Rt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th

31
238. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-238
Metacarpals Lt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
239. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-239 Phalanges Rt –Proximal, Middle, Distal
of 5 fingers
240. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-240 Phalanges Lt –Proximal, Middle, Distal
of 5 fingers
241. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-241
Sternum
242. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-242
Ribs 24 (Rt 12 & Lt 12)
243. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-243
Cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)
244. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-244
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 to T12)
245. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-245
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)
246. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-246
Hip bone Rt
247. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-247
Hip bone Lt
248. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-248
Sacrum with Coccyx
249. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-249
Femur Rt
250. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-250
Femur Lt
251. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-251
Tibia Rt
252. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-252
Tibia Lt
253. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-253
Fibula Rt
254. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-254
Fibula Lt
255. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-255
Patella Rt
256. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-256
Patella Lt
257. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-257 Tarsals Rt & Lt : Calcaneum, Talus,
Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms (1, 2, 3)
258. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-258
Metatarsals Rt & Lt (1,2, 3, 4, 5)
259. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-259 Phalanges Rt & Lt : Proximal, Middle &
Distal (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Female Child
260. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-260
Skull
261. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-261
Mandible
262. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-262
Scapula Rt
263. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-263
Scapula Lt
264. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-264
Clavicle Rt
265. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-265
Clavicle Lt

32
266. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-266
Humerus Rt
267. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-267
Humerus Lt
268. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-268
Radius Rt
269. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-269
Radius Lt
270. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-270
Ulna Rt
271. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-271
Ulna Lt
272. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-272 Wrist Bones Rt (carpal)- scaphoid,
trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate,
triquetrum, hamate, Pisiform
273. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-273 Wrist Bones Lt- scaphoid, trapezium,
trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
274. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-274
Metacarpals Rt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
275. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-275
Metacarpals Lt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
276. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-276 Phalanges Rt –Proximal, Middle, Distal
of 5 fingers
277. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-277 Phalanges Lt –Proximal, Middle, Distal
of 5 fingers
278. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-278
Sternum
279. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-279
Ribs 24 (Rt 12 & Lt 12)
280. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-280
Cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7)
281. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-281
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1 to T12)
282. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-282
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)
283. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-283
Hip bone Rt
284. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-284
Hip bone Lt
285. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-285
Sacrum with Coccyx
286. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-286
Femur Rt
287. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-287
Femur Lt
288. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-288
Tibia Rt
289. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-289
Tibia Lt
290. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-290
Fibula Rt
291. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-291
Fibula Lt
292. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-292
Patella Rt

33
293. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-293
Patella Lt
294. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-294 Tarsals Rt & Lt : Calcaneum, Talus,
Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms (1, 2, 3)
295. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-295
Metatarsals Rt & Lt (1,2, 3, 4, 5)
296. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-296 Phalanges Rt & Lt : Proximal, Middle &
Distal (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
297. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-297
Male Fetal Skull
298. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-298
Female Fetal Skull
299. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-299
Male Articulated Pelvis (Old)
300. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-300
Male Articulated Pelvis (Young)
301. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-301
Female Articulated Pelvis (Old)
302. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-302
Female Articulated Pelvis (Young)
303. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-303
Complete Human Skeleton Model
304. SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-304
Complete Fetus Skeleton Model

34
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-1
Name: Old Male Skull
Skull Gender Identification Skull Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: old
Observations
General appearance: Larger, longer (dolichocranic). On inside of the skull, on either
side of sagittal suture, contains
pits or depressions-becomes more
marked in depth and frequency.
Capacity: 1500 to 2550 ml The groove of middle meningeal
artery become deeper
Architecture: Rugged; muscle ridges more marked, esp. in Diploe becomes less vascularly
occipital and temporal areas channeled and increasing
replacement by bone
Forehead: Steeper, (sloping), less rounded Lambdoid suture- at 45-50 years ,
Parieto-temporal at 60-70 years
Glabella: Rough and more prominent
Frontonasal junction: Distinct angulation with advancing age tend to
become lighter and thinner
Orbits : Square, set lower on the face, relatively smaller,
rounded margins
Supraorbital ridges: Prominent and rounded
Cheek bones: Heavier, laterally arched
Zygomatic arch: More prominent
Nasal aperture: Higher and narrower. Margins sharp
External auditory meatus: Bony ridges along the upper
border is prominent
Frontal eminences: Small
Parietal eminences: Small
Frontal sinuses: Much developed
Occipital area: Muscles lines and protuberance prominent
Mastoid process: Wider, longer, round blunt.
Base: Sites of muscular insertions more marked
Digastric groove : More deep
Condylar facet: Long and slender
Occipital condyles: Large
Palate: Larger, broader, tends more to U-shape
Foramina: Larger
Foramen magnum: Larger
Teeth: Larger

35
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-2
Name: Mandible
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: old
Observations
General size: larger and thicker Body-shallow
Body- Shallow. Ramus- Obtuse angle with
the body, about 140 degree.
Chin-U shaped Mental foramen- Open
near the alveolar margin.
Body height: at symphysis greater Condyloid process- At the
lower level than coronoid
process.
Ascending Ramus-greater breadth.
Angle of body and ramus: less obtuse (under 125 *) prominent and
everted
Condyles : larger
Mental tubercle: large and prominent

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-3

Name: Scapula –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Height: more than 157 mm  between 30-35
years-lipping
starts at ventral
margin of glenoid
cavity
 by 35-40 irregular
lipping occurs
around the
clavicular facet
and inferior
surface of
acromion process
 45 years –
localised bony
atrophy
 Cristae scapulae
appears by 50
years

36
Glenoid cavity : height greater(39.2 mm)

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-4

Name: Scapula –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Height: more than 157 mm  between 30-35
years-lipping starts
at ventral margin of
glenoid cavity
 by 35-40 irregular
lipping occurs
around the
clavicular facet and
inferior surface of
acromion process
 45 years –localised
bony atrophy
 Cristae scapulae
appears by 50 years
Glenoid cavity : height greater(39.2 mm)

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-5

Name: Clavicle –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Size: 151-153 cm Medial end fuses at 20-
22 years
Broader, heavier, less curved
Acromial end: slightly higher than the sternal end

37
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-6
Name: Clavicle –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Size: 151-153 cm Medial end fuses at 20-
22 years
Broader, heavier, less curved
Acromial end: slightly higher than the sternal end

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-7

Name: Humerus–right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Diameter of head: more than 47 mm Ossification completes
by age of 17-18 years
3 parts –upper end, shaft, lower end

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-8

Name: Humerus–left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Diameter of head: more than 47 mm Ossification completes
by age of 17-18 years
3 parts –upper end, shaft, lower end

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-9

Name: Radius–right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Diameter of head: more than 24 mm Ossification completes by
age of 17-19 years
Circumference of head: more than 69 mm
3 parts –upper end, shaft, lower end

38
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-10
Name: Radius –Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Diameter of head: more than 24 mm
Circumference of head: more than 69 mm Ossification completes
by age of 17-19 years
3 parts –upper end, shaft, lower end

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-11

Name: Ulna –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Long bone found in the forearm found on medial side upper epiphysis joins the
Olecranon and the coronoid process near the elbow body about the 16-17th
The styloid process present near the wrist year, the lower about the
17-18 th year.
3 parts –upper end, shaft, lower end

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-12

Name: Ulna –Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Long bone found in the forearm found on medial side upper epiphysis joins the
Olecranon and the coronoid process near the elbow body about the 16-17th
The styloid process present near the wrist year, the lower about the
3 parts –upper end, shaft, lower end 17-18 th year

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-13

Name: Wrist Bones Rt (carpal)- scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Eight small bones connect the hand to the forearm in two rows – All bones Fuses by the age
proximal and distal (four bones in each row) of 15-17 years

39
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-14
Name: Wrist Bones Lt (carpal)- scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate,
triquetrum, hamate, Pisiform
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Eight small bones connect the hand to the forearm in two rows – All bones Fuses by the
proximal and distal (four bones in each row age of 15-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-15

Name: Metacarpals Rt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
unite with the shafts
about the 15-19 year.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-16

Name: Metacarpals Lt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
unite with the shafts
about the 15-19 year.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-17

Name: Phalanges Rt –Proximal, Middle, Distal of 5 fingers
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
The phalanges are the bones of the fingers. All unite with the shafts
The thumb has a proximal and distal phalanx, while the rest of the between the 15-18 years
digits have proximal, middle and distal phalanges.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-18

Name: Phalanges Lt –Proximal, Middle, Distal of 5 fingers
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
The phalanges are the bones of the fingers. All unite with the shafts
The thumb has a proximal and distal phalanx, while the rest of the between the 15-18 years
digits have proximal, middle and distal phalanges.

40
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-19
Name: Sternum
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Body: longer and more than twice the length of the manubrium The centre for the
xiphoid process appears
during the third year or
later. It fuses with the
body at about 40 year
Upper margin in level with second thoracic vertebra Manubrium fuses with
the body at about 60
years
Breadth: more
Length: more than 149 mm
Sternal index: 46.2
(Length of manubrium / Length of body * 100)

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-20

Name: Ribs
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Thicker; larger; heavier; lesser curvature and are less oblique.
a set of twelve bones which form the protective ‘cage’ of the thorax. The centre for Head and
They articulate with the vertebral column posteriorly, and terminate tubercles appears at 14 th
anteriorly as cartilage (known as costal cartilage). year , union of bone and
epiphysis by 20-21 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-21

Name: Cervical Vertebrae(C1-C7)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
cervical spine is made up of 7 vertebrae.
bodies of c3-c7 are small
C1 (Atlas), is the topmost vertebra, forms the joint connecting the
skull and spinee Axis,
C2, forms the pivot upon which the Atlas rotates

41
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-22
Name: Thoracic vertebrae(T1-T12)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations

thoracic spine is the second segment of the vertebral column, located Kyphosis, Increased
between the cervical and lumbar vertebral segments. anterior curvature
It consists of 12 vertebrae, which are separated by intervertebral discs

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-23

Name: Lumbar vertebrae(L1-L5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
located at the bottom section of the vertebral column, inferior to the Osteoporosis and
rib cage and superior to the pelvis and sacrum osteoarthritic changes
5 vertebrae designated as L1 to L5 Single bone
largest in size
The L5 vertebra is the most common site of spondylolysis and
spondylolisthesis

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-24

Name: Hip Bone –Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Ilium: Less vertical, curve of iliac crest reaches higher level and is ossified by the age of 25
more prominent
Preauricular sulcus: (attachment of anterior sacroiliac ligament) Not
frequent; narrow shallow.
Acetabulum : Large, 52 mm. in diameter; directed laterally; wider,
deeper
Obturator foramen: Large, often oval with base upward.
Greater sciatic notch : Smaller, narrower, deeper
Illeo-pectineal line : Well marked and rough
Ischial tuberosity: Inverted
Body of pubis : Narrow, triangular, thick
Ramus of pubis: It is like continuation of body of pubis.
Ischiopubic rami: More everted, thicker and rougher

42
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-25
Name: Hip Bone –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Ilium: Less vertical, curve of iliac crest reaches higher level and is ossified by the age of 25
more prominent
Preauricular sulcus: (attachment of anterior sacroiliac ligament) Not
frequent; narrow shallow.
Acetabulum : Large, 52 mm. in diameter; directed laterally; wider,
deeper
Obturator foramen: Large, often oval with base upward.
Greater sciatic notch : Smaller, narrower, deeper
Illeo-pectineal line : Well marked and rough
Ischial tuberosity: Inverted
Body of pubis : Narrow, triangular, thick
Ramus of pubis: It is like continuation of body of pubis.
Ischiopubic rami: More everted, thicker and rougher

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-26

Name: Sacrum with Coccyx
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Longer, narrower, with more evenly distributed curvature; ossification of
promontory well marked. intervertebral discs starts
from below upwards and
fusion becomes complete
by 20-25 years.
General appearance: Larger, heavier, rough, narrow
Breadth of body of 1st sacral vertebra: More than breadth of one
side ala
Inner curvature: Uniformly curved anteriorly
Sacroiliac articulation: Extends up to 3rd segment
Sacroiliac joint surface: Large, less sharply angulated
Coccyx- Less movable.

43
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-27
Name: Femur–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Head-larger and forms 2/3 of the sphere. Vertical diameter more than
47 mm
Neck: Obtuse angle with the shaft, about 125*
Bicondylar width: 74-89 mm
Angulation of shaft with condyles: around 80*

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-28

Name: Femur–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Head-larger and forms 2/3 of the sphere. Vertical diameter more than
47 mm
Neck: Obtuse angle with the shaft, about 125*
Bicondylar width: 74-89 mm
Angulation of shaft with condyles around 80*

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-29

Name: Tibia –Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
All ossification centres at upper end and lower end of tibia are fused

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-30

Name: Tibia–left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
All ossification centres at upper end and lower end of tibia are fused

44
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-31
Name: Fibula–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
All ossification centres at upper end and lower end of fibula are fused

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-32

Name: Fibula–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
All ossification centres at upper end and lower end of tibia are fused

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-33

Name: Patella–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
ossification centre
develops at the age of 3–
6 years and fuses at
puberty

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-34

Name: Patella–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations

ossification centre
develops at the age of 3–6
years and fuses at puberty

45
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-35
Name: Tarsals Rt & Lt: Calcaneum, Talus, Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms (1, 2, 3)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-36

Name: Metatarsals Rt & Lt (1,2, 3, 4, 5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
all unite with the shafts
between the 17-20 th
years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-37

Name: Phalanges Rt & Lt: Proximal, Middle & Distal (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations

46
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-38
Name: Adult Male Skull
Skull Gender Identification Skull Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
General appearance: Larger, longer (dolichocranic).
Capacity: 1500 to 2550 ml
Architecture: Rugged; muscle ridges more marked, esp. in occipital Basiocciput and
and temporal areas basisphenoid suture closure
at-20-22 years
Forehead: Steeper, (sloping), less rounded Lambdoid suture at 45-50
years
Glabella: Rough and more prominent
Frontonasal junction: Distinct angulation
Orbits : Square, set lower on the face, relatively smaller, rounded
margins
Supraorbital ridges: Prominent and rounded
Cheek bones: Heavier, laterally arched
Zygomatic arch: More prominent
Nasal aperture: Higher and narrower. Margins sharp
External auditory meatus: Bony ridges along the upper border is
prominent
Frontal eminences: Small
Parietal eminences: Small
Frontal sinuses: Much developed
Occipital area: Muscles lines and protuberance prominent
Mastoid process: Wider, longer, round blunt.
Base: Sites of muscular insertions more marked
Digastric groove : More deep
Condylar facet: Long and slender
Occipital condyles: Large
Palate: Larger, broader, tends more to U-shape
Foramina: Larger
Foramen magnum: Larger
Teeth: Larger

47
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-39
Name: Mandible
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
General size: larger and thicker Body-thick and long
Body- Shallow. Ramus- less Obtuse
angle(almost straight) with
the body,
Chin-U shaped Mental foramen- Open
midway between upper
and lower margin.
Body height: at symphysis greater Condyloid process-
elongated and projects
above coronoid process.
Ascending Ramus-greater breadth.
Angle of body and ramus: less obtuse (under 125 *) prominent and
everted
Condyles : larger
Mental tubercle: large and prominent

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-40

Name: Scapula –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Height: more than 157 mm  between 30-35
years-lipping starts
at ventral margin
of glenoid cavity
 by 35-40 irregular
lipping occurs
around the
clavicular facet and
inferior surface of
acromion process
 45 years –localised
bony atrophy
 Cristae scapulae
occurs by 50 years
Glenoid cavity : height greater(39.2 mm)

48
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-41
Name: Scapula –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Height: more than 157 mm  between 30-35
years-lipping
starts at ventral
margin of glenoid
cavity
 by 35-40 irregular
lipping occurs
around the
clavicular facet
and inferior
surface of
acromion process
 45 years –
localised bony
atrophy
 Cristae scapulae
appears by 50
years
Glenoid cavity : height greater(39.2 mm)

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-42

Name: Clavicle –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Size: 151-153 cm Ossification centre :Medial
end appears at 15-17 years
, fuses at 20-22 years
Broader, heavier, less curved
Acromial end: slightly higher than the sternal end

49
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-43
Name: Clavicle –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Size: 151-153 cm Ossification centre:
Medial end appears at
15-17 years, fuses at
20-22 years
Broader, heavier, less curved
Acromial end: slightly higher than the sternal end

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-44

Name: Humerus–right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Diameter of head: more than 47 mm Ossification completes
by age of 17-18 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-45

Name: Humerus–left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Diameter of head: more than 47 mm Ossification completes
by age of 17-18 years

50
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-46
Name: Radius–right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Diameter of head: more than 24 mm Ossification completes by
age of 17-19 years
Circumference of head: more than 69 mm

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-47

Name: Radius –Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Diameter of head: more than 24 mm Ossification completes
by age of 17-19 years
Circumference of head: more than 69 mm

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-48

Name: Ulna –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
upper epiphysis joins the
body about the 16-17th
year, the lower about the
17-18 th year

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-49

Name: Ulna –Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
upper epiphysis joins the
body about the 16-17th
year, the lower about the
17-18 th year

51
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-50
Name: Wrist Bones Rt (carpal)- scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
All bones Fuses by the age
of 15-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-51

Name: Wrist Bones Lt (carpal)- scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate,
triquetrum, hamate, Pisiform
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
All bones Fuses by the
age of 15-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-52

Name: Metacarpals Rt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
unite with the shafts about
the 15-19 year.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-53

Name: Metacarpals Lt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
unite with the shafts about
the 15-19 year.

52
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-54
Name: Phalanges Rt –Proximal, Middle, Distal of 5 fingers
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
All unite with the shafts
between the 15-18 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-55

Name: Phalanges Lt –Proximal, Middle, Distal of 5 fingers
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
All unite with the shafts
between the 15-18 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-56

Name: Sternum
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Body: longer and more than twice the length of the manubrium The centre for the xiphoid
process appears during the
third year or later. It fuses
with the body at about 40
year
Upper margin in level with second thoracic vertebra 1st Sternebrae at 14-25
years • 2nd and 3rd
Sternebrae fusion at 14
years • 4th Sternebrae at
40 years
Breadth: more
Length: more than 149 mm
Sternal index: 46.2
(Length of manubrium / Length of body * 100)

53
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-57
Name: Ribs
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Thicker; larger; heavier; lesser curvature and are less oblique. The centre for Head and
tubercles appears at 14 th
year , union of bone and
epiphysis by 20-21 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-58

Name: Cervical Vertebrae(C1-C7)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-59

Name: Thoracic vertebrae(T1-T12)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-60

Name: Lumbar vertebrae(L1-L5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations

54
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-61
Name: Hip Bone –Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Ilium: Less vertical, curve of iliac crest reaches higher level and is ossified by the age of 25
more prominent
Preauricular sulcus: (attachment of anterior sacroiliac ligament) Not
frequent; narrow shallow.
Acetabulum: Large, 52 mm. in diameter; directed laterally; wider,
deeper
Obturator foramen: Large, often oval with base upward.
Greater sciatic notch: Smaller, narrower, deeper
Illeo-pectineal line: Well marked and rough
Ischial tuberosity: Inverted
Body of pubis: Narrow, triangular, thick
Ramus of pubis: It is like continuation of body of pubis.
Ischiopubic rami: More everted, thicker and rougher

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-62

Name: Hip Bone –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Ilium: Less vertical, curve of iliac crest reaches higher level and is ossified by the age of 25
more prominent
Preauricular sulcus: (attachment of anterior sacroiliac ligament) Not
frequent; narrow shallow.
Acetabulum: Large, 52 mm. in diameter; directed laterally; wider,
deeper
Obturator foramen: Large, often oval with base upward.
Greater sciatic notch: Smaller, narrower, deeper
Illeo-pectineal line: Well marked and rough
Ischial tuberosity: Inverted
Body of pubis: Narrow, triangular, thick
Ramus of pubis: It is like continuation of body of pubis.
Ischiopubic rami: More everted, thicker and rougher

55
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-63
Name: Sacrum with Coccyx
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Longer, narrower, with more evenly distributed curvature; ossification of
promontory well marked. intervertebral discs
starts from below
upwards and fusion
becomes complete by
20-25 years.
General appearance: Larger, heavier, rough, narrow
Breadth of body of 1st sacral vertebra: More than breadth of one
side ala
Inner curvature: Uniformly curved anteriorly
Sacroiliac articulation: Extends up to 3rd segment
Sacroiliac joint surface: Large, less sharply angulated
Coccyx- Less movable.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-64

Name: Femur–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Head-larger and forms 2/3 of the sphere. Vertical diameter more than
47 mm
Neck: Obtuse angle with the shaft, about 125*
Bicondylar width: 74-89 mm
Angulation of shaft with condyles: around 80*

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-65

Name: Femur–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Head-larger and forms 2/3 of the sphere. Vertical diameter more than
47 mm
Neck: Obtuse angle with the shaft, about 125*
Bicondylar width: 74-89 mm
Angulation of shaft with condyles around 80*

56
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-66
Name: Tibia –Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Offification centres fused

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-67

Name: Tibia–left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Offification centres fused

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-68

Name: Fibula–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Offification centres fused

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-69

Name: Fibula–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Offification centres fused

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-70

Name: Patella–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
ossification centre
develops at the age of 3–
6 years and fuses at
puberty

57
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-71
Name: Patella–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
ossification centre
develops at the age of 3–
6 years and fuses at
puberty

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-72

Name: Tarsals Rt & Lt: Calcaneum, Talus, Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms (1, 2, 3)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Ossification centre for:
• Calcaneum appears
at 5th month IUL
and fuses at 17-18
years
• secondary
ossification centre
for calcaneus
appear at 5 years.
• Talus appears at
7th month IUL
• Cuboid appears at
9th month IUL
• lateral cuneiform
appears at 1st year
• medial cuneiform
appears at 3rd year
• intermediate
cuneiform appears
at 2 year
• for navicular
appears at 3 year

58
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-73
Name: Metatarsals Rt & Lt (1,2, 3, 4, 5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
all unite with the shafts
between the 17-20 th years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-74

Name: Phalanges Rt & Lt : Proximal, Middle & Distal (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adult
Observations
Offification centres fused

59
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-75
Name: Adolescent Male Skull
Skull Gender Identification Skull Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
General appearance: Larger, longer (dolichocranic). Smooth and ivorine on inner
and outer side
Capacity: 1500 to 2550 ml
Architecture: Rugged; muscle ridges more marked, esp. in occipital Two halves of mandible
and temporal areas fuses -1-2 years
Metopic suture (between
frontal bones)- 2-4 years,
may remain unfused
Forehead: Steeper, (sloping), less rounded Smooth and ivorine on inner
and outer side
Glabella: Rough and more prominent
Frontonasal junction: Distinct angulation
Orbits: Square, set lower on the face, relatively smaller, rounded
margins
Supraorbital ridges: Prominent and rounded
Cheek bones: Heavier, laterally arched
Zygomatic arch: More prominent
Nasal aperture: Higher and narrower. Margins sharp
External auditory meatus: Bony ridges along the upper border is
prominent
Frontal eminences: Small
Parietal eminences: Small
Frontal sinuses: Much developed
Occipital area: Muscles lines and protuberance prominent
Mastoid process: Wider, longer, round blunt.
Base: Sites of muscular insertions more marked
Digastric groove: More deep
Condylar facet: Long and slender
Occipital condyles: Large
Palate: Larger, broader, tends more to U-shape
Foramina: Larger
Foramen magnum: Larger
Teeth: Larger

60
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-76
Name: Mandible
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
General size: larger and thicker Body-thick and long
Body- Shallow. Ramus- less Obtuse
angle(almost straight)
with the body,
Chin-U shaped Mental foramen- Open
midway between upper
and lower margin.
Body height: at symphysis greater Condyloid process-
elongated and projects
above coronoid process.
Ascending Ramus-greater breadth.
Angle of body and ramus: less obtuse (under 125 *) prominent and
everted
Condyles : larger
Mental tubercle: large and prominent

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-77

Name: Scapula –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Height: more than 157 mm Ossification centre appears for the
body at second month /8 th week
Glenoid cavity: height greater (39.2 mm) Coracoid process (two centers): 12
months fuses at 5 years; another at
10-11 years and fuses at 16 years
Glenoid: 14-15years
Inferior angle: 14 years (puberty)
fuses at 14-15 years
Acromion (three centers): appears at
14-15 years (puberty) fuses at 14-15
years
Medial border: appears at 14-15
years (puberty) fuses at 14-15 years

61
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-78
Name: Scapula –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Height: more than 157 mm Ossification centre appears for the
body at second month /8 th week
Glenoid cavity: height greater (39.2 mm) Coracoid process (two centers): 12
months fuses at 5 years; another at
10-11 years and fuses at 16 years
Glenoid: 14-15years
Inferior angle: 14 years (puberty)
fuses at 14-15 years
Acromion (three centers): appears
at 14-15 years (puberty) fuses at
14-15 years
Medial border: appears at 14-15
years (puberty) fuses at 14-15
years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-79

Name: Clavicle –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Broader, heavier, less curved It is the first bone to ossify.
2 primary centre appears in shaft
at around 4th-5th weeks of
gestation soon fuses with each
other
Sternal end appears at 18-19 years
and fuses around 20-22 years of
age. The lateral end has
intramembranous ossification.
Acromial end: slightly higher than the sternal end

62
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-80
Name: Clavicle –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Broader, heavier, less curved It is the first bone to ossify.
2 primary centre appears in shaft at around
4th-5th weeks of gestation soon fuses with
each other
Sternal end appears at 18-19 years and
fuses around 20-22 years of age. The
lateral end has intramembranous
ossification.
Acromial end: slightly higher than the sternal end

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-81

Name: Humerus–right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Diameter of head: more than 47 mm Ossification centre appears for
 Head -1 year,
 Greater tubercle at 3 years,
 Lesser tubercle at 5 years
Three fuses together at 5-6 years and with
shaft at 17-18 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-82

Name: Humerus–left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Diameter of head: more than 47 mm Ossification centre appears for
 Head -1 year,
 Greater tubercle at 3 years,
 Lesser tubercle at 5 years
Three fuses together at 5-6 years and with
shaft at 17-18 years

63
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-83
Name: Radius–right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Diameter of head: more than 24 mm Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 5-6
years and fuses at 15-17
years
Lower end- appears at 2
years- fuses at 17-19 years
Circumference of head: more than 69 mm

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-84

Name: Radius –Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Diameter of head: more than 24 mm Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 5-6
years and fuses at 15-17
years
Lower end- appears at 2
years- fuses at 17-19 years
Circumference of head: more than 69 mm

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-85

Name: Ulna –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 9
years and fuses at 15-17
years
Lower end- appears at 6
years- fuses at 17-19 years

64
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-86
Name: Ulna –Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 9 years and fuses at
15-17 years
Lower end- appears at 6 years- fuses at 17-
19 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-87

Name: Wrist Bones Rt (carpal)- scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
capitate: 2 months.
hamate: 2 months.
triquetrum: 3 years.
lunate: 4 years.
scaphoid: 5 years.
trapezium: 6 years.
trapezoid: 5 years.
pisiform: 11-12 year
Fuses by the age of 15-17 years

65
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-88
Name: Wrist Bones Lt (carpal)- scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
capitate: 2 months.
hamate: 2 months.
triquetrum: 3 years.
lunate: 4 years.
scaphoid: 5 years.
trapezium: 6 years.
trapezoid: 5 years.
pisiform: 11-12 year
Fuses by the age of 15-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-89

Name: Metacarpals Rt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Metacarpal bone of the thumb has two centres
of ossification: a primary centre in the shaft
and a secondary centre in the base
The ossification process begins in the shaft
during the 9th week of prenatal life, and in the
base during the 3rd year
Primary and secondary centres unite before
17th year
Ossification begins in the middle of the shaft
about the 8 or 9 th week of foetal life .About
the third year the base of the first metacarpal
bone, and the heads of the other metacarpal
bones, begin to ossify & unite by 15-19 year

66
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-90
Name: Metacarpals Lt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Metacarpal bone of the thumb has two
centres of ossification: a primary centre in
the shaft and a secondary centre in the
base
The ossification process begins in the
shaft during the 9th week of prenatal life,
and in the base during the 3rd year
Primary and secondary centres unite
before 17th year
Ossification begins in the middle of the
shaft about the 8 or 9 th week of foetal
life .About the third year the base of the
first metacarpal bone, and the heads of the
other metacarpal bones, begin to ossify &
unite by 15-19 year

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-91

Name: Phalanges Rt –Proximal, Middle, Distal of 5 fingers
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
 The phalanges are each ossified
from two centers; a primary canter
for the shaft, and a secondary or
epiphyseal centre for the proximal
extremity. Ossification begins in the
shaft for proximal phalanges in
10th week, in middle phalanges at
12 th week, and in distal phalanges
at about the eighth week of fetal
life.
 The epiphyses for the bases of the
proximal row of phalanges appear
at 2 years, and for the middle and
distal rows of phalanges between 2-
4 years.
All unite with the shafts between the 15-18
years

67
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-92
Name: Phalanges Lt –Proximal, Middle, Distal of 5 fingers
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
 The phalanges are each ossified from
two centers; a primary canter for the
shaft, and a secondary or epiphyseal
centre for the proximal extremity.
Ossification begins in the shaft for
proximal phalanges in 10th week, in
middle phalanges at 12 th week, and
in distal phalanges at about the eighth
week of fetal life.
 The epiphyses for the bases of the
proximal row of phalanges appear at
2 years, and for the middle and distal
rows of phalanges between 2-4 years.
 All unite with the shafts between the
18-20 years
All unite with the shafts between the 15-18
years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-93

Name: Sternum
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Body: longer and more than twice the length of the The centre for the xiphoid process appears
manubrium during the third year or later. It fuses with
the body at about 40 year
Upper margin in level with second thoracic
vertebra
Breadth: more
Length: more than 149 mm
Sternal index: 46.2
(Length of manubrium / Length of body * 100)

68
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-94
Name: Ribs
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Thicker; larger; heavier; lesser Ribs begin as cartilage that later ossifies – a process
curvature and are less oblique. called endochondral ossification
During the fifth week the costal processes on the
thoracic vertebrae become longer to form the ribs. In the
sixth week, the costovertebral joints begin to develop
and separate the ribs from the vertebrae
Rib development begins at 9 weeks;
secondary ossification centers appear at 15 years.
The first seven “true” ribs connect to the sternum via the
costal cartilages by day 45
The centre for Head and tubercles appears at 14 th year ,
union of bone and epiphysis by 20-21 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-95

Name: Cervical Vertebrae( C1-C7)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
3 primary ossification centers that start appearing at 9
weeks in utero and finish primary ossification by one year
• one in the centrum (for most of the vertebral body)
• one for each half of the neural arch (two in total)
five secondary ossification centers that appear at puberty
and fuse by 25-30 years
• one at the tip of the spinous process
• one at the tip of each transverse process (two in
total)
• two as ring (or annular) epiphyses at the upper and
lower surfaces of the vertebral bodies
C1(atlas): three primary ossification centers in total
• one for the anterior arch
• one for each side of the posterior arch (two in total)
C2 (axis): five primary ossification centers in total
• one in the centrum (for most of the vertebral body)
• one for each half of the neural arch (two in total)
• two extra primary ossification centers for the dens
(odontoid process)

69
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-96
Name: Thoracic vertebrae(T1-T12)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
3 primary ossification centers that start appearing at 9
weeks in utero and finish primary ossification by one
year
• one in the centrum (for most of the vertebral
body)
• one for each half of the neural arch (two in
total)
five secondary ossification centers that appear at
puberty and fuse by 25-30 years
• one at the tip of the spinous process
• one at the tip of each transverse process (two in
total)
• two as ring (or annular) epiphyses at the upper
and lower surfaces of the vertebral bodies

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-97

Name: Lumbar vertebrae(L1-L5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
3 primary ossification centers that start appearing at 9
weeks in utero and finish primary ossification by one year
• one in the centrum (for most of the vertebral body)
• one for each half of the neural arch (two in total)
five secondary ossification centers that appear at puberty
and fuse by 25-30 years
• one at the tip of the spinous process
• one at the tip of each transverse process (two in
total)
• two as ring (or annular) epiphyses at the upper and
lower surfaces of the vertebral bodies

70
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-98
Name: Hip Bone –Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Ilium: Less vertical, curve of iliac crest reaches higher level and is Ossification centre for
more prominent  Crest of ilium
appears at 14 years
 Triradiate cartilage
of acetabulum
appears at 13 years
and fuses at age 15
years
 Iliac crest by 14
years and unites by
19-21 years
 Ischial tuberosity
appears at 16 years
and unites by 21-
22 years
Preauricular sulcus: (attachment of anterior sacroiliac ligament) Not By the seventh or eighth
frequent; narrow shallow. year, the inferior rami of
the pubis and ischium are
almost completely united
by bone.
Acetabulum : Large, 52 mm. in diameter; directed laterally; wider,
deeper
Obturator foramen: Large, often oval with base upward.
Greater sciatic notch : Smaller, narrower, deeper
Illeo-pectineal line : Well marked and rough
Ischial tuberosity: Inverted
Body of pubis : Narrow, triangular, thick
Ramus of pubis: It is like continuation of body of pubis.
Ischiopubic rami: More everted, thicker and rougher

71
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-99
Name: Hip Bone –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Ilium: Less vertical, curve of iliac crest reaches higher level and is Ossification centre for
more prominent  Crest of ilium
appears at 14 years
 Triradiate cartilage
of acetabulum
appears at 13 years
and fuses at age 15
years
 Iliac crest by 14
years and unites by
19-21 years
 Ischial tuberosity
appears at 16 years
and unites by 21-
22 years
Preauricular sulcus: (attachment of anterior sacroiliac ligament) Not By the seventh or eighth
frequent; narrow shallow. year, the inferior rami of
the pubis and ischium are
almost completely united
by bone.
Acetabulum : Large, 52 mm. in diameter; directed laterally; wider,
deeper
Obturator foramen: Large, often oval with base upward.
Greater sciatic notch : Smaller, narrower, deeper
Illeo-pectineal line : Well marked and rough
Ischial tuberosity: Inverted
Body of pubis : Narrow, triangular, thick
Ramus of pubis: It is like continuation of body of pubis.
Ischiopubic rami: More everted, thicker and rougher

72
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-100
Name: Sacrum with Coccyx
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Longer, narrower, with more evenly distributed curvature; 5 sacral vertebrae are
promontory well marked. separated by cartilage until
puberty

General appearance: Larger, heavier, rough, narrow

Breadth of body of 1st sacral vertebra: More than breadth of one
side ala
Inner curvature: Uniformly curved anteriorly
Sacroiliac articulation: Extends up to 3rd segment
Sacroiliac joint surface: Large, less sharply angulated
Coccyx- Less movable.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-101

Name: Femur–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Head-larger and forms 2/3 of the Ossification centre for
sphere. Vertical diameter more than  For Head appears at 1 year and fuses at 17-18 years
47 mm  Greater trochanter appears at 4 years and fuses at 14-
15 years
 Lesser trochanter appears at 14 years and fuses at 15-
17 years
 Lower end appears at 9 months IUL (at birth) and
fuses at 17-18 years
Neck: Obtuse angle with the shaft,
about 125*
Bicondylar width: 74-89 mm
Angulation of shaft with condyles:
around 80*

73
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-102
Name: Femur–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Head-larger and forms 2/3 of the sphere. Ossification centre for
Vertical diameter more than 47 mm  For Head appears at 1 year and fuses at
17-18 years
 Greater trochanter appears at 4 years
and fuses at 14-15 years
 Lesser trochanter appears at 14 years
and fuses at 15-17 years
 Lower end appears at 9 months IUL (at
birth) and fuses at 17-18 years
Neck: Obtuse angle with the shaft, about 125*
Bicondylar width: 74-89 mm
Angulation of shaft with condyles around 80*

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-103

Name: Tibia –Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at birth and fuses at 17- 18
years
Lower end- appears at 1 years- fuses at 16-17
years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-104

Name: Tibia–left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at birth and fuses at 17- 18 years
Lower end- appears at 1 years- fuses at 16-17 years

74
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-105
Name: Fibula–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 4 years and fuses at 17- 18 years
Lower end- appears at 2 years- fuses at 16-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-106

Name: Fibula–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 4 years and fuses at 17- 18
years
Lower end- appears at 2 years- fuses at 16-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-107

Name: Patella–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
ossification centre develops at the age of 3–6 years and
fuses at puberty

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-108

Name: Patella–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
ossification centre
develops at the age of 3–
6 years and fuses at
puberty

75
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-109
Name: Tarsals Rt & Lt : Calcaneum, Talus, Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms (1, 2, 3)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
Ossification centre for:
• Calcaneum appears at 5th month IUL and
fuses at 17-18 years
• secondary ossification centre for calcaneus
appear at 5 years.
• Talus appears at 7th month IUL
• Cuboid appears at 9th month IUL
• lateral cuneiform appears at 1st year
• medial cuneiform appears at 3rd year
• intermediate cuneiform appears at 2 year
• for navicular appears at 3 year

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-110

Name: Metatarsals Rt & Lt (1,2, 3, 4, 5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
 The metatarsal bones are each ossified from two
centers: a primary centre for the shaft, and a
secondary or epiphyseal centre for the base or
proximal end of the first, and for the head or distal
end of each of the other four.
 Ossification begins in the middle of the shaft of first
metatarsal at 10 th week of fetal life and others at 9
th week of fetal life
 The epiphysis for the base of the first metatarsal
appears at 3rd year and for the heads of the other
metatarsals in third year
 all unite with the shafts between the 17-20 th years

76
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-111
Name: Phalanges Rt & Lt foot : Proximal, Middle & Distal (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Adolescent
Observations
 Phalanges are each ossified from two centers: a primary
for the shaft and an epiphysis for the base.
 The primary centers for the distal phalanges appear
about 9-12 week of fetal life, for the proximal phalange
between the 11-15 weeks of fetal life, and those for the
intermediate phalanges after 1-1.5 years
 The epiphyseal centers appear between 3-6 years
 All unite with the shafts about the 17-20 year.

77
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-112
Name: Child Male Skull
Skull Gender Identification Skull Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
General appearance : Larger, longer (dolichocranic). Smooth and ivorine on
inner and outer side
Capacity: 1500 to 2550 ml
Architecture: Rugged; muscle ridges more marked, esp. in occipital Two halves of mandible
and temporal areas fuses -1-2 years
Metopic suture (between
frontal bones)- 2-4 years,
may remain unfused
Forehead: Steeper, (sloping), less rounded
Glabella: Rough and more prominent
Frontonasal junction: Distinct angulation
Orbits : Square, set lower on the face, relatively smaller, rounded
margins
Supraorbital ridges: Prominent and rounded
Cheek bones: Heavier, laterally arched
Zygomatic arch: More prominent
Nasal aperture: Higher and narrower. Margins sharp
External auditory meatus: Bony ridges along the upper border is
prominent
Frontal eminences: Small
Parietal eminences: Small
Frontal sinuses: Much developed
Occipital area: Muscles lines and protuberance prominent
Mastoid process: Wider, longer, round blunt.
Base: Sites of muscular insertions more marked
Digastric groove : More deep
Condylar facet: Long and slender
Occipital condyles: Large
Palate: Larger, broader, tends more to U-shape
Foramina: Larger
Foramen magnum: Larger
Teeth: Larger

78
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-113
Name: Mandible
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
General size: larger and thicker Body-shallow
Body- Shallow. Ramus- short and oblique, Obtuse
angle(almost straight) with the body,
Chin-U shaped Mental foramen- Open near lower
margin.
Body height: at symphysis greater Condyloid process: at lower level
than coronoid process.
Ascending Ramus-greater breadth.
Angle of body and ramus: less obtuse (under 125 *)
prominent and everted
Condyles : larger
Mental tubercle: large and prominent

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-114

Name: Scapula –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Height: more than 157 mm Ossification centre appears for the
body at second month /8 th week
Glenoid cavity : height greater(39.2 mm) Coracoid process (two centers): 12
months fuses at 5 years; another at 10-
11 years and fuses at 16 years
Glenoid: 14-15years
Inferior angle: 14 years (puberty) fuses
at 14-15 years
Acromion (three centers): appears at
14-15 years (puberty) fuses at 14-15
years
Medial border: appears at 14-15 years
(puberty) fuses at 14-15 years

79
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-115
Name: Scapula –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Height: more than 157 mm Ossification centre appears for the body at
second month /8 th week
Glenoid cavity : height greater(39.2 mm) Coracoid process (two centers): 12 months
fuses at 5 years; another at 10-11 years and
fuses at 16 years
Glenoid: 14-15years
Inferior angle: 14 years (puberty) fuses at 14-
15 years
Acromion (three centers): appears at 14-15
years (puberty) fuses at 14-15 years
Medial border: appears at 14-15 years
(puberty) fuses at 14-15 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-116

Name: Clavicle –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations

Broader, heavier, less curved It is the first bone to ossify.

2 primary centre appears in
shaft at around 4th-5th
weeks of gestation soon
fuses with each other
Sternal end appears at 18-19
years and fuses around 20-
22 years of age. The lateral
end has intramembranous
ossification.
Acromial end: slightly higher than the sternal end

80
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-117
Name: Clavicle –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Broader, heavier, less curved It is the first bone to ossify.
2 primary centre appears in shaft at around 4th-
5th weeks of gestation soon fuses with each other
Sternal end appears at 18-19 years and fuses
around 20-22 years of age. The lateral end has
intramembranous ossification.
Acromial end: slightly higher than the sternal end

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-118

Name: Humerus–right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Diameter of head: more in size Ossification centre appears for
 Head -1 year,
 Greater tubercle at 3 years,
 Lesser tubercle at 5 years
Three fuses together at 5-6 years and with
shaft at 17-18 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-119

Name: Humerus–left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Diameter of head: more than 47 mm Ossification centre appears for
 Head -1 year,
 Greater tubercle at 3 years,
 Lesser tubercle at 5 years
Three fuses together at 5-6 years and with shaft
at 17-18 years

81
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-120
Name: Radius–right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Diameter of head: more than 24 mm Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 5-6
years and fuses at 15-17
years
Lower end- appears at 2
years- fuses at 17-19 years
Circumference of head: more than 69 mm

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-121

Name: Radius –Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Diameter of head: more than 24 mm Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 5-6
years and fuses at 15-17
years
Lower end- appears at 2
years- fuses at 17-19 years
Circumference of head: more than 69 mm

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-122

Name: Ulna –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 9
years and fuses at 15-17
years
Lower end- appears at 6
years- fuses at 17-19 years

82
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-123
Name: Ulna –Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 9 years and fuses at 15-17
years
Lower end- appears at 6 years- fuses at 17-19
years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-124

Name: Wrist Bones Rt (carpal)- scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
capitate: 2 months.
hamate: 2 months.
triquetrum: 3 years.
lunate: 4 years.
scaphoid: 5 years.
trapezium: 6 years.
trapezoid: 5 years.
pisiform: 11-12 year
Fuses by the age of 15-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-125

Name: Wrist Bones Lt (carpal)- scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
capitate: 2 months.
hamate: 2 months.
triquetrum: 3 years.
lunate: 4 years.
scaphoid: 5 years.
trapezium: 6 years.
trapezoid: 5 years.
pisiform: 11-12 year
Fuses by the age of 15-17 years

83
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-126
Name: Metacarpals Rt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Metacarpal bone of the thumb has two centres of ossification: a
primary centre in the shaft and a secondary centre in the base
The ossification process begins in the shaft during the 9th week
of prenatal life, and in the base during the 3rd year
Primary and secondary centres unite before 17th year
Ossification begins in the middle of the shaft about the 8 or 9 th
week of foetal life .About the third year the base of the first
metacarpal bone, and the heads of the other metacarpal bones,
begin to ossify they unite with the shafts about the 20 th year.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-127

Name: Metacarpals Lt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Metacarpal bone of the thumb has two centres of ossification:
a primary centre in the shaft and a secondary centre in the base
The ossification process begins in the shaft during the 9th
week of prenatal life, and in the base during the 3rd year
Primary and secondary centres unite before 17th year
Ossification begins in the middle of the shaft about the 8 or 9
th week of foetal life .About the third year the base of the first
metacarpal bone, and the heads of the other metacarpal bones,
begin to ossify they unite with the shafts about the 20 th year.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-128

Name: Phalanges Rt hand –Proximal, Middle, Distal of 5 fingers
Gender Age Identification
Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations  The phalanges are each ossified from two centers; a primary canter for the
shaft, and a secondary or epiphyseal centre for the proximal extremity.
Ossification begins in the shaft for proximal phalanges in 10th week, in
middle phalanges at 12 th week, and in distal phalanges at about the eighth
week of fetal life.
 The epiphyses for the bases of the proximal row of phalanges appear at 2
years, and for the middle and distal rows of phalanges between 2-4 years.
All unite with the shafts between the eighteenth and twentieth years

84
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-129
Name: Phalanges Lt hand –Proximal, Middle, Distal of 5 fingers
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
 The phalanges are each ossified from two centers; a primary
canter for the shaft, and a secondary or epiphyseal centre for
the proximal extremity. Ossification begins in the shaft for
proximal phalanges in 10th week, in middle phalanges at 12
th week, and in distal phalanges at about the eighth week of
fetal life.
 The epiphyses for the bases of the proximal row of
phalanges appear at 2 years, and for the middle and distal
rows of phalanges between 2-4 years.
 All unite with the shafts between the 18-20 years.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-130

Name: Sternum
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Body: longer and more than twice the length of the The centre for the xiphoid process
manubrium appears during the third year or later. It
fuses with the body at about 40 year
Upper margin in level with second thoracic vertebra
Breadth: more
Length: more than 149 mm
Sternal index: 46.2
(Length of manubrium / Length of body * 100)

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-131

Name: Ribs
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations

Thicker; larger; heavier; Ribs begin as cartilage that later ossifies – a process called
lesser curvature and are less endochondral ossification
oblique. During the fifth week the costal processes on the thoracic vertebrae
become longer to form the ribs. In the sixth week, the costovertebral
joints begin to develop and separate the ribs from the vertebrae
Rib development begins at 9 weeks;
secondary ossification centers appear at 15 years.
The first seven “true” ribs connect to the sternum via the costal
cartilages by day 45

85
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-132
Name: Cervical Vertebrae(C1-C7)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
3 primary ossification centers that start appearing at 9 weeks in utero
and finish primary ossification by one year
• one in the centrum (for most of the vertebral body)
• one for each half of the neural arch (two in total)
five secondary ossification centers that appear at puberty and fuse by
25-30 years
• one at the tip of the spinous process
• one at the tip of each transverse process (two in total)
• two as ring (or annular) epiphyses at the upper and lower
surfaces of the vertebral bodies
C1(atlas): three primary ossification centers in total
• one for the anterior arch
• one for each side of the posterior arch (two in total)
C2 (axis): five primary ossification centers in total
• one in the centrum (for most of the vertebral body)
• one for each half of the neural arch (two in total)
• two extra primary ossification centers for the dens (odontoid
process)

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-133

Name: Thoracic vertebrae(T1-T12)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
3 primary ossification centers that start appearing at 9 weeks in
utero and finish primary ossification by one year
• one in the centrum (for most of the vertebral body)
• one for each half of the neural arch (two in total)
five secondary ossification centers that appear at puberty and fuse
by 25-30 years
• one at the tip of the spinous process
• one at the tip of each transverse process (two in total)
• two as ring (or annular) epiphyses at the upper and lower
surfaces of the vertebral bodies

86
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-134
Name: Lumbar vertebrae(L1-L5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
3 primary ossification centers that start appearing at 9
weeks in utero and finish primary ossification by one year
• one in the centrum (for most of the vertebral body)
• one for each half of the neural arch (two in total)
five secondary ossification centers that appear at puberty
and fuse by 25-30 years
• one at the tip of the spinous process
• one at the tip of each transverse process (two in
total)
• two as ring (or annular) epiphyses at the upper and
lower surfaces of the vertebral bodies

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-135

Name: Hip Bone –Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Ilium: Less vertical, curve of iliac crest reaches higher Ossification centre for
level and is more prominent -Crest of ilium appears at 14 years
-Triradiate cartilage of acetabulum
appears at 13 years and fuses at age 15
years
-Iliac crest by 14 years and unites by 19-
21 years
-Ischial tuberosity appears at 16 years
and unites by 21-22 years
Preauricular sulcus: (attachment of anterior sacroiliac By the seventh or eighth year, the
ligament) Not frequent; narrow shallow. inferior rami of the pubis and ischium
are almost completely united by bone.
Acetabulum : Large, 52 mm. in diameter; directed
laterally; wider, deeper
Obturator foramen: Large, often oval with base
upward.
Greater sciatic notch : Smaller, narrower, deeper
Illeo-pectineal line : Well marked and rough
Ischial tuberosity: Inverted
Body of pubis : Narrow, triangular, thick
Ramus of pubis: It is like continuation of body of
pubis.
Ischiopubic rami: More everted, thicker and rougher
87
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-136
Name: Hip Bone –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Ilium: Less vertical, curve of iliac crest reaches Ossification centre for
higher level and is more prominent  Crest of ilium appears at 14 years
 Triradiate cartilage of acetabulum
appears at 13 years and fuses at age
15 years
 Iliac crest by 14 years and unites by
19-21 years
 Ischial tuberosity appears at 16 years
and unites by 21-22 years
Preauricular sulcus: (attachment of anterior By the seventh or eighth year, the inferior
sacroiliac ligament) Not frequent; narrow shallow. rami of the pubis and ischium are almost
completely united by bone.
Acetabulum : Large, 52 mm. in diameter; directed
laterally; wider, deeper
Obturator foramen: Large, often oval with base
upward.
Greater sciatic notch : Smaller, narrower, deeper
Illeo-pectineal line : Well marked and rough
Ischial tuberosity: Inverted
Body of pubis : Narrow, triangular, thick
Ramus of pubis: It is like continuation of body of
pubis.
Ischiopubic rami: More everted, thicker and
rougher

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-137

Name: Sacrum with Coccyx
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations - Longer, narrower, with more evenly 5 sacral vertebrae are separated by
distributed curvature; promontory well marked. cartilage until puberty

General appearance: Larger, heavier, rough, narrow

Breadth of body of 1st sacral vertebra: More than breadth
of one side ala
Inner curvature: Uniformly curved anteriorly
Sacroiliac articulation: Extends up to 3rd segment
Sacroiliac joint surface: Large, less sharply angulated
Coccyx- Less movable.

