A Community Service Project Report On

PROCESSING METHOD OF CROP ROTATION

Submitting a Community Service Project report as a part of academic requirement of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND DESIGN

Submitted by
B. NEHA 223N1A3804
G. LAVANYA 223N1A3817
K. NANDINI 223N1A3826
P. MOHAMMAD ARSHAD 223N1A3840

Under the guidance of

Mr.T.BABA M.Tech.,
Assistant Professor

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND DESIGN

P.V.K.K INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu)

Sanapa road, Rudrampeta, Anantapuramu-515001

Andhra Pradesh

2023-2024
 P.V.K.K INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTUA, Anantapuramu)

Sanapa road, Rudrampeta, Anantapuramu-515001,AP

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND DESIGN

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Community project report entitled "PROCESSING METHOD OF
CROP ROTATION" done at KURUGUNTA, is submitted to Department of Computer
Science and Design of P.V.K.K Institute of Technology, Sanapa Road, Rudrampeta,
Anantapuramu and is a bonafide record of work done by
.
B. NEHA 223N1A3804

G. LAVANYA 223N1A3817

K. NANDINI 223N1A3826

P. MOHAMMAD ARSHAD 223N1A3840

Signature of the Project Guide Signature of the H.O.D

Mr.T.BABA MTech., Dr. V. Dilip Venkata Kumar, M.Tech,Ph.D.

Assistance Professor Professor& H.O.D

Department of CSE Department of CSD

 DECLARATION
We, here by declare that the community service project report titled “PROCESSING METHOD
OF CROP ROTATION” submitted to the P.V.K.K Institute of Technology, Anantapur in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer
Science and Design, and is a record of original dissertation work done by me under the guidance and
supervision of T.BABA MTech., Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science&
Engineering, PVKKIT, and it has not formed the basis for the award of any
Degree/Diploma/Associateship/Fellowship in other similar title to any candidate of any University.

S.NO NAME OF THE STUDENT ROLL NUMBER SIGNATURE

1 B. NEHA 223N1A3804
2 G. LAVANYA 223N1A3817
3 K. NANDINI 223N1A3826
4 P. MOHAMMAD ARSHAD 223N1A3840
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset, we thank our Honourable Founder, Correspondent & Secretary

Dr. Palle Raghunatha Reddy garu, M. Sc, M. Phill, (Ph.D), Honourable Chairman, Dr. Palle
Venkata Krishna Kishore Reddy M. Tech, MS(USA)., AMIE ,(Ph.D) garu, and our Treasure
Smt.P. Sindhura Reddy M. Tech, of Sri Balaji Educational Society for providing us with good
faculty, the required equipment and their moral support.

We wish to express my sense of gratitude to Dr. B. Ramesh Babu B.Tech, M.S,

Ph.D,.,Principal P.V.K.K Institute of Technology, Anantapur for providing necessary
facilities.With a great sense of pleasure, we extend our gratitude to Dr. V. Dilip Venkata Kumar
M. Tech, Ph.D. Professor and Head of Computer Science and Design, for his co-operation and
providing necessary help for completion of this project.

It is a great pleasure to express our heartful gratitude and thankfulness to my guide

T. BABA, M.Tech., Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering for
his valuable guidance and helpful council rendered in the due course of the report.
Finally, we would like to thank one and all in the CSD department who helped us directly and
indirectly along with our family members and friends for their cooperation to complete this
project.
 COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in accordance with the requirement for the degree of B. Tech Program

1. Name of the college : PVKKIT, Anantapur

2. Department : CSD

3. Name of the Faculty Guide : T. BABA

4. Duration of the CSP : From

5. Name of the Students & Roll No :

B. NEHA 223N1A3804
G. LAVANYA 223N1A3817
K. NANDINI 223N1A3826
P. MOHAMMAD ARSHAD 223N1A3840

6. Program of study : B. Tech

7. Year of study : 2nd Year

8. Date of Submission :
 STUDENT’S DECLARATION

We students of B. Tech Program, of the Department of Computer Science and

Design. P.V.K.K Institute of Technology, Anantapur do hereby declare that we have completed
the mandatory community service project from 2023 to 2024 in KURUGUNTA, under the
Faculty Guideship of T.BABA M.Tech., Assistant Professor, Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, P.V.K.K Institute of Technology, Anantapur.

