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Statistical-Tools-in-Research

The document provides an overview of statistical tools used in research, defining statistics as a branch of mathematics focused on data collection, analysis, and interpretation. It distinguishes between descriptive statistics, which summarize data, and inferential statistics, which make predictions based on samples. Additionally, it outlines types of data and levels of measurement, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio, each with specific characteristics and examples.

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BEEDFALLA ANGEL CANDACE (BEEDFALLA ANGEL CANDACE)
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14 views3 pages

Statistical-Tools-in-Research

The document provides an overview of statistical tools used in research, defining statistics as a branch of mathematics focused on data collection, analysis, and interpretation. It distinguishes between descriptive statistics, which summarize data, and inferential statistics, which make predictions based on samples. Additionally, it outlines types of data and levels of measurement, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio, each with specific characteristics and examples.

Uploaded by

BEEDFALLA ANGEL CANDACE (BEEDFALLA ANGEL CANDACE)
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Statistical Tools in Research

Outline

✓ Definition of Statistics

✓ Types of Data

✓ Levels of Measurement

✓ Descriptive Statistics

✓ Inferential Statistics

What is Statistics

Meaning of Statistics

The word statistics can be viewed in two contexts:

Statistics as a science/branch of mathematics

• Singular sense

Statistics as actual number derived from the data

• Plural sense

STATISTICS

Statistics is a branch of mathematics that deals with the scientific collection, organization, presentation,
analysis, and interpretation of numerical data in order to obtain useful and meaningful information.

Types of Statistics

Descriptive Statistics - Descriptive statistics uses data to provide a description of the population either
through numerical calculated graphs or tables.

 Measure of Central Tendency


 MEAN
 Median
 Mode
 Measure of Variability
 Range
 Variance
 Dispersion
Inferential Statistics - Inferential Statistics makes inferences and predictions about the population
based on a sample of data taken from the population.

Data - A collection of facts, such as numbers, words, measurements, observations or even just
descriptions of things.

Quantitative Data - numerical

 Discrete - obtained through counting


 Continuous - obtained by measuring

Qualitative Data - categorical

Levels of Measurement

Data may be classified into four hierarchical levels of measurement

✓ Nominal

 Data collected are labels, names or categories


 Frequencies or counts of observations belonging to the same category can be obtained.
 It is the lowest level of measurement
 Qualitative

Examples: gender, occupation, zip code

✓Ordinal

 Data collected are labels with implied ordering


 The difference between two labels is meaningless
 Qualitative

Examples: job performance rating: excellent, above average, average below average, poor

✓Interval

 Dats caill be ordered or ranked.


 The difference between two data values is meaningful
 Data at this level may lack an absolute zero point.
 Quantitative

Examples: Temperature, IQ, Grade

✓Ratio

 Data have all the properties of the interval scale.


 The number zero indicates the absence of the characteristic being measured.
 It is the highest level of measurement
 Quantitative

Examples: volume of helium in a balloon, number of minutes it took for a runner to reach the finish line

Note: The type of statistical analysis that is appropriate for a particular variable depends on its level of
measurement

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