88
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-138
Name: Femur–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Head-larger and forms 2/3 of the sphere. Ossification centre for
Vertical diameter more than 47 mm  For Head appears at 1 year and fuses at 17-18
years
 Greater trochanter appears at 4 years and
fuses at 14-15 years
 Lesser trochanter appears at 14 years and
fuses at 15-17 years
 Lower end appears at 9 months IUL (at birth)
and fuses at 17-18 years
Neck: Obtuse angle with the shaft, about
125*
Bicondylar width: 74-89 mm
Angulation of shaft with condyles: around
80*

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-139

Name: Femur–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Head-larger and forms 2/3 of the sphere. Ossification centre for
Vertical diameter more than 47 mm  For Head appears at 1 year and fuses at
17-18 years
 Greater trochanter appears at 4 years and
fuses at 14-15 years
 Lesser trochanter appears at 14 years and
fuses at 15-17 years
 Lower end appears at 9 months IUL (at
birth) and fuses at 17-18 years
Neck: Obtuse angle with the shaft, about
125*
Bicondylar width: 74-89 mm
Angulation of shaft with condyles around 80*

89
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-140
Name: Tibia –Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at birth and fuses at 17- 18 years
Lower end- appears at 1 years- fuses at 16-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-141

Name: Tibia–left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at birth and fuses at 17- 18 years
Lower end- appears at 1 years- fuses at 16-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-142

Name: Fibula–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 4
years and fuses at 17- 18
years
Lower end- appears at 2
years- fuses at 16-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-143

Name:Fibula–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 4 years and fuses at 17- 18
years
Lower end- appears at 2 years- fuses at 16-17
years

90
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-144
Name:Patella–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
ossification centre develops
at the age of 3–6 years and
fuses at puberty

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-145

Name: Patella–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
ossification centre
develops at the age of 3–6
years and fuses at puberty

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-146

Name: Tarsals Rt & Lt : Calcaneum, Talus, Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms (1, 2, 3)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
Ossification centre for:
Each ossified from a single centre, except the Calcaneus
• Calcaneum appears at 5th month IUL, for posterior part at 6-
8 years and fuses at 14-16 years
• Talus appears at 7th month IUL
• Cuboid appears at 9th month IUL
• Lateral cuneiform appears at 1st year
• Medial cuneiform appears at 2 year
• Intermediate cuneiform appears at 3 year
• Navicular appears at 3 year

91
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-147
Name: Metatarsals Rt & Lt (1,2, 3, 4, 5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
 The metatarsal bones are each ossified from two centers: a
primary centre for the shaft, and a secondary or epiphyseal
centre for the base or proximal end of the first, and for the
head or distal end of each of the other four.
 Ossification begins in the middle of the shaft of first
metatarsal at 10 th week of fetal life and others at 9 th week of
fetal life
 The epiphysis for the base of the first metatarsal appears at 3rd
year and for the heads of the other metatarsals in third year
 all unite with the shafts between the 17-20 th years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-148

Name: Phalanges Rt & Lt foot: Proximal, Middle & Distal (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Child
Observations
 Phalanges are each ossified from two centers: a primary for
the shaft and an epiphysis for the base.
 The primary centers for the distal phalanges appear about 9-
12 week of fetal life, for the proximal phalange between the
11-15 weeks of fetal life, and those for the intermediate
phalanges after 1-1.5 years
 The epiphyseal centers appear between 3-6 years
 All unite with the shafts about the 17-20 year.

92
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-149
Name: Old Female Skull
Skull Gender Identification Skull Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: old
Observations
General appearance : Small, lighter, walls thinner; On inside of the skull, on either side of
rounder, and smoother sagittal suture, contains pits or
depressions-becomes more marked in
depth and frequency.
Capacity: 1350 to 1400 ml The groove of middle meningeal artery
become deeper
Architecture: Smooth Diploe becomes less vascularly
channelled and increasing replacement
by bone
Forehead: Vertical, round, full infantile Lambdoid suture- at 45-50 years ,
Parieto-temporal at 60-70 years
Glabella: Smooth, small or absent
Frontonasal junction: Smoothly curved with advancing age tend to become
lighter and thinner
Orbits : Rounded, higher, relatively larger, sharp
margins
Supraorbital ridges: Less prominent, sharper or absent
Cheek bones: Lighter, more compressed
Zygomatic arch: Less prominent
Nasal aperture: Lower and broader
External auditory meatus: Often absent
Frontal eminences: Large
Parietal eminences: Large
Frontal sinuses: Less developed
Occipital area: Not prominent
Mastoid process: Narrow, short, smooth, pointed.
Base: Less marked
Digastric groove : Less deep
Condylar facet: Short and broad
Occipital condyles: small
Palate: Smaller, trends more to parabola
Foramina: Smaller
Foramen magnum: Smaller
Teeth: Smaller

93
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-150
Name: Mandible
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: old
Observations
General size: larger and thicker Body-shallow
Body: smaller and thinner Ramus- Obtuse angle with the body,
about 140 degree.
Chin: rounded Mental foramen- Open near the
alveolar margin.
Body height: at symphysis smaller Condyloid process- At the lower
level than coronoid process.
Ascending Ramus: smaller breadth
Angle of body and ramus: more obtuse, not prominent,
inverted
Condyles : smaller
Mental tubercle: insignificant

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-151

Name: Scapula –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
Height: less than 144 mm  between 30-35 years-lipping starts at ventral margin
of glenoid cavity
 by 35-40 irregular lipping occurs around the
clavicular facet and inferior surface of acromion
process
 45 years –localised bony atrophy
 Cristae scapulae appears by 50 years
Glenoid cavity : height less( 32.6
mm)

94
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-152
Name: Scapula –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
Height: less than 144 mm  between 30-35 years-lipping starts at ventral
margin of glenoid cavity
 by 35-40 irregular lipping occurs around the
clavicular facet and inferior surface of acromion
process
 45 years –localised bony atrophy
 Cristae scapulae appears by 50 years
Glenoid cavity : height less( 32.6 mm)

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-153

Name: Clavicle –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
Size: smaller , narrower( 138mm), lighter, more Medial end fuses at 20-22 years
curved

Acromial end:

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-154

Name: Clavicle –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
Size: smaller , narrower( 138mm), lighter, more curved Medial end fuses at 20-22
years

Acromial end: below the level of sternal end

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-155

Name: Humerus–right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
Diameter of head: less than 43 mm Ossification completes by age of 17-18
years

95
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-156
Name: Humerus–left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
Diameter of head: less than 43 mm Ossification completes by age of 17-18 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-157

Name: Radius–right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
Diameter of head: less than 21 mm Ossification completes by age of 17-19 years
Circumference of head: less than 55 mm

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-158

Name: Radius –Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
Diameter of head: less than 21 mm Ossification completes by age of 17-19 years
Circumference of head: less than 55 mm

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-159

Name: Ulna –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
upper epiphysis joins the body about the 16-17th
year, the lower about the 17-18 th year

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-160

Name: Ulna –Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
upper epiphysis joins the body about the 16-17th
year, the lower about the 17-18 th year

96
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-161
Name: Wrist Bones Rt (carpal)- scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
All bones Fuses by the age of 15-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-162

Name: Wrist Bones Lt (carpal)- scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
All bones Fuses by the age
of 15-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-163

Name: Metacarpals Rt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
unite with the shafts about the 15-19 year.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-164

Name: Metacarpals Lt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
unite with the shafts about the 15-19 year.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-165

Name: Phalanges Rt –Proximal, Middle, Distal of 5 fingers
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
All unite with the shafts between the 15-18 years

97
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-166
Name: Phalanges Lt –Proximal, Middle, Distal of 5 fingers
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
All unite with the shafts between the 15-18 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-167

Name: Sternum
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
Shorter and less than twice the length of the The centre for the xiphoid process appears
manubrium during the third year or later. It fuses with
the body at about 40 year
Upper margin in level with third thoracic vertebra Manubrium fuses with the body at about 60
years
Breadth: less
Length: less than 149 mm
Sternal index: 54.3
(Length of manubrium / Length of body * 100)

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-168

Name: Ribs
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
Thinner; shorter; greater curvature and more oblique The centre for Head and tubercles appears at
14 th year , union of bone and epiphysis by
20-21 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-169

Name: Cervical Vertebrae( C1-C7)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
Cervical degenerative changes arise from conditions such
as spondylosis, stenosis of intervertebral discs, and the formation
of osteophytes

98
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-170
Name: Thoracic vertebrae(T1-T12)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
thoracic spine is the second segment of the vertebral column, located Kyphosis, Increased anterior
between the cervical and lumbar vertebral segments. curvature
It consists of 12 vertebrae, which are separated by intervertebral discs

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-171

Name: Lumbar vertebrae(L1-L5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-172

Name: Hip Bone –Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
Ilium: More vertical, distance between iliac crest is less; iliac fossae ossified by the age of 25
shallow; curves of crest well marked
Preauricular sulcus(attachment of anterior sacroiliac ligament):
More frequent, broad and deep
Acetabulum: Small, 46mm. in diameter; directed anterolaterally;
narrower.
Obturator foramen: Small, triangular with apex forward.
Greater sciatic notch : Smaller, narrower, deeper
Illeo-pectineal line : Rounded and smooth
Ischial tuberosity: Everted; more widely separated
Body of pubis : Broad, square; pits on posterior surface if borne
children
Ramus of pubis: Has a constricted or narrowed appearance and is
short and thick
Ischiopubic rami: Less everted, thinner and smoother

99
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-173
Name: Hip Bone –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
Ilium: More vertical, distance between iliac crest is less; iliac fossae ossified by the age of 25
shallow; curves of crest well marked
Preauricular sulcus(attachment of anterior sacroiliac ligament):
More frequent, broad and deep
Acetabulum: Small, 46mm. in diameter; directed anterolaterally;
narrower.
Obturator foramen: Small, triangular with apex forward.
Greater sciatic notch : Smaller, narrower, deeper
Illeo-pectineal line : Rounded and smooth
Ischial tuberosity: Everted; more widely separated
Body of pubis : Broad, square; pits on posterior surface if borne
children
Ramus of pubis: Has a constricted or narrowed appearance and is
short and thick
Ischiopubic rami: Less everted, thinner and smoother

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-174

Name: Sacrum with Coccyx
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
Shorter, wider; upper half almost straight, curve forward in lower ossification of
half; promontory less marked. Body of first sacral vertebra small. intervertebral discs starts
from below upwards and
fusion becomes complete
by 20-25 years
General appearance: Smaller, lighter, smooth, broad
Breadth of body of 1st sacral vertebra: less than breadth of one
side ala
Inner curvature: Abruptly curved at the last two segments
Sacroiliac articulation: Extends up to 2-2½ segment
Sacroiliac joint surface: L-shaped, elevated anteriorly
Coccyx-more movable.

100
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-175
Name: Femur–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
Head-smaller and forms less than 2/3 of sphere. Vertical diameter
less than 45 mm
Neck: less obtuse angle with shaft
Bicondylar width: 67-76 mm
Angulation of shaft with condyles: around 76 *

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-176

Name: Femur–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
Head-smaller and forms less than 2/3 of sphere. Vertical diameter
less than 45 mm
Neck: less obtuse angle with shaft
Bicondylar width: 67-76 mm
Angulation of shaft with condyles: around 76 *

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-177

Name: Tibia –Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
All ossification centres fused

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-178

Name: Tibia–left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
All ossification centres fused

101
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-179
Name: Fibula–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
All ossification centres fused

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-180

Name: Fibula–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
All ossification centres fused

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-181

Name: Patella–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations ossification centre develops
at the age of 3–6 years and
fuses at puberty

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-182

Name: Patella–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
ossification centre
develops at the age of 3–6
years and fuses at puberty

102
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-183
Name: Tarsals Rt & Lt : Calcaneum, Talus, Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms (1, 2, 3)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-184

Name: Metatarsals Rt & Lt (1,2, 3, 4, 5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-185

Name: Phalanges Rt & Lt foot: Proximal, Middle & Distal (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations

103
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-186
Name: Adult Female Skull
Skull Gender Identification Skull Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
General appearance : Small, lighter, walls thinner; rounder, and Basiocciput and basisphenoid
smoother suture closure at-20-22 years
Capacity: 1350 to 1400 ml Lambdoid suture at 45-50 years
Architecture: Smooth
Forehead: Vertical, round, full infantile
Glabella: Smooth, small or absent
Frontonasal junction: Smoothly curved
Orbits : Rounded, higher, relatively larger, sharp margins
Supraorbital ridges: Less prominent, sharper or absent
Cheek bones: Lighter, more compressed
Zygomatic arch: Less prominent
Nasal aperture: Lower and broader
External auditory meatus: Often absent
Frontal eminences: Large
Parietal eminences: Large
Frontal sinuses: Less developed
Occipital area: Not prominent
Mastoid process: Narrow, short, smooth, pointed.
Base: Less marked
Digastric groove : Less deep
Condylar facet: Short and broad
Occipital condyles: small
Palate: Smaller, trends more to parabola
Foramina: Smaller
Foramen magnum: Smaller
Teeth: Smaller

104
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-187
Name: Mandible
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
General size: larger and thicker Body-thick and long
Body: smaller and thinner Ramus- less Obtuse angle(almost straight) with the
body,
Chin: rounded Mental foramen- Open midway between upper and
lower margin.
Body height: at symphysis smaller Condyloid process- elongated and projects above
coronoid process.
Ascending Ramus: smaller breadth
Angle of body and ramus: more obtuse,
not prominent, inverted
Condyles: smaller
Mental tubercle: insignificant

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-188

Name: Scapula –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
Height: less than 144 mm  between 30-35 years-lipping starts at ventral margin of
glenoid cavity
 by 35-40 irregular lipping occurs around the clavicular
facet and inferior surface of acromion process
 45 years –localised bony atrophy
 Cristae scapulae appears by 50 years
Glenoid cavity : height less( 32.6
mm)

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-189

Name: Scapula –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
Height: less than 144 mm  between 30-35 years-lipping starts at ventral margin of
glenoid cavity
 by 35-40 irregular lipping occurs around the clavicular
facet and inferior surface of acromion process
 45 years –localised bony atrophy
 Cristae scapulae appears by 50 years
Glenoid cavity : height less
( 32.6 mm)

105
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-190
Name: Clavicle –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
Size: smaller , narrower( 138mm), lighter, more Ossification centre :Medial end appears at
curved 15-17 years , fuses at 20-22 years

Acromial end: below the level of sternal end

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-191

Name: Clavicle –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
Size: smaller , narrower( 138mm), lighter, more Ossification centre :Medial end appears at
curved 15-17 years , fuses at 20-22 years
Acromial end: below the level of sternal end

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-192

Name: Humerus–right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
Diameter of head: less than 43 mm Ossification completes by age of 17-18 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-193

Name: Humerus–left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
Diameter of head: less than 43 mm Ossification completes by age of 17-18 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-194

Name: Radius–right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
Diameter of head: less than 21 mm Ossification completes by age of 17-19 years
Circumference of head: less than 55 mm

106
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-195
Name: Radius –Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
Diameter of head: less than 21 mm Ossification completes by age of 17-19 years
Circumference of head: less than 55 mm

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-196

Name: Ulna –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
upper epiphysis joins the body about the 16-17th
year, the lower about the 17-18 th year

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-197

Name: Ulna –Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
upper epiphysis joins the body about the 16-
17th year, the lower about the 17-18 th year

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-198

Name: Wrist Bones Rt (carpal)- scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
All bones Fuses by the age of 15-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-199

Name: Wrist Bones Lt (carpal)- scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate,
triquetrum, hamate, Pisiform
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
All bones Fuses by the age of 15-17 years

107
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-200
Name: Metacarpals Rt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
unite with the shafts about the 15-19 year.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-201

Name: Metacarpals Lt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
unite with the shafts about the 15-19 year.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-202

Name: Phalanges Rt –Proximal, Middle, Distal of 5 fingers
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
All unite with the shafts between the 15-18 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-203

Name: Phalanges Lt –Proximal, Middle, Distal of 5 fingers
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
All unite with the shafts between the 15-18
years

108
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-204
Name: Sternum
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
Shorter and less than twice the length of The centre for the xiphoid process appears during the
the manubrium third year or later. It fuses with the body at about 40
year
Upper margin in level with third thoracic 1st Sternebrae at 14-25 years • 2nd and 3rd
vertebra Sternebrae fusion at 14 years • 4th Sternebrae at 40
years
Breadth: less
Length: less than 149 mm
Sternal index: 54.3
(Length of manubrium / Length of body *
100)

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-205

Name: Ribs
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
Thinner; shorter; greater curvature and The centre for Head and tubercles appears at 14 th
more oblique year , union of bone and epiphysis by 20-21 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-206

Name: Cervical Vertebrae( C1-C7)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-207

Name: Thoracic vertebrae(T1-T12)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-208

Name: Lumbar vertebrae(L1-L5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations

109
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-209
Name: Hip Bone –Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
Ilium: More vertical, distance between iliac crest is less; iliac fossae ossified by the age of 25
shallow; curves of crest well marked
Preauricular sulcus(attachment of anterior sacroiliac ligament):
More frequent, broad and deep
Acetabulum: Small, 46mm. in diameter; directed anterolaterally;
narrower.
Obturator foramen: Small, triangular with apex forward.
Greater sciatic notch : Smaller, narrower, deeper
Illeo-pectineal line : Rounded and smooth
Ischial tuberosity: Everted; more widely separated
Body of pubis : Broad, square; pits on posterior surface if borne
children
Ramus of pubis: Has a constricted or narrowed appearance and is
short and thick
Ischiopubic rami: Less everted, thinner and smoother

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-210

Name: Hip Bone –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
Ilium: More vertical, distance between iliac crest is less; iliac fossae ossified by the age of 25
shallow; curves of crest well marked
Preauricular sulcus(attachment of anterior sacroiliac ligament):
More frequent, broad and deep
Acetabulum: Small, 46mm. in diameter; directed anterolaterally;
narrower.
Obturator foramen: Small, triangular with apex forward.
Greater sciatic notch : Smaller, narrower, deeper
Illeo-pectineal line : Rounded and smooth
Ischial tuberosity: Everted; more widely separated
Body of pubis : Broad, square; pits on posterior surface if borne
children
Ramus of pubis: Has a constricted or narrowed appearance and is
short and thick
Ischiopubic rami: Less everted, thinner and smoother

110
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-211
Name: Sacrum with Coccyx
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
Shorter, wider; upper half almost straight, curve forward in lower ossification of
half; promontory less marked. Body of first sacral vertebra small. intervertebral discs starts
from below upwards and
fusion becomes complete
by 20-25 years
General appearance: Smaller, lighter, smooth, broad
Breadth of body of 1st sacral vertebra: less than breadth of one
side ala
Inner curvature: Abruptly curved at the last two segments
Sacroiliac articulation: Extends up to 2-2½ segment
Sacroiliac joint surface: L-shaped, elevated anteriorly
Coccyx-more movable.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-212

Name:Femur–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
Head-smaller and forms less than 2/3 of sphere. Vertical diameter
less than 45 mm
Neck: less obtuse angle with shaft
Bicondylar width: 67-76 mm
Angulation of shaft with condyles: around 76 *

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-213

Name:Femur–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
Head-smaller and forms less than 2/3 of sphere. Vertical diameter
less than 45 mm
Neck: less obtuse angle with shaft
Bicondylar width: 67-76 mm
Angulation of shaft with condyles: around 76 *

111
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-214
Name: Tibia –Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
All centres fused

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-215

Name:Tibia–left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
All centres fused

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-216

Name:Fibula–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
All centres fused

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-217

Name:Fibula–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
All centres fused

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-218

Name:Patella–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
ossification centre develops at the age of 3–6 years
and fuses at puberty

112
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-219
Name:Patella–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
ossification centre develops at the age of 3–6 years
and fuses at puberty

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-220

Name: Tarsals Rt & Lt: Calcaneum, Talus, Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms (1, 2, 3)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
Ossification centre for:
• Calcaneum appears at 5th month IUL and fuses at 17-18
years
• secondary ossification centre for calcaneus appear at 5
years.
• Talus appears at 7th month IUL
• Cuboid appears at 9th month IUL
• lateral cuneiform appears at 1st year
• medial cuneiform appears at 3rd year
• intermediate cuneiform appears at 2 year
• for navicular appears at 3 year

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-221

Name: Metatarsals Rt & Lt (1,2, 3, 4, 5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
all unite with the shafts between the 17-20 th years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-222

Name: Phalanges Rt & Lt : Proximal, Middle & Distal (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adult
Observations
All unite with the shafts about the 17-20 year

113
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-223
Name: Adolescent Female Skull
Skull Gender Identification Skull Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
General appearance : Small, lighter, walls thinner; rounder, and Smooth and ivorine on
smoother inner and outer side
Capacity: 1350 to 1400 ml
Architecture: Smooth Two halves of mandible
fuses -1-2 years
Metopic suture (between
frontal bones)- 2-4 years,
may remain unfused
Forehead: Vertical, round, full infantile
Glabella: Smooth, small or absent
Frontonasal junction: Smoothly curved
Orbits : Rounded, higher, relatively larger, sharp margins
Supraorbital ridges: Less prominent, sharper or absent
Cheek bones: Lighter, more compressed
Zygomatic arch: Less prominent
Nasal aperture: Lower and broader
External auditory meatus: Often absent
Frontal eminences: Large
Parietal eminences: Large
Frontal sinuses: Less developed
Occipital area: Not prominent
Mastoid process: Narrow, short, smooth, pointed.
Base: Less marked
Digastric groove : Less deep
Condylar facet: Short and broad
Occipital condyles: small
Palate: Smaller, trends more to parabola
Foramina: Smaller
Foramen magnum: Smaller
Teeth: Smaller

114
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-224
Name: Mandible
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
General size: larger and thicker Body-thick and long
Body: smaller and thinner Ramus- less Obtuse angle(almost
straight) with the body,
Chin: rounded Mental foramen- Open midway
between upper and lower margin.
Body height: at symphysis smaller Condyloid process- elongated and
projects above coronoid process.
Ascending Ramus: smaller breadth
Angle of body and ramus: more obtuse, not prominent,
inverted
Condyles : smaller
Mental tubercle: insignificant

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-225

Name: Scapula –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Height: less than 144 mm Ossification center appears for the body at second month /8
th week
Glenoid cavity : height less( 32.6 Coracoid process (two centers): 12 months fuses at 5 years;
mm) another at 10-11 years and fuses at 16 years
Glenoid: 14-15years
Inferior angle: 14 years (puberty) fuses at 14-15 years
Acromion (three centers): appears at 14-15 years (puberty)
fuses at 14-15 years
Medial border: appears at 14-15 years (puberty) fuses at 14-
15 years

115
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-226
Name: Scapula –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Height: less than 144 mm Ossification centre appears for the body at second
month /8 th week
Glenoid cavity : height less( 32.6 mm) Coracoid process (two centers): 12 months fuses at 5
years; another at 10-11 years and fuses at 16 years
Glenoid: 14-15years
Inferior angle: 14 years (puberty) fuses at 14-15 years
Acromion (three centers): appears at 14-15 years
(puberty) fuses at 14-15 years
Medial border: appears at 14-15 years (puberty) fuses
at 14-15 years
Ossification centre appears for the body at second
month /8 th week

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-227

Name: Clavicle –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Size: smaller , narrower, lighter, more curved It is the first bone to ossify.
2 primary centre appears in shaft at around
4th-5th weeks of gestation soon fuses with
each other
Sternal end appears at 18-19 years and fuses
around 20-22 years of age. The lateral end has
intramembranous ossification.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-228

Name: Clavicle –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Size: smaller , narrower, lighter, It is the first bone to ossify.
more curved 2 primary centre appears in shaft at around 4th-5th weeks
of gestation soon fuses with each other
Sternal end appears at 18-19 years and fuses around 20-22
years of age. The lateral end has intramembranous
ossification.

116
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-229
Name: Humerus–right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Diameter of head: less than 43 mm Ossification centre appears for
 Head -1 year,
 Greater tubercle at 3 years,
 Lesser tubercle at 5 years
Three fuses together at 5-6 years and with shaft at 17-18
years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-230

Name: Humerus–left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Diameter of head: less than 43 mm Ossification centre appears for
 Head -1 year,
 Greater tubercle at 3 years,
 Lesser tubercle at 5 years
Three fuses together at 5-6 years and with shaft at 17-18
years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-231

Name: Radius–right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Diameter of head: less than 21 mm Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 5-6 years and fuses at 15-17
years
Lower end- appears at 2 years- fuses at 17-19 years
Circumference of head: less than 55 mm

117
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-232
Name: Radius –Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Diameter of head: less than 21 mm Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 5-6 years and fuses at 15-17
years
Lower end- appears at 2 years- fuses at 17-19 years
Circumference of head: less than 55
mm

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-233

Name: Ulna –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 9 years and fuses at 15-17 years
Lower end- appears at 6 years- fuses at 17-19 years
upper epiphysis joins the body about at 16th, the lower
about 20th year.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-234

Name: Ulna –Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 9 years and fuses at 15-17 years
Lower end- appears at 6 years- fuses at 17-19 years
upper epiphysis joins the body about at 16th, the lower
about 20th year.

118
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-235
Name: Wrist Bones Rt (carpal)- scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
capitate: 2 months.
hamate: 2 months.
triquetrum: 3 years.
lunate: 4 years.
scaphoid: 5 years.
trapezium: 6 years.
trapezoid: 5 years.
pisiform: 11-12 year
Fuses by the age of 15-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-236

Name: Wrist Bones Lt (carpal)- scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
capitate: 2 months.
hamate: 2 months.
triquetrum: 3 years.
lunate: 4 years.
scaphoid: 5 years.
trapezium: 6 years.
trapezoid: 5 years.
pisiform: 11-12 year
Fuses by the age of 15-17 years

119
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-237
Name: Metacarpals Rt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Metacarpal bone of the thumb has two centres of ossification: a
primary centre in the shaft and a secondary centre in the base
The ossification process begins in the shaft during the 9th week of
prenatal life, and in the base during the 3rd year
Primary and secondary centres unite before 17th year
Ossification begins in the middle of the shaft about the 8 or 9 th week
of foetal life .About the third year the base of the first metacarpal bone,
and the heads of the other metacarpal bones, begin to ossify they unite
with the shafts about the 20 th year.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-238

Name: Metacarpals Lt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
Gender Age Identification
Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Metacarpal bone of the thumb has two centres of ossification: a primary
centre in the shaft and a secondary centre in the base
The ossification process begins in the shaft during the 9th week of prenatal
life, and in the base during the 3rd year
Primary and secondary centres unite before 17th year
Ossification begins in the middle of the shaft about the 8 or 9 th week of
foetal life .About the third year the base of the first metacarpal bone, and
the heads of the other metacarpal bones, begin to ossify they unite with the
shafts about the 20 th year.

120
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-239
Name: Phalanges Rt –Proximal, Middle, Distal of 5 fingers
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
 The phalanges are each ossified from two centers; a primary
canter for the shaft, and a secondary or epiphyseal centre for
the proximal extremity. Ossification begins in the shaft for
proximal phalanges in 10th week, in middle phalanges at 12
th week, and in distal phalanges at about the eighth week of
fetal life.
 The epiphyses for the bases of the proximal row of
phalanges appear at 2 years, and for the middle and distal
rows of phalanges between 2-4 years.
 All unite with the shafts between the 18-20 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-240

Name: Phalanges Lt –Proximal, Middle, Distal of 5 fingers
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
 The phalanges are each ossified from two centers; a primary
canter for the shaft, and a secondary or epiphyseal centre for
the proximal extremity. Ossification begins in the shaft for
proximal phalanges in 10th week, in middle phalanges at 12 th
week, and in distal phalanges at about the eighth week of fetal
life.
 The epiphyses for the bases of the proximal row of phalanges
appear at 2 years, and for the middle and distal rows of
phalanges between 2-4 years.
 All unite with the shafts between the 18-20 years

121
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-241
Name: Sternum
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Shorter and less than twice the length of the The centre for the xiphoid process appears during
manubrium the third year or later. It fuses with the body at about
40 year
Upper margin in level with third thoracic
vertebra
Breadth: less
Length: less than 149 mm
Sternal index: 54.3
(Length of manubrium / Length of body *
100)

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-242

Name: Ribs
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Thinner; shorter; greater curvature and more Ribs begin as cartilage that later ossifies – a
oblique process called endochondral ossification
During the fifth week the costal processes on the
thoracic vertebrae become longer to form the
ribs. In the sixth week, the costovertebral joints
begin to develop and separate the ribs from the
vertebrae
Rib development begins at 9 weeks;
secondary ossification centers appear at 15 years.
The first seven “true” ribs connect to the sternum
via the costal cartilages by day 45

122
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-243
Name: Cervical Vertebrae( C1-C7)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
3 primary ossification centers that start appearing at 9 weeks in
utero and finish primary ossification by one year
• one in the centrum (for most of the vertebral body)
• one for each half of the neural arch (two in total)
five secondary ossification centers that appear at puberty and fuse
by 25-30 years
• one at the tip of the spinous process
• one at the tip of each transverse process (two in total)
• two as ring (or annular) epiphyses at the upper and lower
surfaces of the vertebral bodies
C1(atlas): three primary ossification centers in total
• one for the anterior arch
• one for each side of the posterior arch (two in total)
C2 (axis): five primary ossification centers in total
• one in the centrum (for most of the vertebral body)
• one for each half of the neural arch (two in total)
• two extra primary ossification centers for the dens
(odontoid process)

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-244

Name: Thoracic vertebrae(T1-T12)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
3 primary ossification centers that start appearing at 9 weeks in utero and
finish primary ossification by one year
• one in the centrum (for most of the vertebral body)
• one for each half of the neural arch (two in total)
five secondary ossification centers that appear at puberty and fuse by 25-
30 years
• one at the tip of the spinous process
• one at the tip of each transverse process (two in total)
• two as ring (or annular) epiphyses at the upper and lower
surfaces of the vertebral bodies

123
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-245
Name: Lumbar vertebrae(L1-L5)
Gender Age Identification
Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
3 primary ossification centers that start appearing at 9 weeks in utero and
finish primary ossification by one year
• one in the centrum (for most of the vertebral body)
• one for each half of the neural arch (two in total)
five secondary ossification centers that appear at puberty and fuse by 25-30
years
• one at the tip of the spinous process
• one at the tip of each transverse process (two in total)
• two as ring (or annular) epiphyses at the upper and lower surfaces of
the vertebral bodies

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-246

Name: Hip Bone –Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations Ilium More vertical, distance between
iliac crest is less; iliac fossae shallow; curves of crest
well marked
Preauricular sulcus(attachment of anterior sacroiliac Ossification centre for
ligament): More frequent, broad and deep  Crest of ilium appears at 14 years
 Triradiate cartilage of
acetabulum appears at 13 years
and fuses at age 15 years
 Iliac crest by 14 years and unites
by 19-21 years
 Ischial tuberosity appears at 16
years and unites by 21-22 years
Acetabulum: Small, 46mm. in diameter; directed By the seventh or eighth year, the
anterolaterally; narrower. inferior rami of the pubis and ischium
are almost completely united by bone.
Obturator foramen: Small, triangular with apex
forward.
Greater sciatic notch : Smaller, narrower, deeper
Illeo-pectineal line : Rounded and smooth
Ischial tuberosity: Everted; more widely separated
Body of pubis : Broad, square; pits on posterior surface
if borne children
Ramus of pubis: Has a constricted or narrowed

124
appearance and is short and thick
Ischiopubic rami: Less everted, thinner and smoother

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-247

Name: Hip Bone –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Ilium: More vertical, distance between iliac crest is Ossification centre for
less; iliac fossae shallow; curves of crest well  Crest of ilium appears at 14 years
marked  Triradiate cartilage of acetabulum
appears at 13 years and fuses at age 15
years
 Iliac crest by 14 years and unites by
19-21 years
 Ischial tuberosity appears at 16 years
and unites by 21-22 years
Preauricular sulcus(attachment of anterior By the seventh or eighth year, the inferior
sacroiliac ligament): More frequent, broad and deep rami of the pubis and ischium are almost
completely united by bone.
Acetabulum: Small, 46mm. in diameter; directed
anterolaterally; narrower.
Obturator foramen: Small, triangular with apex
forward.
Greater sciatic notch : Smaller, narrower, deeper
Illeo-pectineal line : Rounded and smooth
Ischial tuberosity: Everted; more widely separated
Body of pubis : Broad, square; pits on posterior
surface if borne children
Ramus of pubis: Has a constricted or narrowed
appearance and is short and thick
Ischiopubic rami: Less everted, thinner and
smoother

125
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-248
Name: Sacrum with Coccyx
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Shorter, wider; upper half almost straight, curve forward in lower 5 sacral vertebrae are
half; promontory less marked. Body of first sacral vertebra small. separated by cartilage until
puberty
General appearance: Smaller, lighter, smooth, broad
Breadth of body of 1st sacral vertebra: less than breadth of one
side ala
Inner curvature: Abruptly curved at the last two segments
Sacroiliac articulation: Extends up to 2-2½ segment
Sacroiliac joint surface: L-shaped, elevated anteriorly
Coccyx-more movable.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-249

Name:Femur–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Head-smaller and forms Ossification centre for
less than 2/3 of sphere.  For Head appears at 1 year and fuses at 17-18 years
Vertical diameter less than  Greater trochanter appears at 4 years and fuses at 14-15
45 mm years
 Lesser trochanter appears at 14 years and fuses at 15-17
years
 Lower end appears at 9 months IUL (at birth) and fuses at
17-18 years
Neck: less obtuse angle
with shaft
Bicondylar width: 67-76
mm
Angulation of shaft with
condyles: around 76 *

126
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-250
Name: Femur–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Head-smaller and forms less than Ossification centre for
2/3 of sphere. Vertical diameter  For Head appears at 1 year and fuses at 17-18 years
less than 45 mm  Greater trochanter appears at 4 years and fuses at 14-
15 years
 Lesser trochanter appears at 14 years and fuses at 15-
17 years
 Lower end appears at 9 months IUL (at birth) and
fuses at 17-18 years
Neck: less obtuse angle with shaft
Bicondylar width: 67-76 mm
Angulation of shaft with
condyles: around 76 *

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-251

Name: Tibia –Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at birth and fuses at 17- 18 years
Lower end- appears at 1 years- fuses at 16-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-252

Name: Tibia–left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at
birth and fuses at 17- 18
years
Lower end- appears at 1
years- fuses at 16-17 years

127
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-253
Name:Fibula–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 4 years and fuses at 17- 18 years
Lower end- appears at 2 years- fuses at 16-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-254

Name:Fibula–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 4 years and fuses at 17- 18 years
Lower end- appears at 2 years- fuses at 16-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-255

Name:Patella–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
ossification centre develops at the age of 3–6 years and fuses
at puberty

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-256

Name:Patella–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
ossification centre develops at the age of 3–6 years and fuses
at puberty

128
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-257
Name: Tarsals Rt & Lt : Calcaneum, Talus, Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms (1, 2, 3)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
Ossification centre for:
Each ossified from a single centre, except the Calcaneus
• Calcaneum appears at 5th month IUL, for posterior part at 6-8
years and fuses at 14-16 years
• Talus appears at 7th month IUL
• Cuboid appears at 9th month IUL
• Lateral cuneiform appears at 1st year
• Medial cuneiform appears at 2 year
• Intermediate cuneiform appears at 3 year
• Navicular appears at 3 year

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-258

Name: Metatarsals Rt & Lt (1,2, 3, 4, 5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
 The metatarsal bones are each ossified from two centers: a
primary centre for the shaft, and a secondary or epiphyseal
centre for the base or proximal end of the first, and for the
head or distal end of each of the other four.
 Ossification begins in the middle of the shaft of first
metatarsal at 10 th week of fetal life and others at 9 th week
of fetal life
 The epiphysis for the base of the first metatarsal appears at
3rd year and for the heads of the other metatarsals in third
year
 all unite with the shafts between the 17-20 th years

129
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-259
Name: Phalanges Rt & Lt foot : Proximal, Middle & Distal (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Adolescent
Observations
 Phalanges are each ossified from two centers: a primary for the
shaft and an epiphysis for the base.
 The primary centers for the distal phalanges appear about 9-12
week of fetal life, for the proximal phalange between the 11-15
weeks of fetal life, and those for the intermediate phalanges after
1-1.5 years
 The epiphyseal centers appear between 3-6 years
 All unite with the shafts about the 17-20 year.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-260

Name: Child Female Skull
Skull Gender Identification Skull Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
General appearance : Small, lighter, walls thinner; Smooth and ivorine on inner and outer side
rounder, and smoother
Capacity: 1350 to 1400 ml
Architecture: Smooth Two halves of mandible fuses -1-2 years
Metopic suture (between frontal bones)- 2-
4 years, may remain unfused
Forehead: Vertical, round, full infantile Smooth and ivorine on inner and outer side
Glabella: Smooth, small or absent
Frontonasal junction: Smoothly curved
Orbits : Rounded, higher, relatively larger, sharp
margins
Supraorbital ridges: Less prominent, sharper or
absent
Cheek bones: Lighter, more compressed
Zygomatic arch: Less prominent
Nasal aperture: Lower and broader
External auditory meatus: Often absent
Frontal eminences: Large
Parietal eminences: Large
Frontal sinuses: Less developed
Occipital area: Not prominent
Mastoid process: Narrow, short, smooth, pointed.
Base: Less marked
Digastric groove : Less deep
Condylar facet: Short and broad
Occipital condyles: small

130
Palate: Smaller, trends more to parabola
Foramina: Smaller
Foramen magnum: Smaller
Teeth: Smaller

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-261

Name: Mandible
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
General size: larger and thicker Body-shallow
Body: smaller and thinner Ramus- short and oblique, Obtuse angle(almost straight)
with the body,
Chin: rounded Mental foramen- Open near lower margin.
Body height: at symphysis smaller Condyloid process: at lower level than coronoid process.
Ascending Ramus: smaller breadth
Angle of body and ramus: more
obtuse, not prominent, inverted
Condyles : smaller
Mental tubercle: insignificant

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-262

Name: Scapula –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Height: less than 144 mm Ossification centre appears
for the body at second
month
Glenoid cavity : height less( 32.6 mm) 15th to 18th month
ossification takes place in
the middle of the coracoid
process, fuses with the rest
of the bone about the 15th
year.

131
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-263
Name: Scapula –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Height: less than 144 mm Ossification centre appears for the body at second month
Glenoid cavity : height less( 15th to 18th month ossification takes place in the middle of the
32.6 mm) coracoid process, fuses with the rest of the bone about the 15th
year.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-264

Name: Clavicle –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Size: smaller , narrower,lighter, more It is the first bone to ossify.
curved 2 primary centre appears in shaft at around 4th-5th
weeks of gestation soon fuses with each other
Sternal end appears at 18-19 years and fuses around
20-22 years of age. The lateral end has
intramembranous ossification.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-265

Name: Clavicle –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Size: smaller , narrower, lighter, It is the first bone to ossify.
more curved 2 primary centre appears in shaft at around 4th-5th weeks
of gestation soon fuses with each other
Sternal end appears at 18-19 years and fuses around 20-22
years of age. The lateral end has intramembranous
ossification.

132
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-266
Name: Humerus–right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Diameter of head: less than 43 Ossification centre appears for
mm  Head -1 year,
 Greater tubercle at 3 years,
 Lesser tubercle at 5 years
Three fuses together at 5-6 years and with shaft at 17-18 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-267

Name: Humerus–left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Diameter of head: less than 43 Ossification centre appears for
mm  Head -1 year,
 Greater tubercle at 3 years,
 Lesser tubercle at 5 years
Three fuses together at 5-6 years and with shaft at 17-18 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-268

Name: Radius–right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Diameter of head: less than 21 mm Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 5-6 years and fuses at 15-17 years
Lower end- appears at 2 years- fuses at 17-19 years
Circumference of head: less than 55
mm

133
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-269
Name: Radius –Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Diameter of head: less than 21 mm Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 5-6 years and fuses at 15-17 years
Lower end- appears at 2 years- fuses at 17-19 years
Circumference of head: less than 55
mm

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-270

Name: Ulna –right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 9 years and fuses at 15-17 years
Lower end- appears at 6 years- fuses at 17-19 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-271

Name: Ulna –Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 9 years and fuses at 15-17 years
Lower end- appears at 6 years- fuses at 17-19 years

134
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-272
Name: Wrist Bones Rt (carpal)- scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
capitate: 2 months.
hamate: 2 months.
triquetrum: 3 years.
lunate: 4 years.
scaphoid: 5 years.
trapezium: 6 years.
trapezoid: 5 years.
pisiform: 11-12 year
Fuses by the age of 15-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-273

Name: Wrist Bones Lt (carpal)- scaphoid, trapezium, trapezoid, lunate, capitate, triquetrum,
hamate, Pisiform
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
capitate: 2 months.
hamate: 2 months.
triquetrum: 3 years.
lunate: 4 years.
scaphoid: 5 years.
trapezium: 6 years.
trapezoid: 5 years.
pisiform: 11-12 year
Fuses by the age of 15-17 years

135
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-274
Name: Metacarpals Rt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Metacarpal bone of the thumb has two centres of ossification: a
primary centre in the shaft and a secondary centre in the base
The ossification process begins in the shaft during the ninth week of
prenatal life, and in the base during the second year of life
Primary and secondary centres unite before fifteenth year in girls
Ossification begins in the middle of the shaft about the eighth or ninth
week of foetal life .About the third year the base of the first
metacarpal bone, and the heads of the other metacarpal bones, begin
to ossify they unite with the shafts about the twentieth year.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-275

Name: Metacarpals Lt - 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Metacarpal bone of the thumb has two centres of ossification: a
primary centre in the shaft and a secondary centre in the base
The ossification process begins in the shaft during the ninth week of
prenatal life, and in the base during the second year of life
Primary and secondary centres unite before fifteenth year in girls
Ossification begins in the middle of the shaft about the eighth or ninth
week of foetal life .About the third year the base of the first
metacarpal bone, and the heads of the other metacarpal bones, begin
to ossify they unite with the shafts about the twentieth year.