S.NO NAME OF THE STUDENT ROLL NUMBER SIGNATURE

1 B. NEHA 223N1A3804
2 G. LAVANYA 223N1A3817
3 K. NANDINI 223N1A3826
4 P. MOHAMMAD ARSHAD 223N1A3840

Endorsements

Faculty Guide

Head of the Department

Principal
FROM CERTIFICATE OFFICIAL OF THE COMMUNITY

This is certify to of P.V.K.K Institute of Technology, Anantapur underwent community

service in _________________, ___________, Anantapur from ____________to___________.
The overall performance of the Community Service Volunteer during his/her community service is
found to be __________________(Satisfactory/Good).

Authorized Signatory with Date and Seal

 +TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter TITLE Page No’s

Exclusive Summary 1
1
1.1 Introduction

2 Overview of the Community 5

3 Community Service Part 7
3.1 Activity log for the First Week 9
3.2 Activity log for the Second Week 11
3.3 Activity log for the Third Week 13
3.4 Activity log for the Fourth Week 15
3.5 Activity log for the Fifth Week 17
3.6 Activity log for the Sixth Week 19
3.7 Activity log for the Seventh Week 21
3.8 Activity log for the Eighth Week 23

4 Outcomes Description
4.1 Introduction 25
4.2 Problems faced in the Community

4.3 Process of crop production 27

4.4 Methods of crop rotation 35

4.5 Advantages and disadvantages 37

5 Conclusion 40
CROP
ROTATION
 CONTENTS

➢ INTRODUCTION

➢ WHAT IS CROP ROTATION

➢ NEED FOR CROP ROTATION

➢ HISTORY OF CROP ROTATION

➢ PROCESS OF CROP PRODUCTION

➢ STAGES OF CROP ROTATION

➢ METHODS OF CROP PRODUCTION

➢ CROP PRODUCTION IN INDIA

➢ TYPES OF CROP ROTATION

➢ ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

 CHAPTER 1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Introduction To Crop Rotation:

Crop rotation refers to the cultivation of different crops on a particular piece of land over time. The
succession of crops to be grown is carefully designed to ensure soil nutrients are sustained, pest
populations are controlled, weeds are suppressed and soil health is built. A rotation will cycle crop
through cash crops (such as vegetables), cover crops (grasses and cereals) and green manures(often
legumes).The exact sequence of crops will vary depending on local circumstances, with the critical
design element being an understanding what each crop contributes and takes from the soil. For
instance, nitrogen depleting crop should be preceded by a nitrogen fixing crop.

What is crop rotation?

• Crop rotation is the practice of planting different crops sequentially on the same plot of land to
improve soil health, optimize nutrients in the soil, and combat pest and weed pressure.
• For example, say a farmer has planted a field of corn. When the corn harvest is finished, he might
plant beans, since corn consumes a lot of nitrogen and beans return nitrogen to the soil.
• A simple rotation might involve two or three crops, and complex rotations might incorporate a
dozen or more.

1
NEED OF CROP ROTATION:

• Improves soil workability

• Improve yield
• Reduce erosion and deposition
• Recycle phytonutrients in the soil
• Improve work distribution by using different crops, planting dates, and harvest periods
• Reduce the use of fertilizers and pesticides
• Improves plant emergence, growth, and health
• Reduce financial risk by using multiple cultures
• Avoid the problem of overproduction
• Improves air quality
• Reduction of fertilizer and pesticide us