136
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-276
Name: Phalanges Rt –Proximal, Middle, Distal of 5 fingers
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
 The phalanges are each ossified from two centers; a
primary canter for the shaft, and a secondary or
epiphyseal centre for the proximal extremity. Ossification
begins in the shaft for proximal phalanges in 10th week,
in middle phalanges at 12 th week, and in distal phalanges
at about the eighth week of fetal life.
 The epiphyses for the bases of the proximal row of
phalanges appear at 2 years, and for the middle and distal
rows of phalanges between 2-4 years.
 All unite with the shafts between the eighteenth and
twentieth years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-277

Name: Phalanges Lt –Proximal, Middle, Distal of 5 fingers
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
 The phalanges are each ossified from two
centers; a primary canter for the shaft, and
a secondary or epiphyseal centre for the
proximal extremity. Ossification begins in
the shaft for proximal phalanges in 10th
week, in middle phalanges at 12 th week,
and in distal phalanges at about the eighth
week of fetal life.
 The epiphyses for the bases of the
proximal row of phalanges appear at 2
years, and for the middle and distal rows of
phalanges between 2-4 years.
 All unite with the shafts between the
eighteenth and twentieth years

137
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-278
Name: Sternum
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Shorter and less than twice the length of the The centre for the xiphoid process appears during
manubrium the third year or later. It fuses with the body at
about 40 year
Upper margin in level with third thoracic
vertebra
Breadth: less
Length: less than 149 mm
Sternal index: 54.3
(Length of manubrium / Length of body * 100)

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-279

Name: Ribs
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Thinner; shorter; greater curvature and more Ribs begin as cartilage that later ossifies – a
oblique process called endochondral ossification
During the fifth week the costal processes on
the thoracic vertebrae become longer to form
the ribs. In the sixth week, the costovertebral
joints begin to develop and separate the ribs
from the vertebrae
Rib development begins at 9 weeks;
secondary ossification centers appear at 15
years.
The first seven “true” ribs connect to the
sternum via the costal cartilages by day 45

138
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-280
Name: Cervical Vertebrae(C1-C7)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
3 primary ossification centers that start appearing at 9
weeks in utero and finish primary ossification by one
year
• one in the centrum (for most of the vertebral
body)
• one for each half of the neural arch (two in total)
five secondary ossification centers that appear at puberty
and fuse by 25-30 years
• one at the tip of the spinous process
• one at the tip of each transverse process (two in
total)
• two as ring (or annular) epiphyses at the upper
and lower surfaces of the vertebral bodies
C1(atlas): three primary ossification centers in total
• one for the anterior arch
• one for each side of the posterior arch (two in
total)
C2 (axis): five primary ossification centers in total
• one in the centrum (for most of the vertebral
body)
• one for each half of the neural arch (two in total)
• two extra primary ossification centers for the dens
(odontoid process)

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-281

Name: Thoracic vertebrae(T1-T12)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
3 primary ossification centers that start appearing at 9 weeks in utero
and finish primary ossification by one year
• one in the centrum (for most of the vertebral body)
• one for each half of the neural arch (two in total)

139
 five secondary ossification centers that appear at puberty and fuse by
25-30 years
• one at the tip of the spinous process
• one at the tip of each transverse process (two in total)
• two as ring (or annular) epiphyses at the upper and lower
surfaces of the vertebral bodies

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-282

Name: Lumbar vertebrae(L1-L5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
3 primary ossification centers that start appearing at 9 weeks in utero and
finish primary ossification by one year
• one in the centrum (for most of the vertebral body)
• one for each half of the neural arch (two in total)
five secondary ossification centers that appear at puberty and fuse by 25-30
years
• one at the tip of the spinous process
• one at the tip of each transverse process (two in total)
• two as ring (or annular) epiphyses at the upper and lower surfaces of
the vertebral bodies

140
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-283
Name: Hip Bone –Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Ilium: More vertical, distance between iliac crest is Ossification centre for
less; iliac fossae shallow; curves of crest well marked  Crest of ilium appears at 14 years
 Triradiate cartilage of acetabulum
appears at 13 years and fuses at age
15 years
 Iliac crest by 14 years and unites by
19-21 years
 Ischial tuberosity appears at 16
years and unites by 21-22 years
Preauricular sulcus(attachment of anterior sacroiliac By the seventh or eighth year, the inferior
ligament): More frequent, broad and deep rami of the pubis and ischium are almost
completely united by bone.
Acetabulum: Small, 46mm. in diameter; directed
anterolaterally; narrower.
Obturator foramen: Small, triangular with apex
forward.
Greater sciatic notch : Smaller, narrower, deeper
Illeo-pectineal line : Rounded and smooth
Ischial tuberosity: Everted; more widely separated
Body of pubis : Broad, square; pits on posterior surface
if borne children
Ramus of pubis: Has a constricted or narrowed
appearance and is short and thick
Ischiopubic rami: Less everted, thinner and smoother

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-284

Name: Hip Bone –left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Ilium: More vertical, distance between iliac crest Ossification centre for
is less; iliac fossae shallow; curves of crest well  Crest of ilium appears at 14 years
marked  Triradiate cartilage of acetabulum appears at
13 years and fuses at age 15 years
 Iliac crest by 14 years and unites by 19-21
years

141
  Ischial tuberosity appears at 16 years and
unites by 21-22 years

Preauricular sulcus(attachment of anterior By the seventh or eighth year, the inferior rami of
sacroiliac ligament): More frequent, broad and the pubis and ischium are almost completely united
deep by bone.
Acetabulum: Small, 46mm. in diameter;
directed anterolaterally; narrower.
Obturator foramen: Small, triangular with apex
forward.
Greater sciatic notch : Smaller, narrower,
deeper
Illeo-pectineal line : Rounded and smooth
Ischial tuberosity: Everted; more widely
separated
Body of pubis : Broad, square; pits on posterior
surface if borne children
Ramus of pubis: Has a constricted or narrowed
appearance and is short and thick
Ischiopubic rami: Less everted, thinner and
smoother

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-285

Name: Sacrum with Coccyx
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Shorter, wider; upper half almost straight, curve forward in 5 sacral vertebrae are separated by
lower half; promontory less marked. Body of first sacral cartilage until puberty.
vertebra small.
General appearance: Smaller, lighter, smooth, broad
Breadth of body of 1st sacral vertebra: less than breadth of
one side ala
Inner curvature: Abruptly curved at the last two segments
Sacroiliac articulation: Extends up to 2-2½ segment
Sacroiliac joint surface: L-shaped, elevated anteriorly
Coccyx-more movable.

142
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-286
Name:Femur–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Head-smaller and forms less Ossification centre for
than 2/3 of sphere. Vertical  For Head appears at 1 year and fuses at 17-18 years
diameter less than 45 mm  Greater trochanter appears at 4 years and fuses at 14-15
years
 Lesser trochanter appears at 14 years and fuses at 15-17
years
 Lower end appears at 9 months IUL (at birth) and fuses at
17-18 years
Neck: less obtuse angle with
shaft
Bicondylar width: 67-76 mm
Angulation of shaft with
condyles: around 76 *

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-287

Name:Femur–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Head-smaller and forms less than Ossification centre for
2/3 of sphere. Vertical diameter  For Head appears at 1 year and fuses at 17-18 years
less than 45 mm  Greater trochanter appears at 4 years and fuses at 14-15
years
 Lesser trochanter appears at 14 years and fuses at 15-17
years
 Lower end appears at 9 months IUL (at birth) and fuses at
17-18 years
Neck: less obtuse angle with shaft
Bicondylar width: 67-76 mm
Angulation of shaft with
condyles: around 76 *

143
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-288
Name: Tibia –Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at birth and fuses at 17- 18 years
Lower end- appears at 1 years- fuses at 16-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-289

Name:Tibia–left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at birth and fuses at 17-
18 years
Lower end- appears at 1 years- fuses at 16-17
years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-290

Name:Fibula–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 4 years and fuses at 17- 18
years
Lower end- appears at 2 years- fuses at 16-17
years

144
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-291
Name:Fibula–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Ossification centre for
Upper end –appears at 4 years and fuses at 17- 18
years
Lower end- appears at 2 years- fuses at 16-17 years

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-292

Name:Patella–Right side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
ossification centre develops at the age of 3–6 years
and fuses at puberty

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-293

Name:Patella–Left side
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
ossification centre develops at the age of 3–6 years
and fuses at puberty

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-294

Name: Tarsals Rt & Lt : Calcaneum, Talus, Cuboid, Navicular, Cuneiforms (1, 2, 3)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
Ossification centre for:
Each ossified from a single centre, except the
Calcaneus
• Calcaneum appears at 5th month IUL, for
posterior part at 6-8 years and fuses at 14-16
years
• Talus appears at 7th month IUL
• Cuboid appears at 9th month IUL
• Lateral cuneiform appears at 1st year

145
 • Medial cuneiform appears at 2 year
• Intermediate cuneiform appears at 3 year
• Navicular appears at 3 year

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-295

Name: Metatarsals Rt & Lt (1,2, 3, 4, 5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
 The metatarsal bones are each ossified from two
centers: a primary centre for the shaft, and a
secondary or epiphyseal centre for the base or
proximal end of the first, and for the head or distal
end of each of the other four.
 Ossification begins in the middle of the shaft of
first metatarsal at 10 th week of fetal life and
others at 9 th week of fetal life
 The epiphysis for the base of the first metatarsal
appears at 3rd year and for the heads of the other
metatarsals in third year
 All unite with the shafts between the 17-20 th
years.

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-296

Name: Phalanges Rt & Lt foot : Proximal, Middle & Distal (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Child
Observations
 Phalanges are each ossified from two centers: a primary
for the shaft and an epiphysis for the base.
 The primary centers for the distal phalanges appear
about 9-12 week of fetal life, for the proximal phalange
between the 11-15 weeks of fetal life, and those for the
intermediate phalanges after 1-1.5 years
 The epiphyseal centers appear between 3-6 years
 All unite with the shafts about the 17-20 year.

146
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-297
Name: Male Foetal Skull
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age:
Observations
consists of five main bones: two frontal bones,
two parietal bones, and one occipital bone.
These are joined by fibrous sutures, which
allow movement that facilitates childbirth and
brain growth
Anterior fontanelle is a diamond-shaped Anterior fontanelle close over by 9 to 18 months
membrane-filled space located between the
two frontal and two parietal bones
Posterior fontanelle is triangle-shaped lies at posterior fontanelles ossify within 6–8 weeks
the junction between the sagittal suture and after birth.
lambdoid suture
Two smaller fontanelles are located on each
side of the head, more anteriorly the sphenoidal
or anterolateral fontanelle (between the
sphenoid, parietal, temporal, and frontal bones)
and more posteriorly the mastoid or
posterolateral fontanelle (between the
temporal, occipital, and parietal bones).

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-298

Name: Female Foetal Skull
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age:
Observations
consists of five main bones: two frontal bones, two parietal
bones, and one occipital bone. These are joined by fibrous
sutures, which allow movement that facilitates childbirth
and brain growth
Anterior fontanelle is a diamond-shaped membrane-filled Anterior fontanelle close over by 9 to
space located between the two frontal and two parietal 18 months
bones
Posterior fontanelle is triangle-shaped lies at the junction posterior fontanelles ossify within 6–
between the sagittal suture and lambdoid suture 8 weeks after birth.
Two smaller fontanelles are located on each side of the
head, more anteriorly the sphenoidal or anterolateral
fontanelle (between the sphenoid, parietal, temporal, and
frontal bones) and more posteriorly the mastoid or
posterolateral fontanelle (between the temporal, occipital,
and parietal bones).

147
 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-299
Name: Male Articulated Pelvis (Old)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Old
Observations
Body framework: Massive, rougher, marked muscle Early Fifth decade: symphyseal face has
sites. Stands higher and more erect an oval, smooth surface with raised upper
and lower ends
General: Deep funnel. End of fifth decade: narrow beaded rim
develops on the margins
Sixth decade: erosion of surface and
breakdown of ventral margin
Ilium: Less vertical, curve of iliac crest reaches higher 7th decade: surface become irregularly
level and is more prominent eroded
Preauricular sulcus: Not frequent; narrow shallow.
Acetabulum: Large, 52 mm. in diameter; directed
laterally; wider, deeper
Obturator foramen: Large, often oval with base
upward
Greater sciatic notch: Smaller, narrower, deeper
Illeo-pectineal line: Well marked and rough
Ischial tuberosity: Inverted.
Body of pubis: Narrow, triangular, thick
Ramus of pubis: It is like continuation of body of
pubis
Ischiopubic rami: More everted, thicker and rougher
Symphysis: Higher, bigger and narrow in width.
Margin of pubic arch everted
Subpubic angle: V-shaped, sharp angle 70 degree to
75 degree
Pelvic brim or inlet: Heart-shaped
Pelvic cavity: Conical and funnel shaped
Pelvic outlet: Smaller.
Sacroiliac articulation: Large, extends to 2 ½ to 3
vertebrae
Sacroiliac joint surface: Large and sharply angulated
Sacrum: Longer, narrower, with more evenly
distributed curvature; promontory well marked. Body
of first sacral vertebra longer.
Coccyx Less movable
Ischiopubic index: 73 to 94
Pubic length in mm. / ischial length in mm. * 100

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 Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-300
Name: Male Articulated Pelvis (Young)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Young
Observations
Body framework: Massive, rougher, marked Before 20: has a layer of compact bone near its
muscle sites. Stands higher and more erect surface
20 years: irregular and uneven, transversely
running ridges across the articular surface
24-36 years: ridges disappear, and surface has
granular appearance, dorsal and ventral lines are
completely defined
General: Deep funnel.
Ilium: Less vertical, curve of iliac crest reaches
higher level and is more prominent
Preauricular sulcus: Not frequent; narrow
shallow.
Acetabulum : Large, 52 mm. in diameter;
directed laterally; wider, deeper
Obturator foramen: Large, often oval with
base upward
Greater sciatic notch: Smaller, narrower,
deeper
Illeo-pectineal line: Well marked and rough
Ischial tuberosity: Inverted.
Body of pubis: Narrow, triangular, thick
Ramus of pubis: It is like continuation of body
of pubis
Ischiopubic rami: More everted, thicker and
rougher
Symphysis: Higher, bigger and narrow in width.
Margin of pubic arch everted
Subpubic angle: V-shaped, sharp angle 70
degree to 75 degree
Pelvic brim or inlet: Heart-shaped
Pelvic cavity: Conical and funnel shaped
Pelvic outlet: Smaller.
Sacroiliac articulation: Large, extends to 2 ½
to 3 vertebrae
Sacroiliac joint surface: Large and sharply
angulated
Sacrum: Longer, narrower, with more evenly
distributed curvature; promontory well marked.

149
Body of first sacral vertebra longer.

Coccyx Less movable

Ischiopubic index: 73 to 94
Pubic length in mm. / ischial length in mm. *
100

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-301

Name: Female Articulated Pelvis (Old)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Female Age: Old
Observations
Body framework: Less massive, slender, smoother.
General Flat: bowl.
Ilium: More vertical, distance between iliac crest is less; iliac fossae Early Fifth decade:
shallow; curves of crest well marked symphyseal face has an
oval, smooth surface
with raised upper and
lower ends
Preauricular sulcus(attachment of anterior sacroiliac ligament): End of fifth decade:
More frequent, broad and deep narrow beaded rim
develops on the margins
Sixth decade: erosion of
surface and breakdown
of ventral margin
Acetabulum: Small, 46mm. in diameter; directed anterolaterally; 7th decade: surface
narrower. become irregularly
eroded
Obturator foramen: Small, triangular with apex forward.
Greater sciatic notch : Smaller, narrower, deeper
Illeo-pectineal line : Rounded and smooth
Ischial tuberosity: Everted; more widely separated
Body of pubis : Broad, square; pits on posterior surface if borne
children
Ramus of pubis: Has a constricted or narrowed appearance and is
short and thick
Ischiopubic rami: Less everted, thinner and smoother
Symphysis Lower, wider and rounded. Margins of pubic arch not
everted; distance between two pubic tubercles greater. The dorsal
border is irregular and shows depressions or pits (scars of
parturition).
Subpubic angle: U-shaped, rounded, broader angle, 90 to 100 degree
Pelvic brim or inlet: Circular or elliptical; more spacious; diameter

150
longer
Pelvic cavity: Broad and round.
Pelvic outlet: larger
Sacroiliac articulation: Small, oblique, extends to 2 to 2 ½ vertebrae
Sacroiliac joint surface: Large and sharply angulated
Sacrum: Shorter, wider; upper half almost straight, curve forward in
lower half; promontory less marked. Body of first sacral vertebra
small.
Coccyx: more movable
Ischiopubic index: 91 to 115
Pubic length in mm. / ischial length in mm. * 100

Identification Code: SMCW/FMT/Museum/B-302

Name: Female Articulated Pelvis (Young)
Gender Identification Age Identification
Gender: Male Age: Young
Observations
Body framework: Less massive, slender, smoother. Before 20: has a layer of compact
bone near its surface
20 years: irregular and uneven,
transversely running ridges across
the articular surface
24-36 years: ridges disappear, and
surface has granular appearance,
dorsal and ventral lines are
completely defined
General Flat: bowl.
Ilium: More vertical, distance between iliac crest is less; iliac
fossae shallow; curves of crest well marked
Preauricular sulcus(attachment of anterior sacroiliac ligament):
More frequent, broad and deep
Acetabulum: Small, 46mm. in diameter; directed anterolaterally;
narrower.
Obturator foramen: Small, triangular with apex forward.
Greater sciatic notch : Smaller, narrower, deeper
Illeo-pectineal line : Rounded and smooth
Ischial tuberosity: Everted; more widely separated
Body of pubis : Broad, square; pits on posterior surface if borne
children
Ramus of pubis: Has a constricted or narrowed appearance and is
short and thick
Ischiopubic rami: Less everted, thinner and smoother

151
Symphysis Lower, wider and rounded. Margins of pubic arch not
everted; distance between two pubic tubercles greater. The dorsal
border is irregular and shows depressions or pits (scars of
parturition).
Subpubic angle: U-shaped, rounded, broader angle, 90 to 100
degree
Pelvic brim or inlet: Circular or elliptical; more spacious;
diameter longer
Pelvic cavity: Broad and round.
Pelvic outlet: larger
Sacroiliac articulation: Small, oblique, extends to 2 to 2 ½
vertebrae
Sacroiliac joint surface: Large and sharply angulated
Sacrum: Shorter, wider; upper half almost straight, curve forward
in lower half; promontory less marked. Body of first sacral
vertebra small.
Coccyx: more movable
Ischiopubic index: 91 to 115
Pubic length in mm. / ischial length in mm. * 100

152
 DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE INCLUDING TOXICOLOGY
CHARTS

Sr. Identification No. Name of Chart

No.
1. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-1 Penal Powers of Courts in India
2. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-2 Difference Between Civil & Criminal
Negligence
3. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-3 Difference Between Male & Female Skull
4. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-4 Sex Differentiating Features in Articulated
Pelvis
5. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-5 Primary vs Permanent Teeth Eruption
6. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-6 Difference Between Mandible of Infant, Adult &
Old
7. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-7 Difference Between Rigor Mortis & Cadaveric
Spasm
8. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-8 Wound Types Illustrations
9. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-9 Difference Between Hypostasis And Bruise
10. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-10 Difference Between Incised, Lacerated & Stab
Wounds
11. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-11 Difference Between Entry & Exit Wound of
Bullet
12. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-12 Entry & Exit Wound of Bullet - Illustration
13. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-13 Types of Cartridges
14. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-14 Parts of Firearm
15. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-15 Circle of Willis & Types of Intracranial
Haemorrhages
16. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-16 Injuries to Pedestrian in Road Traffic Accidents
17. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-17 Difference Between Antemortem & Postmortem
Wounds
18. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-18 Wallace Rule of Nine to Estimate Extent of
Body Surface Area Burned
19. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-19 Difference Between Burns From Dry Heat ,
Moist Heat & Chemicals
20. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-20 Mechanical Asphyxia
21. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-21 Pathophysioogy of Drowning
22. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-22 Difference Between Hanging & Strangulation
23. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-23 Difference Between True Insanity & Feigned
Insanity
24. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-24 Classification of Poisons
25. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-25 Difference Between Colubrine & Viperine Bites
26. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-26 Difference Between Poisonous & Non-
Poisonous Snakes
27. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-27 Types of Poisonous Snakes in India

153
28. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-28 Shapes of Stab Wound With Different Types of
Weapons
29. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-29 Management of Poisoning I
30. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-30 Management of Poisoning II
Eminent Personalities in Forensic Medicine Including Toxicology
31. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-31 Sushruta
32. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-32 Sir William Herschel
33. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-33 Azizul Haque
34. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-34 Alphonse Bertillon
35. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-35 W. M. Krogman
36. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-36 Sir Alec Jeffreys
37. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-37 Keith Simpson
38. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-38 Edmond Locard
39. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-39 Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila
40. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-40 Bernard Knight
41. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-41 Jai Sing P Modi
42. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-42 Bartolomeo Da Varignana
43. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-43 Karl Landsteiner
44. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-44 John Larson
45. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-45 Leonard Keeler
46. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-46 Ambroise Tardieu
47. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-47 Karl Van Rokitansky
48. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-48 Rudolph Virchow
49. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-49 John Glaister
50. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-50 Alfred Swaine Taylor
51. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-51 Paulus Zacchias
52. SMCW/FMT/Museum/C-52 Paracelsus

154
DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE INCLUDING TOXICOLOGY
Prototype Fire and other Arms

Sr.No. Identification No. Name of Weapon

Hard and Blunt weapons
1. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-1 Bankh
2. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-2 Hammer(Haturi)
3. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-3 Skipping/Jumping Rope
4. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-4 Metal chain
5. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-5 Iron/Metal rod
6. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-6 Cricket bat
7. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-7 Wicket/stump
8. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-8 Hockey ball
9. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-9 Washer woman’s stick/Paddle
10. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-10 Belan
11. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-11 Rolling Pin ( wooden)
12. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-12 Chimta( kitchen tool)
13. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-13 Sandasi /kitchen pincer/pakkad
14. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-14 Tyre Lever
15. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-15 Wooden Nunchaku
16. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-16 Spatula
17. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-17 Dumbbells
18. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-18 Metal Serving Spoon/Scoop
19. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-19 Wooden Hand Blender
20. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-20 Wooden Masher
21. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-21 Metallic Masher
22. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-22 Dodar Sansi( Iron kitchen Pincer)
23. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-23 Bamboo lathi
Pointed Tip weapons
24. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-24 Ice pick/ Ice Cutter Needle
25. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-25 Hand shovel /Balcha
26. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-26 Bhala/Spear
27. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-27 Ballam/short spear
28. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-28 Screw driver
29. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-29 Iron Khunta/ Kila
30. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-30 Trishul
31. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-31 Parkhi
32. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-32 Pitchfork
33. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-33 Sabble/Iron crowbar (pahar)
34. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-34 Arrow
35. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-35 Punja/soil mixer
36. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-36 Karni/ Trowel
37. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-37 Picker pointer Spoon/Forked spoon
38. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-38 Cork Screw opener
39. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-39 Cake Designing Knife

155
40. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-40 Iron/Kirtan Chimta
41. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-41 Metal Hook
42. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-42 Khukri Nepali
43. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-43 Needle for electrician
Sharp cutting Light weight weapons
44. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-44 Single Edge vegetable Knife
45. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-45 Pizza cutting blade
46. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-46 Dinner table knife
47. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-47 Waving Knife
48. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-48 Bottle opener cum tin Cutter
49. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-49 Hand Scraper
50. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-50 Cake Server/ Pizza server
51. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-51 Saw
52. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-52 Axa blade - Small
53. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-53 Khurpi/gardening Tool
54. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-54 Small Chisel
55. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-55 Chisel with Wooden handle
56. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-56 Metallic Octagonal Chisel
57. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-57 Cutting pliers- large
58. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-58 Cutting pliers- small
59. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-59 Long Nose Sharp Cutting Plier
60. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-60 Pliers-Electric
61. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-61 Dantri
Sharp cutting heavy weight weapons
62. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-62 Axe
63. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-63 Pick axe (Gainti)
64. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-64 Mini Axe(Patvar)
65. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-65 Battle axe/Barcha
66. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-66 Kapora/Axe
67. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-67 Gandasi (type of axe with wooden handle)
68. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-68 Basuoli
69. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-69 Meat chopper
70. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-70 Cleaver(Chopper)
71. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-71 Gandasa- Grass cutting Sword blade
72. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-72 Phaora/fawda 1
73. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-73 Phaora/fawda 2
74. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-74 Phaora/fawda 3
75. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-75 Kassi/Spade
76. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-76 Kudali
77. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-77 Dao/Chopper
78. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-78 Military Dao
79. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-79 Curved Daub
80. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-80 Iron Khurpa
81. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-81 Gardner’s Khurpa
82. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-82 Khonchi

156
83. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-83 Dantra/Ancient vegetable cutter/vili (ancient
kitchen tool)
84. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-84 Grass Cutting Sword ( Curved-single edge)
Sharp cutting with pointed tip weapons
85. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-85 Sickle/Hanssiya
86. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-86 Lagga
87. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-87 Patal datri(type of Sickle)
88. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-88 Dagger (Katyar)
89. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-89 Sword (straight-single edged)
90. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-90 Hathrassi Knife
91. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-91 Chhura /Kripan
92. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-92 Scissors
93. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-93 Hedge shear( Small)
94. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-94 Peeler 1
95. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-95 Peeler 2
96. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-96 Knife
97. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-97 Steak knife
98. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-98 Kitchen knife with serrated margin 1
99. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-99 Kitchen knife with serrated margin 2
100. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-100 Kitchen knife with serrated margin 3
101. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-101 Kitchen knife- Stainless steel with serrated
margin
102. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-102 Kitchen knife-1
103. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-103 Kitchen knife-2
104. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-104 Kitchen knife-3
105. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-105 Mini Navaja( Small folding Knife)
Firearms
106. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-106 Bullets
107. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-107 Single barrel rifle
108. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-108 Single barrel rifle
109. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-109 Air Pistol
110. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-110 Air Pistol
111. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-111 Air Pistol
112. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-112 Air Pistol
113. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-113 Air Pistol
114. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-114 Air Pistol
115. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-115 Air Pistol
116. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-116 Air Pistol
117. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-117 Pistol
118. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-118 Pistol
119. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-119 Pistol
120. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-120 Pistol
121. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-121 Revolver
122. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-122 Revolver
123. SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-123 Revolver

157
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-1
Bankh
 Description:
 Light, hard, c-shaped blunt weapon
 It forms two small loops at both ends to form the grip

 Injuries possible/produced
 Abrasions
 Bruises
 Lacerated wounds

 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Causes grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-2

Hammer(Haturi)

Description:
 Heavy, blunt, non-flexible weapon.
 It has a metallic pan and a wooden handle.
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Fracture a-la signature
 Split laceration
 Contusion
 Medico-legal importance:
 Interpret the type of weapon
 Interpret the relative position of assailant and victim
 Dangerous weapon
 Causes grievous hurt
 Trace evidence

158
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-3

Skipping/Jumping Rope

 Description:
 Light blunt weapon, flexible, nylon fibres.
 Two wooden handles/Grips at each end
 Injuries produced:
 Patterned contusions
 Patterned abrasions
 Rope burns
 With Handles: Abrasion, contusion
 Medico-legal importance:
 To differentiate hanging from strangulation
 In strangulation, ligature mark is horizontally below the level of thyroid
cartilage.
 In hanging, it is obliquely placed above the thyroid cartilage.
 To find out material used based on pattern a trace evidence at the ligature
mark
 Trace evidence

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-4

Metal chain

 Description:
 Heavy blunt weapon, quadrangular, blunt edges, a loop on one surface

 Injuries possible/produced:
 Patterned contusion
 Patterned abrasion
 Split laceration
 Fracture skull
 Fracture long bones

 Medico-legal importance:
 Likely to cause death.
 Homicidal strangulation
 Accidental machinery injuries

159
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-5

Iron/Metal rod

 Description:
 Metallic, Heavy, blunt, nonflexible weapon

 Injuries possible/produced:
 Tramline contusion
 Split laceration
 Fracture of bones

 Medico-legal importance:
 Interpret the type of weapon
 Interpret the relative position of assailant and victim
 Dangerous weapon
 Causes grievous hurt
 Trace evidence

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-6

Cricket bat

 Description:
 Moderately heavy, hard, blunt, non-flexible, cylindrical, elongated weapon,
made of wood
 The blade is a wooden block that is generally flat on the striking face and with
a ridge on the reverse (back)
 The blade is connected to a long cylindrical cane handle, by means of a splice.
The handle is usually covered with a rubber grip. Bats incorporate a wooden
spring design where the handle meets the blade
 The length is not more than 38 in (965 mm), the width not more than 4.25 in
(108 mm)
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Abrasion
 Bruises
 Lacerated wounds on head looking almost like incised wounds
 Fracture of bones with or without dislocations

 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt
 Maybe Used for homicide
 Can be used for purpose of strangulation

160
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-7

Wicket /Stump

 Description
 Moderately heavy, hard, blunt, non-flexible, cylindrical, elongated weapon,
made of either wood,
 Smooth all over
 Wicket consists of three wooden stumps that are 28 inches (71.12 cm) tall

 Injuries possible/produced:
 Abrasion
 Bruises
 Lacerated wounds on head looking almost like incised wounds
 Fracture of bones with or without dislocations

 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt
 Maybe Used for homicide
 Can be used for purpose of strangulation

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-8

Hockey ball

 Description:
 It is a hard, blunt, solid ball
 Potentially lethal

 Injuries possible/produced:
 Bruises following a hard, direct blow.

 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple or grievous hurt

161
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 9

Washerwoman’s Stick/paddle

 Description:
 Moderately heavy, hard, blunt, more or less Cylindrical, elongated wooden
weapon
 One end has shorter handle used as a grip

 Injuries possible/produced:
 Patterned Abrasion
 Patterned Bruises
 Lacerated wounds
 Fracture of bones if struck forcibly

 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt
 Maybe Used for homicide

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 10

Belan

 Description:
 Light/moderately heavy, cylindrical, elongated weapon
 Consists of a thick cylinder with small handles at each end
 Smooth all over
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Abrasion
 Bruises
 Lacerated wounds on head looking almost like incised wounds
 Fracture of bones with or without dislocations
 Penetrating injury
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt
 Maybe Used for homicide
 Can be used for purpose of strangulation

162
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 11

Rolling pin (Wooden)

 Description:
 Moderately heavy, cylindrical, elongated weapon
 Consists of a thick cylinder with/without small handles at each end
 Smooth all over
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Abrasion
 Bruises
 Lacerated wounds on head looking almost like incised wounds
 Fracture of bones with or without dislocations
 Penetrating injury
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt
 Maybe Used for homicide
 Can be used for purpose of strangulation

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 12

Chimta (kitchen tool)

 Description:
 Light, blunt, elongated, metallic weapon
 consists of a long, flat piece of steel that is pointed/flat/serrated at both ends,
and folded over in the middle
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Abrasion
 Bruises

 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt
 Maybe Used for homicide

163
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 13

Sandasi/Kitchen pincer/Pakkad

 Description:
 Light, blunt, elongated, metallic weapon
 Consist of a pair levers joined at a fulcrum positioned closer to one end of the
levers, creating short jaws on one side of the fulcrum, and longer handles on
the other side
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Abrasion
 Bruises
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt
 Maybe Used for homicide

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 14

Tyre lever

 Description:
 Light/ Moderately heavy blunt, metallic weapon
 Consist of a T-shaped metal bar having bladelike ends of various shapes
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Stab injuries
 Penetrating injuries
 Incised wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Homicidal and suicidal injuries possible

164
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 15

Wooden Nunchaku
 Description:
 Light, hard, weapon has a handle and a metal chain
 Hardened sticks/handles made of wood, metal, or plastic and usually
connected by a short length of rope, metal chain, or leather
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Bruise
 Abrasions
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple or grievous injury

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-16
Spatula

 Description:
 Light, hard, blunt weapon has a handle and a metal blade
 Handle made of wood, metal, or plastic and usually connected by a long,
broad, flat, flexible metal blade with blunt edges
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Bruises
 Abrasions
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple or grievous injury

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 17
Dumbbells
 Description:
 Moderately Heavy/heavy, hard, blunt, Non- flexible, various shape and sized
weapon made of iron
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Abrasion
 Patterned Bruise
 Fracture of bones if struck forcibly
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt
 Maybe Used for homicidal injuries including head injuries

165
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 18
Metal Serving Spoon/Scoop
 Description:
 Light, hard, blunt, Non- flexible, various sized weapon made of metal or
stainless steel
 One ned is curved, composed of a palm-sized hollow hemisphere attached to a
horizontal handle
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Abrasion
 Patterned Bruise
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 19
Wooden Hand blender
 Description:
 Light, hard, blunt, Non- flexible, various sized weapon made of wood
 It consists of a long, narrow handle
 Other end is round, composed of serrated blunt edges attached to a horizontal
handle
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Abrasion
 Patterned Bruise
 With handle: abrasion, penetrating injury
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 20
Wooden Masher
 Description:
 Light, hard, blunt, Non- flexible, various sized weapon made of wood
 It consists of a long, narrow handle
 Another end is round and smooth attached to a horizontal handle
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Abrasion
 Patterned Bruise
 With handle: abrasion, penetrating injury
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt

166
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 21
Metallic Masher
 Description:
 Light, hard, blunt, Non- flexible, various sized weapon made of metal
 It consists of a short handle attached to a circular blade with multiple holes.

 Injuries possible/produced:
 Patterned abrasion
 Patterned Bruise
 With handle: abrasion, penetrating injury

 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 22
Dodar Sansi (Iron Kitchen pincer)
 Description:
 Light, blunt, elongated, metallic weapon
 Consist of a pair levers joined at a fulcrum positioned closer to one end of the
levers, creating short jaws on one side of the fulcrum, and longer handles on
the other side
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Abrasion
 Bruises
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt
 Maybe Used for homicide

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-23
Bamboo lathi
 Description
 Hard, blunt, non-flexible, cylindrical, elongated wooden weapon

 Injuries possible/produced:
 Abrasion
 Bruises
 Lacerated wounds on head looking almost like incised wounds
 Fracture of bones with or without dislocations

 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt
 Maybe Used for homicide
 Can be used for purpose of strangulation

167
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 24
Ice pick/ Ice cutter needle
 Description:
 Light sharp weapon
 Metal head with pointed tip and plastic handle
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Stab injuries
 Penetrating injuries
 Incised wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Pithing (Infanticide)
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Homicidal and suicidal injuries possible

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 25
Hand shovel/Balcha
 Description:
 Light blunt weapon with a pointed tip at the end and two pointed tips at the
back corners of the blade
 It has wooden handle and metallic blade concave on one side and convex on
the other side with blunt edges and pointed tip
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating injuries
 Contusions
 Lacerations
 Fractures
 Medico-legal importance:
 Accidental injuries are common
 Rarely homicidal injuries
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt

168
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 26: Bhala/Spear
 Description:
 Heavy sharp-cutting weapon, made up of iron, may be of various shape
 Commonly it is triangular with 2 smooth surfaces, thickened in midpart
 Both limbs are sharp and gradually taper to meet to form a tip.
 Base consist of hollow cylinder like limb for 4-6 inches to accommodate the
handle
 Long wooden handle is fitted with metallic part
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Stab injuries
 Penetrating injuries
 Incised wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Mostly Used for homicide
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 27: Ballam/ short Spear

 Description:
 Moderately heavy, pointed weapon, made up of iron, may be of various shape
 Commonly it is thickened in midpart taper to meet to form a pointed tip.
 Base consist of hollow cylinder accommodate the wooden handle
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Stab injuries
 Penetrating injuries
 Incised wounds
 Perforating wounds

 Medico-legal importance:
 Mostly Used for homicide
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 28: Screwdriver

 Description:
 Light, sharp, pointed, metallic weapon
 Has a handle made up of wood/metal/plastic and a shaft, usually made of
tough steel to resist bending or twisting.
 Shaft ends in a tip, available in a wide variety of types and sizes
 Injuries possible/produced:
 With tip: slit like Stab injuries with squared ends and abraded margins,
Penetrating injuries, Incised wounds
 With handle: abrasions, bruises
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Homicidal injuries possible

169
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 29
Iron Khunta/Kila
 Description:
 Light, pointed, metallic weapon
 Three parts - pointed end is point, the shaft, and the flattened part is called the
head
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating and perforating wounds
 Abrasions
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Used as weapon of homicide

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 30
Trishul
 Description:
 Heavy, sharp-cutting, pointed weapon, made up of iron, may be of various
shape
 3 sharp iron pin or stake, mounted on a long danda or staff.
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Stab injuries
 Penetrating injuries
 Incised wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Mostly Used for homicide
 Can cause simple or grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 31
Parkhi
 Description:
 Light sharp weapon. It has a metallic blade with sharp edge, and a tapering
pointed end
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Patterned Stab wound
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Incised wounds
 With tip: abrasions, lacerations
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Used for homicide

170
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 32: Pitchfork
 Description:
 Light/moderately heavy, sharp, pointed, weapon
 Consist of two parts-metallic blade and handle
 Blade: Usually made of metal, consists of a fork bearing two or more slightly
curved tines fixed to one end of a handle
 The handle of is commonly made of wood, sometimes sheathed or shielded
with rubber or plastic.
 Injuries possible/produced:
 With blade: Bruises, Patterned abrasions, lacerations, Penetrating wounds
 With handle: contusions, abrasions
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple or grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 33: Sabble /Iron crowbar (Pahar)

 Description:
 Long (5 to 6 ft.)/short, straight, Metallic, Heavy, blunt, nonflexible weapon
 Ends can be of different shapes-blunt, point, wedge, chisel
 Injuries possible/caused:
 Contusions
 Split laceration
 Fracture of bones
 Abrasions
 Penetrating injuries
 Medico-legal importance:
 Interpret the type of weapon
 Interpret the relative position of assailant and victim
 Dangerous weapon
 Causes grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 34: Arrow

 Description:
 Light, pointed, elongated weapon
 Consist of 3 parts-arrowhead, shaft, nock
 Shaft is long, straight, stiff attached with stabilizers called fletchings.
 Made up of wood/metal
 Arrowhead is weighty, usually sharp and pointed attached to the front end
 Nock is slot at the rear end
 Injuries caused:
 Contusions
 Lacerations
 Abrasions
 Penetrating injuries
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon and can cause grievous injury.