2
 SCOPE OF STUDY OF CROP ROTATION:

▪ Soil Health and Fertility: Crop rotation helps maintain soil fertility by alternating crops with
different nutrient needs. For example, leguminous plants like peas and beans fix nitrogen in the
soil, benefiting subsequent crops that require nitrogen.
▪ Pest and Disease Management: Crop rotation can disrupt pest and disease cycles. Some pests
and diseases are specific to certain crops, so rotating crops can reduce their buildup in the soil
and on plant residues.
▪ Weed Control: Different crops may require different weed management practices. Rotating
crops can help break weed cycles and reduce the prevalence of specific weed species.
▪ Yield Improvement: Properly planned crop rotations can lead to improved yields over time by
optimizing soil conditions and reducing stress on crops from pests and diseases.
▪ Environmental Impact: Crop rotation can contribute to sustainable agriculture by reducing the
need for synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, thus minimizing their environmental
impact.
▪ Crop Diversity and Resilience: Diversifying crops through rotation can enhance farm resilience
to adverse weather conditions and market fluctuations, as well as contribute to biodiversity
conservation.
▪ Economic Considerations: Crop rotation can impact farm profitability by influencing input
costs, yields, and market opportunities for different crops.

STEPS OF CROP ROTATION:

• Crop Selection: Choose crops that complement each other in terms of nutrient requirements,
growth habits, and susceptibility to pests and diseases. Consider including nitrogen-fixing crops
(legumes) like peas or beans in rotation to replenish soil nitrogen.
• Rotation Sequence: Determine the sequence in which crops will be planted and rotated. A
common rotation sequence might involve alternating between cereal crops (like wheator maize),
legumes (such as soybeans or lentils), and root crops (like potatoes or carrots). The duration of
each crop in the rotation cycle depends on factors such as growth rate and market demand.
• Implementation: Prepare the soil thoroughly before planting each crop according to its specific
needs. Monitor soil fertility and health throughout the rotation cycle to ensure crops receive
3
 adequate nutrients and water.

• Management Practices: Incorporate practices climate, and available resources. Develop a crop
rotation plan that takes into account these factors, as well as market demand, crop compatibility,
and desired outcomes such as soil health Planning: Begin by evaluating the specific
characteristics of your farm, such as soil type, improvement or pest management. such as cover
cropping during fallow periods to improve soil structure, suppress weeds, and
enhance organic matter content.

4
 CHAPTER 2
OVERVIEW OF THE COMMUNITY

As we are five team members have visited one habitation and collected the report and the
overview of the habitations are:
TOWN: KURUGUNTA

The area selected for the present study of the above project is Kurugunta is a village in
Anantapur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a panchayat. It comes under
Anantapur mandal.

LOCALITY NAME : KURUGUNTA

DISTRICT : ANANTAPUR
REGION : RAYALASEEMA
RIVERS NEAR : KURUGUNTA - JEEDIPALLI, KRISHNA

According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Kurugunta village is
595085. Kurugunta village is located in Anantapur mandal of Anantapur district in Andhra Pradesh,
India. It is situated 8km away from Anantapur, which is both district & sub-district headquarter of
Kurugunta village. As per 2009 stats, Kurugunta village is also a gram panchayat.

5
TYPES OF SOILS AVAILABLE IN THE COMMUNITY :

The major soil types of Anantapur district are red sandy soils, colluvial soils, black soils, lateritic soils,
in situ soils and alluvial soils. The soil of the Anantapur district consists of 87.4% red soil, 12.5% black
cotton soil, and 0.1% problematic land. The major crops in terms of area are 86% groundnut, 3.3%
paddy and 10.7% other crops. The main crop is Groundnut which is grown in 7.0 lakh hectares in red
soil under rainy conditions.

• Field crops – Peanuts, Bengal gram, sunflower, rice, red gram, sorghum, maize, cotton, ragi.
• Fruits – Sweet orange, mango, papaya, banana.
• Vegetables – Tomato, chilli.

6
 CHAPTER 3
COMMUNITY SERVICE PART

On the regard of our COMMUNITY SERVICE PROJECT our project is on CROP

ROTATION. In this regard we have planned our agenda for 6 weeks and prepared a questionnaire
and checked it properly. We the team members have selected our community they are
KURUGUNTA then we’ve conducted survey for the first 5 and half weeks and after analyzing
the reports from the weeks we have organized awareness camps and got them motivated to
promote women education.

Volunteering benefited us as much as the project we are volunteering at, and we are
bound to build many new friendships, boost our social and professional skills, expand our social
and professional network, improve our quality of life, and so much more. The importance of
community services is greater now more than ever after a pandemic.