171
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 35: Punja/Soil Mixer
 Description:
 Moderately heavy, pointed, metallic weapon
 Consist of two parts-metallic blade and handle
 Blade: Usually made of metal, consists of a fork bearing two or more slightly
curved tines fixed to one end of a handle
 The handle of is commonly made of wood or metal, sometimes sheathed or
shielded with rubber or plastic.
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Patterned Abrasions
 Patterned Bruises
 Lacerations
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 36: Karni/Trowel

 Description:
 Light, pointed, weapon
 Consist of 2 Parts-Metal blade and handle
 Shaft is short, straight, stiff made up of wood/metal
 Blade is elongated triangular-shaped, flat, sharp and pointed attached to the
front end of handle
 Injuries caused:
 Contusions
 Lacerations
 Abrasions
 Penetrating injuries
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Causes grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 37:Picker pointer Spoon (Forked spoon)

 Description:
 Light, sharp, pointed weapon
 Usually made of metal, whose long handle terminates in a head that branches
into two narrow and often slightly curved tines with which one can spear
foods either to hold them to cut with a knife or to lift them
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Bruises
 Patterned abrasions
 Stab wound
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple or grievous hurt

172
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 38: Corkscrew opener
 Description:
 Light, sharp, pointed weapon
 Usually made of metal, drawing corks from wine bottles and other household
bottles that may be sealed with corks
 It consists of a pointed metallic helix (often called the "worm") attached to a
handle
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Bruises
 Patterned abrasions
 Stab wound
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple or grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 39: Cake Designing Knife

 Description:
 Light, small, pointed weapon
 Consist of 2 Parts-Metal blade and handle
 Shaft is short, straight, stiff made up of wood/metal
 Blade is elongated triangular-shaped, flat, sharp, pointed and attached to the
front end of handle
 Injuries caused:
 Contusions
 Lacerations
 Abrasions
 Penetrating injuries
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Causes grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 40: Iron or Kirtan Chimta

 Description:
 Light/Moderately heavy, blunt, elongated, pointed tip metallic weapon
 It consists of a long, flat Blades of iron that is pointed at both ends, and folded
over in the middle
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Abrasion
 Bruises
 Penetrating injuries
 Lacerations
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt
 Maybe Used for homicide

173
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 41: Metal Hook
 Description:
 Light, pointed, metallic weapon
 It consists of a portion that is curved or indented, such that it can be used to
grab
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Abrasion
 Bruises
 Penetrating injuries
 Lacerations
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 42: Khukri Nepali

 Description:
 Light, sharp, Pointed, metallic weapon (sometimes wrapped in leather)
 Shape varies from straight to highly curved with angled or smooth spines
 Blade usually have a notch at the base of the handle
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Stab wound
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Incised wounds
 Chop wounds
 Lacerations
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Used for homicide
 Suicidal injuries are also common

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 43: Needle for Electrician

 Description:
 Light pointed tip weapon
 Metal flat blade with pointed tip and wooden handle
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Stab injuries
 Penetrating injuries
 Incised wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Homicidal and suicidal injuries possible

174
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 44
Single Edge Vegetable Knife
 Description:
 Light sharp weapon.
 It has a metallic blade with one blunt and one sharp edge, a tapering end and a
wooden/plastic handle
 Injuries produced:
 Stab wound (Wedge shaped)
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Incised wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Used for homicide
 Suicidal injuries are also common

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 45
Pizza cutting blade
 Description:
 Light sharp cutting weapon,
 Blade: metal wheel that rotates in a circle, has two flat surfaces, and a
plastic/wooden/metal handle
 Injuries possible/produced:
 With blade: Incised wound, Abrasions
 With handle: abrasions, bruise
 Medico-legal importance:
 Usually suicidal (hesitation cuts)
 Homicidal cuts
 Dangerous weapon

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 46
Dinner table knife
 Description:
 Light, sharp weapon with a single cutting edge, and blunt or rounded end.
 Table knives are typically of moderate sharpness only, designed to cut
prepared and cooked food
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Force of impact more: Stab wound, Penetrating wounds, Incised wounds
 With Less Force: bruise, abrasions, lacerations
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Homicidal injuries possible

175
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 47: Waving Knife
 Description:
 Light, sharp cutting weapon
 Consist of 2 Parts-Metal blade and handle
 Handle is short, straight, stiff made up of wood/plastic/metal
 Blade is elongated, wavy, flat, rectangular with one sharp wavy and 1 blunt
edge and attached to the front end of handle,
 Injuries caused:
 Contusions
 Lacerations
 Abrasions
 Penetrating injuries
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Causes grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 48: Bottle opener cum tin Cutter

 Description:
 Tin Cutter: Light sharp cutting curved metal blade that rotates in a circle
attached to handle
 Bottle opener: a rectangular or rounded opening which contains a lip
 Injuries possible/produced:
 With blade: Incised wound, Abrasions
 With handle: abrasions, bruise
 With Opener: patterned abrasion, patterned bruise
 Medico-legal importance:
 Causes simple or grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 49
Hand Scraper

 Description:
 About 6-inch-long, consist of a metal blade and a handle made with a
plastic/wooden/metal
 Metal blade: one end is fixed to handle and other end is curved, semi-circular
with pointed serrated margins (shark teeth like)
 Injuries possible/produced:
 With blade: patterned abrasion, patterned bruise
 With handle: abrasions, bruise
 Medico-legal importance:
 Causes simple or grievous hurt

176
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 50: Cake server/Pizza server
 Description:
 Light, pointed, weapon
 Consist of 2 Parts-Metal blade and handle
 Shaft is short, straight, stiff made up of wood/metal
 Blade is elongated, triangular-shaped, flat, and blunted tip with 1 sharp
serrated and 1 blunt edge, attached to the front end of handle at a slight angle
 Injuries caused:
 Contusions
 Lacerations
 Abrasions
 Incised wound
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Causes grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 51: Saw

 Description:
 Moderately heavy/light, sharp cutting, metallic weapon
 It is a tool consisting of a tough blade, wire, or chain with a hard toothed edge.
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By cutting edge: stab, penetrating, incised wounds, laceration with serrated
margins
 By the handle: Abrasions, contusions, lacerations
 Medico-legal importance:
 Usually accidental injuries
 Suicidal cut throat injuries
 Sometimes homicidal injuries
 Dangerous weapon

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 52: Axa blade (small)

 Description:
 Light, sharp cutting, nonflexible, metallic weapon
 It consists of a fine-toothed saw with a c-shaped frame that holds a blade
under tension,
 Have a handle, usually a pistol grip, with pins for attaching a narrow
disposable blade
 Blade has teeth set in a "wave" set and small
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Bruises
 Lacerations
 Patterned abrasions
 Penetrating wounds
 Incised wounds
 Medico-legal importance:

177
  Usually accidental injuries & Sometimes homicidal injuries
 Can cause simple or grievous and its dangerous weapon

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 53
Khurpi/ Gardening Tool
 Description:
 It is a lightweight sharp cutting weapon
 Consists of short angulated wooden handle attached to rectangular, flat,
metallic blade with sharp edge at tip
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By cutting edge: stab, penetrating, incised wounds, lacerations
 By the handle: Abrasions, contusions, lacerations; fractures
 Medico-legal importance:
 Used as a weapon of homicide
 Dangerous weapon
 Rarely used for suicidal purpose

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 54
Small Chisel
 Description:
 Light, sharp, metallic weapon about 6 inch long
 Has 2 parts-blade and handle
 Blade is flat, rectangular, bevelled at the tip
 The handle is round and made up of metal
 Injuries possible/produced:
 With blade: Abrasions, Bruises, Lacerations, Incised wound
 With handle: bruises, abrasions
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 55
Chisel with wooden handle
 Description:
 Light, sharp, metallic weapon about 12 inch long
 Has 2 parts-blade and handle
 Blade is long, flat, rectangular, and bevelled at the tip
 The handle is made up of wood
 Injuries possible/produced:
 With blade: Abrasions, Bruises, Lacerations, Incised wound
 With handle: bruises, abrasions
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt

178
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 56: Metallic Octagonal Chisel
 Description:
 Light, sharp, metallic weapon about 6 inch long
 The cutting edge of blade is flat, rectangular, and sharp
 The handle is made up of metal and octagonal shaped
 Injuries possible/produced:
 With blade: Abrasions, Bruises, Lacerations, Incised wound
 With handle: bruises, abrasions
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 57: Cutting pliers(large)

 Description:
 Moderately heavy, sharp cutting, semi-flexible, pointed metallic weapon
 consist of a pair levers joined at a fulcrum positioned closer to one end of the
levers, creating short jaws on one side of the fulcrum, and longer handles on
the other side
 The jaw edges are ground to a symmetrical "V" shape,
 The handles are commonly insulated with a dip-type or shrink fit electrically
insulating material for comfort and some protection against electric shock.
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Bruises & Patterned abrasions
 Stab wound
 Penetrating wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Usually accidental injuries
 Can cause simple or grievous hurt
 Sometimes homicidal injuries
 Dangerous weapon

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 58: Cutting pliers (small)

 Description:
 Moderately heavy, sharp cutting, semi-flexible, pointed metallic weapon
 Consist of a pair levers joined at a fulcrum positioned closer to one end of the
levers, creating short jaws on one side of the fulcrum, and longer handles on
the other side
 The jaw edges are ground to a symmetrical "V" shape,
 The handles are commonly insulated with a dip-type or shrink fit electrically
insulating material for comfort and some protection against electric shock.
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Bruises
 Patterned abrasions
 Stab wound
 Penetrating wounds
 Medico-legal importance:

179
  Usually accidental injuries & Sometimes homicidal injuries
 Can cause simple or grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 59- Long Nose Sharp Cutting Plier

 Description:
 Moderately heavy, sharp cutting, semi-flexible, pointed metallic weapon
 Consist of a pair levers joined at a fulcrum positioned closer to one end of the
levers, creating short jaws on one side of the fulcrum (long nose shape), and
longer handles on the other side
 The jaw edges are ground to a symmetrical "V" shape,
 The handles are commonly insulated with a dip-type or shrink fit electrically
insulating material for comfort and some protection against electric shock.
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Bruises
 Patterned abrasions
 Stab wound
 Penetrating wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Usually accidental injuries
 Can cause simple or grievous hurt
 Sometimes homicidal injuries
 Dangerous weapon

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 60
Pliers (Electric)
 Description:
 Moderately heavy, sharp cutting, pointed metallic weapon
 Consist of a pair levers joined at a fulcrum positioned closer to one end of the
levers, creating short jaws on one side of the fulcrum, and longer handles on
the other side
 The jaw edges are ground to a symmetrical "V" shape,
 The handles are commonly insulated with a dip-type or shrink fit electrically
insulating material for comfort and some protection against electric shock.
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Bruises
 Patterned abrasions
 Stab wound
 Penetrating wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Usually accidental injuries
 Can cause simple or grievous hurt
 Sometimes homicidal injuries
 Dangerous weapon

180
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 61
Dantri
 Description:
 It is a light, sharp cutting weapon
 Consists of wooden handle attached at angle with the blade
 Metallic blade with sharp concave and blunt convex edge and blunt tip
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By cutting edge: stab, penetrating, incised wounds, laceration with serrated
margins
 By the handle: Abrasions, contusions, lacerations; fractures
 Medico-legal importance:
 Used as a weapon of homicide
 Dangerous weapon
 Rarely used for suicidal purpose

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 62
Axe
 Description:
 Moderately heavy weapon with sharp wedge shaped flat metallic blade, which
has loop at another end to fit in the wooden handle.
 Injuries possible/produced:
 With Blade- stab wound, scalp injuries, incised wounds, lacerations, chop
wound.
 With handle: abrasions, bruises
 Medico-legal importance:
 Used as a weapon of homicide
 Dangerous weapon
 Can cause grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 63
Pick Axe (Gainti)
 Description:
 Moderately blunt heavy weapon, wooden handle, metallic blade, which is
tapering at one end and flat/broad at another end.
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Pointed end- stab wound, penetrating injuries.
 Broad end- stab wound, scalp injuries, incised wounds, lacerations, chop
wound.
 With handle: abrasions, bruises
 Medico-legal importance:
 Used as a weapon of homicide
 Dangerous weapon
 Can cause grievous hurt

181
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 64: Mini axe/ Patvar
 Description:
 Moderately heavy weapon with sharp wedge shaped flat metallic blade, which
has loop at another end to fit in the wooden handle.
 Injuries possible/produced:
 With blade- stab wound, scalp injuries, incised wounds, lacerations, chop
 With handle: abrasions, bruises
 Medico-legal importance:
 Used as a weapon of homicide
 Dangerous weapon
 Can cause grievous hurt

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 65: Battle axe (Barcha)

 Description:
 Heavy weight sharp cutting weapon
 Consists of metal blade which has two edges, the cutting edge is sharp and
convex. The opposite edge is blunt and transformed into loop to accommodate
the handle on either side of loop
 The metallic part s blunt and concave, meet with the convex cutting edges to
form pointed tips on either side
 Long metal handle fitted opposite to sharp edge through the loop
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By the blade-chop wound, incised wound, fracture of the bones
 By the handle-abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and fractures
 Medico-legal importance:
 Used as a weapon of homicide
 Dangerous weapon
 Cause grievous hurt
 Rarely accidental injuries

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 66: Kapora/axe

 Description:
 Heavy sharp cutting weapon
 Consists of metal blade which has two edges, the cutting edge is sharp and
convex. The opposite edge is blunt and transformed into loop to accommodate
the handle on either side of loop
 The metallic part s blunt and concave, meet with the convex cutting edges to
form pointed tips on either side
 Long wooden handle fitted opposite to sharp edge through the loop
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By the blade-chop wound, incised wound, fracture of the bones
 By the handle-abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and fractures
 Medico-legal importance:
 Used as a weapon of homicide
 Dangerous weapon & can cause grievous hurt

182
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 67: Gandasi (type of axe with Wooden handle)
 Description:
 Heavy sharp cutting weapon
 Consists of hollow metal blade which has two surfaces with a sharp edge and
four borders
 Long wooden handle fitted opposite to sharp edge through the loop
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By the blade-chop wound, incised wound, fracture of the bones
 By the handle-abrasions, contusions, lacerations, and fractures
 Medico-legal importance:
 Used as a weapon of homicide
 Dangerous weapon
 Cause grievous hurt
 Rarely accidental injuries

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-68: Basuoli
 Description:
 heavy, hard, sharp weapon, has two parts-metallic and wooden
 Metallic part- has two striking surfaces, one is auricular/circular flat. Other
consist of a U-shaped groove to accommodate a rectangular piece of iron
 Wooden handle-fitted with the metallic part through the loop

 Injuries possible/produced with articular striking surface and wooden

handle:
 Abrasions, Bruises, Lacerated wounds
 Fracture of bones –when struck over the head it will cause
depressed/depressed Communited fracture, radiating/stellate fracture,
fracture/separation of sutures

 Injuries possible/produced with u shaped grooved striking surface:

 Abrasion
 Bruises-2 small parallel bruise with an unaffected zone in between
 Lacerated wounds-2 small parallel wounds with a healthy area in between
 Fracture of bones -2 small parallel fractures

 Medico-legal importance:
 Interpret the type of weapon
 Interpret the relative position of assailant and victim
 Dangerous weapon
 Causes grievous hurt
 Occasionally accidental and rarely suicidal

183
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 69

Meat chopper
 Description:
 Heavy sharp-cutting weapon
 Consist of metallic part and wooden handle
 Metallic part rectangular with 2 surfaces ,2 long edges & 2 short edges. One
long edge is sharp and other edges are blunt. One of the short edges is
narrowed and fitted with handle
 Wooden Handle is fitted with metallic blade
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By sharp cutting Edge-Incised wounds, chop wounds, cut fracture of bones
depending on the force of impact
 By the blunt margins and handle: Abrasion, Bruises, Lacerated wounds,
fracture of bones
 Medico-legal importance:
 Mostly Used for homicide
 Rarely accidental

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 70

Cleaver (chopper)
 Description:
 Heavy sharp-cutting weapon
 Consist of metallic part and plastic handle
 Metallic part rectangular with 2 surfaces ,2 long edges & 2 short edges. One
long edge is sharp and other edges are blunt. One of the short edges is
narrowed and fitted with handle
 Handle is fitted with metallic blade
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By sharp cutting Edge-Incised wounds, chop wounds, cut fracture of bones
depending on the force of impact
 By the blunt margins and handle: Abrasion, Bruises, Lacerated wounds,
fracture of bones
 Medico-legal importance:
 Mostly Used for homicide
 Rarely accidental

184
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 71

Gandasa- Grass cutting Sword Blade

 Description:
 Heavy sharp cutting weapon /Blade
 Consists of Curved, Broad, flat metal blade which has two surfaces with a
sharp edge and four borders,
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By the blade-chop wound, incised wound, fracture of the bones
 Medico-legal importance:
 Used as a weapon of homicide
 Dangerous weapon
 Cause grievous hurt
 Rarely accidental injuries

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 72

Phaora/fawda 1

 Description:
 Heavy sharp-cutting weapon
 Consist of metallic part and long wooden handle
 Metallic part is rectangular with 2 surfaces ,4 edges.
 Upper surface is concave and lower surface is convex
 One edge is sharp and other edges are blunt, transformed into a loop to hold
the handle.
 Wooden Handle is fitted with metallic blade through loop
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By sharp cutting Edge-Incised wounds, chop wounds, cut fracture of bones
depending on the force of impact
 By the blunt edge, loop and handle: Abrasion, Bruises, Lacerated wounds,
fracture of bones
 Medico-legal importance:
 Mostly Used for homicide
 Can cause accidental injury

185
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 73

Phaora/fawda 2

 Description:
 Heavy sharp-cutting weapon
 Consist of metallic part and long wooden handle
 Metallic part is rectangular with 2 surfaces ,4 edges.
 Upper surface is concave and lower surface is convex
 One edge is sharp and other edges are blunt, transformed into a loop to hold
the handle.
 Wooden Handle is fitted with metallic blade through loop
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By sharp cutting Edge-Incised wounds, chop wounds, cut fracture of bones
depending on the force of impact
 By the blunt edge, loop and handle: Abrasion, Bruises, Lacerated wounds,
fracture of bones
 Medico-legal importance:
 Mostly Used for homicide
 Can cause accidental injury

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 74

Phaora/fawda 3

 Description:
 Heavy sharp-cutting weapon
 Consist of metallic part and long wooden handle
 Metallic part is rectangular with 2 surfaces ,4 edges.
 Upper surface is concave and lower surface is convex
 One edge is sharp and other edges are blunt, transformed into a loop to hold
the handle.
 Wooden Handle is fitted with metallic blade through loop
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By sharp cutting Edge-Incised wounds, chop wounds, cut fracture of bones
depending on the force of impact
 By the blunt edge, loop and handle: Abrasion, Bruises, Lacerated wounds,
fracture of bones
 Medico-legal importance:
 Mostly Used for homicide
 Can cause accidental injury

186
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 75: Kassi /Spade
 Description:
 Heavy sharp-cutting weapon
 Consist of metallic part and long wooden handle
 Metallic part is rectangular with 2 surfaces ,4 edges.
 Upper surface is concave and lower surface is convex
 One edge is sharp and other edge is blunt, transformed into a loop to hold the
handle.
 Wooden handle is fitted with metallic blade through loop
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By sharp cutting Edge-Incised wounds, chop wounds, cut fracture of bones
depending on the force of impact
 By the blunt edge, loop and handle: Abrasion, Bruises, Lacerated wounds,
fracture of bones
 Medico-legal importance:
 Mostly Used for homicide
 Can cause accidental injury.

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 76: Kudali

 Description:
 Heavy sharp-cutting weapon
 Consist of metallic part and long wooden handle
 Metallic part: one end is sharp, and another is transformed into a loop to hold
the wooden handle.
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By sharp cutting Edge-Incised wounds, chop wounds, cut fracture of bones
depending on the force of impact
 By the blunt edge, loop, and handle: Abrasion, Bruises, Lacerated wounds,
fracture of bones
 Medico-legal importance:
 Mostly Used for homicide
 Can cause accidental injury

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 77: Dao/chopper (straight)

 Description:
 Heavy sharp-cutting weapon
 Consist of metallic part and wooden handle
 Metallic part with 2 surfaces ,2 edges- 1 sharp and 1 blunt
 Wooden handle is fitted with metallic part
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By sharp cutting Edge-Incised wounds, chop wounds, cut fracture of bones
 By the blunt edge and handle: Abrasion, Bruises, Lacerated wounds, fracture
of bones including gutter facture of skull bone
 Medico-legal importance:
 Mostly Used for homicide, Rarely suicidal/accidental

187
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 78: Military Dao
 Description:
 Heavy sharp-cutting weapon
 Consist of metallic part and wooden handle
 Metallic part: elongated, rectangular with 2 surfaces ,2 edges
 One edge sharp and concave, other edge is thicker, blunt and convex.
 Wooden handle is fitted with metallic part
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By sharp cutting Edge-Incised wounds, chop wounds, cut fracture of bones
 By the blunt edge and handle: Abrasion, Bruises, Lacerated wounds, fracture
of bones including gutter facture of skull bone
 Medico-legal importance:
 Mostly Used for homicide
 Rarely suicidal/accidental

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 79: Curved Daub

 Description:
 Heavy sharp-cutting weapon
 Consist of metallic part and wooden handle
 Metallic part with 2 surfaces ,2 edges- 1 sharp and 1 blunt, pointed tip
 One edge sharp and concave, other edge is thicker, blunt, and convex.
 Wooden handle is fitted with metallic part at the opposite end of the pointed
tip
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By sharp cutting Edge-Incised wounds, chop wounds, cut fracture of bones
 By the tip: Stab wound, penetrating wounds, Perforating wounds
 By the blunt edge and handle: Abrasion, Bruises, Lacerated wounds, fracture
of bones including gutter facture of skull bone
 Medico-legal importance:
 Mostly Used for homicide
 Rarely suicidal/accidental

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 80
Iron Khurpa
 Description:
 Heavy sharp cutting weapon
 Consists of short, angulated metal handle which continues as metallic blade
with sharp edge at tip
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By cutting edge: stab, penetrating, incised wounds, lacerations
 By the handle: Abrasions, contusions, lacerations; fractures
 Medico-legal importance:
 Used as a weapon of homicide
 Dangerous weapon
 Rarely used for suicidal purpose

188
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 81: Gardener’s Khurpa
 Description:
 Heavy sharp cutting weapon
 Consists of elongated, thin, rectangular, flat, metallic blade with sharp edge at
tip attached to wooden handle at an angle
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By cutting edge: stab, penetrating, incised wounds, lacerations
 By the handle: Abrasions, contusions, lacerations; fractures
 Medico-legal importance:
 Used as a weapon of homicide
 Dangerous weapon
 Rarely used for suicidal purpose

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 82: Khonchi

 Description:
 Heavy sharp cutting weapon
 Metal Blade: Consists of elongated, thin, rectangular, flat, metallic blade with
sharp edge at tip
 Wooden handle attached to metal blade
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By cutting edge: stab, penetrating, incised wounds, lacerations
 By the handle: Abrasions, contusions, lacerations
 Medico-legal importance:
 Used as a weapon of homicide
 Dangerous weapon

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 83
Dantra/Ancient vegetable cutter / Vili
 Description:
 Light /moderately heavy, sharp weapon.
 It has a long curved metallic blade with one blunt and one sharp edge. With a
tapering end in form of a flat round top with sharp small shark-like teeth all
around it
 The blade is fixed on a wooden/metal platform with metal screws
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Contusions
 Incised wounds
 Abrasions
 Lacerations
 Penetrating wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon.
 Can be used for homicide

189
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 84: Grass Cutting Sword (curved- single edge)
 Description:
 Heavy, sharp, elongated, metallic weapon with curved distal end
 Consist of 2 parts: metallic blade is thicker, curved and sharp at distal 1/3, a
wooden handle.
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Incised wounds
 Abrasions
 Chop wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Suicidal or homicidal injuries
 Gives an indication of weapon used, length of injury corresponds to width of
blade, depth to length of blade

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 85: Sickle/Hanssiya

 Description:
 It's a moderately heavy sharp cutting with pointed tip weapon
 Consists of wooden handle and metallic blade with sharp concave and blunt
convex edge and a hilt in between
 Blade has pointed tip
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By cutting edge: stab, penetrating, incised wounds, laceration with serrated
margins
 By the tip: Punctured and penetrating
 By the handle: Abrasions, contusions, lacerations; fractures
 Medico-legal importance:
 Used as a weapon of homicide
 Dangerous weapon
 Rarely used for suicidal purpose

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 86
Lagga
 Description:
 It's a moderately heavy sharp cutting pointed tip weapon
 Consists of wooden handle, curved metallic blade with sharp concave and
blunt convex edge and pointed tip
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By cutting edge: stab, penetrating, incised wounds, lacerations
 By the tip: Punctured and penetrating
 By the handle: Abrasions, contusions, lacerations; fractures
 Medico-legal importance:
 Used as a weapon of homicide
 Dangerous weapon
 Rarely used for suicidal purpose

190
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 87: Patal Datri (type of Sickle)
 Description:
 It's a moderately heavy sharp cutting pointed tip weapon
 Consists of wooden handle, metallic blade with sharp concave and blunt
convex edge and a hilt in between and pointed tip
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By cutting edge: stab, penetrating, incised wounds, laceration with serrated
margins
 By the tip: Punctured and penetrating
 By the handle: Abrasions, contusions, lacerations; fractures
 Medico-legal importance:
 Used as a weapon of homicide
 Dangerous weapon
 Rarely used for suicidal purpose

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 88: Dagger (Katyar)

 Description:
 Heavy sharp weapon with pointed tip
 It has a metallic blade with pointed tip, a wooden handle, a metal guard which
may cause hilt injuries
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Stab wound
 Incised wounds
 Abrasions
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Suicidal or homicidal injuries
 Gives an indication of weapon used, length of injury corresponds to width of
blade, depth to length of blade

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 89: Sword (straight single edge)

 Description:
 Heavy, sharp, elongated, metallic weapon with pointed tip
 3 parts: metallic blade with pointed tip, a metallic/wooden handle, and a metal
guard which may cause hilt injuries
 Blades are thicker, sometimes with a distinct midrib for increased stiffness,
with a strong taper and an acute point
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Stab wound & Perforating injuries
 Abrasions
 Incised wounds , Chop wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon, Suicidal or homicidal injuries
 Gives an indication of weapon used, length of injury corresponds to width of
blade, depth to length of blade

191
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 90: Hathrassi Knife
 Description:
 It's a moderately heavy s-shaped, sharp cutting, pointed tip weapon
 Metallic blade: consist of 2 sharp concave and 2 blunt convex edge and 2
pointed tips
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By cutting edge: stab, penetrating, incised wounds, laceration with serrated
margins
 By the tip: Punctured and penetrating
 By the handle: Abrasions, contusions, lacerations; fractures
 Medico-legal importance:
 Used as a weapon of homicide
 Dangerous weapon
 Rarely used for suicidal purpose

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 91: Chhura /Kripan

 Description:
 Light sharp cutting weapon sometimes kept within leather case
 Usually has a triangular metallic blade, a brass shoulder and handle
 Metal blade has 2 edges, 2 surfaces and a pointed tip
 Inner edge is sharp and distal 1/3 convexly curved
 Outer edge: distal half is concavely curved
 Injuries possible:
 By sharp cutting Edge-Incised wounds
 By the tip: Stab wound (spindle shaped), Penetrating wounds, Perforating
wounds
 By the blunt edge: Abrasion, Bruises, Lacerated wounds, incised looking
wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt
 Can be Used for homicide/ suicidal purpose & Rarely accidental

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 92: Scissors

 Description:
 Light, sharp cutting, nonflexible, pointed metallic weapon
 It consists of two pivoted blades, the shearing action between the two blades
that cuts the material, blades can be extremely sharp
 Tension sprung – at the exact point where the blades meet to increase the
cutting and shearing tension
 Generally shorter in length (5″ blades are typical), with thicker blades that
feature precision-ground knife-edges which cut all the way to the tip.
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Bruises, Patterned abrasions & Stab wound
 Penetrating wounds & Perforating wounds


192
  Medico-legal importance:
 Usually accidental injuries
 Can cause simple or grievous hurt
 Sometimes homicidal injuries
 Dangerous weapon

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-93
Hedge shear (Small)
 Description:
 Moderately heavy/light, sharp cutting, pointed weapon
 Scissor like devices coming from 12 to 28 inches in length Consist of two
parts-2 metallic blades and wooden handle
 Blade: two pivoted blades made of metal, extremely sharp, can be straight
edged, curved, serrated, or wavy; the shearing action between two blades that
cuts the material,
 The handle made of metal, sometimes sheathed or shielded with rubber or
plastic.
 Injuries possible/produced:
 With blade: Bruises, Patterned abrasions, lacerations, penetrating wounds,
stab wounds, perforating wounds
 With handle: contusions, abrasions
 Medico-legal importance:
 Usually accidental injuries
 Can cause simple or grievous hurt
 Sometimes homicidal injuries
 Dangerous weapon

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-94
Peeler- 1
 Description:
 Light weight, pointed tip weapon
 Blade: has a slot with one side sharpened & attached to a handle, and pointed
tip with serrated edges
 The blade is attached to handle commonly made of wood/metal/plastic
 Injuries possible/produced:
 With blade: Bruises, Patterned abrasions, lacerations, penetrating wounds,
stab wounds, perforating wounds
 With handle: contusions, abrasions
 Medico-legal importance:
 Usually accidental injuries
 Can cause simple or grievous hurt
 Sometimes homicidal injuries
 Dangerous weapon

193
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W-95
Peeler 2
 Description:
 Light, pointed tip weapon.
 Blade: has a slot with one sharp edge & attached to wood/metal/plastic
handle, and pointed tip with blunt edges
 Injuries possible/produced:
 With blade: Bruises, Patterned abrasions, lacerations, penetrating wounds,
stab wounds, perforating wounds
 With handle: contusions, abrasions
 Medico-legal importance:
 Usually accidental injuries
 Can cause simple or grievous hurt
 Sometimes homicidal injuries
 Dangerous weapon

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 96
Knife
 Description:
 Light/moderately heavy sharp weapon with curved pointed tip
 It has a metallic blade with one sharp edge, one blunt edge and a curved
pointed tip
 Blade attached to wooden handle.

 Injuries produced:
 Stab wound (Wedge shaped)
 Chop wounds
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Incised wounds

 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Used for homicide
 Suicidal injuries are also common

194
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 97
Steak Knife
 Description:
 Light sharp pointed weapon.
 It has a slightly curved metallic blade with one sharp serrated edge, one blunt
edge and a pointed tip attached to plastic handle

 Injuries produced:
 Stab wound (Wedge shaped)
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Incised wounds

 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Used for homicide
 Suicidal injuries are also common


SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 98

Kitchen Knife with serrated margin 1

 Description:
 Light, sharp, pointed tip weapon.
 It has a metallic blade with one sharp serrated edge, one blunt edge and a
pointed tip attached to plastic handle

 Injuries produced:
 Stab wound (Wedge shaped)
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Incised wounds

 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Used for homicide
 Suicidal injuries are also common

195
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 99

Kitchen Knife with serrated margin 2

 Description:
 Light sharp pointed weapon.
 It has a metallic blade with one sharp serrated edge, one blunt edge and a
pointed tip attached to curved plastic handle

 Injuries produced:
 Stab wound (Wedge shaped)
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Incised wounds

 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Used for homicide
 Suicidal injuries are also common

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 100

Kitchen Knife with serrated margin 3

 Description:
 Light sharp pointed weapon.
 It has a metallic blade with one sharp serrated edge, one blunt edge and a
pointed tip attached to plastic handle

 Injuries produced:
 Stab wound (Wedge shaped)
 Chop wounds
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Incised wounds

 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Used for homicide
 Suicidal injuries are also common

196
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 101

Kitchen Knife- Stainless steel -with serrated margin 3

 Description:
 Light sharp pointed weapon.
 It has a metallic blade with one sharp serrated edge, one blunt edge and a
pointed tip attached to stainless steel handle

 Injuries produced:
 Stab wound (Wedge shaped)
 Chop wounds
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Incised wounds

 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Used for homicide
 Suicidal injuries are also common

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 102

Kitchen Knife (1)

 Description:
 Light sharp weapon.
 It has a metallic blade with one blunt and one sharp edge, a tapering end and a
plastic handle
 Injuries produced:
 Stab wound (Wedge shaped)
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Incised wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Used for homicide
 Suicidal injuries are also common

197
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 103

Kitchen Knife (2)

 Description:
 Light sharp weapon.
 It has a metallic blade with one blunt and one sharp edge, a tapering end and a
plastic handle
 Injuries produced:
 Stab wound (Wedge shaped)
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Incised wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Used for homicide
 Suicidal injuries are also common

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 104

Kitchen Knife (3)

 Description:
 Light sharp weapon.
 It has a metallic blade with one blunt and one sharp edge, a tapering end and a
plastic handle
 Injuries produced:
 Stab wound (Wedge shaped)
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Incised wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Used for homicide
 Suicidal injuries are also common

198
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 105

Mini Navaja (Small folding Knife)

 Description:
 Light sharp-cutting weapon
 Consist of blade, hilt, lock and a handle
 Blade is metallic with 2 surfaces & 2 edges- 1 sharp and 1 blunt,
 Hilt is fitted transversely at junction of blade and handle
 Lock is fitted at other end of the handle to fold and unfold the blade
 Handle is curved, has a longitudinal groove to fit in the bade when folded
 Injuries possible/produced:
 By sharp cutting Edge-Incised wounds
 By the tip: Stab wound, penetrating wounds, Perforating wounds
 By the blunt edge and handle: Abrasion, Bruises, Lacerated wounds, fracture
of skull bones in infants
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can cause simple as well as grievous hurt
 Mostly Used for homicide or suicide

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 106

Bullets

 Description:
 It is a projectile and a component of firearm ammunition that is expelled from
a gun barrel during shooting.
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Burn injury
 Grazed abrasion
 Medico-legal importance:
 To find out range of firing, type of injury suffered, direction of firing, entry
and exit wound, position of victim.
 To find out description of weapon

199
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 107
Single Barrel Rifle
 Description:
 Shoulder arm, length approx.-100-120 cms, barrel length varies between 55-
75 cm, intended for firing a single ball, slug, or charge of shots
 The inner surface of the barrel is uniformly smooth
 The projectile in these weapons is pellets
 Muzzle velocity is 240-300 m/s, Effective up to 30 meters
 Weapon is made to break /open at hinge for insertion or extraction of cartridge
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Medico-legal importance
 Dangerous weapon
 Cause grievous hurt
 To find out range of firing, type of injury suffered, direction of firing, entry
and exit wound, position of victim.
 To find out description of weapon.

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 108

Single Barrel Rifle

 Description:
 Shoulder arm, length approx.-100-120 cms, barrel length varies between 55-
75 cm, intended for firing a single ball, slug, or charge of shots
 The inner surface of the barrel is uniformly smooth
 The projectile in these weapons is pellets
 Muzzle velocity is 240-300 m/s, Effective up to 30 meters
 Weapon is made to break /open at hinge for insertion or extraction of cartridge
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Cause grievous hurt
 To find out range of firing, type of injury suffered, direction of firing, entry
and exit wound, position of victim.
 To find out description of weapon.

200
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 109:

Air Pistol

 Description:
 Rifled firearm, Semiautomatic
 Rifling increases, the penetrating power of the bullet by imparting rotatory
motion to the bullet and ensures the greater accuracy and longer range
 Compressed air is used to fire charge of lead slugs; some weapons use
cartridges of liquid CO2 as a propellant
 Missile is single and fired through rifled barrel
 The velocity is low and effective range is 30-40 meters
 Injuries caused are usually minor but can cause serious injury to eye or even
cause death
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Death can occur from injury to head, heart, abdomen
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can Cause minor injuries
 To find out range of firing, type of injury suffered, direction of firing, entry
and exit wound, position of victim.
 To find out description of weapon.

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 110:

Air Pistol
 Description:
 Rifled firearm, Semiautomatic
 Rifling increases, the penetrating power of the bullet by imparting rotatory
motion to the bullet and ensures the greater accuracy and longer range
 Compressed air is used to fire charge of lead slugs; some weapons use
cartridges of liquid CO2 as a propellant
 Missile is single and fired through rifled barrel
 The velocity is low and effective range is 30-40 meters
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Death can occur from injury to head, heart, abdomen
 Medico-legal importance:
 Injuries caused are usually minor but can cause serious injury to eye or even
cause death
 To find out range of firing, type of injury suffered, direction of firing, entry
and exit wound, position of victim.

201
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 111:

Air Pistol
 Description:
 Rifled firearm, Semiautomatic
 Rifling increases, the penetrating power of the bullet by imparting rotatory
motion to the bullet and ensures the greater accuracy and longer range
 Compressed air is used to fire charge of lead slugs; some weapons use
cartridges of liquid CO2 as a propellant
 Missile is single and fired through rifled barrel
 The velocity is low and effective range is 30-40 meters
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Death can occur from injury to head, heart, abdomen
 Medico-legal importance:
 Injuries caused are usually minor but can cause serious injury to eye or even
cause death
 To find out range of firing, type of injury suffered, direction of firing, entry
and exit wound, position of victim.
 To find out description of weapon.

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 112:

Air Pistol
 Description:
 Rifled firearm, Semiautomatic
 Rifling increases, the penetrating power of the bullet by imparting rotatory
motion to the bullet and ensures the greater accuracy and longer range
 Compressed air is used to fire charge of lead slugs; some weapons use
cartridges of liquid CO2 as a propellant
 Missile is single and fired through rifled barrel
 The velocity is low and effective range is 30-40 meters
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Death can occur from injury to head, heart, abdomen
 Medico-legal importance:
 Injuries caused are usually minor but can cause serious injury to eye or even
cause death
 To find out range of firing, type of injury suffered, direction of firing, entry
and exit wound, position of victim.
 To find out description of weapon.

202
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 113: Air Pistol
 Description:
 Rifled firearm, Semiautomatic
 Rifling increases, the penetrating power of the bullet by imparting rotatory
motion to the bullet and ensures the greater accuracy and longer range
 Compressed air is used to fire charge of lead slugs; some weapons use
cartridges of liquid CO2 as a propellant
 Missile is single and fired through rifled barrel
 The velocity is low and effective range is 30-40 meters
 Injuries caused are usually minor but can cause serious injury to eye or even
cause death
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Death can occur from injury to head, heart, abdomen
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can Cause minor injuries
 To find out range of firing, type of injury suffered, direction of firing, entry
and exit wound, position of victim.
 To find out description of weapon.

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 114:

Air Pistol
 Description:
 Rifled firearm, Semiautomatic
 Rifling increases, the penetrating power of the bullet by imparting rotatory
motion to the bullet and ensures the greater accuracy and longer range
 Compressed air is used to fire charge of lead slugs; some weapons use
cartridges of liquid CO2 as a propellant
 Missile is single and fired through rifled barrel
 The velocity is low and effective range is 30-40 meters
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Death can occur from injury to head, heart, abdomen
 Medico-legal importance:
 Injuries caused are usually minor but can cause serious injury to eye or even
cause death
 To find out range of firing, type of injury suffered, direction of firing, entry
and exit wound, position of victim.

203
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 115:

Air Pistol
 Description:
 Rifled firearm, Semiautomatic
 Rifling increases, the penetrating power of the bullet by imparting rotatory
motion to the bullet and ensures the greater accuracy and longer range
 Compressed air is used to fire charge of lead slugs; some weapons use
cartridges of liquid CO2 as a propellant
 Missile is single and fired through rifled barrel
 The velocity is low and effective range is 30-40 meters
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Death can occur from injury to head, heart, abdomen
 Medico-legal importance:
 Injuries caused are usually minor but can cause serious injury to eye or even
cause death
 To find out range of firing, type of injury suffered, direction of firing, entry
and exit wound, position of victim.

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 116:

Air Pistol
 Description:
 Rifled firearm, Semiautomatic
 Rifling increases, the penetrating power of the bullet by imparting rotatory
motion to the bullet and ensures the greater accuracy and longer range
 Compressed air is used to fire charge of lead slugs; some weapons use
cartridges of liquid CO2 as a propellant
 Missile is single and fired through rifled barrel
 The velocity is low and effective range is 30-40 meters
 Injuries caused are usually minor but can cause serious injury to eye or even
cause death
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Death can occur from injury to head, heart, abdomen
 Medico-legal importance:
 Can Cause minor injuries
 To find out range of firing, type of injury suffered, direction of firing, entry
and exit wound, position of victim.
 To find out description of weapon.

204
SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 117:

Pistol
 Description:
 Hand arm, rifled /smooth bored firearm, having the barrel not more than 10”
long
 Cartridge is loaded directly into chamber of barrel. Cartridge is contained in a
vertical magazine in the butt which accommodates 6-10 cartridges
 Rifling increases, the penetrating power of the bullet by imparting rotatory
motion to the bullet and ensures the greater accuracy and longer range
 Semiautomatic or self-loading, high velocity weapon, bore vary from 0.25”to
0.45”
 Muzzle velocity is approx.300-360 meters per second, breech pressure being
10-15 tons, effective range is 100 meters
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Cause grievous hurt
 To find out range of firing, type of injury suffered, direction of firing, entry
and exit wound, position of victim.
 To find out description of weapon.

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 118:

Pistol
 Description:
 Hand arm, rifled /smooth bored firearm, having the barrel not more than 10”
long
 Cartridge is loaded directly into chamber of barrel. Cartridge is contained in a
vertical magazine in the butt which accommodates 6-10 cartridges
 Rifling increases, the penetrating power of the bullet by imparting rotatory
motion to the bullet and ensures the greater accuracy and longer range
 Semiautomatic or self-loading, high velocity weapon, bore vary from 0.25”to
0.45”
 Muzzle velocity is approx.300-360 meters per second, breech pressure being
10-15 tons, effective range is 100 meters
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Cause grievous hurt

205
  To find out range of firing, type of injury suffered, direction of firing, entry
and exit wound, position of victim. To find out description of weapon.

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 119:

Pistol
 Description:
 Hand arm, rifled /smooth bored firearm, having the barrel not more than 10”
long
 Cartridge is loaded directly into chamber of barrel. Cartridge is contained in a
vertical magazine in the butt which accommodates 6-10 cartridges
 Rifling increases, the penetrating power of the bullet by imparting rotatory
motion to the bullet and ensures the greater accuracy and longer range
 Semiautomatic or self-loading, high velocity weapon, bore vary from 0.25”to
0.45”
 Muzzle velocity is approx.300-360 meters per second, breech pressure being
10-15 tons, effective range is 100 meters
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Cause grievous hurt
 To find out range of firing, type of injury suffered, direction of firing, entry
and exit wound, position of victim.
 To find out description of weapon.

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 120:

Pistol
 Description:
 Hand arm, rifled /smooth bored firearm, having the barrel not more than 10”
long
 Cartridge is loaded directly into chamber of barrel. Cartridge is contained in a
vertical magazine in the butt which accommodates 6-10 cartridges
 Rifling increases, the penetrating power of the bullet by imparting rotatory
motion to the bullet and ensures the greater accuracy and longer range
 Semiautomatic or self-loading, high velocity weapon, bore vary from 0.25”to
0.45”
 Muzzle velocity is approx.300-360 meters per second, breech pressure being
10-15 tons, effective range is 100 meters
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds

206
  Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Cause grievous hurt
 To find out range of firing, type of injury suffered, direction of firing, entry
and exit wound, position of victim.
 To find out description of weapon.

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 121: Revolver

 Description:
 Revolvers are so called because Cartridges are put in chambers in metal
cylinder, which revolves/rotates before each shot to bring the next cartridge
opposite the barrel ready to be fired
 Cylindrical magazine with revolving motion to accommodate 5-6 cartridges
 Rifled firearm have 2-20 spiral grooves at the inner surface of the barrel.
rifling increases, the penetrating power of the bullet by imparting rotatory
motion to the bullet and ensures the greater accuracy and longer range
 Muzzle velocity about 150-180 meters, bore vary from-5.6-11.25mm,
effective range is 100 meters
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Cause grievous hurt
 To find out range of firing, type of injury suffered, direction of firing, entry
and exit wound, position of victim.
 To find out description of weapon.

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 122:

Revolver
 Description:
 Revolvers are so called because Cartridges are put in chambers in metal
cylinder, which revolves/rotates before each shot to bring the next cartridge
opposite the barrel ready to be fired
 Cylindrical magazine with revolving motion to accommodate 5-6 cartridges
 Rifled firearm have 2-20 spiral grooves at the inner surface of the barrel.
rifling increases, the penetrating power of the bullet by imparting rotatory
motion to the bullet and ensures the greater accuracy and longer range
 Muzzle velocity about 150-180 meters, bore vary from-5.6-11.25mm,
effective range is 100 meters
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds

207
  Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Cause grievous hurt
 To find out range of firing, type of injury suffered, direction of firing, entry
and exit wound, position of victim.

SMCW/FMT/Museum/W- 123

Revolver

 Description:
 Revolvers are so called because Cartridges are put in chambers in metal
cylinder, which revolves/rotates before each shot to bring the next cartridge
opposite the barrel ready to be fired
 Cylindrical magazine with revolving motion to accommodate 5-6 cartridges
 Rifled firearm have 2-20 spiral grooves at the inner surface of the barrel.
rifling increases, the penetrating power of the bullet by imparting rotatory
motion to the bullet and ensures the greater accuracy and longer range
 Muzzle velocity about 150-180 meters, bore vary from-5.6-11.25mm,
effective range is 100 meters
 Injuries possible/produced:
 Penetrating wounds
 Perforating wounds
 Medico-legal importance:
 Dangerous weapon
 Cause grievous hurt
 To find out range of firing, type of injury suffered, direction of firing, entry
and exit wound, position of victim.
 To find out description of weapon.

208
 DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE INCLUDING TOXICOLOGY
MODELS

Sr. No Code Model Name

1. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-1 Tattoo marks on forearm
2. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-2 Fingerprint : Whorl
3. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-3 Fingerprint : Loop
4. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-4 Fingerprint : Composite
5. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-5 Fingerprint : Arch
6. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-6 Cadaveric spasm
7. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-7 Postmortem ant-bites resembling multiple abrasions
8. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-8 Maggots in putrefaction
9. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-9 Postmortem lividity
10. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-10 Bruise on shoulder
11. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-11 Incised wound
12. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-12 Self-inflicted incised wounds
13. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-13 Crush injury over leg
14. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-14 Homicidal stab wounds over chest and abdomen
15. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-15 Chop wounds over nose and ear
16. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-16 Human bite marks
17. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-17 Defense wound over dorsum of hand
18. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-18 Tramline contusions
19. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-19 Perforating stab wound
20. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-20 Cut throat
21. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-21 Depressed skull fracture
22. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-22 Entry wound by rifled firearm
23. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-23 Exit wound by rifled firearm
24. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-24 Hand washing for evidence of firearm residue

209
25. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-25 Homicidal entry wound of firearm
26. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-26 Filigree Burns / Arborescent marks in lightening
27. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-27 Degree of burns
28. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-28 Froth at nostrils in drowning
29. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-29 Ligature strangulation
30. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-30 Annular hymen
31. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-31 Cribriform hymen
32. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-32 Imperforate hymen
33. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-33 Septate hymen
34. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-34 Ring hymen
35. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-35 Types of hymen
36. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-36 Child abuse
37. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-37 Vitiolage
38. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-38 Viper Snake bite
39. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-39 Common cobra
40. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-40 Common Krait
41. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-41 Banded krait
42. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-42 Russel viper
43. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-43 Saw scaled viper
44. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-44 Pit viper
45. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-45 Scorpion

210
1. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-1 Tattoo marks on forearm
Description:
Tattoo mark on ventral aspect of forearm of name

Medicolegal significance:
Can be used for identification of the person. Religion of person (Hindu) can be known
from tattoo mark.

2. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-2 Fingerprint: Whorl

Description:
Specimen is type of finger print showing circular or spiral patterns, like tiny whirlpools.
There are four groups of whorls: plain (concentric circles), central pocket loop (a loop
with a whorl at the end), double loop (two loops that create an S-like pattern) and
accidental loop (irregular shaped).

Medicolegal significance:
Identification of criminals whose fingerprints were found at scene. Identification of
fugitive through fingerprint comparison. Exchange of criminal identifying information
with identification bureau of foreign countries in cases of mutual interest. Identification
of unknown deceased person, persons suffering from amnesia, missing persons and
unconscious patient. Identification in disaster work.

3. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-3 Fingerprint: Loop

Description:
Specimen is type of finger print prints that recurve back on themselves to form a loop
shape. Divided into radial loops (pointing toward the radius bone, or thumb) and ulnar
loops (pointing toward the ulna bone) loops account for approximately 60 percent of
pattern types.

Medicolegal significance:
Identification of criminals whose fingerprints were found at scene. Identification of
fugitive through fingerprint comparison. Exchange of criminal identifying information
with identification bureau of foreign countries in cases of mutual interest. Identification
of unknown deceased person, persons suffering from amnesia, missing persons and
unconscious patient. Identification in disaster work.

211
4. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-4 Fingerprint: Composite
Description:
Specimen is type of finger print composite finger print which is combination of all other
patterns.

Medicolegal significance:
Identification of criminals whose fingerprints were found at scene. Identification of
fugitive through fingerprint comparison. Exchange of criminal identifying information
with identification bureau of foreign countries in cases of mutual interest. Identification
of unknown deceased person, persons suffering from amnesia, missing persons and
unconscious patient. Identification in disaster work.

5. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-5 Fingerprint: Arch

Description:
create a wave-like pattern and include plain arches and tented arches. Tented arches rise
to a sharper point than plain arches. Arches make up about five percent of all pattern
types.
Medicolegal significance:
Identification of criminals whose fingerprints were found at scene. Identification of
fugitive through fingerprint comparison. Exchange of criminal identifying information
with identification bureau of foreign countries in cases of mutual interest. Identification
of unknown deceased person, persons suffering from amnesia, missing persons and
unconscious patient. Identification in disaster work.

6. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-6 Cadaveric spasm

Description:
Clenched fist with aquatic weed is indication of cadaveric spasm.
Medicolegal Significance:
Clutching of straws in hand in drawing cases, it cannot be mimicked. In case of assault it
can show evidence of attack (Assailant’s hair, clothes etc)

7. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-7 Postmortem ant-bites resembling multiple

abrasions
Description:
Multiple ant bite marks looking like antemortem abrasion over chest and abdomen.
Medicolegal Significance:
Looks like abrasion, normally seen in dead body lying outdoors, no signs of vital
reaction.

212
8. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-8 Maggots in putrefaction
Description:
Specimen Photograph shown decomposed body infested with maggots and body showing
areas of greasy, yellow coloured area suggestive of adipocere formation.

Medicolegal significance:
Surest sign of death and time since death can be calculated.

9. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-9 Postmortem lividity

Description:
Post mortem lividity on back of body and over lower limbs with areas of contact
flattening over back and buttocks.

Medicolegal Significance:
Estimation of time since death (Based on appearance and fixation), posturer of the body
at the time of death. Cause of death based on colour of lividity.

10. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-10 Bruise on shoulder

Description:
Multiple contusion can be seen over shoulder.

Medicolegal significance:
Caused due to hard and blunt objects, Age of contusion can be calculated from colour
changes. Weapon of assault can be found in patterned contusion.

11. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-11 Incised wound

Description:
Incised wound present over arm which is a clean-cut wound through the tissues (usually
the skin and subcutaneous tissues including blood vessels), caused by a sharp-edged
instrument, which is more long than deep.

Medicolegal significance:
Indicate the nature of weapon (sharp-edged). Give an idea about the direction of force.
Age of injury can be determined. Position and character of wound may indicate manner
of production, i.e. suicide, accident, or homicide

213
12. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-12 Self-inflicted incised wounds
Description:
Multiple incised wounds present over ventral aspect of lower forearm, sharp edged,
superficial, tailing medially suggestive of self-inflicted wound.

Medicolegal significance:
Hesitation cuts/marks or tentative cuts or trial wound: These cuts are multiple, small and
superficial often involving only the skin and are seen at the beginning of the incised
wound, presumably hesitating while gaining courage to make a final decisive cut. When a
safety razor blade is used, unintentional cuts are found on the fingers where the blade has
been gripped.

13. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-13 Crush injury over leg

Description:
It is crushed injury of leg with contused lacerated wound and underlying bone, muscle
and vessels crushed and visible.

Medicolegal Significance:
Caused by running over by heavy vehicle or crushing by heavy object.

14. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-14 Homicidal stab wounds over chest

and abdomen

Description:
Multiple stab wounds on chest and abdomen blood stain on skin and knife.
Medicolegal Significance:
The manner of death is homicidal and type of weapon is pointed and sharp edged.
Position of victim and assailant can be found. Multiple stab wounds.

15. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-15 Chop wounds over nose and ear

Description:
Multiple chops wound over nose and ear with part of nose and ear missing, edges are
clean cut with underlying cranium bone visible.

Medicolegal Significance:
Manner of production is homicidal. Sharp, and heavy weapon used for crime.

214
16. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-16 Human bite marks
Description:
Semi-circular or crescentic caused by the front teeth (incisors and canines) with a
gap on either side due to separation of upper and lower jaw whereas deep parabolic arch
with multiple petechial haemorrhages at centre

Medicolegal significance:
Commonly seen in sexual assault, petechial haemorrhages at centre is typical of
sexual assault where sucking action during bites reduces the air pressure in the centre and
produces multiple petechial haemorrhages. Identification can be done for bite marks.

17. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-17 Defense wound over dorsum of

hand
Description:
This incised wound present over dorsum of left hand, its incised wound with sharp edges

Medicolegal Significance:
Type of weapon is sharp cutting-edge weapon. Manner of production is homicidal or
assault case.

18. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-18 Tramline contusions

Description:
Multiple elongated parallel contusion indication of patterned contusion along with
weapon used for causing assault.

Medicolegal Significance:
Weapon of offence can be identified, direction of force, age of injury and caused by blunt
force impact. They may become visible after few hours or even 1-2 days after injury.

19. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-19 Perforating stab wound

Description:
Specimen shown perforating wound over chest and back with entry wound on chest and
exit wound on back.

Medicolegal significance:
Weapon after entering into one side of the body will come out through the other side,
producing two wounds, wound of entry: Through which the weapon enters the body. It is

215
larger and with inverted edges. Wound of exit: Through which the tip of weapon emerges
out of the body. It is usually smaller with everted edges.

20. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-20 Cut throat

Description:
Incised wound present over anterior aspect of neck running for right to left with slitting
of vessels, wind pipe and muscle.

Medicolegal Significance:
It is homicidal in nature as running on both sides, deep and involve wind pipe and other
structure.

21. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-21 Depressed skull fracture

Description:
Its specimen of depressed fracture of skull.

Medicolegal significance:
It is caused due to hard and bult object. Fracture takes shape of weapon which useful to
identify the weapon.

22. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-22 Entry wound by rifled firearm

Description:
Entry wound present over right temporal region, circular in shape, approximately the
same size as the bullet, with lacerated, inverted edges surrounded by a narrow zone of
abrasion and grease collar, with no evidence of any burning and singeing.

Medicolegal significance:
Entry wound of firearm can be used to identify type of gun, distance from which it is
fired, gun shot residue can be detected. Calibre of firearm can be detected.

23. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-23 Exit wound by rifled firearm

Description:
Exit wound of fire arm present over left temporal region of head with everted margin,
there is no bruising, abrasion or grease collar, no blackening and tattooing.

Medicolegal significance:
Exit wound is normally larger than bullet size. In contact wounds and very close range,
exit wound is smaller than entry wound due to elastic nature of the skin. However, as
range increases, the size of exit wound also increases. Exit wounds do not show burning,
blackening, tattooing, abrasion or contusion collar. The edges are everted, torn or

216
puckered with pieces of contused, haemorrhagic subcutaneous fat or muscle protruding
out of the defect.

24. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-24 Hand washing for evidence of

firearm residue
Description:
This is specimen of collection of firearm residue by handwashing.
Medicolegal significance:
After a shooting, traces of gunshot residue on the hands of a suspect are often an
extremely important bit of evidence. Small amounts of the rare element antimony are
found in most ammunition. When a gun goes off, a cloud of fine particles covers
the hands of the shooter – leaving behind a bit metal which can be detected by different
techniques

25. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-25 Homicidal entry wound of firearm

Description:
Entry wound of riffled firearm at the center of forehead from near to close range with
everted margins.

Medicolegal significance:
Entry wound of gunshot can help in determining type of gun and distance from which it
was fired. It is homicidal considering location of wound.

26. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-26 Filigree Burns / Arborescent

marks in lightening
Description:
This is fern like pattern of burns seen in lightning

Medicolegal Significance:
Its recognition may be lifesaving in the unaccompanied comatose patient and is important
because even delayed resuscitation of lightning victims can be very successful. Manner
of death is accidental.

27. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-27 Degree of burns

Description:
This specimen shows different degree of burns based on involvement of thickness of
dermis and underlying structure

217
Medicolegal significance:
1st degree- Erythema (epidermal), 2 nd degree- vesication with blister (epidermal), 3rd
degree- Destruction of superficial skin (dermo-epidermal), 4th degree- destruction of
whole skin (dermo-epidermal), 5th degree- Destruction of deep fascia and muscle. 6th
degree- Complete charring involving bones, vessels and nerves.

28. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-28 Froth at nostrils in drowning

Description:
Presence of fine, copious white 'shaving lather' like froth at the mouth and nostrils.

Medicolegal significance:
It is the most characteristic antemortem external finding in drowning. Production of this
tenacious, fine, lathery foam is a vital phenomenon. The mass of foam, consisting of fine
bubbles, does not collapse when touched with the point of a knife. It may be absent when
wiped off, but reappears again by itself or by applying simple pressure on chest.

29. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-29 Ligature strangulation

Description:
Ligature mark is a well-defined groove, which is slightly depressed and of same width as
that of ligature material. Groove may be narrow at parts due to folding of ligature. The
furrow is usually horizontally placed across the middle or lower part of neck, at or below
the level of thyroid cartilage. The mark is transverse, circular and continuous. Mark,
though completely encircling the neck horizontally, is more prominent on the front and
sides, than on the back of the neck (as the underneath skin is thick).

Medicolegal Significance:
Strangulation is homicidal unless proved otherwise.

30. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-30 Annular hymen

Description:
The hymen is a fold of mucous membrane, about 1 mm thick, situated at the vaginal
outlet. It is usually a thin transparent membrane, but it may be tough, fleshy or
cartilaginous. Annular hymen has small opening at the center.

Medicolegal significance:
Examination of hymen is important for examination of sexual assault victim.

218
31. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-31 Cribriform hymen
Description:
A cribriform hymen is a rare condition in which a girl's hymen, the thin membrane across
the opening of her vagina, has many small holes in it. This type of hymen typically lets
menstrual and other fluids out but may cause problems with tampon use, pelvic
examination and, later in life, sexual activity.

Medicolegal significance:
Examination of hymen is important for examination of sexual assault victim.

32. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-32 Imperforate hymen

Description:
The hymen is a fold of mucous membrane, about 1 mm thick, situated at the vaginal
outlet. It is usually a thin transparent membrane, but it may be tough, fleshy or
cartilaginous. Imperforate hymen has no opening

Medicolegal significance:
Examination of hymen is important for examination of sexual assault victim. Imperforate
hymen with require surgical inverventions after starting of menstrual cycle.

33. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-33 Septate hymen

Description:
Hymen have two opening occur side by side, separated by thin hymenal tissue.

Medicolegal significance:
Examination of hymen is important for examination of sexual assault victim.

34. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-34 Ring hymen

Description:
The hymen is a fold of mucous membrane, about 1 mm thick, situated at the vaginal
outlet. It is usually a thin transparent membrane, but it may be tough, fleshy or
cartilaginous. Ring hymen has ring at the center.

Medicolegal significance:
Examination of hymen is important for examination of sexual assault victim.

35. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-35 Types of hymen

Description:
The hymen is a fold of mucous membrane, about 1 mm thick, situated at the vaginal
outlet. It is usually a thin transparent membrane, but it may be tough, fleshy or
cartilaginous. In infants, a small swab can be passed through the hymenal orifice into the

219
vagina. At ten years of age, the tip of the small finger and at puberty, one finger may be
passed into the vagina.
Types of Hymen;
i. Annular: Opening is situated centrally.
ii. Semilunar or crescentic: Opening is placed anteriorly.
iii. Infantile: Small linear opening in the middle.
iv. Septate: Two openings occur side by side, separated by thin hymenal tissue.
v. Cribriform: Multiple openings.
vi. Vertical: Opening is vertical.
vii. Imperforate: No opening.
Medicolegal significance:
Examination of hymen is important for examination of sexual assault victim.

36. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-36 Child abuse

Description:

Multiple contusion present on face of child. Child abuse is causing or permitting of any
harmful or offensive contact to a child's body and/or any communication or transaction
which humiliates, shames, or frightens a child.

Medicolegal significance:

The injuries may be caused by hand, foot, teeth, stick, belt, shoe, hot water, lighted
cigarette, hot frying pan or any household article. Injuries includes contusions, recurrent
black eye, cigarate burns over sole, burns marks on body.

37. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-37 Vitiolage

Description:
It is a specimen showing throwing of any corrosive, on a person with malicious intent.

Medicolegal Significance:
Discoloration and staining of the skin and clothing’s (brown or black in sulphuric acid
and yellow in nitric acid), Trickle marks, Painless burns with absence of vesication and
red line of demarcation.

38. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-38 Viper Snake bite

Description:
Viper snake bite cases More local reaction along with pain and oozing. Local necrosis is
extensive which may lead to gangrene. Serous and serosanguinous blisters sometimes
appear.

220
Medicolegal significance:
Its is vasculotoxic snake, manifestations include- Bilateral parotid welling ('viper head'),
conjunctival edema and subconjunctival hemorrhage. Petechial hemorrhages, epistaxis,
hemoptysis, hematuria, and bleeding from the bite site and rectum are common. Death is
due to circulatory failure in early phase and haemorrhagic complications later.

39. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-39 Common cobra

Description:
Its as specimen of common cobra. It has hood with double spectacle mark and smooth
scale. 3rd labial touches eye and nasal shield

Medicolegal significance:
Its poisonous neurotoxic snake. 15mg is fatal dose, Local symptoms start within 6-8 min.

40. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-40 Common Krait

Description:
It’s as specimen of common krait. Single and double white bands with central hexagonal
row.

Medicolegal significance: H
Signs and symptoms are similar to cobra poisoning, but less rapid. Common krait hunt
nocturnally and are quick to bite people sleeping on the floor, often without waking their
victims since the venom is painless. Victims wake up later, paralyzed or die in their sleep.

41. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-41 Banded krait

Description:
It’s as specimen of branded krait. Triangular cross section and alternate yellow and black
brand.

Medicolegal significance:
Signs and symptoms are similar to cobra poisoning, but less rapid. Common krait hunt
nocturnally and are quick to bite people sleeping on the floor, often without waking their
victims since the venom is painless. Victims wake up later, paralyzed or die in their sleep.

42. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-42 Russel viper

Description:
It’s as specimen of russel viper. It has triangular head with small scales. Three row of
diamond shaped scales on back.

Medicolegal significance:
It’s a vasculotoxic snake, Local necrosis is extensive which may lead to gangrene. Serous
and serosanginous blisters sometimes appear. Bilateral parotid swelling ('viper head'),

221
conjunctival edema and subconjunctival hemorrhage. Petechial hemorrhages, epistaxis,
hemoptysis, hematuria, and bleeding from the bite site and rectum are common. Death is
due to circulatory failure in early phase and hemorrhagic complications later.

43. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-43 Saw scaled viper

Description:
It’s as specimen of saw scaled viper. It has triangular head with small scales.

Medicolegal significance:
80% of venomous snake bite in India is by
saw-scaled viper. It’s a vasculotoxic snake, Local necrosis is extensive which may lead to
gangrene. Serous and serosanginous blisters sometimes appear. Bilateral parotid swelling
('viper head'), conjunctival edema and subconjunctival hemorrhage. Petechial
hemorrhages, epistaxis, hemoptysis, hematuria, and bleeding from the bite site and
rectum are common. Death is due to circulatory failure in early phase and hemorrhagic
complications later.

44. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-44 Pit viper

Description:
It’s as specimen of saw scaled viper. It has triangular head with small scales. Heat-
sensing pit anteroinferior to the eye.

Medicolegal significance:
The most commonly used ASV in US for pit viper. It’s a vasculotoxic snake, Local
necrosis is extensive which may lead to gangrene. Serous and serosanginous blisters
sometimes appear. Bilateral parotid swelling ('viper head'), conjunctival edema and
subconjunctival hemorrhage. Petechial hemorrhages, epistaxis, hemoptysis, hematuria,
and bleeding from the bite site and rectum are common. Death is due to circulatory
failure in early phase and hemorrhagic complications later.

45. SMCW/FMT/Museum/M-45 Scorpion

Description:
These are eight-legged arthropods and the end part of tail has two poisonous glands and a
sting.

Medicolegal significance:
About 100 species of scorpions are found in India. The venom is a potent autonomic
stimulator, resulting in the release of massive amounts of catecholamines from the
adrenals. Poisoning is usually accidental

222
 DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE INCLUDING TOXICOLOGY
Skiagrams (X-Rays)
Sr. No Identification No. X-Ray no.X-ray Age Sex Purpose
Study
Name
1. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0044533 Hip 35y M Age
1
2. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0061870 Wrist/hand M Age
2
3. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0059987 Hip/Pelvis 21 F Age
3 y
4. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0057229 Shoulder 23y M Age
4
5. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0057411 Elbow 4y F Age
5
6. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0056998 Hip/Pelvis 23y F Age
6
7. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0056206 CS Spine 32y F Age
7
8. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0055999 SE1 Foot 31y F Age
8
9. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0055031 SE1 and 15y M Age
9 SE2 Elbow
on one Film
10. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0051504 SE1 Hand 18y M Age
10
11. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0051403 Pelvis 18y M Age
11
12. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0049634 SE1 Leg 7y F Age
12
13. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0047571 SE1 and 13y M Age
13 SE2 Knee
on one Film
14. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0045422 SE1 Hand 8y M Age
14
15. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0041083 SE1 Elbow 5y F Age
15
16. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0034403 SE3 Hip 19y M Age
16
17. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0037678 Hip 2y F Age
17
18. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0036991 SE1 Hand 38y M Age
18
19. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0037339 SE1 Hand 6y M Age
19

223
20. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0025938 SE1 Hand 18y M Age
20
21. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- 3502 SE2 and 13y F Age
21 SE3 knee on
one film
22. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- 4387 SE1 Hand 4y M Age
22
23. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- 4353 Hand 6y M Age
23
24. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- 4250 SE1 and 12y M Age
24 SE2 Foot on
one film
25. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- 4064 SE1 Hand 18y M Age
25
26. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0059469 Hip/Pelvis 78y M Age
26
27. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- 3557 SE1 Hand 25y F Age
27
28. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- 3718 SE1 Hand 4y M Age
28
29. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- 3412 SE1 Hand 19y M Age
29
30. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- 3248 SE1 Hand 12y F Age
30
31. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- 3149 SE1 Hand 20y F Age
31
32. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- 184 SE1 Hand 11y F Age
32
33. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0056187 SE2 23y M Sex and
33 Ankle/Pelvis Age
34. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0053192 SE1 and 8y M Age and
34 SE2 Hand fracture
on one Film
35. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0045604 Leg 6y M Age,
35 fracture,
foreign
body
36. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0043698 SE1 and 40y M Age and
36 SE2 Hand Fracture
on one Film
37. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0040503 SE1 and 10y M Age and
37 SE2 Arm fracture
on one Film
38. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- 3975 SE1 Hand 18y M Age and
38 Fracture
39. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- 2095 SE1 Hand 12y M Age and

224
 39 Fracture
40. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0058767 Ankle 35y F Fracture
40
41. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0058019 Extremity 18y M Fracture
41 with
Foreign
body
42. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0051150 Extremity 18y M Fracture
42 shaft
tibia and
fibula
43. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0050240 SE1 and 25y M Fracture
43 SE2 Arm on
one Film
44. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0043889 SE1 and 4m M Fracture
44 SE2 Thigh
on one Film
45. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- 3379 SE1 21y M Fracture
45 Shoulder
46. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0057924 Hip/Pelvis 40y M Foreign
46 body
47. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0059241 Shoulder 15y M Foreign
47 body
48. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0058957 Knee 29y M Foreign
48 body
49. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0023126 Chest 21y M Foreign
49 body
50. SMCW/FMT/Museum/X- SUHRC0055089 Hip M Sex and
50 Foreign
Body

225
 DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE INCLUDING TOXICOLOGY
Skiagrams (X-Rays)
1. X-1
Identification:
X ray of Pelvis, AP view
Observation:
 Shadow of male external genital.
 Head of femur appeared and fused (Age is >half year and >18 year)
 Greater trochanter of femur appeared and fused (Age >4 and >18 years)
 Lesser trochanter of femur appeared and fused (Age >14 and >18 years),
 Ischio-pubic ramus of hip bone has fused (Age > 6 years),
 Triradiate cartilage fused (Age >15 years),
 Ischial Tuberosity appeared and fused (Age >16 and >21 years)
Opinion:
Age opinion deduced from X ray is more than 21 years

2. X-2
Identification:
Xray of Right Wrist AP view
Observation:
 AP view of wrist joint showing lower end of radius, Ulna, carpal, and
metacarpals.
 Lower end of radius appeared and fused (Age >2 years and > 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna appeared and fused (age >5 Years and >18 years)
 All carpal bones appeared (age more than 12)
 Base of the first metacarpal appeared and fused (age >2 and >17)
Opinion:
Age deduced from X-Ray is > 18 years.

226
 3. X-3
Identification:
X Ray Pelvis with bilateral Hip Joint anteroposterior view.
Observation:
 AP view of bilateral Hip joint with pelvis.
 Head of femur appeared and fused (Age is >half year and >18 year)
 Greater trochanter of femur appeared and fused (Age >4 and >18 years)
 Lesser trochanter of femur appeared and fused (Age >14 and >18 years),
 Ischio-pubic ramus of hip bone has fused (Age > 6 years),
 Triradiate cartilage fused (Age >15 years),
 Ischial Tuberosity appeared and fused (Age >16 and >21)
 Iliac crest appeared and fused (Age 21 years)
 Shadow of female external genitals.
Opinion:
X ray pelvis of female, of age around 21 years (+/- 1 year), No abnormality

4. X-4
Identification:
X ray of shoulder joint of right-side AP view
Observation:
 Composite epiphysis of head, greater tubercle, and lesser tubercle of humerus
appeared and fused (Age >6 years and >19 years)
 Acromion appeared and fused (age >15 years and > 18 years)
Opinion:
Age deduced from X ray is more than 19 years

5. X-5
Identification:
X ray of Wrist Joint and Lateral view of elbow joint.
Observation:
 Lower end of radius appeared and not fused (Age >2 years and < 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna Not appeared and fused (Age <5 Years)
 3 carpal bones can be seen (Capitate, Hamate and triquetral) so age is more than 3
years.
 Base of the first metacarpal appeared and not fused (age >3 and <17)
 Head of radius not appeared (Age < 5 years)
 Capitulum of Humerus appeared (Age > 1year)
Opinion:
Age deduced from X-Ray is 3 to 4 years

227
 6. X-6
Identification:
X Ray Pelvis with bilateral Hip Joint anteroposterior view.
Observation:
 AP view of bilateral Hip joint with pelvis.
 Head of femur appeared and fused (Age is >half year and >18 year)
 Greater trochanter of femur appeared and fused (Age >4 and >18 years)
 Lesser trochanter of femur appeared and fused (Age >14 and >18 years),
 Ischio-pubic ramus of hip bone has fused (Age > 6 years),
 Triradiate cartilage fused (Age >15 years),
 Ischial Tuberosity appeared and fused (Age >16 and >21)
 Iliac crest appeared and fused (Age >14 years and > 20 years)
 Shadow of Female external genital
Opinion:
X ray pelvis of Female, of more than 21 years, No abnormality

7. X-7
Identification:
X ray of cervical Spine, AP, and lateral view.
Observation:
 X ray of cervical spine with Ap and lateral view
 Lateral view shows dentition.
 We can see 3rd molar (Age >25 years)
 Impression of hyoid bone can be seen below jaw in lateral view.
 Metallic capping on 2nd molar
Opinion:
Age is more than 25 years

8. X-8
Identification:
X ray of Right foot PA and oblique view
Observation:
 AP and oblique view of right foot
 Calcaneal tuberosity appeared and fused (Age >6 and >16Years)
 Lower end of tibia appeared and fused (Age >1 and >17 years)
 Lower end of Fibula appeared and fused (Age >1 and >17 years)
Opinion:
Age deduced from X ray is more than 17 years.

228
 9. X-9
Identification:
Xray of right wrist AP view
Observation:
 Composite epiphysis of capitulum, trochlea and lateral epicondyle fused (Age >16
years)
 Medial epicondyle appeared and not fused (Age > 6 and < 16 years)
 Head of radius appeared and not fused (Age > 5 and < 16 years)
 Olecranon process of ulna appeared and not fused (Age >9 and <16 years)
 Radial tuberosity fused (age >14 years)
Opinion:
Age deduced from X-Ray is 14 to 16 years

10. X-10
Identification:
X ray of Wrist Joint (Right and Left)
Observation:
 AP view of wrist joint showing lower end of radius, Ulna, carpal, and
metacarpals.
 Lower end of radius appeared and fused (Age >2 years and > 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna appeared and fused (age >5 Years and >18 years)
 All carpal bones appeared (age more than 12)
 Base of the first metacarpal appeared and fused (age >2 and >17)
Opinion:
Age deduced from X-Ray is > 18 years.

11. X-11
Identification:
X Ray Pelvis with bilateral Hip Joint anteroposterior view.
Observation:
 AP view of bilateral Hip joint with pelvis.
 Head of femur appeared and fused (Age is >half year and >18 year)
 Greater trochanter of femur appeared and fused (Age >4 and >18 years)
 Lesser trochanter of femur appeared and fused (Age >14 and >18 years),
 Ischio-pubic ramus of hip bone has fused (Age > 6 years),
 Triradiate cartilage fused (Age >15 years),
 Ischial Tuberosity appeared and fused (Age >16 and >21)
 Iliac crest appeared and partially fused (Age >14 years and around 20 years)
 Shadow of male external genitals.

Opinion: X ray pelvis of Male, of age around 21 years (+/- 1 year), No abnormality

229
 12. X-12
Identification:
Xray of left tibia fibula with knee joint, AP and lateral view
Observation:
 Lower end of femur is not fused (age <19 years)
 Upper end of tibia not fused (age <19 years)
 Upper end of fibula appeared and not fused (age >4 and <19 years)
 Lower end tibia appeared and not fused (< 17 years)
 Lower end of fibula appeared and not fused (< 17 years)
 Upper 1/3rd of tibia shows transverse un-displaced facture
Opinion:
Age deduced to more than 4 years and less than 17 years

13. X-13
Identification:
Xray of right and left knee joint lateral view, AP and lateral view
Observation:
 Lower end of femur is not fused (age <19 years)
 Upper end of tibia not fused (age <19 years)
 Upper end of fibula appeared and not fused (age >4 and <19 years)
Opinion:
Age deduced to more than 4 years and less than 19 years

14. X-14
Identification:
X ray of right wrist AP and lateral view.
Observation:
 Lower end of radius appeared and not fused (Age> 2 and < 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna appeared and not fused (Age > 5 and <18 Years)
 Pisiform bone not appeared (age <12 years)
 Base of the first metacarpal appeared and not fused (age >3 and >17)
Opinion:
Age deduced from x ray is > 3 years and <12 years

230
 15. X-15
Identification:
X ray of left elbow joint, AP, and lateral view.
Observation:
 Capitulum of humerus appeared and not fused with trochlea and lateral
epicondyle (Age >1 and <16 years)
 Trochlea not appeared (Age <11 years)
 Medial epicondyle not appeared (Age < 6 years)
 Lateral epicondyle not appeared (Age< 11 years)
 Head of radius not appeared (Age < 5 years)
 Olecranon process of ulna not appeared (Age < 9 years)

Opinion:
Age deduced from X ray is between 1 to 5 years

16. X-16
Identification:
X Ray Pelvis with bilateral Hip Joint anteroposterior view.
Observation:
 AP view of bilateral Hip joint with pelvis.
 Head of femur appeared and fused (Age is >half year and >18 year)
 Greater trochanter of femur appeared and fused (Age >4 and >18 years)
 Lesser trochanter of femur appeared and fused (Age >14 and >18 years),
 Ischio-pubic ramus of hip bone has fused (Age > 6 years),
 Triradiate cartilage fused (Age >15 years),
 Ischial Tuberosity appeared and fused (Age >16 and >21)
 Iliac crest appeared and fused (Age >14 years and > 20 years)
 Shadow of male external genital
Opinion:
X ray pelvis of male of more than 21 years.

231
 17. X-17
Identification:
X Ray Pelvis with bilateral Hip Joint anteroposterior view.
Observation:
 AP view of bilateral Hip joint with pelvis.
 Head of femur appeared and not fused (Age is >half year and >18 year)
 Greater trochanter of femur not appeared (Age <4 years)
 Lesser trochanter of femur Not appeared (Age < 14 years),
 Ischio-pubic ramus of hip bone has not fused (Age < 6 years),
 Triradiate cartilage not fused (Age >15 years),
 Ischial Tuberosity not appeared (Age <16 years)
 Iliac crest not appeared (Age <14 years)
 Shadow of Female external genital
Opinion:
X ray pelvis of Female, age deduced to less than 4 years.

18. X-18
Xray of right wrist AP view
Observation:
 AP view of wrist joint showing lower end of radius, Ulna, carpal, and
metacarpals.
 Lower end of radius appeared and fused (Age >2 years and > 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna appeared and fused (age >5 Years and >18 years)
 All carpal bones appeared (age more than 12)
 Base of the first metacarpal appeared and fused (age >2 and >17)
Opinion:
Age deduced from X-Ray is > 18 years.

19. X-19
Identification:
X ray of Wrist Joint and Lateral view of elbow joint.
Observation:
 Lower end of radius appeared and not fused (Age >2 years and < 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna Not appeared (Age <5 Years)
 3 carpal bones can be seen (Capitate, Hamate and triquetral) so age is more than 3
years.
 Base of the first metacarpal not appeared (age <3 years)
 Head of radius not appeared (Age < 5 years)
Opinion:
Age deduced from X-Ray is 2 to 3 years

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 20. X-20
Xray of right wrist AP view
Observation:
 AP view of wrist joint showing lower end of radius, Ulna, carpal, and
metacarpals.
 Lower end of radius appeared and fused (Age >2 years and > 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna appeared and fused (age >5 Years and >18 years)
 All carpal bones appeared (age more than 12)
 Base of the first metacarpal appeared and fused (age >2 and >17)
Opinion:
Age deduced from X-Ray is > 18 years.

21. X-21
Identification:
Xray of right and left knee joint lateral view, AP, and lateral view
Observation:
 Lower end of femur is not fused (age <19 years)
 Upper end of tibia not fused (age <19 years)
 Upper end of fibula appeared and not fused (age >4 and <19 years)
Opinion:
Age deduced to more than 4 years and less than 19 years

22. X-22
Identification:
X ray of Wrist Joint AP and lateral view.
Observation:
 Lower end of radius appeared and not fused (Age >2 years and < 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna appeared and not fused (Age >5 and <18 Years)
 Pisiform not appeared (age <12 years)
 Base of the first metacarpal appeared and not fused (age >3 and <17)
Opinion:
Age deduced from X-Ray is more than 5 and less than 12

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 23. X-23
.Dipika Lal
Identification:
X ray of both Wrist Joint AP view.
Observation:
 Lower end of radius appeared and not fused (Age >2 years and < 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna not appeared (Age <5 Years)
 6 carpal bones can be seen, Pisiform not appeared (age <5 years)
 Base of the first metacarpal appeared and not fused (age >3 and <17)
Opinion:
Age deduced from X-Ray is more than 3 and less than 5

24. X-24
Identification:
X ray of right ankle joint, AP and lateral.
Observation:
 Lower end of tibia appeared and not fused (Age >1 and <17 years)
 Lower end of Fibula appeared and not fused (Age >1 and <17 years)
 Calcaneal tuberosity appeared and not fused (Age >6 and <16Years)
Opinion:
Age deduced from X ray is more than 6 years and less than 16 years

25. X-25
Identification:
X ray of right Wrist Joint AP and lateral view
Observation:
 AP view of wrist joint showing lower end of radius, Ulna, carpal, and
metacarpals.
 Lower end of radius appeared and fused (Age >2 years and > 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna appeared and fused (age >5 Years and >18 years)
 All carpal bones appeared (age more than 12)
 Base of the first metacarpal appeared and fused (age >2 and >17)
Opinion:
Age deduced from X-Ray is > 18 years.

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 26. X-26
Identification:
X Ray Pelvis with bilateral Hip Joint anteroposterior view.
Observation:
 AP view of bilateral Hip joint with pelvis.
 Head of femur appeared and fused (Age is >half year and >18 year)
 Greater trochanter of femur appeared and fused (Age >4 and >18 years)
 Lesser trochanter of femur appeared and fused (Age >14 and >18 years),
 Ischio-pubic ramus of hip bone has fused (Age > 6 years),
 Triradiate cartilage fused (Age >15 years),
 Ischial Tuberosity appeared and fused (Age >16 and >21)
 Iliac crest appeared and fused (Age >14 years and > 20 years)
 Shadow of male external genital
Opinion:
X ray pelvis of male, of more than 21 years, No abnormality

27. X-27
Identification:
X ray of right Wrist Joint AP view
Observation:
 AP view of wrist joint showing lower end of radius, Ulna, carpal, and
metacarpals.
 Lower end of radius appeared and fused (Age >2 years and > 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna appeared and fused (age >5 Years and >18 years)
 All carpal bones appeared (age more than 12)
 Base of the first metacarpal appeared and fused (age >2 and >17)
Opinion:
Age deduced from X-Ray is > 18 years.

28. X-28
Dhananjay Patil
Identification:
X ray of Wrist Joint AP view.
Observation:
 Lower end of radius appeared and not fused (Age >2 years and < 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna Not appeared (Age <5 Years)
 4 carpal bones can be seen so age is more than 4 years.
 Base of the first metacarpal appeared and not fused (age >3 and <17)
Opinion: Age deduced from X-Ray is 4 to 5 years

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 29. X-29
Identification:
X ray of right Wrist Joint AP view
Observation:
 AP view of wrist joint showing lower end of radius, Ulna, carpal, and
metacarpals.
 Lower end of radius appeared and fused (Age >2 years and > 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna appeared and fused (age >5 Years and >18 years)
 All carpal bones appeared (age more than 12)
 Base of the first metacarpal appeared and fused (age >2 and >17)
Opinion:
Age deduced from X-Ray is > 18 years.

30. X-30
Identification:
X ray of right Wrist Joint AP view
Observation:
 AP view of wrist joint showing lower end of radius, Ulna, carpal, and
metacarpals.
 Lower end of radius appeared and not fused (Age >2 years and less than 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna appeared and not fused (age >5 Years and less than 18 years)
 All carpal bones appeared (age more than 12)
 Base of the first metacarpal appeared and fused (age >3 and less than 15)
Opinion:
Age deduced from X-Ray is more 12 years less than 15 years.

31. X-31
Identification:
X ray of right Wrist Joint AP view
Observation:
 AP view of wrist joint showing lower end of radius, Ulna, carpal, and
metacarpals.
 Lower end of radius appeared and fused (Age >2 years and > 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna appeared and fused (age >5 Years and >18 years)
 All carpal bones appeared (age more than 12)
 Base of the first metacarpal appeared and fused (age >2 and >17)
Opinion:
Age deduced from X-Ray is > 18 years.

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 32. X-32
Identification:
X ray of right Wrist Joint AP and lateral view
Observation:
 AP view of wrist joint showing lower end of radius, Ulna, carpal, and
metacarpals.
 Lower end of radius shows transverse fracture at distal end.
 Lower end of radius appeared and not fused (Age >2 years and less than 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna appeared and not fused (age >5 Years and less than 18 years)
 Pisiform bone not appeared other carpal bones present (age less than 12)
 Base of the first metacarpal appeared and fused (age >3 and less than 15)
Opinion:
Fracture of lower end of radius, Age deduced from X-Ray is more 5 years less than 12
years.

33. X-33
Identification:
X ray of bilateral hip joint and right ankle joint.
Observation:
 Shadow of male external genital.
 Head of femur appeared and fused (Age is >half year and >18 year)
 Greater trochanter of femur appeared and fused (Age >4 and >18 years)
 Lesser trochanter of femur appeared and fused (Age >14 and >18 years),
 Ischio-pubic ramus of hip bone has fused (Age > 6 years),
 Triradiate cartilage fused (Age >15 years),
 Ischial Tuberosity appeared and fused (Age >16 and >21 years)
 Lower end of tibia appeared and fused (Age >1 and >17 years)
 Lower end of Fibula appeared and fused (Age >1 and >17 years)
 Calcaneal tuberosity appeared and fused (Age >6 and >16Years)
Opinion: X ray of Male with age deduced from X ray is more than 21 years

34. X-34
Identification:
Xray of right radius and ulna, AP, and lateral view
Observation:
 Transverse, displaced fracture at upper 1/3rd of radius,
 Lower end of radius appeared and not fused (Age> 2 and < 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna not appeared (Age < 6 Years)
Opinion:
Fracture of radius and Age deduced to more than 2 years and less than 6 years

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 35. X-35
Identification:
Xray of right tibia and fibula with knee joint lateral view
Observation:
 Fracture of tibia and fibula internally fixed with metallic rod.
 Lower limb shows shadow of plaster cast.
 Lower end of femur is not fused (age <19 years)
 Upper end of tibia not fused (age <19 years)
 Upper end of fibula appeared and not fused (age >4 and <19 years)
Opinion:
Tibia fibula fracture internally fixed with metallic rods and age deduced to more than 4
years and less than 19 years

36. X-36
Identification:
X ray of bilateral wrist, AP, and lateral view
Observation:
 Lower end of radius appeared and fused (Age > 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna appeared and fused (Age >18 Years)
 All carpal bones appeared (age >12 years)
 Base of the first metacarpal appeared and not fused (age >3 and >17)
 Transverse fracture of lower end of radius with distal end displaced posteriorly
Opinion:
Fracture of lower end of radius with age deduced from x ray is more than 18 years

37. X-37
Identification:
X ray of right wrist with radius and ulna
Observation:
 Oblique, un-displaced fracture at middle1/3rd of ulna, transverse, and un-displaced
fracture of middle 1/3rd of radius.
 Lower end of radius appeared and not fused (Age> 2 and < 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna appeared and not fused (Age > 5 and <18 Years)
 Pisiform bone not appeared (age <12 years)
 Base of the first metacarpal appeared and not fused (age >3 and >17)
Opinion:
Fracture of radius and ulna and age deduced from x ray is > 3 years and <12 years

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 38. X-38
Identification:
X ray of Right Wrist Joint AP view.
Observation:
 AP view of wrist joint showing lower end of radius, Ulna, carpal, and
metacarpals.
 Lower end of radius appeared and not fused (Age >2 years and <18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna appeared and not fused (age >6 Years and <18 years)
 Pisiform not appeared (age < 12 years)
 Base of the first metacarpal appeared and not fused (age >2 and < 17)
Opinion: Age deduced from X-Ray is more than 6 and less than 12 Years.

39. X-39
Identification:
X ray of left tibia and fibula with parts of elbow and wrist joint AP and lateral view
Observation:
 Fracture of both tibia and fibula at middle 1/3rd internally fixed with metallic rods
 Lower end of radius appeared and not fused (Age >2 years and < 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna appeared and Not fused (age >5 Years and <18 years)
 Head of radius appeared and not fused (Age > 5 years and less than 16 years)
 Medical epicondyle appeared and not fused (Age > 6 years and less than 16 years)
Opinion:
Fracture of tibia and fibula and Age deduced from X-Ray more than 6 and less than 16
years.

40. X-40
Identification:
X ray of right tibia and fibula
Observation:
 Fracture of lower end of tibia with internal fixation of metallic screw and plate
Opinion:
Internal fixation of fracture of tibia with metallic screw and plate.
41. X-41
Identification:
Xray of left femur with AP and lateral view.
Observation:
 Fracture of low 1/3rd of right femur with internal fixation with intramedullary
metallic rod and screw.
Opinion:
Fracture of low 1/3rd of right femur.

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 42. X-42
Identification:
X ray of right Tibia fibula
Observation:
It shows lateral and anteroposterior view of right leg with complete, displaced, and
oblique fracture of shaft of tibia and fibula. Both bones displaced anteriorly and distal
fragments angulated posteriorly suggestive of impact on posterior side.
Opinion:
Fracture of shaft of tibia & fibula, its grievous injury caused due to blunt trauma.

43. X-43
Identification:
X ray of right wrist joint with tibia and fibula.
Observation:
 Oblique, un-displaced fracture of lower end of ulna
 Lower end of radius appeared and fused (Age > 18 years)
 Lower end of Ulna appeared and fused (Age >18 Years)
 All carpal bones appeared (age >12 years)
 Base of the first metacarpal appeared and not fused (age >3 and >17)
Opinion:
Fracture of lower end ulna with age deduced from x ray is more than 18 years

44. X-44
Identification: X ray of left femur
Observation:
 Transverse fracture of left femur at middle 1/3rd, distal end displaced medially.
 Head of femur appeared (Age 5 months)
 Greater trochanter not appeared (Age < 4 years)
 Lesser trochanter not appeared (age < 12 years)
 Lower end of femur appeared.
Opinion:
Fracture of left femur and age deduced is from X ray is 5 months to 4 years.

45. X-45
Identification:
X ray of right shoulder joint AP view.
Observation:
 Humerus, scapula, clavicle, and right side of chest.
 Fracture of clavicle at middle 1/3rd
Opinion: Fracture of righty clavicle at middle 1/3rd.

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 46. X-46
Identification:
X Ray Pelvis with bilateral Hip Joint anteroposterior view.
Observation:
 Two metallic screw for fixation of fracture of neck of left femure
 AP view of bilateral Hip joint with pelvis.
 Head of femur appeared and fused (Age is >half year and >18 year)
 Greater trochanter of femur appeared and fused (Age >4 and >18 years)
 Lesser trochanter of femur appeared and fused (Age >14 and >18 years),
 Ischio-pubic ramus of hip bone has fused (Age > 6 years),
 Triradiate cartilage fused (Age >15 years),
 Ischial Tuberosity appeared and fused (Age >16 and >21)
 Iliac crest appeared and fused (Age 21 years)
 Shadow of male external genitals.
Opinion:
X ray pelvis of male, of age around 21 years (+/- 1 year) with fixation of neck of left
femur with metallic screw.

47. X-47
Identification:
X ray of left shoulder joint AP view
Observation:
 Fracture of upper end of humerus
 Internal fixation with metallic screw
Opinion:
Internal fixation of fracture of humerus with metallic screw.

48. X-48
Identification:
X ray of left knee joint with AP view
Observation:
 Lower end of radius and upper end tibia and fibula with knee joint.
 Internal fixation of fracture of tibia with 4 metallic screw
Opinion:
Internal fixation of fracture of tibia with metallic screw.

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 49. X-49
Identification: X ray Chest PA view
Observation: Radiograph of Chest PA view shows foreign body of Metallic plate and
screw implanted over left clavicle for healing of fracture.
Opinion: Fracture of left clavicle, possible due to blunt trauma. Its grievous injury.

50. X-50
Identification:
X ray of bilateral hip, AP view.
Observation:
 Bilateral Hip prosthesis after hip replacement surgery
 Shadow of male external genital
 Ischial tuberosity appeared and fused (age >21 years)
Opinion:
Bilateral Hip replacement with prosthesis and age more than 21 years.

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 DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE INCLUDING TOXICOLOGY

PHOTOGRAPHS
Photographs play very important role in medicolegal practice as they not only act as
evidentiary material but also act as guide to crime committed or accident occurred. As the
saying goes ‘A photograph speaks thousand words’, examination of photos can give
many clues and features which helps forensic experts identify the condition.
The issue of interpretation of photographs arises as part of medico legal practice
when investigating officer seeks expert opinion on photographs related with
crime/incident.
List of Photographs
S.No Identification No. Name of Photograph
1. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-1 Tattoo mark of Lord Hanuman
2. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-2 Tattoo mark
3. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-3 Putrefaction - Protrusion of tongue and of eyes
Putrefactive change mimicking a ligature mark
4. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-4 Putrefaction: Bloated face with protruded tongue
and eye balls
5. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-5 Putrefaction- Maggots
6. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-6 Postmortem Lividity
7. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-7 Postmortem lividity with demonstration of it’s
nonfixation
8. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-8 Postmortem Knawing
9. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-9 Cadaveric spasm
10. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-10 Tachy noir
11. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-11 Early sign of putrefaction
12. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-12 Putrefaction showing marbling and greenish
discoloration
13. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-13 Exhumation
14. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-14 Patterned contusion / Tramline contusions with
corresponding weapon
15. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-15 Patterned Abrasion
16. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-16 Multiple stab wounds with knife in situ
Manner – Homicidal
17. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-17 Multiple stab wounds
Manner – Homicidal
18. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-18 Split laceration (Incised looking) over head with
corresponding hard and blunt weapon
19. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-19 Chop wound with flaying of skin and transection
of ear
20. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-20 Types of Abrasions
21. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-21 Patterned Abrasion
22. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-22 Bite marks
23. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-23 Defence wound

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24. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-24 Incised wound
Manner – Homicidal
25. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-25 Incised wounds (Hesitational cuts)
Manner – suicidal
26. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-26 Incised wounds
27. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-27 Multiple contusions
28. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-28 Incised wounds showing gaping and tailing
29. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-29 Laceration of (Rupture) liver
30. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-30 Decapitation - transection of body - amputation
of upper limbs
In Railway accident
31. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-31 Depressed fracture over skull vault
32. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-32 Head injury: Subgaleal haemorrhage
33. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-33 Head Injury: Communited Fracture
34. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-34 Extradural haemorrhage
35. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-35 Multiple exit wounds due to electrocution
36. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-36 Burns in high tension electric current
37. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-37 Entry wound due to electrocution
38. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-38 Joule burn in electrocution
39. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-39 Bomb explosion multiple injuries
40. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-40 Bomb explosion multiple injuries
41. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-41 Antemortem Burns: Soot particles in trachea
42. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-42 Entry wound of bullet
43. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-43 Suicidal shotgun injury with disruption of face
44. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-44 Shotgun injury with tattooing
45. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-45 Exit wound of bullet injury over skull
46. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-46 Bullets and cartridges
47. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-47 Traumatic asphyxia - Thief struck between
window bars
48. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-48 Incomplete hanging
49. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-49 Incomplete hanging
50. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-50 Throttling
51. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-51 Ligature Mark
52. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-52 Postmortem Hanging
53. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-53 Soddening of hand
54. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-54 Froth in poisoning
55. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-55 Organophosphorus poisoning
56. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-56 Bacterial Meningitis
57. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-57 Autopsy findings of vasculo-toxic snake bite
58. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-58 Lightening
59. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-59 Corrosive acid poisoning: Autopsy findings
60. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-60 Cardiac rupture with tamponade.

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1. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-1 Tattoo mark of Lord Hanuman
Description:
Tattoo mark of lord hanuman.

Medicolegal significance:
Can be used for identification of the person. Religion of person (Hindu) can be known
from tattoo mark.

2. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-2 Tattoo mark

Description:
Tattoo mark on ventral aspect of forearm of name.

Medicolegal significance:
Can be used for identification of the person. Religion of person (Hindu) can be known
from tattoo mark.

3. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-3 Putrefaction - Protrusion of tongue

and of eyesPutrefactive change mimicking a ligature mark
Description:
Shows putrefactive changes with swelling of face, desquamation of skin over face, chest,
and shoulder, marbling of vain over shoulder and chest, Protrusion of eye and tongue.
Putrefactive change mimicking a ligature mark
Medicolegal Significance:
Surest sign of death and time since death can be calculated.

4. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-4 Putrefaction: Bloated face with

protruded tongue and eye balls
Description:
Shows putrefactive changes with swelling of face, desquamation of skin over face, chest,
and shoulder, marbling of vain over shoulder and chest, Protrusion of eye and tongue.
Putrefactive change mimicking a ligature mark

Medicolegal Significance: Surest sign of death and time since death can be calculated.

5. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-5 Putrefaction- Maggots

Description:
Photograph shown decomposed body infested with maggots and body showing areas of
greasy, yellow coloured area suggestive of adipocere formation.

Medicolegal significance:
Surest sign of death and time since death can be calculated.

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6. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-6 Postmortem Lividity
Description:
Post mortem lividity on back of body and over lower limbs with areas of contact
flattening over back and buttocks.
Medicolegal Significance:
Estimation of time since death (Based on appearance and fixation), posturer of the body
at the time of death. Cause of death based on colour of lividity.

7. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-7 Postmortem lividity with

demonstration of it’s nonfixation
Description:
Post mortem lividity on back and buttocks with areas of contact flattening over back and
buttocks. Two photographs can be compared and lividity appeared in some parts of after
lift the body sideways suggestion of non-fixation of lividity.
Medicolegal Significance:
Estimation of time since death (Based on appearance and fixation), posturer of the body
at the time of death. Cause of death based on colour of lividity.

8. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-8 Postmortem Knawing

Description:
Photograph shows loss of tissue around mouth and both eyes, no blood stain, margin are
irregular suggestive of post-mortem gnawing.
Medicolegal significance:
Injuries are post-mortem in nature and caused by animal bites.

9. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-9 Cadaveric spasm

Description:
Clenched fist with aquatic weed is indication of cadaveric spasm.
Medicolegal Significance:
Clutching of straws in hand in drawing cases, it can not be mimicked. In case of assault it
can show evidence of attack (Assailant’s hair, clothes etc)

10. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-10 Tachy noir

Description:
Brownish discolouration of sclera on each side of iris suggestive of post mortem changes
in eyes
Medicolegal Significance:
When eyelids remain open for 3-4 h after death, there is formation of two yellow
triangles (base on the limbus, apex at the lateral or medial canthus and sides are formed

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by the margins of the upper and lower eyelids) on the sclera at each side of the iris, which
become brown.

11. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-11 Early sign of putrefaction

Description: Greenish discolouration of both iliac fossa suggestive beginning of
putrefaction.

Medicolegal significance: first external sign of decomposition is usually a greenish

discoloration over the right iliac fossa over the region of the caecum which lies
superficially and the contents of the bowel are more fluid and fuller of bacteria.

12. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-12 Putrefaction showing marbling

and greenish discoloration
Description:
Greenish discoloration of skin and greenish superficial and branching pattern of the skin
over abdomen and other parts indication of marbling with post-mortem blisters
Medicolegal Significance:
Surest sign of death, Estimation of time since death.

13. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-13 Exhumation

Description:
This is an exhumated body after lawful digging of previously buried body.
Medicolegal significance:
The body is exhumed only when, there is a written order from the First-Class Magistrate.
There is no time limit for ordering of the exhumation.

14. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-14 Patterned contusion / Tramline

contusions with corresponding weapon
Description:
Multiple elongated parallel contusion indication of patterned contusion along with
weapon used for causing assault.
Medicolegal Significance:
Weapon of offence can be identified, direction of force, age of injury and caused by blunt
force impact. They may become visible after few hours or even 1-2 days after injury.

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15. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-15 Patterned Abrasion
Description:
Patterned abrasion of metallic chain caused when the force is applied perpendicular to the
skin, the cuticle gets crushed at the point of impact and bears the imprint of metallic
chain causing it.

Medicolegal Significance:
Weapon of offence can be identified, direction of force, age of injury and caused by blunt
force impact.

16. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-16 Multiple stab wounds with knife in

situ Manner – Homicidal
Description:
Multiple stab wounds on back with knife used for assault in situ with blood stain on skin
and knife.
Medicolegal Significance:
The manner of death is homicidal and type of weapon is pointed and sharp edged.
Position of victim and assailant can be found. Multiple stab wounds

17. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-17 Multiple stab wounds Manner –

Homicidal
Description:
Multiple stab wounds on anterior aspect of chest of varying depth.
Medicolegal Significance:
Manner of death is homicidal, weapon is pointed and sharp edged, considering the
number of wounds it appears to be crime done in anger.

18. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-18 Split laceration (Incised looking)

over head with corresponding hard and blunt weapon
Description: Split laceration of the head with irregular and contused edges and tissue
bridging along with weapon causing it
Medicolegal Significance: Type of weapon- Hard, heavy, and blunt, should be
differentiated from incised wound, time since injury. Foreign bodies can provide
circumstantial evidence.

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19. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-19 Chop wound with flaying of skin
and transection of ear
Description:
Multiple chops wound of varying dimensions over left side of scalp and neck, edges are
clean cut with underlying cranium bone visible.
Medicolegal Significance:
Manner of production is homicidal. Sharp, and heavy weapon used for crime.

20. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-20 Types of Abrasions

Description:
Photographs shows different types of abrasion namely Grazed Abrasion, acratch
abrasion, pressure abrasion, imprint abrasion, patterned abrasion.

Medicolegal Significance:
Abrasions give an idea about the site of impact and direction of force. Patterned abrasions
are helpful in connecting the wound with the causative weapon. Age of injury can be
determined which helps to corroborate with alleged time of assault. In open wounds, dirt,
dust, grease or sand is usually present which helps to connect the injuries to the scene of
crime. Character and manner of injury may be known from its distribution: (i). In
throttling, crescentic abrasions made by fingernails are found on the neck. (ii). Abrasions
on the victim may show whether the fingernails of assailant were long, irregular, or
broken. (iii). In smothering, abrasions may be seen around the mouth and nose. (iv). In
sexual assaults, abrasions may be found on the breasts, genitals, inside of the thigh and
around the arms.

21. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-21 Patterned Abrasion

Description:
Patterned abrasion over chest. It is caused when the force is applied perpendicular to the
skin by tyres of vehicle. The cuticle gets crushed at the point of impact and bears the
imprint of the object causing it.
Medicolegal significance:
Abrasions give an idea about the site of impact and direction of force. They may be the
only external signs of serious internal injury. Patterned abrasions are helpful in
connecting the wound with the causative weapon. Age of injury can be determined which
helps to corroborate with alleged time of assault.

22. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-22 Bite marks

Description:
Semi-circular or crescentic caused by the front teeth (incisors and canines) with a gap on
either side due to separation of upper and lower jaw whereas deep parabolic arch with
multiple petechial haemorrhages at centre

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Medicolegal significance:
Commonly seen in sexual assault, petechial haemorrhages at centre is typical of sexual
assault where sucking action during bites reduces the air pressure in the centre and
produces multiple petechial haemorrhages. Identification can be done for bite marks.

23. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-23 Defence wound

Description:
Incised wound present at web of thumb and index finger of right hand suggestive of
defence wound due to its location.
Medicolegal significance:
Type of weapon is sharp cutting-edge weapon. Manner of production is homicidal or
assault case.

24. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-24 Incised wound

Manner – Homicidal
Description:
Multiple deep incised wound present over chest with no tentative cut’s indicative of
homicidal incised wound by sharp edged weapon.
Medicolegal significance:
Manner of death is homicidal, position of victim and assailant and direction force applied
can be known.

25. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-25 Incised wounds (Hesitational cuts)

Manner – suicidal
Description:
Multiple superficial incised wounds, some are parallel to each other and some are
crisscrossed indication of hesitation cuts by sharp weapon.
Medicolegal Significance:
Manner of death is suicidal, can have unintentional cuts on finger of razor blade is used.

26. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-26 Incised wounds

Description:
Skull bone deep incised wound present over scalp with no tentative cuts indicative of
homicidal incised wound by sharp edged weapon.
Medicolegal significance:
Manner of death is homicidal, position of victim and assailant and direction force applied
can be known.

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27. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-27 Multiple contusions
Description:
Multiple contusion can be seen over shelf shoulder and left arm.
Medicolegal significance:
Caused due to hard and blunt objects, Age of contusion can be calculated from colour
changes. Weapon of assault can be found in patterned contusion.

28. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-28 Incised wounds showing gaping

and tailing
Description: Stab wound with gapping and incised wound with tailing can be seen over
right side of chest.
Medicolegal significance: A stab wound which runs parallel to the cleavage lines will
remain slit-shaped and narrow, and the dimensions of the blade will be represented with
considerable accuracy. A stab wound which enters through the cleavage lines
transversely will gape. Tailing of incised wound help in determining relative position of
assailant and victim and direction of force applied.

29. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-29 Laceration of (Rupture) liver

Description:
Photograph shows laceration and rupture of right lob of liver due to blunt trauma to
abdomen.

Medicolegal significance:
Death due to shock. Mostly seen in road traffic accidents.

30. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-30 Decapitation - transection of body

- amputation of upper limbs In Railway accident
Description:
Transaction of body at thoracolumbar region, decapitation, and amputation of both upper
limbs. Internal organs visible and some are missing

Medicolegal Significance:
Mostly caused by railway accident (run over) considering extent of injuries.

251
31. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-31 Depressed fracture over skull vault
Description:
Photograph was taken doing post-mortem examination showing depressed fracture of
skull with under scalp haematoma and temporalis muscle haematoma.
Medicolegal Significance:
Head injury caused due to blunt and hard object.

32. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-32 Head injury: Subgaleal

haemorrhage
Description:
Reflected scalp with dark red coloured subgleleal haemorrhage and left temporal muscle
haematoma.
Medicolegal significance:
Caused due to blunt force impact, scalp contusions are better felt than seen.

33. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-33 Head Injury: Communited

Fracture
Description:
Reflected scalp with dark red coloured subgleleal haemorrhage and comminuted fracture
of the skull.
Medicolegal significance:
Caused due to blunt force impact, scalp contusions are better felt than seen.

34. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-34 Extradural haemorrhage

Description: After removing skull bone during PM examination, dark red coloured
extradural haemorrhage can be seen on left side.

Medicolegal significance: Mostly traumatic and unilateral. Patient may be discharged

from hospital during lucid interval and die at home; doctor may be charged with
negligence. The condition may resemble drunkenness and patient may die in police
custody.

35. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-35 Multiple exit wounds due to

electrocution
Description: Multiple exits wound of electrocution present on toes of both legs with
peeling of skin on couple of toes and evidence of burns and crater formation over dorsal
aspect of right great tow.
Medicolegal significance: Mostly accidental in nature, death due to electrocution. Rigor
mortis appears early.

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36. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-36 Burns in high tension electric
current
Description: Electrical burns over palmer aspect of right hand and lower forearm.
Medicolegal Significance: Contact with high voltage live wire causing electrical burns,
mostly accidental and rarely suicidal or homicidal, Rigor mortis appears early.

37. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-37 Entry wound due to electrocution

Description:
Entry wound of electrocution over dorsum of left hand with desquamation of skin,
hardening of tissue and tissue appears pale.
Medicolegal Significance:
Mostly accidental in nature, death due to electrocution. Rigor mortis appears early.

38. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-38 Joule burn in electrocution

Description:
Two round craters with pale base and rolled out margins on palmer aspect of toe and
index finger of left hand.
Medicolegal Significance:
Indicates contact with electrical conductor. mostly accidental and rarely suicidal or
homicidal, Rigor mortis appears early.
39. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-39 Bomb explosion multiple injuries
Description:
Multiple injuries present due to bomb explosion, mostly all injuries are secondary to
shrapnel’s and objects propelled by explosion.
Medicolegal Significance:
Punctate lacerations, dust tattooing and black soiling from explosive materials may be
seen. Triad of bruises, abrasions, and puncture lacerations with tattooing of the body
indicates bomb explosion. Injuries may be seen due to fallen rubble. Burns (flash burns
and singed hair seen on victims in immediate vicinity).

40. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-40 Bomb explosion multiple injuries

Description:
Multiple injuries present due to bomb explosion, mostly all injuries are secondary to
shrapnel’s and objects propelled by explosion.
Medicolegal Significance:
Punctate lacerations, dust tattooing and black soiling from explosive materials may be
seen. Triad of bruises, abrasions, and puncture lacerations with tattooing of the body
indicates bomb explosion. Injuries may be seen due to fallen rubble. Burns (flash burns
and singed hair seen on victims in immediate vicinity).

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41.SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-41 Antemortem Burns: Soot particles in trachea
Description:
Carbon soot particle can be seen in trachea after dissection suggestive of antemortem
burns.
Medicolegal significance:
Carbon soot particle in trachea suggestive of antemortem burns, mostly accidental and
can be suicidal or homicidal.

42. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-42 Entry wound of bullet

Description: Close shot entry wound of bullet, Skin adjacent to the entry wound shows
evidence of grease/dirt collar on the inner zone and abraded/contused collar on the outer
zone. Evidence of burning, singeing, blackening, and tattooing of the skin in and around
the entry wound.
Medicolegal significance: Close range shot, Homicidal considering location.

43.SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-43 Suicidal shotgun injury with disruption of face

Description:
Entry wound of shotgun injury can be seen below the chin and exit wound can be seen
with disruption of face.

Medicolegal significance:
Mostly suicidal and can be accidental.

44. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-44 Shotgun injury with tattooing

Description:
Entry wound of shot gun from near to close range with tattooing and satellite pellet
pattern.
Medicolegal significance:
Entry wound of gunshot can help in determining type of gun and distance from which it
was fired.

45. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-45 Exit wound of bullet injury over skull

Description:
The exit wound on the inner table shows clean cut hole and bevelling on the outer table.
The bevelling helps to assess the angle of fire.

Medicolegal Significance:
Bevelling helps to identify the entry wound or exit wound of bullet.

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46. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-46 Bullets and cartridges
Description:
Photographs shows different bullets and cartridges used in firearm.
Medicolegal significance:
Bullet is the projectile of a rifled firearm that leaves the muzzle when it discharges,
Cartridges is one unit of ammunition. These causes penetrating or perforating gunshot
wounds

47.SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-47 Traumatic asphyxia - Thief struck between

window bars
Description:
Person stuck between metal rod of window preventing normal movement of lungs
causing traumatic asphyxia. Level of compression is indicated by a well-defined
demarcating line between the discoloured upper portion of body and the lower normal
part. Asphyxia resulting from respiratory arrest due to mechanical fixation of chest, so
that the normal movements of chest wall are prevented.

Medicolegal Significance: Accidental in nature.

48. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-48 Incomplete hanging

Description:
Hanging with the help of rope hanged to tree with both knees touching ground suggestive
of incomplete or partial hanging. Ligature knot on side of neck suggestive of atypical
hanging. Protrusion of tongue can be seen.
Medicolegal Significance:
Its incomplete or partial hanging, Weight of the head acts as the constricting force,
mostly suicidal in manner and homicidal is rare.

49. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-49 Incomplete hanging

Description: Hanging with the help of saree and hanged ceiling of roof with both foot
touching ground suggestive of incomplete or partial hanging. Ligature knot on side of
neck suggestive of atypical hanging. Protrusion of tongue can be seen.
Medicolegal Significance: Its incomplete or partial hanging, Weight of the head acts as
the constricting force, mostly suicidal in manner and homicidal is rare.

50. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-50 Throttling

Description:
Multiple abrasions and bruises on the front and sides of the neck below the jaw line
suggestive of throttling.
Medicolegal Significance:
Mostly homicidal, Self-throttling is impossible, because as soon as unconsciousness
supervenes, the hand will relax and the grip will be released.

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51. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-51 Ligature Mark
Description:
Brown coloured pressure abrasion encircling the neck at the level of thyroid cartilage
placed obliquely suggestive of hanging.
Medicolegal Significance:
Manner of death is mostly suicidal; weapon of offence can be known by patterned
abrasion depiction depicting the interwoven pattern of ligature material.

52. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-52 Postmortem Hanging

Description:
Dissection of neck during post-mortem in a case of hanging, there is no evidence of
subcutaneous or muscular haematoma suggestive of hanging,
Medicolegal Significance:
Manner of death is mostly suicidal; weapon of offence can be known by patterned
abrasion depiction depicting the interwoven pattern of ligature material.

53. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-53 Soddening of hand

Description:
Washerwomen's hand is the wrinkled, sodden, bleached appearance of palms, palmer
aspect of fingers

Medicolegal Significance:
It is seen in case of drowning and Maceration of skin occurs due to imbibition of water
into its outer layers. It is first seen in the fingertips by 3-4 h and whole hand by 24 h.

54. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-54 Froth in poisoning

Description:
Froth coming from nose and mouth, no cyanosis of lips likely due to poisoning.
Medicolegal significance:
Froth from mouth can be seen in poisoning, drowning etc. Mostly suicidal and can be
homicidal or accidental

55. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-55 Organophosphorus poisoning

Description:
Post-mortem shows gastric mucosa lined with greenish coloured fluid, with haemorrhage
of gastric mucosa lining. Type of poison can be better appreciated by odour of poison.
Medicolegal Significance:
Mostly suicidal, homicidal is rare with large quantity of poison.

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56 SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-56 Bacterial Meningitis
Description: This is photograph of brain during post-mortem examination, after
removing dura there is greening pus present over subarachnoid matter suggestive of
bacterial meningitis.
Medicolegal significance: Patient present with fever, headache, neck stiffness and
altered state of consciousness. Can present with picture similar to sub arachnoid
haemorrhage.

57. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-57 Autopsy findings of vasculo-toxic snake bite

Description: This photograph shows autopsy findings of vasculo-toxic snake bite.
Incision on bite site suggestive of haemorrhage. Internal organs like liver and kidney
shows haemorrhages. Gastric mucosa shows haemorrhage.
Medicolegal significance: Vasculo-toxic snake causes more local reaction than other
snakes. Mostly accidental and rarely homicidal.

58. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-58 Lightening

Description: This is photograph of external autopsy findings of lightening. There is
singing of hair due to burn, crocodile skin can be seen over abdomen and blast effect can
be seen on clothes.
Medicolegal significance: This is accidental and causes instant death.

59. SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-59 Corrosive acid poisoning: Autopsy findings

Description: This photograph shows autopsy findings in corrosive acid poisoning.
Blackening of lips due to corrosive action. Also, there is blackening of mucosa of
oesophagus and stomach along with gastric haemorrhage. Mucosa of the stomach may be
eroded and blackened due to formation of alkaline hematin.

Medicolegal significance: It can be suicidal and homicidal.

60) SMCW/FMT/Museum/PH-60 Cardiac rupture with tamponade.

Description: This is a photograph of autopsy finding of cardiac rupture in a case on acute
myocardial infraction and resulting in cardiac tamponade. There is accumulation of blood
in pericardial cavity.
Medicolegal significance: This causes sudden death. It mimics stab wound over heart;
pericardium will be intact.

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DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE INCLUDING TOXICOLOGY
List of Poisons

Sr. Identification No. Name of Poison

No.
1. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-1 Ammonium Carbonate
2. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-2 Argemone Prickly Powder
3. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-3 Arandi Seeds
4. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-4 Alcohol
5. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-5 Aloes(elwa)
6. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-6 Aspirin
7. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-7 Fenvalerate
8. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-8 Acetic Acid
9. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-9 Ant Poison
10. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-10 Calotropis
11. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-11 Supari, Areca, Beetle Nut
12. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-12 Barium Carbonate
13. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-13 Bhang
14. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-14 Boric Acid
15. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-15 Borax
16. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-16 Jalap
17. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-17 Bleaching Powder
18. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-18 Benzene
19. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-19 Baygon
20. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-20 Borneol
21. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-21 Barium Nitrate
22. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-22 Camphor
23. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-23 Chloroform
24. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-24 Carbolic Acid (Phenole)
25. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-25 Copper Sulphate
26. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-26 Chillies
27. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-27 Hartal ( Arsenic sulphides)
28. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-28 Yew (Taxus Baccata)
29. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-29 Caustic Soda
30. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-30 Chopped Animal hair
31. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-31 Denatured Spirit
32. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-32 DDT
33. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-33 Dhatura
34. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-34 Eucalyptus Oil
35. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-35 Ether(Ethyl Oxide)
36. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-36 Ferric Chloride
37. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-37 Formaldehyde
38. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-38 Glass Powder
39. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-39 Hydrochloric Acid
40. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-40 Sulphuric Acid

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41. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-41 Nitric Acid
42. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-42 Hair dye
43. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-43 Iron Sulphate
44. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-44 Insecticide
45. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-45 Jaiphal
46. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-46 Jamalgota
47. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-47 Kakphal
48. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-48 Kali Katuki
49. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-49 Kuchila
50. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-50 Kaner
51. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-51 Khorsani Ajwayan
52. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-52 Kerosene Oil
53. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-53 Kalmi Shora
54. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-54 Kaladana Seeds
55. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-55 Snake
56. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-56 Washing Soda
57. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-57 Lice Poison
58. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-58 Laxman Rekha
59. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-59 Lead Acetate
60. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-60 Lead Metal
61. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-61 Magnesium Carbonate
62. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-62 Lead Carbonate
63. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-63 Magnesium Sulphate
64. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-64 Market Nut
65. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-65 Maju / Thuja
66. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-66 Iodine
67. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-67 Majun
68. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-68 Mosquito Coil
69. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-69 Nitro Benzene
70. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-70 Nishotar
71. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-71 Napthalene
72. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-72 Yellow Oleander
73. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-73 Acid of Sugar (Oxalic)
74. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-74 Poppy Seed
75. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-75 Potassium Sulphate
76. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-76 Potassium Di Chromate
77. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-77 Pearl Ash
78. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-78 Paracetamol
79. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-79 Parafin Wax
80. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-80 Potassium Permanganate
81. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-81 Phenylene
82. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-82 Quinin
83. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-83 Ratan Jot
84. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-84 Rati
85. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-85 Zinc Sulphate

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86. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-86 Sodium Carbonate
87. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-87 Sindur
88. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-88 Slaked Lime
89. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-89 Surma
90. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-90 Sulphur
91. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-91 Sodium Nitrate
92. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-92 Spindas Trifoliatus
93. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-93 Sankhya
94. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-94 Alum (Phitkari)
95. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-95 Turpentine oil
96. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-96 Tobacco
97. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-97 Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate
98. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-98 Stone Pieces (Marble Chips)
99. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-99 Plaster of Paris P.O.P.
100. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-100 Methyl Parathion
101. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-101 Scorpion Venom
102. SMCW/FMT/Museum/P-102 Mercury

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1. Ammonium Carbonate
TYPE : Corrosive Poisons
V. Name : Sal Volatile
Symptoms : The taste is acrid and soapy. The Vomited matter is strongly alkaline.
Purging, accompanied by severe pain & straining. Stool, consist of
stringy
mucus mixed with blood.
Fatal Dose : 30 ml.
Fatal Period : Within 24 hours.
Treatment : Vegetable Acid (Vinegar, Lemon & Orange Juice) mixed with large
quantity
of water. Followed by Olive Oil, White of eggs, milk butter Pieces of ice
for
sucking. The effected eyes should be washed freely. Cortisone or
Prednisolone is recommended for preventing stricture.
Anodyne may be given for pain.
P.M. Changes: The mucous membrane of the mouth, throat, gullet, stomach and
duodenum
shows soft mucilage like necrosed areas and inflamed patches of
chocolate
or black colour. The deeper tissues are inflamed and congested.

2. Argemone Prickly Powder

TYPE : ORGANIC Irritant Poisons (I)
V. Name: Yellow Mexican Poppy, Katkar Oil.
Symptoms: The symptoms being slowly with early gastric symptoms of loss of appetite,
diarrhoea & soft oedema, which is most marked on the legs. In severe cases, the heart
may be delated, ECG shows myocardial damage, blood pressure tends to be low & pulse
feeble & rapid. Liquid stools are quite common.
Fatal Dose: Uncertain
Fatal Period: Uncertain
Treatment: Any contaminated mustard oil from the diet should be removed. If signs of
cardiac failure are there, diuretics, digitalis glycosides, and digitalis glycosides are
required.
P.M. Changes: Not Characteristic.

3. Arandi Seeds
Type: Organic Irritant Poisons (I).
V. Name: Ricinus Communis, Castor oil plant.
Symptoms: Few hours after ingestion, there is a burning pain in the throat, nausea,
violent vomiting, thirst, vertigo, colicky pain in the abdomen, feeble pulse & cold
clammy skin cramps, Diarrhoea with bloody stools may or may not present.
Fatal Dose: 6 mg. or 10 Arandi seeds.
Fatal Period: Within 6 days.

261
Treatment: Evacuation by washing the stomach, administration of glucose saline for
dehydration will help. 2-5 g of Sodium bicarbonate should be given eight hourly by
mouth to alkalinise the urine. Blood transfusion may be needed in some cases.
P.M. Changes: Congestion, softening and inflammation of the mucous membrane of the
alimentary canal, with occasional erosions and sub mucous haemorrhages, can be seen.
Fragments of the seeds may be found in the stomach and intestines. The blood is usually
seen in the serous cavities.

4. Alcohol C2 H5 OH
Type: Inebriant Cerebral Poisons Ethyl alcohol.
V. Name: Grain alcohol.
Symptoms: Gradual loss of self-control, garrulousness, melancholia. The patient passes
gradually into a state of unconsciousness.
Fatal Dose: 150 to 250 ml.
Fatal Period: 12 -24 hrs.
Treatment: Treatment of acute alcoholic intoxication consists of gastric lavage and
maintenance of respiration.
P. M. Changes: The alcoholic odour is perceptible in the stomach, lung and brain, unless
putrefaction has set in. The liver, lungs and brain are usually congested. The blood is
generally fluid and dark.

5. Aloes
Type: Organic Irritant Poisons.
V. Name: Elwa.
Symptoms: The symptoms are chiefly colic, abdominal pain, diarrhoea with tenesmus
and motions containing blood, great prostration and death.
Fatal Dose: 7.5 gm.
Fatal Period: 12 hours.
Treatment: The chief post-mortem appearance is inflammation of the stomach and small
intestine to some extent.
P. M. Changes: According to symptoms.

6. Aspirin
Type: Corrosive Poison.
V. Name: Salicylic Acid, Orthobenzoic Acid, Sodium Salicylate.
Symptoms: Burning pain in throat, epigastrium, difficulty in swallowing, thirst, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhoea as sign of irritation. Death occurs from cardiac or respiratory failure.
Fatal Dose: 4 to 10 gm.
Fatal Period: After 4 days.
Treatment: Gastric lavage will be needed in the severely intoxicated patient.
P. M. Changes: The mucous membrane of the stomach & duodenum is inflamed with
submucous haemorrhages. The spleen & Liver are congested. The Lungs are generally
oedematous.

262
7. Fenvalerate (Insecticide under brand name Dhanuka – Triumphcard)
Type: Inebriant Cerebral Poisons
Symptoms: Nervousness, anxiety, tremors, convulsions and allergic manifestations.
Fatal Dose: 0.5 g per Kg of body weight.
Fatal Period: Death results in about 24 hours.
Treatment: Gastric lavage with 5% sodium bicarbonate may be given, if swallowed.
Wash contaminated skin & clothes. Irrigate eyes with normal saline. Drug therapy:
Atropine sulphate 2-4 mg. intravenously at 5 to 10 minutes’ interval for hours together. 1-
2 gm 2 P.A.M. intravenously very slowly for 10-15 minutes with 10 ml. distilled water.
P. M. Changes: The mucous membrane of the stomach and upper part of the small
intestine is hyperaemic with submucous haemorrhages. The stomach usually gives off the
smell of Kerosene oil. The spleen and brain are congested and the liver may be damaged.

8. Acetic Acid CH3COOH

Type: Corrosive Poisons.
V. Name: Vinegar, (Sirka)
Symptoms: The mucous membrane of the mouth and other parts of the body, with which
the acid comes in contact, are softened & present the appearance of a yellowish white
colour. Vomiting, difficulty in swallowing, convulsion, irritable cough and collapse.
Fatal Dose: 60 ml.
Fatal Period: 1 to 48 hours.
Treatment: The acid should be neutralised by giving magnesia or limewater. The
stomach should be washed out with limewater or milk.
P. M. Changes: These are erosion or corrosion of the mucous membrane of the mouth,
oesophagus, stomach and intestines with ecchymosed patches.

9. Ant Poison

Type: Inebriant Poison

V. Name: Neurotic Cerebral
Symptoms: Dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, cough, irritation of lungs, burning
pain, sensation in chest, cyanosis & death.
Fatal Dose: 50 – 100 gm.
Fatal Period: 7 Hours.
Treatment: Patient should be removed into open air and artificial respiration. Body
should be given. Body should be kept warm.
P.M. Changes: Asphyxia. Stomach & duodenum inflamed.

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10. Calotropis

Type: Organic irritant poisons (I)

V. Name: Calotropis Gigantea /akdo / madar/procera
Symptoms: When taken internally, Madar juice gives rise to an acrid, bitter taste and a
burning pain in the throat and stomach. These are followed by salivation, stomatitis,
vomiting, diarrhoea, dilated pupils, tetanic convulsion; collapse and death.
Fatal Dose: Uncertain.
Fatal Period: Half an hour to eight hours.
Treatment: Stomach wash should be given. Saline cathartics may be helpful.
Demulcents are administered. Morphine like drugs are used to control pain.
P.M. Changes: Signs of irritation in the stomach & intestines may be seen.

11. Supari

Type: Cardiac Poisons

V. Name: Betel Nut/areca nut
Symptoms: The chief symptoms being flushing of the face, profuse perspiration,
bronchial spasm contraction of the pupils, thirst, colicky pain in the abdomen, diarrhoea,
tetanic spams, difficult breathing, slow pulse & collapse.
Fatal Dose: Not Determined.
Fatal Period: Half an hour.
Treatment: Stomach wash should be given. Saline cathartics may be helpful.
Demulcents are administered. Morphine like drugs are used to control pain.
P. M. Changes: Signs of irritation in the stomach and intestines may be seen.

12. Barium Carbonate

[
Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons (II).
V. Name: Rat Poison.
Symptoms: The severe abdominal pain, nausea, metallic taste, salivation, vomiting,
intense thirst, persistent purging, dilatation of the pupils, dimness of vision, slow &
irregular heart with rise of blood pressure death may be due to arrhythmia or respiratory
arrest.
Fatal Dose: 4 gm.& Fatal Period: 1 -2 hours.
Treatment: The patient should be given 30 gm. Doses of sodium magnesium sulphate in
200 ml of water to form an insoluble salt of barium sulphate and then the stomach should
be washed with a 2 to 5 % magnesium sulphate.
P. M. Changes: Morphine can be used to relieve pain. 10 ml of 10 % Sodium Sulphate
intravenously is recommended. Haemorrhagic gastritis and duodenitis. Pulmonary
oedema.

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13. Bhang

Type: Deliriant Cerebral Poisons.

V. Name: Sidhi, Patti or Sabji.
Symptoms: Symptoms vary the dose and the personality of the user. He feels giddy, a
toxic, complains of tingling and numbness of the skin, dryness of the mouth, suffers from
muscular weakness. Excitement the visual Hallucinations.
Fatal Dose: Uncertain.
Fatal Period: Uncertain.
Treatment: Recovery usually follows a deep Sleep.
P. M. Changes: Not characteristic.

14. Boric Acid H3 BO3

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons (I)

V. Name: Boracic Acid, Acidum Boricum, BP.
Symptoms: Loss of appetite epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea.
Erythematous rash, later desquamation appears on the skin. Jaundice, cerebral oedema,
acidosis, fever & Cheyne-stokes respiration may be seen.
Fatal Dose: 15 -20 g for Adults & 5 g for Children.
Fatal Period: 3 -4 days.
Treatment: The stomach should be washed with activated charcoal, lime water or milk
and saline purgatives should be given. Glucose saline to maintain urine output and
oxygen, artificial respiration, nikethamide etc. as required.
P. M. Changes: Includes a congestion of the stomach with several spots of erosions on
its mucous membrane. There may be ecchymosis on the inner surface of the pericardium.
The liver & kidneys show fatty degeneration.

15. Borax - Na2B4O7 10H2O

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons (II)

V. Name: Sohaga or Tankankhar.
Symptoms: Loss of appetite epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.
Erythematous rash later desquamation appears on the skin. Jaundice, cerebral oedema,
acidosis fever Cheyne- stokes respiration may be seen.
Fatal Dose: 15 -20 g for Adults
Fatal Period: 3 -4 days.
Treatment: The stomach should be washed with activated charcoal, limewater or milk
and saline purgatives should be given. Glucose saline to maintain urine output and
oxygen, artificial respiration, nikethamide etc. as required.
P. M. Changes: Includes a congestion of the stomach with several spots of erosions on
its mucous membrane. There may be ecchymosis on the inner surface of the pericardium.
The liver & kidneys show fatty degeneration.

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16. Jalap
Jalap is a powder prepared from the dried tubercles of Ipomoea purga or Exogonium
purga belonging to Convolulaceae, and was used as hydragogue purgative ion 0.3 to 1.2
g doses. The purgative properties are due to resin and two-anhydride glucosides
jalapurgin. In larger doses, it acts as an abortifacient and produces toxic effects.

17. Bleaching Powder

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons (I)

V. Name: Hydrogen Phosphide (Phosphorated Hydrogen).
Symptoms: The chief effects of inhalation of the gas are chocking, suffocation and a
sense of tightness in the chest and laryngeal spasm. The extent of injury is proportional to
the concentration of chlorine gas.
Fatal Dose: Uncertain.
Fatal Period: 24 hours.
Treatment: The patient should be moved to the fresh air. Respiratory distress can be
treated by administration of humidified oxygen and bronchodilators. Demulcent drinks or
opioid analgesics may be needed for the pain.
P. M. Changes: Acute catarrhal condition of the stomach & duodenum, congestion of the
abdominal organs enlarges right ventricle can be seen. The odour of chlorine in the
ventricle of the brain can be smelt.

18. Benzene

Type: Inebriant Cerebral Poisons.

V. Name: Benzol.
Symptoms: When taken by mouth, there is burning pain the stomach, nausea, vomiting,
giddiness, flushing of the face, restlessness feeble, irregular pulse, slow and laboured
respiration, cold clammy skin, stupor, coma & death from respiratory failure. Twitching
of the muscles, convulsions, hallucinations & delirium may occur some cases.
Fatal Dose: 15 ml produced toxic symptoms; 30 ml caused death.
Fatal Period: few minutes to 2- 3 days.
Treatment: If ingested, the stomach should be washed, avoiding aspiration and any
vegetable oil is given by mouth. Artificial respiration, oxygen inhalation & blood
transfusion should be used, if necessary.
P. M. Changes: An odour like that of coal gas emanates from the body cavities.
Haemorrhages in the mucous membranes, hyperaemia of stomach & other organs can be
seen. Oedema of the lungs may be present.

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19. Baygon

Type: Inebrient Rock oil.

V. Name: Neurotic Cerebral.
Symptoms: Dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, cough, irritation of lungs, burning
pain, sensation in chest, cyanosis & death.
Fatal Dose: 50 -100 ml.
Fatal Period: 7 hours.
Treatment: The patient should be moved to the open air, artificial respiration, body
should be kept warm.
P. M. Changes: Asphyxia, Smell of petroleum noticed in lungs, stomach, intestine &
Urine. Stomach & duodenum inflamed.

20. Borneol

Type: Deliriant Cerebral Poisons.

V. Name: Borneo camphor.
Symptoms: Burning pain in the mouth & stomach, thirst, nausea, vomiting, cough, clonic
convulsions, delirium followed by anuria, coma and death from respiratory failure.
Fatal Dose: 1 -2 gm.
Fatal Period: Uncertain.
Treatment: The stomach should be washed with normal saline; warmth to the body’s
saline purgatives inhalations of ether; stimulants, such as caffeine and sodium benzoate
hypodermically and artificial respiration, if necessary should be given.
P. M. Changes: The mucous membrane of the lips and mouth may be excoriated. The
mucous membrane of the stomach and intestine may be congested or inflamed with
minute submucous haemorrhages and erosion of ulceration of the stomach.

21. Barium Nitrate Ba2 No3

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons (II)

V. Name: Unknown.
Symptoms: The abdominal pain, nausea, metallic taste, vomiting, intense thirst, persistent
purging. Dilatation of the pupils, dimness of vision, ringing in ears, spasms of the
muscles of the face and neck, violent cramps & tremors in the hands and feet, slow,
irregular heart with rise of blood pressure, flaccid paralysis, collapse & death due to
arrhythmia or respiratory arrest.
Fatal Dose: 4 gm.
Fatal Period: 1 -2 hours.
Treatment: Morphine can be used to relieve pain. The patient should be given 30g doses
of sodium magnesium sulphate in 200 ml of water to for insoluble salt of barium sulphate
and then the stomach should be washed with a 2 to 5% magnesium sulphate.
P. M. Changes: These are reddening, congestion and inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the stomach and duodenum.

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22. Camphor C10 H16 O
Type: Deliriant Cerebral Poisons.
V. Name: Kapoor.
Symptoms: Burning pain in the mouth and stomach, Nausea, vomiting, cyanosed lips,
visual disturbances dilated pupils, vertigo tremors, clonic convulsions, delirium,
unconsciousness followed b anuria, coma & death from respiratory failure. The breath,
vomit & urine have the odour of camphor.
Fatal Dose: 1-2 gm.
Fatal Period: Uncertain.
Treatment: The stomach should be washed with normal saline; warmth to the body’s
saline purgatives inhalations of ether; stimulants, such as caffeine and sodium benzoate
hypodermically and artificial respiration, if necessary should be given.
P. M. Changes: The mucous membrane of the lips and mouth may be excoriated. The
mucous membrane of the stomach and intestine may be congested or inflamed with
minute submucous haemorrhages and erosion of ulceration of the stomach.
23. Chloroform CHCl2

Type: Inebriant Cerebral Poisons.

V. Name: Trichloromethane.
Symptoms: Burning taste in the mouth, numbness of tongue, salivation, Nausea,
vomiting, diarrhoea, giddiness, throbbing headache, marked cyanosis, cols & moist skin,
weak & rapid pulse, hurried breathing, drowsiness and coma.
Fatal Dose: 15 drops.
Fatal Period: 6-7 hours.
Treatment: The patient should be given stimulants such as coramine, avoiding alcohol,
oils & milk. The patient should be given vitamin C by mouth.
P. M. Changes: The mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum is diffusely
reddened & occasionally shows patches of ecchymosis. Liver & Kidneys shows
degenerative changes.

24. Carbolic Acid (Phenol)

Type: Corrosive Poisons.
V. Name: Phenylic acid, phenyl alcohol.
Symptoms: immediately after swallowing the concentrated acid, there is intense thirst
and burning sensation in the mouth, throat and stomach, Nausea, with occasional
vomiting of frothy mucous. The mucous membranes of lips and mouth become hard &
white.
Fatal Dose: 2 gm.
Fatal Period: 3 -4 hours.
Treatment: Ordinarily, emetics often fail to induce vomiting on account of the local
anaesthetic action of phenol.
P. M. Changes: The stomach is brown & leathery with haemorrhagic spots and
prominent rugae, or it is sometimes soft & greyish – white in colour. The kidneys show
haemorrhagic nephritis in cases of delayed death. The blood is dark and semifluid, or
only partially coagulated.

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25. Copper Sulphate - CuSo4 5 H2O

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons (II)

V. Name: Cupric Sulphate, Blue Vitriol, Nila Tutia.
Symptoms: The vomited matter is blue or green in colour & can be distinguished from
bile by its turning deep blue on the addition of ammonium hydroxide. The stools are
liquid brown, rarely bloody, Jaundice is common in severe cases, liver biopsy shows
centribular nercrosis biliary statsis, Cramps of the legs & convulsions occur.
Fatal Dose: 15 to 30 gm.
Fatal Period: 1 – 3 days.
Treatment: The stomach should be washed with a 1% solution of potassium
ferrocyanide, which forms insoluble cupric ferrocyanide. Administration of white of egg
or milk as an antidote is advisable. Castor oil should be given to remove the poison from
the intestine.
P. M. Changes: Mucous membrane of the alimentary canal may be congested, swollen &
excoriated with haemorrhage. The contents of the stomach are green or blue & the
mucous membrane shows superficial & deep erosions and is stained green.
The Liver may soft, enlarged & fatty.
26. Chillies

Type: Organic Irritant Poisons (I)

V. Name: Lal Mirch, red pepper, Capsicum annum.
Symptoms: Capsicum acts as an irritant poison and causes difficulty in swallowing pain
in the abdomen and inflammation of the oesophagus and stomach.
Fatal Dose: Uncertain.
Fatal Period: Uncertain.
Treatment: Stomach wash. Drink water with lemon or Glucose.
P. M. Changes: No characteristics.

27. Hartal (Arsenic sulphides)

Type : Arsenic sulphide are found naturally as ores of arsenic, the chief being realgar
(manseel), red arsenic or arsenic di sulphide, As2S2 and orpiment (hartal) ,yellow arsenic
or arsenic trisulphide, , As2S3 Both are used as pigments in the field of arts. Mixed with
two parts of slaked lime, orpiment is commonly used as a depilatory and may be used in
tanning to remove hair from hides. Orpiment is also used as a pigment in King’s Yellow.
Symptoms: The patient initially complains of a feeling of faintness, depression and
nausea & constriction in the throat and stomach. Increased salivation and stomatitis is
present. Intense thirst & severe projectile vomiting are the constant.
Fatal Dose: 125 – 180 mg
Fatal Period: 12 to 48 hours.
Treatment: The first step in the treatment is to promptly remove the poison from the
stomach. If the stomach is full, i.e. if no vomiting has occurred, it should be emptied by
giving emetic, not being tartar emetic, or copper sulphate.
P.M. changes: The mucous membrane of the mouth, pharynx and oesophagus is not
generally effected, but may occasionally be found inflamed or ulcerated.

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28. Yew (Taxus Baccata)
Type: Yew is a large, evergreen tree of the temperate Himalayas, and belongs to
Coniferae.
The poisonous symptoms are due to the alkaloids taxine and Tosicatin contained in the
leaves and seeds of its berries. Taxine is an amorphous powder, hardly soluble in water,
but dissolves in alcohol, ether & chloroform. The medicinal dose is 0.6 to 0.4 mg. The
leaves are sold as birmi and tallispatra in Indian towns.

Symptoms: Symptoms are giddiness, dilated pupils, vomiting, purging, pain in the
abdomen, small irregular pulse, slow laboured breathing, muscular weakness, collapse,
convulsions, insensibility, delirium or coma.

Fatal Dose: Fatal dose is not known. One teaspoonful of leaves and four berries have
respectively caused death.
Fatal Period: Death may occur within four to eight hours, but may be delayed for several
days.
Treatment: The stomach should be emptied and pethidine to relieve pain should be
given. Dehydration and artificial respiration and oxygenation should be given, if
necessary.
P. M. Changes: Inflammations of the mucous membrane of the stomach, which may
contain fragments of the seeds or leaves of the plant can be seen.
29. Caustic Soda NaOH

Type: Corrosive Poisons.

V. Name: Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Hydrate.
Symptoms: The taste is acrid & soapy. The vomited matter is strongly alkaline. Purging,
which is rare in poisoning by corrosive acid, is a frequent symptom, accompanied by
severe pain and straining. The stools consist of stringy mucus mixed with blood.
Fatal Dose: 5 gm.
Fatal Period: Within 24 hours.
Treatment: Vegetable acid (Vinegar, Lemon) mixed with large quantity of water
followed by Olive Oil, white of eggs, milk butter. Pieces of ice is given for sucking.
Cortisone or prednisolone one is recommended for preventing stricture. Anodynes may
be given for pain.
P. M. Changes: The mucous membrane of the mouth, throat, gullet, stomach of
duodenum shows soft mucilage

30. Chopped Animal hair

Type: Mechanical Irritant Poisons.

V. Name: Cattle Hairs.
Symptoms: Burning pain in stomach & later in intestines. Followed by Nausea &
Vomiting, and the vomited matter contains streaks of blood.
Fatal Dose: Not known, depends upon person to person.
Fatal Period: Uncertain, depends upon person to person.

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Treatment: Bulky food, such as large quantities of rice & emetics as well as purgatives
should be given.
P. M. Changes: erosions may be found in mouth, pharynx, oesophagus & upper part of
small intestine, hair may be found adhered to mucous membranes of stomach, which is
covered with tenacious mucous.

31. Denatured Spirit CH3OH

Type: Inebriant Cerebral Poisons.

V. Name: Methyl Alcohol, Pyroxylic Spirit of Wood Alcohol.
Symptoms: These are characterised by dizziness, weakness, headache, vertigo, nausea,
vomiting, upper abdominal pain, fixed and dilated pupils.
Fatal Dose: Death has occurred from 60 – 240 ml.
Fatal Period: 24- 36 hours.
Treatment: The stomach should be washed out with 5% sodabicarb in warm water. The
patient should be guarded against hypokalaemia by giving potassium salt.
P. M. Changes: The lungs are congested and oedematous. The brain and its meninges are
congested. The mucosa of the bladder is often found congested and the kidneys show
tubular degeneration. Retina and optic disc show degenerative changes.

32. DDT C14H9Cl5

Type: Inebriant Cerebral Poisons.

V. Name: Chlorophenonthane, Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane.
Symptoms: Symptoms are nausea, vomiting, coughing, excitability, vertigo, weakness of
muscles, tremors convulsions, incoordination, tingling in the arms and legs, paralysis of
the legs, pulmonary oedema, unconsciousness.
Fatal Dose: 30g or 0.5g per kg of the body weight.
Fatal Period: Death results in about 24 hours.
Treatment: Treatment consists of early gastric lavage with tap water or emetics, atropine
can be injected hypodermically and calcium gluconate intravenously. The patient should
be given paraldehyde or luminal for convulsion. Prone style for ventricular fibrillation is
advised.
P. M. Changes: The mucous membrane of the stomach and upper part of the small
intestine is hyperaemic with submucous haemorrhages. The stomach usually gives off the
smell of kerosene oil. The spleen and brain is congested and the liver may be damaged.

33. Dhatura

Type: Deliriant Cerebral Poisons.

V. Name: Dhatura Fastuosa
Symptoms: Vomiting often occurs immediately after taking seeds, especially when
crushed, as they produce gastric irritation. A bitter taste, dryness of the mouth & throat,
burning pain in the stomach, dysphagia, headache & difficulty in talking.

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Fatal Dose: 7.50 gm.
Fatal Period: Within 24 hours.
Treatment: Peritoneal dialysis of hemoperfusion may be used to hasten elimination.
Physostigmine 2 mg intravenously, slowly for an adult is useful. Seizures can be
controlled by intravenous diazepam.
P. M. Changes: The oesophagus, stomach, duodenum and other internal organs are
mostly congested. Mucous membrane of the stomach may be found slightly inflamed.

34. Eucalyptus Oil

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons (II)

V. Name: Uncertain.
Symptoms: If taken by mouth in larger dose, eucalyptus oil acts both as an irritant and as
a narcotic poison, causing nausea, vomiting, purging, abdominal pain, headache,
followed by foam in the mouth, cyanosis contracting pupils, cold clammy skin, cramps,
rapid pulse, show, stetorous breathing albumin and blood in urine, twitching and
convulsions, unconsciousness and coma, death occurs from respiratory paralysis.
Fatal Dose: About 10 ml is a fatal dose.
Fatal Period: Forty hours for an adult.
Treatment: Treatment consists of an emetic or lavage of the stomach, hypodermic
administration of stimulants, such as caffeine, etc. and intake of plenty of fluids and
inhalation of oxygen.
P. M. Changes: Mucous membrane of the stomach is red and congested, & may
sometimes be inflamed. The mucous membrane of the trachea and bronchi is red and
congested. The lungs and kidney are congested.

35. Ether

Type: Inebriant cerebral Poisons.