By interacting with others, we will also decrease stress and depression. One of the major
risk factors for depression is social isolation. While the benefits of community service for us
include directly helping and making a difference in a community and the lives of people you a
reserving, it will also make a difference in your career prospects. College volunteering helps
students cognitively by enhancing their knowledge, growing from new experiences, and
developing and improving interpersonal communication skills as well. You will gain new work-
related skills through community service, a better sense of social responsibility, and make a
positive impact on your community. To take service work to the next level professionally,
consider exploring the fields of teaching, nursing, psychology, and more.

7
ACTIVITY
LOG

8
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE FIRST WEEK

BRIEF LEARNING PERSON

DAY&DATE DESCRIPTION OF OUTCOME IN CHARGE
THE DAILY SIGN
ACTIVITY

Day- 1

Day- 2

Day- 3

Day- 4

Day- 5

Day- 6

9
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 1 (From Date to Date )

Objective of the Activity Done:

Detailed Report:

10
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE SECOND WEEK

BRIEF DESCRIPTION LEARNING PERSON

DAY &DATE
OF DAILY ACTIVITY OUTCOME IN CHARGE
SIGN

Day- 1

Day- 2

Day- 3

Day- 4

Day- 5

Day- 6

11
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 2 (From Date to Date )

Objective of the Activity Done:

Detailed Report:

12
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE THIRD WEEK

DAY&DATE BRIEF DESCRIPTION LEARNING PERSON

OF THE DAILY OUTCOME IN CHARGE
ACTIVITY SIGN

Day- 1

Day- 2

Day- 3

Day-4

Day- 5

Day-6

13
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 3 (From Date to Date )

Objective of the Activity Done:

Detailed Report:

14
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE FOURTH WEEK

DAY PERSON
& DATE BRIEF DESCRIPTION LEARNING INCHARGE
OF THE DAILY OUTCOME SIGN
ACTIVITY

Day – 1

Day - 2

Day – 3

Day – 4

Day – 5

Day - 6

15
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 4 (From Date………..….. to Date .................. )

Objective of the Activity Done:

Detailed Report:

16
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE FIFTH WEEK

DAY&DATE BRIEF LEARNING PERSON

DESCRIPTION OF OUTCOME IN
THE DAILY CHARGE SIGN
ACTIVITY
Day-1

Day-2

Day-3

Day-4

Day-5

Day-6

17
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 5 (From Date………..….. to Date .................. )

Objective of the Activity Done:

Detailed Report:

18
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE SIXTH WEEK

DAY&DATE BRIEF LEARNING PERSON

DESCRIPTION OF OUTCOME IN
THE DAILY CHARGE SIGN
ACTIVITY
Day-1

Day-2

Day-3

Day-4

Day-5

Day-6

19
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 6(From Date………..….. to Date .................... )

Objective of the Activity Done:

Detailed Report:

20
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE SEVENTH WEEK

DAY&DATE BRIEF LEARNING PERSON

DESCRIPTION OF OUTCOME IN
THE DAILY CHARGE SIGN
ACTIVITY
Day-1

Day-2

Day-3

Day-4

Day-5

Day-6

21
 WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK – 7 (From Date………..….. to Date ................... )

Objective of the Activity Done:

Detailed Report:

22
 ACTIVITY LOG FOR THE EIGHTH WEEK

BRIEF LEARNING PERSON

DAY&DATE DESCRIPTION OUTCOME IN CHARGE
OF THE DAILY SIGN
ACTIVITY

Day- 1

Day- 2

Day- 3

Day- 4

Day- 5

Day- 6

23
 WEEKLY REPORT

WEEK – 8 (From Date………..….. to Date ................... )

Objective of the Activity Done:

Detailed Report:

24
 CHAPTER-4
OUTCOMES DESCRIPTION

4.1 INTRODUCTION:
On the regard of our Community Service Project our project is on. In this regard we have planned
our agenda for 6 weeks and prepared a questionnaire and checked it properly. We are the team members
have selected our community they are KURUGUNTA and then we’ve conducted survey for the first 5 and
half weeks and after analysing the reports from the weeks we have organized awareness camps and got
them motivated to promote women education.

QUESTIONNAIRE:

➢ What is crop rotation?

➢ Which of the following varieties of crops is not produced in india?