V. Name: Diethyl Ether.
Symptoms: When swallowed, either causes a burning pain in the throat & abdomen,
vomiting, dilated pupils absent corneal reflex, renal irritation oliguria metabolic acidosis
and intoxication. The pulse & breathing becomes slow, and consciousness is soon lost.
An overdose causes death by respiratory failure.
Fatal Dose: 8 to 16 ml. When taken internally, 30 ml may prove fatal to an adult.
Fatal Period: Death may occur anytime during ether administration or it may occur from
pulmonary complication, days after recovery from ether anaesthetic.
Treatment: Lavage of the stomach and cardiac & respiratory stimulants are
recommended.
P. M. Changes: the brain is pinker than normal and is slightly oedematous. The strong
smell of ether is noticed on opening the thoracic cavity. Trachea contains a little frothy
mucous. Lungs are congested and exude a good deal of oedematous fluid smelling
strongly of ether.

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36. Ferric Chloride

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons.

V. Name: Tincture of Iron.
Symptoms: First Stage: few hours after ingestion vomiting, abdominal pain and
haemorrhagic gastroenteritis with shock and acidosis and coma occurs. The vomits &
stools are black or dark grey.
Second stage: The second stage is set in 6 -12 hrs. are ingestion when the symptoms
abate for 12-24 hrs. and patient improves in health.
Third Stage: of shock, metabolic acidosis, jaundice, and hypoglycaemia and renal failure
may occur after 12-24 hrs. Intestinal infraction has been reported. Liver shows
epatocellular necrosis most marked in the perioral region.
Fourth Stage: Starts from 2 -5 weeks and is due to late squelae like gastric, structure
formation, pyloric stenosis, hepatic failure etc.
Fatal Dose: 30 ml
Fatal Period: 5 weeks in adults and 30 hrs in children.
Treatment: Stomach washing with 5% sodium bi carbonate 100 ml should be left in the
stomach before lavage tube is removed. The patient should be given plenty of egg and
milk.
P. M. Changes: Mucous membrane of the stomach and intestine is red and inflamed with
small haemorrhages and necrosis. Liver may show acute hepatic necrosis and
degenerative tubular changes in Kidney.

37. Formaldehyde CH2O (HCHO)

Type: Inebriant Cerebral Poisons.

V. Name: Formalin, Formol.
Symptoms: The liquid solution when swallowed produces a burning pain in the mouth,
throat & abdomen, nausea, vomiting, containing blood & mucous, contracted pupil,
flushed face & painful stools. The vomited matter and stools have the strong odour of
Formaldehyde. There may be haematuria, anuria, if urine is passed.
Fatal Dose: 30 to 90ml.
Fatal Period: 10 hours to ½ days.
Treatment: The stomach should be washed with large amount of 1% ammonium
carbonate solution. Artificial respiration, if required and oxygen inhalation for pulmonary
oedema can be given when required. Sodium bicarbonate or 1/6 molar sodium lactate for
acidosis, and use of dilute ammonia fumes are recommended.
P. M. Changes: The eyes may be red and congested. The smell of formalin may be
noticed on opening the body. The kidneys ay present inflammatory changes. The liver
may show fatty degeneration.

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38. Glass Powder

Type: Mechanical Irritant Poisons.

V. Name: Shishe ka Boora
Symptoms: If taken internally powdered glass produced a sharp, burning pain in the
throat & stomach and later in the intestine. This is followed by nausea & vomiting. There
is generally constipation, but sometimes there is diarrhoea.
Fatal Dose: Uncertain. & Fatal Period: Uncertain.
Treatment: Bulky food such as a large quantity of rice, and emetics as well as purgatives
should be given. Ice and morphine can be given to relieve thirst & pain. Such remedies
should be adopted as well combat collapse.
P. M. Changes: Erosions may be found in the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach and
upper part of the small intestine. The mucous membrane of the stomach and upper part of
the small intestines is red, congested and streaked with blood and may occasionally be
inflamed.

39. Hydrochloric Acid HCl

Type: Corrosive Agents.

V. Name: Hydrochloric Acid.
Symptoms: Burning pain throat followed by over epigastrium then whole abdomen.
Difficulty in speech & swallowing respiration. Vomiting, thirst, tenderness over
abdomen. Urination suppressed and stool mucous with altered blood.
Fatal Dose: 15 -20 ml (concentrated)
Fatal Period: 18-30 hours or more.
Treatment: Stomach wash with use of stomach tube is also contra – indicated. Drinking
of plenty plain water to dilute the acid. Use of weak solutions like non-carbonate alkalies
Ca O or Mg O is recommended. Demulcent drinks like barleys or starch water fresh,
unboiled egg albumin or milk should be given to protect the stomach wall.
P.M. Changes: There may be damage of the skin over those areas with brownish
parchmentization. The mucous membrane of the mouth & tongue show reddish brown
corrosion with desquamation & haemorrhagic points & swelling.
40. Sulphuric Acid – H2SO4

Type: Corrosive Agents.

V. Name: Sulphuric Acid.
Symptoms: Burning pain in throat followed by, over epigastrium then whole abdomen.
Difficulty in speech & swallowing, respiration, Vomiting, thirst, tenderness over
abdomen. Urination suppressed and Stool mucous with altered blood.
Fatal Dose: 15 -10 ml (concentrated)
Fatal Period: 12 -18 hours or more.
Treatment: Stomach wash with use of stomach tube is also contra – indicated. Drinking
of plenty plain water to dilute the acid. Use of weak solutions like non carbonate alkalies
CaO or MgO is recommended. Demulcent drinks like barleys or starch water fresh,
unboiled egg albumin or milk should be given to protect the stomach wall.

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P.M. Changes: There is gross Corrosion of skin with blackish or chemical charring of
the affected area. Lips, angles of mouth or fingers of the hand show such corrosion due
to trickling of the small intestine shows mild corrosion or severe irritation.

41. Nitric Acid – HNO3

Type: Corrosive Agents.

V. Name: Nitric Acid.
Symptoms: Burning pain throat followed by over epigastrium then whole abdomen.
Difficulty in speech & swallowing respiration. Vomiting, thirst, tenderness over
abdomen. Urination suppressed and stool mucous with altered blood.
Fatal Dose: 10 -15 ml (concentrated)
Fatal Period: 12-24 hours or more.
Treatment: Stomach wash with use of stomach tube is also contra- indicated. Drinking
of plenty plain water to dilute the acid. Use of weak solutions like non-carbonate alkalies
CaO or MgO is recommended. Demulcent drinks like barleys or starch water fresh,
unboiled egg albumin or milk should be given to protect the stomach wall.
P.M. Changes: There is Corrosion with yellow discoloration of the skin of these areas
due to Xanthoproteic reaction. The stomach wall is swollen, soft with desquamation &
ulcerations. Upper part of the intestine shows signs of irritation.

42. Hair dye

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons (II)

V. Name: Hair Dye.
Symptoms: A few hours after consumption, ingestion, vomiting, abdominal pain and
haemorrhagic gastroenteritis and coma occurs vomits and stools are black.
Fatal Dose: 2-5 gm.
Fatal Period: 2-3 days.
Treatment: Stomach should be washed thoroughly two to three times.
P.M. Changes: The mucous membrane of the stomach and intestine is block & inflamed
with haemorrhages & necrosis.

43. Iron Sulphate – Fe SO4 7H2O

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons (II).

V. Name: Ferrous Sulphate, green vitriol of copper
Symptoms: Few hours after intake ingestion, vomiting, abdominal pain and
haemorrhagic gastroenteritis with shock and acidosis occur. The shock metabolic
acidosis, jaundice, hypoglycaemia and renal failure may occur 12-24 hours after
ingestion of Iron.
Fatal Dose: 30 ml
Fatal Period: 5 weeks.

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Treatment: Stomach should be washed with sodium bicarbonate solution. The patient
should be given plenty of egg & milk to form iron protein complexes to delay absorption.
P.M. Changes: The mucous membrane of the stomach and intestine is red and inflamed
with small Haemorrhages and Necrosis. The liver may show acute hepatic necrosis &
degenerative tubular changes in the kidney.

44. Insecticide

Type: Inebriant Rock Oil.

V. Name: Neurotic Cerebral.
Symptoms: Dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, cough, irritation of lungs, burning
pain, sensation in chest, cyanosis & death.
Fatal Dose: 50 to 100ml.
Fatal Period: 7 hours.
Treatment: Patient should be removed into open-air. Artificial respiration. Body should
be kept warm.
P. M. Changes: Asphyxia. Smell of petroleum noticed in lungs, stomach, intestine &
urine. Stomach & duodenum inflamed.

45. Jai phal

Type: Inebriant Cerebral Poisons.

V. Name: Nutmeg (Myristica).
Symptoms: In large doses nutmeg acts as an irritant poison, causing giddiness, vertigo,
headache, constructed pupils, vomiting, dry mouth & thirst, pain in the abdomen,
hypotension, tachycardia, dyspnoea and cyanoses.
Fatal Dose: 1 to 1.5 of powdered jay phal.
Fatal Period: 36 hours.
Treatment: The patient should be given 120 ml of liquid paraffin or castor oil followed
by a stomach wash and saline purgative.
P. M. Changes: No Characteristics.

46. Jamalgota

Type: Organic Irritant Poisons (I).

V. Name: Croton Tiglium, Naepala, Croton Tiglium.
Symptoms: There may be hot burning pain in the mouth & throat extending to the
abdomen, salivation, nausea, vomiting purging with severe griping pain & bloody stools
followed by tachycardia, vertigo, great prostration, circulatory & respiratory collapse and
death, 4 seeds have caused death.
Fatal Dose: 20 to 30 minutes proved fatal for adults.

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Fatal Period: 4 to 6 hours may be delayed up to 3 days.
Treatment: The Stomach wash and administration of demulcent drinks like milk or egg
white will be helpful.
Morphine and atropine can be administered to allay pain and reduce intestinal secretions
and intravenous glucose saline is given to combat collapse and dehydration
P. M. Changes: The mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines is usually found
red, inflamed and excoriated at places. The spleen and liver is congested. The kidneys
may show cloudy swelling and congestion.

47. Kakphal

Type: Organic Irritant Poisons (I).

V. Name: Kakmari, Cocculus Suberosus.
Symptoms: Bitter taste in the mouth & burning pain in the oesophagus and stomach,
salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, profuse sweating, intoxication followed by
giddiness, twitching, lethargies stupor and unconsciousness.
Fatal Dose: Not certain.
Fatal Period: 30 minutes to 3 hours.
Treatment: Convulsions are to be controlled by quick acting anti-convulsants. Even
inhalation anaesthetic agents can be used. Stomach wash should be given with 0.5%
potassium permanganate solution.
P. M. Changes: The stomach may be congested or may show signs of irritation. The
lungs & brain are congested. There may be peritonitis in cases of delayed death.

48. Kali Katuki

Type: Organic Irritant Poisons (I).

V. Name: Christmas Rose, Helleborus Niger, Black Hellebore.
Symptoms: The symptoms are tingling vomiting pain in the abdomen, diarrhoea, cramps
vertigo, hypotension, profuse preparation convulsions, insensibility and death.
Fatal Dose: 2 gm.
Fatal Period: Within few hours.
Treatment: The stomach should be evacuated and stimulants should be administered.
The patient should be given morphine to allay pain and check diarrhoea.
P. M. Changes: Post mortem, appearance is not characteristic. Inflammation of the
mucous membrane of the stomach can be seen.

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49. Kuchila

Type: Spinal Poisons.

V. Name: Strychnos Nux Vomica.
Symptoms: A choking sensation in the throat and stiffness of the neck and face and
twitching of muscles follows. The features are drawn into a grin and the mouth is covered
with froth, frequently stained with blood.
Fatal Dose: 60 to 100mg.
Fatal Period: 1 to 2 hours.
Treatment: Artificial respiration should be given. Large doses of Potassium bromide &
charcoal hydrate should be given internally at frequent intervals. Controlled respiration &
oxygen may be required.
P. M. Changes: The mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum occasionally
shows patches of ecchymosis or congestion. The liver & kidneys are generally congested.

50. Kaner

Type: Cardiac Poisons.

V. Name: Nerium Odorum, Nerium, Karan, Oleander.
Symptoms: Oleander poisoning include gastrointestinal irritation and digitalis like action
on the heart. There is also difficulty in swallowing & articulation, abdominal pain,
vomiting, profuse frothy salivation and diarrhoea. The pulse is slow & becomes rapid &
weak.
Fatal Dose: Uncertain.
Fatal Period: 26 - 36 hours.
Treatment: Evacuation by washing stomach treatment of symptoms. If cardiac
arrhythmia develops, anti-arrhythmic drugs should be given.
P. M. Changes: Post-mortem appearances are not characteristic. There may be congested
patches in the stomach and upper portion of small intestine.

51. Khorasani Ajwayan

Type: Deliriant Cerebral Poisons.

V. Name: Henbane, Hyoscyamus Niger.
Symptoms: Vomiting often occurs immediately after taking the seeds, especially when
crushed, as they produce gastric irritation. A bitter taste, dryness of the mouth and throat,
burning pain in the stomach, dysphagia, headache and difficulty in talking.
Fatal Dose: 15 -30 mg.
Fatal Period: Within 24 hours.
Treatment: The patient requires respiratory support if he is suffering from profound
respiratory depression. Peritoneal dialysis of hemoperfusion may be used to hasten
elimination. Physostigmine 2 mg intravenously, slowly for an adult is useful. Seizures
can be controlled by intravenous diazepam.
P. M. Changes: The oesophagus, stomach, duodenum and other internal organs are
mostly congested. Mucous membrane of the stomach may be found slightly inflamed.

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52. Kerosene Oil

Type: Inebriant Cerebral Poisons.

V. Name: Mitti ka tel.
Symptoms: The symptoms produced by inhaling the fumes mostly absorbed through the
lungs, are dizziness, headache, nausea, may be developed followed by pulmonary
oedema, blood stained sputum, burning sensation in the chest.
Fatal Dose: 30 to 100 ml.
Fatal Period: 4 hours in children & 2 days usually in adults.
Treatment: If large quantity is ingested, the stomach should be washed carefully,
avoiding aspiration into the lungs by keeping the head low with warm, normal saline.
Steroids are useful for pneumonitis.
P. M. Changes: The smell of petroleum may be noticed in the lungs, stomach, intestines
and in the urine. The stomach and the duodenum may be acutely inflamed with
submucous haemorrhages.

53. Kalmi Shora – KNO3

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons (II).

V. Name: Saltpetre, Nitre, Sal prounelle, Potassium nitrate
Symptoms: Symptoms are nausea, pain in the stomach epigastrium, vomiting and
purging. The vomiting matter & stool may contain blood. The urine may also contain
blood, dyspnoea, weak irregular pulse, convulsions, collapse and death are other features.
Fatal Dose: 30 gm.
Fatal Period: 45 -60 minutes.
Treatment: The stomach should be washed. Intravenous fluids should be given.
Mucilaginous drinks to be administered. The prominent symptoms should be treated.
P. M. Changes: The mucous membrane of the stomach is stained bright red or brownish
red. Inflamed and detached in various parts. The small intestine is inflamed. The blood
remains liquid and clots are not formed.

54. Kaladana Seeds

Type: Organic Irritant Poisons (I).

V. Name: Ipomoea hederacea.
Symptoms: Symptoms are nausea, violent vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, dilated
pupils, cramps in the limbs, collapse and death.
Fatal Dose: Large doses (approx. 6 gm.)
Fatal Period: Within 1 -3 days.
Treatment: The stomach should be washed and the symptoms treated as they arise.
P. M. Changes: Fragments of the leaves may be found in the stomach and other viscera
may be congested.

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 55. Snake (venom)
Type: Venom is clear, amber – coloured digestive juice of the snake. The venom, on
drying, forms fine needle like crystals, which are easily soluble in substances, and most
of them are potent compounds having the effect of various systems in the body. I will be
difficult to attribute the toxicity of the venom to particular component.
Symptoms: Symptoms of poisoning are according to the variety of the snake, the age,
size health and the site of bite on the patient.
Fatal Dose: 12 mg of the dried cobra venom and 15 gm of the daboi venom should be
given.
Fatal Period: Death occurs from 20 minutes to 6 hours after a bite from a colubrine
snake, and in 2 to 4 days after a bite from a viperine snake. However, it may occur
instantaneously or within a few minutes if the venom is injected into a vein.
Treatment: First aid is needed when a snake bites a person. Obviously, the patient has to
be transferred to a place where he can be attended to by the medical personnel. During
this period, the patient needs reassurance. Following this, the bite can be wiped with
damp cloth to remove the surface venom.
P. M. Changes: Lesions resulting from snakebite are, as a rule, two lacerated punctures
about T.2.5 cm deep in the case of colubrines and about 2.5 cm deep in case of Vipers.
They may be so minute that they may be seen only with a lens.

56. Washing Soda – Na2 CO3 10 H3O

Type: Corrosive Poisons.

V. Name: Sajjiphara, Soda, Sodium Bi Carbonate.
Symptoms: Purging, accompanied by severe pain & straining. Stool consist of stringy
mucous mixed with blood. The vomited matter is strongly alkaline. Taste is acrid &
soapy.
Fatal Dose: 30 gm.
Fatal Period: Within 24 hours.
Treatment: Vegetable Acid (Vinegar, Lemon or Orange juice) mixed with large quantity
of water. Followed by Olive Oil, white eggs, milk butter, pieces of ice for sucking.
Cortisone or prednisolone is recommended for preventing stricture. Anodynes may be
given for pain.
P.M. Changes: Mucous Membrane of the mouth, throat, gullet, stomach of duodenum
shows soft mucilage like necrosed area & inflamed patches of chocolate or black colour.
The deeper tissues are inflamed & congested.

57. Lice Poison

Type: Inebriant Poison.

V. Name: Neurotic Cerebral.
Symptoms: Dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, cough, irritation of lungs, burning
pain sensation in chest, cyanosis & death.
Fatal Dose: 50 -100 gm.
Fatal Period: 7 hours.

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Treatment: Patient should be removed into open air and artificial respiration. Body
should be kept warm.
P.M. Changes: Asphyxia. Stomach & duodenum inflamed.

58. Laxman Rekha

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons.

V. Name: Laxman Rekha.
Symptoms: Nervousness, Anxiety, tremors, convulsions and allergic manifestations.
Fatal Dose: 20 -30 gm.
Fatal Period: Within 3 -4 hours.
Treatment: If ingested, induce vomiting with care to prevent aspiration. If skin is
contaminated, wash well with soap and water. If eyes are contaminated flush with clean
water.
P.M. Changes: Mucous Membrane of the stomach is congested & inflamed.

59. Lead Acetate – Pb (C2 H3O2)2, 3H2O

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons (II).

V. Name: Sugar of lead or salt of Satrum.
Symptoms: A sweet, metallic astringent taste, a sensation and dryness in the throat.
Salivation & intense thirst immediately after swallowing the poison. The Urine is scanty.
The vomited matter being white with blood. The tongue is coated and the breath is very
foul and offensive.
Fatal Dose: 20 gm.
Fatal Period: Within 2-3 days.
Treatment: The patient should be given a stomach wash with 1% magnesium of sodium
sulphate solution of warm water if the poison has been taken recently. 25 gm of
Magnesium sulphate to rapidly remove the lead from the intestinal tract and demulcent
drinks such as milk, egg white or barley water.
P.M. Changes: The signs of acute gastro-enteritis are present. Mucous membrane of the
stomach and duodenum may be thickened & softened with eroded patches and may be
covered with whitish-grey deposit.

60. Lead Metal

Type: Inorganic irritant Poison.

V. Name: None.
Symptoms: Lead metal is not poisonous but it is probably acted upon by the intestine and
may act as a poison after it is absorbed into the system as a salt. Lead missiles remaining
embedded in the tissue owing to gunshot injuries may produces poisonous symptoms. A
sweet metallic astringent taste, sensation of burning, dryness in throat and intensive
thrust, vomited matter being white or tinged with blood.
Fatal Dose: 45 gm

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Fatal Period: About 2 -3 days.
Treatment: A stomach wash with 1% Meg. of Sodium Sulphate or warm water. Give 25
gms of magnesium sulphate to rapidly remove the lead from intestinal tract & demulcent
drinks such as milk, egg or barley water.
P.M. Changes: The signs of anti-gastro-enteritis are present, mucous membrane of the
stomach may be thickened, and evidence of renal tubular degeneration may be seen.

61. Magnesium Carbonate – Mg CO3

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons (II).

V. Name: None.
Symptoms: The taste is acrid and soapy. The vomited matter is strongly alkaline. It is at
first thick and slimy and later contains dark altered blood, and shed of the mucous
membrane from the gullet & stomach. Purging accompanied by severe pain & straining.
Fatal Dose: 15 gm
Fatal Period: Within 24 hours.
Treatment: Vegetable Acid (Vinegar, Lemon Juice, Orange mixed with large quantity of
water, Followed by Olive Oil, white of eggs, milk butter. Pieces of ice for sucking. The
affected eyes should be washed freely. Cortisone or prednisone is recommended for
preventing stricture. Anodynes may be given for pain.
P.M. Changes: Mucous Membrane of the mouth, throat, gullet, stomach of duodenum
shows soft mucilage. The deeper tissues are inflamed & congested. In protracted cases of
poisoning, stenosis is found more often at the lower end of the oesophagus than at the
pylorus.

62. Lead carbonate – PbCO3

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons (II).

V. Name: White Lead (safeda)
Symptoms: A sweet metallic astringent taste, a sensation of burning and dryness in the
throat. Salivation & intense thirst immediately after swallowing the poison. Vomit occurs
within half –an – hour. The vomited matter being white or tinged with blood.
Fatal Dose: 45 gm.
Fatal Period: Within 2-3 days.
Treatment: The Patient should be given stomach wash with 1% Magnesium or Sodium
Sulphate solution or warm water, if the poison has been taken recently. Give 25 g of
Magnesium Sulphate to rapidly remove the lead from the intestinal tract & demulcent
drinks such as milk, egg white or Barley water.
P.M. Changes: The signs of acute Gastro-enteritis are present Mucous Membrane of the
stomach may be thickened and softened with eroded patches and may be covered with
whitish grey deposit. Evidence of renal tubular degeneration may be seen.

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63. Magnesium Sulphate - MgSO4 7 H2O

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons (II).

V. Name: Epsom Salt.
Symptoms: Burning pain in the stomach & intestines, nausea, vomiting, watery or blood
stained diarrhoea, flaccid paralysis of the lower limbs, suppression of urine, collapse,
hypertension & death from respiratory failure. Sometimes, after swallowing a large dose
the patient becomes pale, falls down & dies from syncope.
Fatal Dose: 30 gm.
Fatal Period: Within 2-3 hours.
Treatment: The stomach should be emptied & stimulants should be given. This should
be followed by artificial respiration and subcutaneous injection of Physostigmine 1-2
mg.10 millilitre of 10% calcium gluconate can be given intravenously as an antidote.
P.M. Changes: Irritation of the Gastro-intestinal tract with haemorrhage and congestion
of lungs.

64. Marking Nut

Type: Organic Irritant Poisons (I).

V. Name: Dhobi’s liner or marking ink, Bhilawa.
Symptoms: Taken in large doses, it produces blisters on the throat and severe gastro
intestinal irritation, followed by in some cases by impending fear of death, dyspneoa,
tachycardia, hypotension, cyanosis, dilated pupils, alexia delirium & coma.
Fatal Dose: 9.54 gm.
Fatal Period: 12 to 24 hours.
Treatment: Stomach should be washed out. Treated accordingly to symptoms shown.
P.M. Changes: Post-mortem appearances includes blisters in the mouth, throat & the
mucous membrane in the stomach, which is congested and inflamed. Fatty degeneration
of the liver has been reported.

65. Maju

Type: Deliriant Cerebral Poisons.

V. Name: Thuja
Symptoms: Symptoms vary with the dose and the personality of the user. He feels giddy,
a toxic, complains of tingling and numbness of the skin, dryness of the mouth, suffers
from muscular weakness. Excitement with visual hallucinations.
Fatal Dose: Uncertain.& Fatal Period: Uncertain.
Treatment: Recovery usually follows a deep sleep.
P.M. Changes: Not characteristic.

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66. Iodine

Type: Iodine consists of purple, soft and scaly crystals with metallic luster and an
unpleasant taste. At all temperatures, iodine gives off a violet coloured vapour,
possessing a characteristic odour. It is only slightly soluble in water, but is freely soluble
in alcohol, ether, chloroform, glycerine, carbon disulphide or aqueous solutions of
iodides.
V. Name: None.
Symptoms: Chronic poisoning sometimes occurs from the continued use of large doses
of potassium iodide medicinally, and is known as iodism. The symptoms are heavy pain
over the frontal sinus, running of the nose, sneezing, conjunctivitis bronchial catarrh,
parotitis, salivation, nausea, vomiting, purging emaciation myxoedema, wasting of the
breast, testicles and other glands and acne or erythematous patches on the skin.
Fatal Dose: 2 grams of iodine is considered a fatal dose, 90 mg of iodine crystals may
produce poisonous symptoms, while 360 mg may cause death.
Fatal Period: Average period is 24 hours, but in cases of poisoning by local application,
death may be delayed for some days.
Treatment: Evacuation of the stomach is advised. Stomach lavage with solution starch
or sodium thiosulphate (5%) is recommended. Alkali, arrowroot and barley water or milk
should be given. Dehydration and shock to be treated by administration of proper fluids.
Tracheotomy may have to be performed if death is threatening from oedema of the
glottis. In poisoning by potassium iodide, large doses of bicarbonate of sodium or sodium
chloride should be given along with fluid. For removing the stain of iodine on the skin,
alcohol and solution of sodium thiosulphate is applied. The stomach can be washed.
P.M. Changes: NA

67. Majun
(A sort of confection prepared from Bhang after treating it with sugar, four, milk &
butter)
Type: Deliriant Cerebral Poisons.
V. Name: Majoon.
Symptoms: Person feels great appetite & sexual desire. He also feels quite happy &
contended as though he belongs to some royal family & has got all he wants.
Fatal Dose: 1-3 drachms are enough to intoxicate a person who feels great appetite.
Fatal Period: Death is very rare. But it has ensured in 12 hours & may be delayed for
several days.
Treatment: Treatment includes evacuation of stomach, saline purgative, oxygen,
artificial respiration & symptomatic care.
P.M. Changes: Post-mortem appearances are not characteristic. For microscopic
examination sugar, butter and other substances should first be removed by washing
successively with petroleum either alcohol or hot water. The residue is then treated with
dilute alkali and examined.

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68. Mosquito coil

Type: Organic Pyrethroids Poison.

V. Name: D-trans allethrin.
Symptoms: (i) Irritation of skin, (ii) irritability to sound or touch, abnormal facial
sensation of prickling, tingling or creeping in skin numbness (iii) Headache, dizziness,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, excessive salivation, fatigue. (iv) in severe cases fluid in
lungs and Twitching may develop.
Fatal Dose: 10 gm.
Fatal Period: 24 hours.
Treatment: No antidote is available to treat symptomatically.
P.M. Changes: Not available.

69. Nitro Benzene – C6 H5 NO2

[[[[[
Type: Inebriant Cerebral Poisons.
V. Name: Nitrobenzol.
Symptoms: There is burning taste in the mouth, numbness of the tongue, salivation,
nausea, vomiting diarrhoea, giddiness, throbbing headache, marked cyanosis, cold &
moist skin, weak & rapid pulse, hurried breathing, drowsiness and coma.
Fatal Dose: 15 drops.
Fatal Period: 6-7 hours.
Treatment: The patient should be given stimulants such as coramine, avoiding alcohol,
oils & milk. The patient should be given vitamin C by mouth. The mucous membrane of
the Stomach & duodenum is diffusely reddened.
P.M. Changes: occasionally shows patches of ecchymosis. Liver & kidneys shows
degenerative changes.

70. Nishotar

Type: Organic Irritant Poisons (I).

V. Name: Ipomoea turpethum, Pithori, White Turpeth.
Symptoms: Symptoms are nausea, violent vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, dilated
pupils, cramps in the limbs, collapse and death.
Fatal Dose: Larger than 6 gm.
Fatal Period: 1 to 3 days.
Treatment: The Stomach should be washed and treated as symptoms arise.
P.M. Changes: Fragments of the leaves may be found in the stomach and other viscera
may be congested.

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71. Naphthalene C10H8

Type: Inebriant Cerebral Poisons.

V. Name: Naphthalene, Tar Camphor
Symptoms: Ingestion produces headaches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, staggering gait,
pain on micturition with dark brown urine containing albumin haemoglobin, drowsiness,
muscular twitching, cyanosis, profuse perspiration, coma and death.
Fatal Dose: 2 to 2.6 gm in children & 5 to 15 gm in adults.
Fatal Period: 2 to 3 days.
Treatment: Stomach should be washed followed by administration of saline purgative,
since the drug is absorbed slowly. Fats, milk and castor oil, which dissolve naphthalene,
should be avoided. Sodium bicarbonate is given by mouth and repeated blood
transfusions.
P.M. Changes: Skin may be yellow. The gastric mucous may be yellow, congested and
inflamed. The kidney may be found congested, inflamed, the renal tubules may be
blocked by precipitated haemoglobin.

72. Yellow Oleander

Type: Cardiac Poisons.

V. Name: Nerium Odorum, Nerium, Karan, Oleander.
Symptoms: Oleander poisoning include gastrointestinal irritation and digitalis like action
on the heart. There is also difficulty in swallowing & articulation, abdominal pain,
vomiting, profuse frothy salivation and diarrhoea. The pulse is slow & becomes rapid &
weak.
Fatal Dose: Uncertain.
Fatal Period: 26 -36 hours.
Treatment: Evacuation by washing the stomach, treatment of symptoms. If cardiac
arrhythmia develops, anti-arrhythmic drugs should be given.
P.M. Changes: Post-mortem appearances are not characteristic. There may be congested
patches in the stomach and upper portion of the small intestine.

73. Acid of Sugar (Oxalic)

Type: Corrosive Poison.

V. Name: Acid of Sugar.
Symptoms: Sour acidic taste and thirst, pain, burning of mouth, throat, stomach &
Abdomen occur. Vomiting matter contains altered blood & mucous and appears greenish
brown or black, resembling coffee ground,
Fatal Dose: Average fatal doses 15 Gms.
Fatal Period: 3 to 10 minutes.

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Treatment: Chalk, calcined magnesia, eggshell’s whitening or plaster from a wall in
small quantity of water or milk. A Saturated solution of lime is considered the best form
of treatment.
P.M. Changes: The marked signs of corrosion are found in the mouth, throat,
oesophagus and stomach if the oxalic acid has been taken in the concentrated form. Their
mucous membranes are white and shrivelled and are easily detached from the underlying
tissue.

74. Poppy Seed

Type: Somniferous Cerebral Poison.

V. Name: Khas-Khas seeds.
Symptoms: These occurs in three stages: - Stage of Excitement – Loquacity, restlessness,
flushing of the face & increased action of the heart. Stage of Stupor – Headache, nausea,
vomiting, giddiness, lethargic condition, drowsiness. Stage of Narcosis- The patient now
passes into deep coma; from which he can’t be roused.
Fatal Dose: 0.3 Gms.
Fatal Period: 45 minutes, usual fatal period is 8 to 12 hours.
Treatment: The stomach should be first washed with lukewarm water, preserving the
washing for chemical analysis, and then with a solution of potassium permanganate. If
potassium permanganate is not available, the stomach should be washed with an infusion
of tea or tannic acid or a mixture of finely powdered animal charcoal and water.
P.M. Changes: The face and fingernails are livid. The blood is usually dark & fluid.

75. Potassium Sulphate – K2 SO4

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons.

V. Name: Sal Polychreest, Sal de Duobus.
Symptoms: Symptoms are pain in the abdomen, vomiting, diarrhoea, exhaustion and
collapse ending in death.
Fatal Dose: Smallest & Usual 7.5 gm.
Fatal Period: Death may occur 1.5 hours from a dose of 7.5 gm
Treatment: The stomach should be emptied by emetics or washed using the stomach
tube. Symptoms of irritation & depression must be treated as they arise.
P.M. Changes: Mucous Membrane of the stomach is congested and inflamed.

287
76. Potassium di Chromate

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons (II).

V. Name: Pinky.
Symptoms: Burning pain in the mouth, throat & stomach spreading over whole
abdomen, intense thirst, difficulty in swallowing, almost continuous vomiting and
difficulty in breathing. Death occurs from circulatory failure.
Fatal Dose: 5-10 gm.
Fatal Period: 35 minutes.
Treatment: The stomach should be lavaged carefully with charcoal or dilute hydrogen
peroxide in mild cases. The patient should be given white part of egg and milk. The
symptoms should be treated on general lines.
P.M. Changes: The mouth, Pharynx and oesophagus are often corroded and blackened,
Kidneys may be damaged.

77. Pearl Ash

Type: Corrosive Poisons( II).

V. Name: Javakhar.
Symptoms: Vomited matter is strongly Alkaline and does not effervesce on coming in
contact with the earth. It is first thick & slimy and later contains dark altered blood.
Fatal Dose: 15 gm.
Fatal Period: 24 hours.
Treatment: In milder cases only stomach tube should be used cautiously. But First, the
Alkaline poison must be neutralised by giving acetic acid.
P.M. Changes: The post-mortem appearances indicate marks of corrosion. The mucous
membrane of the mouth, threat, gullet, stomach & duodenum shows mucilage.

78. Paracetamol

Type: Corrosive Poisons.

V. Name: Paracetamol.
Symptoms: Burning pain in the throat, epigastrium, difficulty in swallowing, thirst,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea as sign of irrigation. Death occurs from cardiac or respiratory
failure.
Fatal Dose: 4 to 10 gm.
Fatal Period: After 4 days.
Treatment: Gastric lavage will be needed in the severely intoxicated patient.
P.M. Changes: The mucous membrane of the stomach & duodenum is inflamed with
submucous haemorrhages. The spleen & liver are congested. The lungs are generally
oedematous.

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79. Paraffin Wax

Type: Inebriant Cerebral Poison.

V. Name: Mom, Wax.
Symptoms: On inhaling fumes, through lungs, produces dizziness, ataxia, headache,
nausea, vomiting & cough. Death is usually due to respiratory failure & rarely due to
ventricular fibrillation.
Fatal Dose: Uncertain.
Fatal Period: Uncertain.
Treatment: The Patient is removed into the open air, artificial respiration or oxygen
should be given. Glucose & a high carbohydrate diet to delay the absorption Vitamin B
Complex can be given to protect the liver from damage. Steroids are useful for
pneumonitis.
P.M. Changes: Signs of Asphyxia may be present. Smell of petroleum may be noticed in
the lungs, stomach, intestines & Urine. The stomach & duodenum may be acutely
inflamed with submucous haemorrhages.

80. Potassium Permanganate – KMNO4

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons (II).

V. Name: Pinky.
Symptoms: Burning pain in the mouth, throat & stomach spreading over whole
abdomen, intense thirst, difficulty in swallowing, almost continuous vomiting and
difficulty in breathing. Death occurs from circulatory failure.
Fatal Dose: 5-10 gm.
Fatal Period: 35 minutes.
Treatment: The stomach should be lavaged carefully with charcoal or dilute hydrogen
peroxide in mild cases. The patient should be given white part of egg and milk. The
symptoms should be treated on general lines.
P.M. Changes: The mouth of Pharynx and oesophagus are often corroded and blackened,
Kidneys may be damaged.

81. Phenylene

Type: Inebriant cerebral Poisons.

V. Name: Phenyl.
Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, vertigo, cyanosis, great prostration, slow breathing
irregular and imperceptible pulse followed by cold clammy skin, subnormal skin,
subnormal temperatures collapse & death from respiratory failure, urticarial rashes &
purpura may appear on skin.
Fatal Dose: The average fatal doses 5-20 gm.
Fatal Period: Period is not certain. Death may occur in few hours or may be delayed for
days.

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Treatment: The poison should be eliminated by washing out stomach with water or
saline. The patient can be given sodium Sulphate to move bowel for shocks. 5% glucose
saline may be given intravenously.
P.M. Changes: P.M. appearance is not characteristic. Evidence of injury to the liver, and
kidney may be seen.

82. Quinine – C20H24N2O2

Type: Cardiac Poisons.

V. Name: Quinina.
Symptoms: Giddiness, headache, ring or buzzing in the ears and partial deafness,
epistaxis, disorders of vision, for example blurring of vision.
Fatal Dose: 8-20 gm.
Fatal Period: 4 – 17 Hours.
Treatment: The stomach should be washed with 1:2000 potassium permanganate and
hypertonic sodium sulphate solution is retained in the stomach for rapid elimination of
the poison.
P.M. Changes There may be congestion of the organs. There is usually haemolysis of the
red blood corpuscles.

83. Ratan Jot

Type: Organic Irritant Poisons (I).

V. Name: Physic Nut, Jatropha Curcas, Jangli Arandi.
Symptoms: Symptoms include burning pain in throat and excessive thirst, vomiting,
diarrhoea, pain in the abdomen and general depression. Occasionally, there may be
dehydration, muscular twitching, deafness, impairment of sight and loss of memory.
Fatal Dose: Uncertain.
Fatal Period: Uncertain.
Treatment: Treat According to the symptoms.
P.M. Changes: Not Characteristics.

84. Rati

Type: Organic Irritant Poisons (II).

V. Name: Jequirity, Gunchi, Indian Liquorice, Abrus Precatorius.
Symptoms: A painful swelling with ecchymosis occurs near the site of injection. The
patient suffers from faintness, vertigo, vomiting, dyspnoea and general prostration with
cold, clammy skin, irregular pulse, haemolysis, oliguria & uraemia.
Fatal Dose: 90 – 120 mg.
Fatal Period: 3 -5 days.

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Treatment: Anti-abrin can be produced by repeated small & gradually increasing doses
which can be used curatively in arbus poisoning. Acids like hydrochloric – pepsin
mixture taken orally is also recommended
P.M. Changes: Oedema is found at the site of injection and patches of ecchymosis are
seen under the skin, pleura, pericardium and peritoneum. The mucous membrane of the
stomach and intestine is highly congested with numerous haemorrhagic patches on its
surface.

85. Zinc Sulphate – ZnSO47H2O

Type: Organic Irritant Poisons (II).

V. Name: White Vitriol, Safed Tutia.
Symptoms: Metallic styptic taste, salivation, vomiting substernal and abdominal pain,
severe purging convulsions, collapse & death.
Fatal Dose: 5 gm.
Fatal Period: Within 2 hours.
Treatment: Emetics need not be given as zinc sulphate induces vomiting. Vomiting must
be promoted by giving warm water or warm milk & by tickling the fauces. The patient
should be given intravenous glucose saline & morphine sulphate for pain.
P.M. Changes: The usual appearances of irritant poisoning, namely, redness, congestion
& inflammation of the mucous membrane of the throat oesophagus, stomach & intestine
is seen, when zinc sulphate has been taken. The blood is usually cherry red in colour.

86. Sodium Carbonate- Na2CO310H3O

Type: Corrosive Poisons.

V. Name: Soda, Washing Soda, Sajjiphara.
Symptoms: Purging accompanied by severe pain & straining. Stool consists of stringy
mucus mixed with blood. The vomited matter is strongly alkaline. Taste is acrid & soapy.
Fatal Dose: 30 gm.
Fatal Period: Within 24 hours.
Treatment: Vegetable Acid (Vinegar, Lemon or Orange Juice) mixed with large quantity
of water followed by Olive Oil. White of eggs, milk & butter. Pieces of ice are given for
sucking. Cortisone or prednisolone is recommended for preventing stricture. Anodynes
may be given for pain.
P.M. Changes: Mucous membrane of the mouth, throat, gullet, stomach of duodenum
shows soft mucilage.

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87. Sindur – Pb3O4

Type: Organic Irritant Poisons (II).

V. Name: Red lead, Metia Sindur, Lead Tetraoxide.
Symptoms: A sweet metallic astringent taste, a sensation of burning and dryness in the
throat salivation and intense thirst immediately after swallowing the poison. Vomit
occurs within half an hour, the vomited matter being white or tinged with blood. The
tongue is coated and the breath is very foul and offensive.
Fatal Dose: 20 – 30 gm.
Fatal Period: 2 – 3 days.
Treatment: The patient should be given stomach wash with 1 percent of magnesium or
sodium sulphate solution or warm water if the poison has been taken. 25 gm of
magnesium sulphate to rapidly remove the lead from the intestinal tract and demulcent
drinks such as milk, egg white or barley water.
P.M. Changes: The signs of acute gastroenteritis are present. The mucous membrane of
the , stomach may be thickened and softened with eroded patches and may be covered
with whitish – grey deposit. Evidence of rental tubular degeneration may be seen.

88. Slaked Lime – Ca (OH)2

Type: Corrosive Poisons.

V. Name: Calcium Hydroxide.
Symptoms: Symptoms include severe burning pain in the throat & stomach, nausea,
vomiting thirst, cold, clammy skin, rapid, feeble pulse, collapse and death within 24
hours.
Fatal Dose: Uncertain.
Fatal Period: Within 24 hours.
Treatment: Alkaline poison must be neutralised by giving vegetable acid such as
vinegar, lemon or orange juice. These should be followed by olive oil, white of egg, milk
butter & acidulated demulcent drinks. For a burn of the eye, immediate vigorous washing
with water for half an hour is recommended after instilling cocaine eye drops to
counteract severe blepharospasm.
P.M. Changes: There may be congestion of the mucous membrane of stomach and
intestines.

89. SURMA – PbS

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons (II).

V. Name: Galena.
Symptoms: Vomit occurs within half an hour, the vomited matter being white or tinged
with blood. The tongue is coated & the breath is very foul. Drowsiness, insomnia,

292
headache, vertigo, muscular cramps, convulsions, numbness and occasionally paralysis of
the lower limb.
Fatal Dose: 45 gm.
Fatal Period: 2 -3 days.
Treatment: The patient should be given stomach wash with 1 percent of magnesium of
sodium sulphate solution or warm water if the poison has been taken. 25 gm of
magnesium sulphate to rapidly remove the lead from the intestinal tract and demulcent
drinks such as milk, egg white or barley water.
P.M. Changes: The signs of acute gastroenteritis are present. The mucous membrane of
the, stomach may be thickened and softened with eroded patches and may be covered
with whitish – grey deposit. Evidence of renal tubular degeneration may be seen.

.90. Sulphur

Type: Asphyxiant (Irrespirable Gases).

V. Name: Hydrogen Sulphide.
Symptoms: When diluted in air, it produces irritation of the eyes, nose, throat and air
passages, followed by loss of sense of smell, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting
abdominal pain, cyanosis, fixed dilated pupils, cold extremities, muscular prostration,
hyperpnoea, irregular pulse, tetanic convulsion, delirium, stupor, coma & death.
Fatal Dose: 0.18
Fatal Period: Immediately.
Treatment: fresh Air, inhalation of oxygen, prompt artificial respiration and warmth to
the extremities.
P.M. Changes: The blood is liquid & dark brown in colour due to the conversation of
haemoglobin in to sulphmethaemoglobin.

91. Sodium Nitrate

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons.

V. Name: Uncertain.
Symptoms: Giddiness, headache, throbbing all over the body, nausea, Vomiting,
diarrhoea muscle weakness, Prostration with cold extremities unconsciousness with
convulsions.
Fatal Dose: 2 gm.
Fatal Period: 1-3 hours.
Treatment: Use of emetics is recommended, the injection of hypodermically adrenaline
is recommended. Give artificial respiration of oxygen inhalation.
P.M. Changes: Congestion in liver, spleen, kidney. Brain & Lungs are oedematous.

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92. Sapindus Trifoliatus

Type: Organic Irritant Poisons (I).

V. Name: Rhitha.
Symptoms: Symptoms being great muscular prostration, weakness of the heart’s action
and probably diarrhoea.
Fatal Dose: 2.6 – 3. 0 gm.
Fatal Period: Uncertain.
Treatment: Not determined
P.M. Changes: The post mortem appearances would probably be those of an irritant or
inflammatory action on the gastric and intestinal mucous membrane.

93. Sankhya – As2O3

Type: Inorganic Irritant Poisons (II).

V. Name: Somalkhar, White Arsenic.
Symptoms: The patient initially complains of a feeling of faintness, depression and
nausea & constriction in the throat and stomach. Increased salivation and stomatitis is
present. Intense thirst and severe projectile vomiting are the constant symptoms.
Fatal Dose: 125 -180 mg.
Fatal Period: 12 -48 hours.
Treatment: The first step in the treatment is to promptly remove the poison from the
stomach. If the stomach is full, i.e. if no vomiting has occurred, it should be emptied by
giving emetics or copper sulphate.
P.M. Changes: The mucous membrane of the mouth, pharynx and oesophagus is not
generally effected, but may occasionally be found inflamed or ulcerated.

94. Alum (Phitkari)

Type: Alum is double salt of sulphate of aluminium and potassium (potash alum) KAI
(SO4)2, or sulphate of aluminium and ammonium (ammonia alum), NH4Al(SO4)2. It
occurs as transparent, colourless and octahedral crystals or as a white powder, having a
sweetish, astringent taste.
V. Name: Phitkari
Symptoms: Burning pain in the mouth, throat and stomach, Vomiting mixed with blood,
dyspnoea, rapid pulse, subnormal temperatures, loss of co-ordination, convulsions of a
clonic nature and death. In the solid form, it acts as corrosive in the mouth throat as it
precipitates proteins.
Fatal Dose: Fatal dose is about 10 gm of alum. About 4 gm given in syrup killed a child,
aged 3 years, who was suffering from diphtheria. Recovery has occurred after much
larger doses.

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Fatal Period: Fatal Period is about 24 hours.
Treatment: Treatment is emetics, limewater, sodium carbonate in larger quantities of
milk.
P.M. Changes: The tongue, mouth and oesophagus are oedematous and corroded. The
mucous membrane of the stomach is corrugated, loosened or hardened and is stained red
of velvety. The intestines are inflamed.

95. Turpentine oil

Type: Inebriant cerebral poisons.

V. Name: Spirit of Turpentine.
Symptoms: Burning pain in the mouth, throat & stomach followed by thirst, vomiting,
diarrhoea, contracted pupils, giddiness, drowsiness, cold skin, excitement, cyanosis,
convulsions, coma & death.
Fatal Dose: Uncertain.
Fatal Period: Uncertain.
Treatment: The stomach should be washed with a weak sodium bicarbonate solution.
Fats & Oils should be avoided.
P.M. Changes: An odour like that of coal gas emanates from the body cavities.
Haemorrhages in the mucous membranes, hyperaemia of stomach & other organs can be
seen. Oedema of the lungs may be present.

96. Tobacco

Type: Cardiac poisons.

V. Name: Tambaku.
Symptoms: Chronic cough & bronchitis, associated with laryngitis and pharyngitis in
heavy smokers. Smocking reduces ventilatory efficiency and increases the risk of
pulmonary emphysema. The amount of inhalation equals to the exposure of the lungs to
smoke.
Fatal Dose: Uncertain.
Fatal Period: Few hours.
Treatment: Elimination by washing the stomach with warm water containing finely
powdered charcoal, tannin. Gastric lavage with a 1:10,000 solution of KMNO 3 is also
recommended. As a respiratory stimulant, injecting 25 to 0 mg of hexameonium chloride
subcutaneously is advised.
P.M. Changes: An odour of tobacco and fragments of the leaves may be noticed on
opening of stomach. The mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines is congested
and inflamed, if death has not ensued rapidly. The brain, liver, lungs are usually
congested.

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97. Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate

Type: Uncertain.
V. Name: Green vitriol of copper.
Symptoms: After few hours ingestion, vomiting, abdominal pain and haemorrhagic
gastro intestines. After 6 -12 hours the patient improves in health. Again after 12 -24
hours ingestion. Shock, metabolic acidosis, hepatic failure etc.
Fatal Dose: 30 ml.
Fatal Period: 5 weeks.
Treatment: The stomach should be washed with a weak sodium bicarbonate solution 5%
within 4 times of ingestion. The patients should be given plenty of egg & milk. Oxygen
& Stimulations is given according to necessity.
P.M. Changes: The mucous membrane of stomach & intestine is red used inflamed with
small haemorrhages and neuroses, iron pigments are seen in the lessors.

98. Stone Pieces (Marble chips)

Stone Pieces (Marble chips): Minute stone pieces may cause G.I. tract disturbances,
only mildly and it is not expected to cause any alarming signs and symptoms. No fatality
is expected to cause any alarming signs and symptoms. No fatality is expected. May be
given mixed with food to cause ill health to others.
Medicolegal Aspects: Stone pieces is a well-known mechanical irritant which was in use
more in ancient days it may be used for homicidal purposes either in a single dose or
repeatedly in minute doses for causing slow poisoning. It can also be used with suicidal
intent. But it does not cause rapid death. Death occurs after a prolonged suffering.
Post Mortem findings: Evidence of haemorrhage, inflammation of the intestine and
peritonitis will be there depending on the period of survival after ingestion.
Treatment: Within short period after ingestion bulky food, demulcent drinks and colonic
lavage may be useful. In long duration causes, no definite treatment is recommended.

99. Plaster of Paris P.O.P.

Hazards: Plaster of Paris is classified as a hazardous substance. It is generally regarded
as a safe material for routine use but is not considered dangerous if worked with
responsibly. However, due to recent injuries involving the use of plaster of Paris in
schools, its use is no longer allowed in PTSD Schools. WHEN MIXED WITH
WATER this material hardens and the slowly becomes hot and temperature as high as 60
degrees centigrade can be reached. Skin damage (severe burns) can occur at much lower
temperatures, perhaps as low as 45 degrees centigrade, if contact is prolonged.
MAKING A CAST enclosing any part of the body using this material is potentially very
dangerous, particularly if the thickness of the cast exceeds a few millimetres. Once mixed
the plaster will set rapidly into solid rigid mass. Anything that is embedded in the plaster
may therefore quickly become trapped and exposed to an extreme temperature. Under no
circumstances should objects such as hand or body parts to be placed into the setting
plaster.

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RESPIRATORY PROTECTION: Plaster of Paris powder is extremely light and fine,
thus easily dispersed through the air. Plaster of Paris dust needs to be controlled as it is an
instant that can cause mild breathing difficulties, so avoid getting dust into the air. Work
in small batches. Do not work in closed environment where large amounts of powder
may get into the air. Wearing a dust mask is strongly recommended.

100. Methyl Parathion (Insecticide under brand name Mink – Dol)

Type: Inebriant Cerebral poisons.

V. Name: None
Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting. Coughing, excitability, Vertigo, weakness of muscles,
tremors convulsions, in coordination, tingling in the arms and legs, paralysis of the legs,
pulmonary oedema, unconsciousness, sweating, lacrimation & salivating.
Fatal Dose: 33 g.
Fatal Period: Death results in about 24 hours.
Treatment: Gastric lavage with 5% sodium bicarbonate may be given, if swallowed.
Wash contaminated skin & clothes. Irrigate eyes with normal saline. Drug Therapy:
Atropine sulphate 2-4 mg. intravenously at 5 to 10 minutes interval for hours together. 1-
2 gm 2 P.A.M. Intravenously very slowly for 10 -15 minutes with 10 ml of distilled
water.
P.M. Changes: The mucous membrane of the stomach & upper part of the small intestine
is hyperaemic with subcutaneous haemorrhages. The stomach usually gives off the smell
of kerosene oil. The spleen and brain is congested and the liver may be damaged.

101 – SCORPION VENOM

TYPE: The end part of the tail of a scorpion has two poison glands and a sting. An
agitated scorpion presses its sting onto the body of the victim injecting the venom and
sometimes leaves broken tip of the sting in the tissue. The venom is proteinous substance
and is hemotoxic and neurotoxic in action.
Signs & Symptoms: Locally, there is pain and oedema. Systemic effects appear within
15 -30 mins. There is anxiety, sweating, salivation and nasal secretion. Pulse is slow and
B.P. is raised. Muscular fasciculation and convulsion may cardiac. Also there may be
pulmonary oedema, cardiac arrhythmia and myocardial infarction particularly of the
papillary muscles.
TREATMENT: A tourniquet is applied proximal to the site of sting. Multiple punctures
or incisions to squeeze out or suck out the venom is useful. The broken sting is taken out
if left at the site. Specific antivenin if available, should be injected both for systemic
action and local infiltration. Calcium gluconate is given I.V. for reducing local pain and
oedema. Barbiturate or chlorpromazine is helpful to counter convulsion and sedate
patient. Atropine sulphate prevents pulmonary oedema.

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POSTMORTEM FINDINGS: Fatality is common in children. The affected site is
swollen. The sting may be present at the site. On dissection the surrounding tissue may
show some degree of ecchymosis. Infarction of myocardium and pulmonary oedema may
be noticed in some cases.

102. Mercury
TYPE: Inorganic Irritant poison.
V. Name: Para, Quick Silver
Signs & Symptoms: Acrid & metallic Taste and a feeling of constriction or choking
sensation in the throat. The mouth, tongue and fauces become corroded, swollen and
coated with a greyish- white coating. The pulse becomes quick, small &irregular &
circulatory collapse soon intervenes.
Fatal Dose: 60 mg of metallic mercury.
Fatal Period: 3 -5 days.
TREATMENT: If vomiting has not already commenced, the patient should be given
emetics. Albumin in the form of egg white mixed with large quantity of skimmed milk be
given. 3 -4 tablespoonfuls of activated charcoal (a good absorbent of Hg) suspended in
the pint of water should be given as soon as possible.
POSTMORTEM CHANGES: The mucous membrane of the lips, mouth & pharynx
presents a diffused greyish white escharotic appearance. The intestines mainly the
caecum, colon & rectum are found inflamed, ulcerated & gangrenous.

298
 DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE INCLUDING TOXICOLOGY
List of Miscellaneous Items

Sr.No. Identification No. Name

Antidotes
1. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-1 Dimercaprol (BAL)
2. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-2 N-Acetylpenicillamine
3. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-3 Naloxone
4. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-4 Naltrexone
5. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-5 Praliodo-0ximes (PAM)
6. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-6 Sod. Nitrite
7. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-7 Sod. Thiosulphate
8. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-8 Succimer (DMSA)
9. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-9 Unithiol (DMPS)
10. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-10 Copper Sulphate
11. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-11 Acetlcysteine
12. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-12 Ethyl Alcohol
13. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-13 Atropine
14. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-14 Flumazenil
15. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-15 ASV (ASV- Anti Snake Venom)
16. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-16 Universal antidote: (Activated charcoal,
Magnesium oxide, Tannic acid)
Chelating Agents
17. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-17 E.D.T.A.
18. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-18 Desferrioxamine
Tubes
19. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-19 Stomach wash tube/ Gastric lavage tube /Ewald
tube
20. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-20 Ryle’s tube
21. SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-21 Endotracheal tube

299
SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-1
Name Dimercaprol
Physical A clear colorless viscous liquid with a pungent offensive odor of
Properties mercaptan. Soluble in water and vegetable oils
Indications Metal chelating agent that is used as an antidote in arsenic, gold, lead,
mercury and other heavy metal poisoning. May also be used for
antimony, thallium, or bismuth poisoning.
Used as a medicine and an antidote to the chemical warfare agent
lewisite
Mechanism of Dimercaprol competes with the thiol groups for binding the metal ion,
action which is then excreted in the urine.
Dose & Route of injection into muscle(IM)
administration
Side effects Common side effects include high blood pressure, pain at the site of
the injection, vomiting, and fever.
contraindications In Patients with hepatic and renal dysfunction (except post arsenical
jaundice), and in iron, cadmium, or selenium poisoning.

SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-2
Name N-Acetylpenicillamine / N-Acetyl-D-penicillamine/Penicillamine
Physical colorless solid
Properties
Indications  Lead toxicity, Arsenic toxicity, Mercury toxicity
 To decrease copper stores in Wilson disease,
 Cystinuria
 Rheumatoid arthritis
Mechanism of Chelating agent: binds to heavy metals to form stable, soluble
action complexes that are readily excreted in the urine
Route of oral
administration
Side effects Nausea, anorexia, fever, rash, Thrombocytopenia, Haemolytic
anaemia, nephrotic syndrome
contraindications  Allergy to class/drug
 Pregnancy
 History of penicillamine-related aplastic anemia or
agranulocytosis
 Rheumatoid arthritis with renal insufficiency.

300
SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-3
Name Naloxone
Physical White to slightly off-white powder, and is soluble in water, in dilute
Properties acids, and in strong alkali
Indications In treating acute opioid overdose
In treating respiratory or mental depression due to opioids
As an antidote in overdose of clonidine
Mechanism of It is a lipophilic compound that acts as a non-selective and
action competitive opioid receptor antagonist. Metabolized by the liver and
excreted in the urine
Route of Intravenous(IV), oral, Intranasal, Intramuscular (IM),
administration subcutaneous(SC)
Side effects Increased sweating, nausea, restlessness, trembling, vomiting,
flushing, and headache, and associated with heart rhythm changes,
seizures, and pulmonary edema
contraindications Hypersensitive patients
Use with caution in patients’ dependent on opioids and with cardiac
problems or those receiving Cardiotoxic drugs.

SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-4
Name Naltrexone
Physical White powder.
properties
Indications Used to manage alcohol or opioid dependence
Mechanism of Narcotic antagonist, reverses the effects of opioid analgesics by
action binding to the various opioid receptors in the central nervous system
Excreted primarily by the kidney
Route of Oral, Intramuscular injection
administration
Side effects Nausea, headache, dizziness , anxiety, trouble sleeping, restlessness,
muscle ache, runny nose
Contraindications Acute hepatitis or in people with liver failure.

301
SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-5
Name Praliodo-0ximes (PAM)
Physical Odorless, white, nonhygroscopic, crystalline powder soluble in water
Properties
Indications Used in cases of organophosphate poisoning
Mechanism of Reactivates the enzyme cholinesterase by cleaving the phosphate-
action ester bond formed between the organophosphate and
acetylcholinesterase.
Route of Intravenous injection
administration
Side effects Mild to moderate pain may be experienced at the site of injection.
Blurred vision, diplopia and impaired accommodation, dizziness,
headache,
Drowsiness, nausea, tachycardia, increased systolic and diastolic
blood pressure, hyperventilation, and muscular weakness
contraindications No known contraindications

SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-6
Name Sod. Nitrite
Physical Slightly yellowish crystalline powder that is very soluble in water
properties and is hygroscopic
Indications Antidote to cyanide poisoning
Mechanism of Promotes formation of methemoglobin, which combines with
action cyanide to form nontoxic cyanmethemoglobin
Route of Intravenous
administration
Side effects Cyanosis ,headache ,unusual tiredness or weakness, tachycardia,
shortness of breath, dizziness, extreme, or fainting ,coma
Contraindications Allergy to class/drug.
Significant pre-existing methemoglobinemia (>40%)
Severe hypotension (relative)
Concurrent carbon monoxide toxicity (relative

302
SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-7
Name Sod. Thiosulphate
Physical Colourless monoclinic crystal or a crystalline white powder which is
Properties odourless and salty
Indications Used to treat cyanide poisoning
Mechanism of Donating a Sulfur moiety to form thiocyanate, Thiocyanate is much
action less toxic than cyanide
Dose & Route of Intravenous( IV)
administration
Side effects Low blood pressure, Nausea/vomiting, Disorientation, Headache,
Prolonged bleeding therapy, Hypersensitivity reactions, Contact
dermatitis, Warmth, Local irritation
contraindications Not known

SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-8
Name Succimer (DMSA) / Dimercaptosuccinic acid
Physical White crystalline powder with an unpleasant, characteristic
properties mercaptan odor and taste.
Indications Succimer is a heavy metal chelator, used to treat lead, mercury, and
arsenic poisoning
Mechanism of By binding with heavy metals, and excreted in the urine
action
Route of Orally , intravenously
administration
Side effects Vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and low blood neutrophil levels, Liver
problems and allergic reactions
Contraindications Hypersensitivity to Succimer or any component

SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-9
Name Unithiol (DMPS)
Physical A crystalline solid that is freely soluble in water
Properties
Indications In the treatment of intoxication by mercury, arsenic, and lead
Mechanism of Form complexes with metal compounds, increasing excretion of the
action metal in the urine and decreasing its concentration in various organs.
Route of Orally and parenterally.
administration
Side effects Nausea, vertigo, headache, weakness, pruritus, and allergic reactions
contraindications History of allergy to the drug.
Patients with severe renal insufficiency

303
SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-10
Name Copper Sulphate
Physical White or off-white solid, highly soluble in water
Properties
Indications Antidote in phosphorus poisoning (via phosphide formation)
Mechanism of Convert white phosphorus to cupric phosphate
action
Route of Intravenous infusion.
administration
Side effects Nausea and vomiting, intravascular haemolysis, renal Failure, and
cardiovascular collapse
contraindications In patients with chronic renal and/or hepatic failure, Wilson's disease
and biliary obstruction.

SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-11
Name Acetylcysteine
Physical a strong odor, as rotten egg
Properties solution available in sterile, single-dose vials for intravenous
administration
Indications In the management of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose as an
antidote to prevent or lessen hepatic injury
Used mainly as a mucolytic
Mechanism of Protects the liver by maintaining or restoring the glutathione levels,
action or by acting as an alternate substrate for conjugation with.
Route of Intravenous injection(IV)
administration
Side effects Fast heartbeat, feeling of warmth, fever , hives or welts, itching, or
skin rash, hoarseness, irritation, joint pain, stiffness, or swelling,
redness of the face, neck, arms, and occasionally, upper chest,
redness of the skin, swelling of the eyelids, face, lips, hands, or feet,
tightness in the chest, trouble breathing or swallowing
Contraindications In patients with known hypersensitivity

304
SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-12
Name Ethyl Alcohol
Physical Volatile, colorless liquid that has a slight odor
Properties
Indications - Methanol poisoning
- Ethylene glycol poisoning
- Poisoning with other toxic alcohols
Mechanism of Binds directly to the receptors for acetylcholine, serotonin, GABA,
action and the NMDA receptors for glutamate
Dose & Route of Intravenously or orally
administration
Side effects Central nervous system (CNS) depression, hypoglycemia (due to
decreased gluconeogenesis), nausea, and vomiting, phlebitis and
hypertonicity with hyponatremia.
Contraindications Brain operation, coma in a diabetic patient, diabetes, porphyria,
alcoholism, low blood pressure, liver problems, severe renal
impairment, urinary tract infection, heavy bleeding after the delivery
of a baby, seizures

SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-13
Name Atropine
Physical Colorless crystal or white crystalline powder with odorless and bitter
Properties taste. Easily soluble in water
Indications  For the treatment of poisoning by organophosphorus or
carbamate insecticides
 For the treatment of poisoning by susceptible
organophosphorus nerve agents having anticholinesterase
activity
 For overdose of cholinergic drugs
 Mushroom poisoning.
Mechanism of Acts by binding to muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, antimuscarinic
action agent,
About 60% is excreted unchanged in the urine
Route of Intravenously or by injection into a muscle
administration
Side effects Dry mouth, large pupils, urinary retention, constipation, and a fast
heart rate
Contraindications In people with glaucoma, pyloric stenosis, or prostatic hypertrophy

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SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-14
Name Flumazenil
Physical White to off-white crystalline compound. It is insoluble in water but
Properties slightly soluble in acidic aqueous solutions. Flumazenil injection is
available as a sterile parenteral dosage form for intravenous
administration
Indications Used to treat benzodiazepine overdose
Mechanism of Antagonizes the actions of benzodiazepines on the central nervous
action system.
Dose & Route of 1 mg to 3 mg as an infusion into a vein
administration
Side effects Dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Other side effects include: headache,
agitation, depersonalization, depression, dysphoria, dyspnea,
euphoria, hyperventilation, insomnia, nervousness, palpitations,
paranoid ideation, paraesthesia, tremor, uncontrolled crying, visual
disturbance, diaphoresis, pain at injection site, and xerostomia.
contraindications In patients with known hypersensitivity
In patients showing signs of serious cyclic anti-depressant overdose

SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-15
Name ASV (ASV- Anti Snake Venom)
Physical Freeze-dried (lyophilized)powder
Properties
Indications Effective against common poisonous snakes (cobra, common krait,
saw scaled viper and Russell's viper)
Systemic envenoming
• Haemostatic abnormalities: Spontaneous systemic bleeding,
coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia
• CNS: Ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia, paralysis
• CVS: Hypotension, shock, cardiac arrhythmia, abnormal ECG
• Acute renal failure: Oliguria/anuria, elevated creatinine/urea
• Hemoglobin/Myoglobnuria, other evidence of intravascular
haemolysis or generalized rhabdomyolysis
Local envenoming • Local swelling involving more than half of the
bitten limb (in the absence of a tourniquet) • Swelling after bites on
the digits (toes and especially fingers) • Rapid extension of swelling •
Enlarged tender lymph node draining the bitten limb
Mechanism of Antivenom acts to neutralize the poisonous venom of the cobra and
action causes the venom to be released from the receptor site. The spent
antivenom and the neutralized venom are then excreted from the
body.
Route of After intradermal skin sensitivity test administered Intravenous
administration (IV): Freeze-dried (lyophilized) antivenom serum is dissolved in
water (10 ml vial). About 20-50 ml serum should be diluted in 200-

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 500 ml of isotonic saline and given slow IV in severe poisoning
(especially neurotoxic). Flow should be such that it is completed in 1-
2 h so that further dose can be repeated, if required (every 6 h).
Side effects  Itching, urticaria, glottis edema, wheezing, cough, nausea,
vomiting, fever and tachycardia
 Serum sickness characterized by fever, urticaria,
lymphadenopathy and arthritis, and may develop in 3 days to
3 weeks. Serum sickness is dose-related as it occurs when > 8
vials of polyvalent ASV are administered.
Contraindications No absolute contraindication

SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-16
Name Universal antidote: (Activated charcoal, Magnesium oxide,
Tannic acid)
Physical Combination of physical and chemical antidote
Properties It is a mixture of two parts activated charcoal, one-part tannic acid,
and one-part magnesium oxide
Activated charcoal is fine black, odourless powder.
Indications  Used for all cases of poisoning
 For adsorbing the alkaloidal poisons such as strychnine,
mineral poisons
 For clearance of Opium, Cyanide and Phenobarbital.
 In Phenol, Salicylates, Kerosene and Paracetamol
Mechanism of Activated Charcoal acts by delaying the absorption of poison from the
action stomach.
Magnesium oxide neutralises acid
Tannic acid precipitates metal, alkaloids, and glucosides
Route of The mixture can be taken in a tablespoonful stirred up in a glass of
administration water and may be repeated once or twice.( 15-30 gm , can be repeated
12-24 hourly)
Side effects Black stools, Black tongue, Vomiting or diarrhea, Constipation
contraindications Activated charcoal contraindicated in:
 Individuals with unprotected airways and decreased levels of
consciousness if not intubated
 Ingestion of acids or alkalis
 Cases in which the risk or severity of aspiration is increased
 Isolated ingestions of lithium, iron, heavy metals, or ethanol.

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SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-17
Name E.D.T.A./ Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Physical colorless, water-soluble solid
Properties
Indications Treating lead poisoning and brain damage caused by lead exposure

Mechanism of Metals replaces calcium in EDTA forming stable, soluble complexes

action that are readily excreted
Dose & Route of Intravenous/ Intramuscular injection
administration
Side effects abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, low blood
pressure, skin problems, and fever, Injection site pain, myalgia
Contraindications Allergy to drug
Anuria, active renal disease
Active hepatitis

SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-18
Name Desferrioxamine
Physical As sterile powder for preparing injections ( form a clear pale yellow
properties solution) or for oral use
Indications Used in iron overdose, hemochromatosis either due to multiple blood
transfusions or an underlying genetic condition,
And aluminum toxicity in people on dialysis
Mechanism of Desferrioxamine is an Iron Chelator, acts by binding trivalent (ferric)
action iron , forming ferrioxamine, a stable complex which is eliminated via
the kidneys
Dose & Route of Used by injection into a muscle, vein, or under the skin
administration
Side effects Pain at the site of injection, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, hearing loss,
and eye problems, Severe allergic reactions
Contraindications In patients with Previous history of allergy

SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-19
Name Stomach wash tube/ Gastric lavage tube / Ewald tube / Boa’s
tube or Orogastric tube
Description Made up of rubber and a plastic mouth gag

Dimensions Length-1.5 m
Diameter(external)- ½ inch
Parts Tip, tube proper ,suction bulb( siphon), mouth gag and funnel
Indications  Removal of unabsorbed ingested Poisons, some parenteral
Poisons and to administer specific antidote

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Contraindications Absolute: corrosives except carbolic acid
Relative: Coma, convulsion patients, petroleum distillate ,children ,
volatile poisons
Patient’s position Left lateral, and head low position because the stomach greater
during the curvature is on left side and to prevent aspiration
procedure
Lavage fluid Normal saline or warm water or activated charcoal or potassium
permanganate

SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-20
Name of the Ryle’s tube
instrument
Description Made up of poly vinyl chloride
Dimensions 30 inch( 75 cm) and diameter 16-18 French gauze
Parts Tip, body and base
Indications  Washing the stomach in case of ingested poisons
 Feeding in case of unconscious and comatose patients
 Administer medicines
 Administer gastric juice for gastric functions tests
Complications Epistaxis, inflammation, vomiting, aspiration pneumonia

SMCW/FMT/Museum/MI-21
Name Endotracheal tube
Description Made up of rubber, silicon, or poly vinyl chloride

Dimensions 7.5 mm internal diameter for females and 8.5 mm internal diameter for
males
Parts Tip(proximal end), tube proper and distal end
Indications  To establish and maintain patent airway in unconscious patients
 For giving general anaesthesia
 To facilitate bronchial and tracheal suction
Complications Trauma to structures of airways, infection, oesophageal intubation,
airway perforation, blockage pf tube

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DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE INCLUDING TOXICOLOGY
List of Slides of Forensic Importance

Sr.No. Identification No. Name of Slide

1. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-1 Human Blood and Mammal Blood
2. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-2 Tuberculosis
3. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-3 Pulmonary Edema
4. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-4 Brain Hemorrhages
5. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-5 Liver Cirrhosis
6. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-6 Human skin
7. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-7 Wound Healing
8. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-8 Bone Fracture- Healing Stages
9. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-9 Cheek cells – Human and Animal
10. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-10 DNA in cells
11. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-11 Fingerprints
12. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-12 Hair – Human and Animal
13. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-13 Spermatozoa
14. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-14 Blood stained textile fiber
15. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-15 Fibers – Nylon, Dacron and Rayon
16. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-16 Diatoms
17. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-17 Myocardial Infarction
18. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-18 Brain Infarct
19. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-19 Pneumonitis/Pneumonia
20. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-20 Soot Particles in Lower Respiratory Tract

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 1. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-1 Human Blood and Mammal Blood
Description: This slide shown blood picture of humans and animals. Non-mammalian
RBCs, e.g. bird, fish, reptile and amphibian are oval, biconvex and nucleated. RBCs of
humans and mammals are circular, biconcave and non-nucleated with the exception of
camel and llama which are oval and biconvex, but non-nucleated. In primates, nucleated
RBCs may be found.

Medico legal Significance: Differentiation species from blood stain. Crime scene
correlation

2. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-2 Tuberculosis

Description: It is a slide of tuberculosis and shows Extensive caseous necrosis, with

occasional granulomas composed of epithelioid cells and Langhans giant cells with
surrounding lymphocytes. Very early granulomas might not show caseation. The
interface of viable cells and caseous necrosis is where acid fast bacilli (AFB) are most
found

Medico legal Significance: Occasionally fungal infections and sarcoidosis can

cause noncaseating epithelioid cell granulomas. It’s a notifiable disease. The
government of India passed a notification making the non-reporting of tuberculosis
(TB) cases by clinical establishments, including private practitioners and
pharmacists, a punishable offence

3. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-3 Pulmonary Edema

Description: It’s a slide showing pulmonary edema. There are engorged capillaries and
filling of the intra-alveolar air spaces by a granular pink precipitate. In chronic
congestion and edema (as in mitral stenosis), there may be interstitial fibrosis, associated
with numerous hemosiderin-laden macrophages (brown induration).

Medico legal Significance: Pulmonary edema is an abnormal buildup of fluid in the

lungs. This buildup of fluid leads to shortness of breath. Pulmonary edema may also be
caused by cardiac failure, certain medicines, High altitude exposure, kidney failure, Lung
damage caused by poisonous gas or severe infection and Major injury

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 4. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-4 Brain Hemorrhages

Description: Its slide of intracerebral haemorrhage. Microscopically, the ICH in its

acute stages consists of extravasated well-preserved red blood cells (RBC) without any
inflammation. Subsequently, the RBC begins to lyse and neutrophils appear. This is
followed by infiltration of macrophages whose main role is to phagocytose blood
products and necrotic tissue. The brown discolouration of the slightly older haematomas
noted macroscopically is due to the presence of two major haemoglobin-derived
pigments, haemosiderin and haematoidin. One of the late events involves proliferation of
astrocytes, some containing haemosiderin reflecting their phagocytic activity. The
transfer of haemosiderin from macrophages to astrocytes, an event that rarely happens in
infants, is common in the adult.

Medico legal Significance: Intracerebral bleeds are the second most common cause of
stroke, accounting for 10% of hospital admissions for stroke. High blood pressure raises
the risks of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage by two to six times. More common in
adults than in children. Microscopically staging can be used to calculate time since
haemorrhage.

5. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-5 Liver Cirrhosis

Description: It’s a slide of liver cirrhosis. Histological features depends of type of

cirrhosis.

1. Nonbiliary type cirrhosis

• Diffuse disruption in architecture of the entire liver (loss of normal central
- portal relationship)
• Bridging fibrous septa
• Roundish parenchymal nodules of regenerating hepatocytes

2. Biliary type cirrhosis

• Diffuse disruption in architecture of the entire liver (loss of normal central
- portal relationship)
• Bridging fibrous septa
• Irregular, jigsaw puzzle shaped parenchymal nodules of regenerating
hepatocytes with peripheral pale halo (peripheral septal edema, loose
packed fibrous tissue and chronic cholate stasis of periseptal hepatocytes)

3. Alcoholic type cirrhosis

• Micronodular cirrhosis, Mallory bodies, fatty change
• Also perivenular and pericellular fibrosis (highlighted with trichrome
stain) with partial / complete obliteration of central vein (identify as
central vein due to lack of arterioles)

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 • More prominent bridging from central zone to central zone and central
zone to portal zone than in other causes of cirrhosis
• Usually few inflammatory cells unless superimposed viral or alcoholic
hepatitis

Medico legal Significance: Seen in chronic alcoholics. Also seen in chronic arsenic and
phosphorus poisoning.

6. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-6 Human skin

Description: This is slide of human skin. Skin has three layers:

The epidermis, the outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and creates our
skin tone.
The dermis, beneath the epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, and
sweat glands.
The deeper subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis) is made of fat and connective tissue.
The skin’s colour is created by special cells called melanocytes, which produce the
pigment melanin. Melanocytes are located in the epidermis.

Medico legal Significance: Injuries on skin helps to identify weapon, type of weapon,
cause of death.

7. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-7 Wound Healing

Description: This is slide of granulation tissue in wound healing and shoes proliferation
of fibroblast and vascular endothelial cells suggestive of granulation tissue. Granulation
tissue is hall mark of healing. Its characteristic feature includes angiogenesis and
proliferation of fibroblast.

Medico legal Significance: Helps in calculation of time since injury and differentiation
of antemortem wound and post mortem wound.

8. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-8 Bone Fracture- Healing Stages

Description: Its slide showing healing stages of bone fracture. Signs of clot organization
is seen in about 48 h, the formation of osteoid matrix in about 3 days and formation of
soft callus by about 1 week. A few days - acute tissue damage and hemorrhage, necrotic
bone [empty lacunae, poorly staining bone matrix] at fracture, 1 - 2 weeks - hyper
cellular, hyper vascular tissue, often with brisk mitotic activity, resembles sarcoma but

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without atypia or atypical mitotic figures; reduced callus in midshaft or other poorly
vascularized areas

Medico legal Significance: Fractures of cancellous bone unite faster than those of
cortical bone. In comminuted fractures where edges are not in apposition, bone formation
does not occur. The gap is filled by fibrous tissue in 1-3 months depending on the size of
the gap. The fracture line remains permanently visible on X-ray. In case of fracture of the
skull, healing occurs without formation of a visible callus because the injured periosteal
vessels impede the formation of an external callus.

9. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-9 Cheek cells – Human and Animal

Description: Slide of human and animal cheek cells. As in all animal cells, the cells of
the human cheek do not possess a cell wall. A cell membrane that is semi-permeable
surrounds the cytoplasm. The vacuole in an animal cell is smaller in size, or absent. The
nucleus is present at the centre of the cytoplasm. The absence of a cell wall and a
prominent vacuole are indicators that help identify animal cells, such as cells seen in the
human cheek.

Medico legal Significance: Cheek cells are collected for DNA analysis and
fingerprinting

10. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-10 DNA in cells

Description: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) is the molecule that contains within it all the
instructions and information about an organism. This is to say that DNA contains
information regarding how the organism will develop, how it lives and reproduces etc.
Therefore, the DNA may be described as the blueprint of a living organism.

Given that DNA molecules are found inside the cells, they are too small to be seen with
the naked eye. For this reason, a microscope is needed. While it is possible to see the
nucleus (containing DNA) using a light microscope, DNA strands/threads can only be
viewed using microscopes that allow for higher resolution.

Medico legal Significance: DNA fingerprinting (DNA typing, DNA identification,

DNA profiling or genetic typing) is a technique that is capable of distinguishing every
individual with the exception of identical twins and clones. It depends on the fact that no
two people have exactly the same DNA sequence (with the exception mentioned) and that
although only limited segments of a person's DNA are scrutinized in the procedure, those
segments will be statistically unique. Consequently, DNA fingerprinting is rapidly

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becoming the primary method for identifying and distinguishing among individual human
beings.
Its useful in identification, diagnosis of inherited disorder, to establish paternity etc.

11. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-11 Fingerprints

Description: This is slide showing fingerprints. A fingerprint match is widely accepted
as most reliable evidence of identification, the fingers, palms of the hands, and soles of
the feet of humans (and some other primates) bear friction ridge skin on the tip of the
fingers, the friction ridge skin forms a number of basic patterns. Within each basic pattern
are numerous possible variations.

Medico legal Significance: Identification of criminals whose fingerprints were

found at scene, fugitive through fingerprint comparison, Exchange of criminal
identifying information with identification bureau of foreign countries in cases of
mutual interest.
Identification in disaster work. Problems of mistaken identity and detection of bank
forgeries.

12. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-12 Hair – Human and Animal

Description: Slide showing human and animal hair. Human hair has thick cortex and thin
non continuous medulla. Whereas animal hair has thin cortex and thick continuous
medulla.

Medico legal Significance: Identification of species, Cause of death (Heavy metal

poisoning, burning), Type of injury (blunt or sharp force), to connect with crime.

13. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-13 Spermatozoa

Description: Slide showing intact spermatozoa and disintegrated parts of spermatozoa.

Human sperm consist of head, neck, mid-piece and tail.

Medico legal Significance: Presence of sperm is conclusive proof of semen.

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 14. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-14 Blood stained textile fiber

Description: This is slide of bold stain textile fibre and shown multiple blood cells and
flattened and twisted tubes consisting of long tubular cells with thickened edges and blunt
pointed ends suggestive of cotton fibres.

Medico legal Significance: Helps in correlation of crime scene, assailant with victims.
Forms important corroborative evidence.

15. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-15 Fibers – Nylon, Dacron and Rayon

Description: This slide shows synthetic fibers Artificial fibres are subdivided into
syntheticpolymer, natural-polymer and other fibres. Most natural fibres have distinctive
appearances that can be detected under the comparison microscope. Synthetic fibre that
cannot easily be identified with the microscope can be subjected to infrared
spectrophotometry.

Medico legal Significance: Helps in correlation of crime scene, assailant with victims.
Forms important corroborative evidence.

16. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-16 Diatoms

Description: This is slide of diatoms. Diatoms belong to the class Bacillariophyceae and
are microscopic unicellular algae which secrete silicon skeletons called frustules; they are
chemically inert and almost indestructible, being resistant to strong acids. During
drowning, diatoms enter the circulation via the lungs through the ruptured alveolar walls,
lymph channels and pulmonary veins into left heart and then into general circulation,
when the person is alive.

Medico legal Significance: 1) Presence of diatoms in the lung substance, blood stream,
brain, liver, kidneys, bone marrow of femur (best site for analysis) or humerus or in the
skeletal muscle has been claimed to be suggestive proof of antemortem drowning.
2) Since diatoms resist putrefaction, diatom test may have some value in examination of
decomposed bodies.
3) The test is negative in dead bodies thrown in water and in dry drowning.

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 17. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-17 Myocardial Infarction
Description: Its histopathological slide showing myocardial infraction. Histological
findings depend on time after ischemic insult.

Time from
Microscopic Morphologic Finding
Onset
1 - 3 Hours Wavy myocardial fibers but no inflammatory cells
Staining defect in myocardial fiber cytoplasm with tetrazolium or basic
2 - 3 Hours fuchsin dye
Coagulation necrosis with loss of cross striations, contraction bands,
4 - 12 Hours edema, hemorrhage, and early neutrophilic infiltrate
Continuing coagulation necrosis, pyknosis of nuclei, and marginal
18 - 24 Hours contraction bands
Total loss of nuclei and cross striations along with heavy neutrophilic
24 - 72 Hours infiltrate
Macrophage and mononuclear infiltration begins, fibrovascular
3 - 7 Days response begins
Fibrovascular response with prominent granulation tissue containing
10 - 21 Days capillaries and fibroblasts
Fibrosis with dense collagenous connective tissue and no
7 Weeks inflammation

The above gross and microscopic changes over time can vary. In general, a larger infarct
will evolve through these changes more slowly than a small infarct.

Medico legal Significance: Its one of the common causes of sudden death. Sudden death
occurs within an hour of onset of symptoms. The myocardial infarct is easily identifiable
when it is of more than 12 h of age.

18. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-18 Brain Infarct

Description: This slide of cerebral infract. Cerebral infarction is focal brain necrosis due
to complete and prolonged ischemia that affects all tissue elements, neurons, glia, and
vessels. In the first 24 to 48 hours reveals anoxic neurons, pallor of staining and
vacuolization of the white matter due to unraveling of myelin, and axonal swellings.
During the first week, there is a transient inflammatory reaction, especially around blood
vessels and in the meninges, as the core of the infarct disintegrates, endothelial cells from
the periphery proliferate, and capillaries grow into the dead
tissue. Neovascularization peaks at 2 weeks. Monocytes from the blood stream enter the
infarct through damaged vessels. They ingest the products of degradation of neurons and
myelin and are transformed into lipid-laden macrophages. Macrophage reaction appears
early and peaks at 3-4 weeks. Astrocytes from the surrounding undamaged brain
proliferate and form a glial scar around the infarct. This is completed in approximately 2
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months. After that, the infarct remains unchanged. With maturation of new capillaries and
glial scar formation, the blood brain barrier is once again sealed.

Medico legal Significance: It is one of the common cause of sudden death and require
quick intervention once diagnosed. Neurons do not regenerate. So, some brain tissue is
lost forever.

19. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-19 Pneumonitis/Pneumonia

Description: It’s a slide of pneumonia. It’s categorized in bronchopneumonia and lobar
pneumonia

Bronchopneumonia: neutrophils in bronchi, bronchioles and adjacent alveolar spaces;

lipid pneumonia, if marked, has lipid laden macrophages

Lobar pneumonia: initially congestion with bacteria and few neutrophils; then red
hepatization (grossly resembles liver) with massive congestion, neutrophils, fibrin; then
gray hepatization with fibrin purulent exudate and organization; then resolution with
resorption of exudate

Medico legal Significance: Infection of lung is more frequent than any other visceral
organ. Generally, microorganisms are inhaled, but pneumonia may also occur through
hematogenous spread or direct inoculation. The possible outcomes of pneumonia are
resolution, organization, abscess formation empyema, bacteremia and death.

20. SMCW/FMT/Museum/S-20 Soot Particles in Lower Respiratory Tract

Description: This is slide of carbon soot particles. Soot forms during incomplete
combustion from precursor molecules such as acetylene. It consists of agglomerated
nanoparticles with diameters between 6 and 30 nm. The soot particles can be mixed with
metal oxides and with minerals and can be coated with sulfuric acid.

Medico legal Significance: Soot particles in trachea is characteristic of antemortem

burns. Its is useful in autopsy of charred body.

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DEPARTMENT OF FORENSIC MEDICINE INCLUDING TOXICOLOGY
Autopsy Dissection Set
Sr.No. Identification No. Name of Instrument
1. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-1 Scalpel detachable and non-detachable
2. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-2 Cartilage Knife
3. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-3 Dissecting Knife
4. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-4 Large amputation knife (Brain Knife):
5. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-5 Toothed Forceps
6. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-6 Serrated Tipped forceps
7. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-7 Scissors with one sharp and one blunt end
8. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-8 Scissors with two blunt end
9. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-9 Intestinal Scissors (Enterotome)
10. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-10 Mayo Dissecting Scissors
11. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-11 Intestinal clamp
12. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-12 Probe
13. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-13 Chisel
14. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-14 Hammer
15. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-15 Curved Scissors
16. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-16 Self-Retaining Retractor
17. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-17 Bone ranger
18. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-18 Bone cutting Forceps
19. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-19 Cystotome
20. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-20 Councilman’s blade saw
21. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-21 Hack saw
22. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-22 Rachiotomy saw
23. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-23 Measuring Tape
24. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-24 Syringe with needles
25. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-25 Magnifying Glass
26. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-26 Straight large scissors
27. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-27 Curved cutting edge needle
28. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-28 Twine Thread
29. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-29 Straight artery forceps
30. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-30 Curved artery forceps
31. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-31 Detachable rib cutter:
32. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-32 Tongue Knife

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 Autopsy Dissection Set

1. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-1
Scalpel detachable and non-detachable:
 Made up of stainless steel
 Small and extremely sharp bladed instrument with 2 parts: handle and blade
 Used for making incisions in skin and muscle, for sharp dissection

2. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-2
Cartilage Knife:
 Made up of stainless steel
 Very stiff scalpel-shaped knife
 Used in cutting cartilage.

3. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-3
Dissecting Knife:
 Made up of stainless steel
 Pointed tip and ridged tapered cutting blade. Grooved handles provide secure
grip.
 Used for cutting hard tissue

4. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-4
Large amputation knife (Brain Knife):
 Double Edged Blade made up of stainless steel
 Used to cleanly cut the brain

5. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-5
Toothed Forceps:
 Made up of stainless steel
 Consist of 2 shafts with spring action and no joints, with tooth-like projections
on the tip
 Used to hold, reposition, or remove tissue, organs, and sutures

6. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-6
Serrated Tipped forceps:
 Made of stainless steel
 Consist of 2 shafts with spring action and no joints, with Straight serrated tip
 Used for bending, separating and removing small items

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7. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-7
Scissors with one sharp and one blunt end:
 Made of stainless steel
 Consist of one blunt tip and one sharp tip
 Used to get into small spaces and cut tough tissue like tendons and ligaments

8. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-8
Scissors with two blunt blades:
 Made of stainless steel
 Consist of two blunt tip
 Used to bluntly dissect tissues.

9. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-9
Intestinal Scissors (Enterotome):
 Made of stainless steel
 Consist of one blade longer than the other and hooked, so that the hook
catches and holds the intestine while the instrument cuts
 Used for opening the digestive tract and especially the intestine

10. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-10
Mayo Dissecting Scissors:
 Made of stainless steel
 Handles and blades are of same length may be curved or straight
 Used to cut tough structures like fascia, tendons and ligaments

11. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-11
Intestinal clamp:
 Made of stainless steel with straight or curved jaws.
 Consist of locking mechanism to provide stable pressure for clamping.
 Used to occlude the lumen of the intestine and the blood vessels

12. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-12
Probe:
 Made of stainless steel
 Long, slender instrument
 Used to manipulate tissue and identify nodes and other biological materials

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13. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-13
Chisel:
 Made of stainless steel
 Beveled cutting edge of blade on its end
 Used to break open the vault of the skull

14. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-14
Hammer
 Made of stainless steel
 Consist of striking end and horizontal T-like handle to enhance grip
 Used to hit or stroke and along with chisel to break open the vault of the skull

15. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-15
Curved Scissors:
 Made of stainless steel, with sharp /blunt edges
 Used to cut thick tissues
 Also be used with the tips closed, then opening them so the tips open and
spread out the tissue.

16. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-16
Self-Retaining Retractor:
 Made of stainless steel
 Having two or more opposing blades or hooks which are separated via spring,
ratchet, worm gear
 Used to hold an incision or wound open, allow hands free operation/dissection
 Also used to hold back underlying organs and tissues so that body parts under
the incision may be accessed

17. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-17
Bone Ranger
 Made of stainless steel
 Heavy-duty instrument with a sharp-edged, scoop-shaped tip,
 Used for gouging out bone and to break through ribs

18. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-18
Bone cutting Forceps
 Made of stainless steel
 Two straight and strong blades with pivot joints with handle for compression
and cut bones
 Used to grasp and manipulate and extract bones

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19. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-19
Cystotome:
 Made of stainless steel
 Used to puncture across the gastric or duodenal wall.

20. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-20
Councilman’s blade saw:
 Made of stainless steel
 Consist of grip and blade with cutting and non-cutting edge
 To cut the tough structures such as bones.

21. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-21
Hack saw:
 Made of stainless steel
 A fine-toothed saw with C-shaped walking frame that holds a blade under
tension
 To cut the tough structures such as bones.

22. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-22
Rachiotomy saw:
 Made of stainless steel
 Consist of a fine-toothed curved blade with handle
 To cut the tough structures like bones.

23. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-23
Measuring Tape:
 Consists of a ribbon of plastic, fiber glass, or metal strip with linear-
measurement markings.
 Used to measure size or lengths

24. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-24
Syringe with needles:
 Hypodermic (hypo – under, dermic – the skin) needle is a hollow needle
commonly used with a syringe to inject substances into the body or extract
fluids from it. They may also be used to take liquid samples from the body.

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25. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-25
Magnifying Glass:
 A magnifying glass (called a hand lens in laboratory contexts) is a convex
lens that is used to produce a magnified image of an object/structures.
The lens is mounted in a frame with a handle.

26. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-26
Straight large scissors:
 Made of stainless steel
 Consist of straight sharp blades and body joined by pivot joint
 Used to cut tough tissue like tendons and ligaments

27. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-27
Curved cutting edge needle:
 Made of stainless steel
 It has tapering triangular/cross-section body, an eye to pass the thread and
pointed tip
 For suturing the skin after an autopsy to return the body to a natural looking
state to prepare it for burial

28. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-28
Twine Thread:
 Made up of ecru linen thread
 Used for easy and reliable sewing

29. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-29
Straight artery forceps:
 Made of stainless steel
 It has straight body with serrated blade, finger ring used for holding the
instrument and ratchet/catch
 Used for strong grasping, holding and catching

30. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-30
Curved artery forceps:
 Made of stainless steel
 It has curved body with serrated blade, finger ring used for holding the
instrument and ratchet/catch
 Used for strong grasping, holding and catching

324
31. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-31
Detachable rib cutter:
 Made of stainless steel
 It has two levers; the first one to be operated grasps the rib, and the second
one cuts the rib
 Used to cut the ribs and gain access to the thoracic cavity

32. SMCW/FMT/Museum/D-32
Tongue knife:
 Made of stainless steel
 Consist of a blade with handle
 To cut the skin and/or tough structures like bones

325