➢ Which of the following is not considered as a crop city of india?

➢ Which of the following is not the characteristic feature of biodiversity?

➢ How many stages are there in the life cycle of a crop?

➢ Crop is formed by how many stages of land?

PROBLEMS FACED IN THE COMMUNITY:

The following are the major issues with crop rotation in the country:

• Changing weather conditions

• The type of soil generally suitable for certain crops

• Low profitability

• Necessitates more skills and knowledge of the subject

25
History:

26
Stages of crop production:
The stages of production are as follows
• Preparation of Soil.
• Sowing of Seeds
• Addition of Manure and Fertilizers.
• Irrigation.
• Protection from Weeds.
• Harvesting
• Storage.

▪ Agriculture is the science, which mainly deals with the diverse processes or the methods used for the
cultivating different varieties of plants and livestock farming or animal husbandry on the basis of human
requirements.

▪ When plants of the same variety are cultivated on a large scale, they are called crops. The crops are
divided on the basis of the seasons in which they grow:

▪ Kharif Crops-These crops are sown in the early monsoon season, which generally varies by crop and
region of cultivation. In India, Kharif crops are sown at the beginning of the rainy season, between the
month of June and July. These crops are harvested at the end of monsoon season, between the month of
September and October. Paddy is the main Kharif crop.

▪ Rabi Crops- These crops are sown during winter and after the monsoon, which is between the month
of October and November. In India, Rabi crops are harvested during the spring between the month of
March and April. Wheat is the main Rabi crop.

Processes of crop production:

About 70% of the Indian population practices agriculture. Hence, the production and management of crops
is an important aspect to ensure optimal productivity in the fields. The major agricultural practices involved
in crop production and management are listed below:

• Preparation of Soil

• Sowing of Seeds

• Addition of Manure and Fertilizers

• Irrigation

• Protection from Weeds

27
 • Harvesting

• Storage

Preparation of Soil
The soil is loosened and tilted before the seeds are sown. Ploughs are used for the purpose. If the soil
contains big lumps, they are broken with the help of a hoe. This process aerates the soil so that the roots
breathe easily. The nutrients and minerals get properly mixed with the soil and come at the top. Thus, the
fertility of the soil increases and is fit for plantation.

Addition Of Manures And Fertilizers

The soil may not have the right nutrients to efficiently sustain plant growth. Hence, manures and fertilizers
are added to the soil to increase its fertility and help plants grow better. Manure is prepared by using
decomposing plant and animal matter in compost pits. Fertilizers, on the other hand, are chemicals prepared
in factories which contain nutrients for a specific plant.
They give faster results than manures. However, when excessively used, they turn the soil infertile.

Irrigation
Crops require water at regular intervals for proper growth. The supply of water to the plants is known as
irrigation. Well, rivers, lakes, tube-wells are different sources for irrigation. The traditional methods of
agriculture involve the use of humans and animals. The various traditional ways are moats, chain-pump,
dhekli, rahat. The modern techniques of irrigation include the sprinkler system and the drip system. Water
is very important for the germination of seeds. It helps in the proper development of flowers, fruits, seeds,
and plants. Therefore, it should be present in plants in large quantities.

Protection from Weeds

The undesirable plants that grow along with the crops are called weeds. These weeds, feed on the nutrients
provided to the crops and thus reduce the supply of nutrients to the crops, thereby, inhibiting their growth.
The growth of these weeds needs to be prevented in order to enhance the growth of the plants. The process
of removal of weeds is called weeding. To achieve this, weedicides are employed, which are essentially
chemicals specifically made to destroy weeds. They are usually sprayed before seeding and flowering .

28
 Harvesting
When the crop matures, it is cut for further processing. This process is known as harvesting. It is usually
manual labour, done with the help of sickle. However, mechanical harvesting is used these days – machines
such as combine harvesters are used where the crops are harvested and threshed in one go.

• Threshing- Separation of grains from the harvested crops is called threshing. It is done either
mechanically or by cattle.
• Winnowing- The separation of grains and chaff is called winnowing. It is done either mechanically or
manually.

Storage
The grains should be properly stored if they are to be kept for longer periods. They need to be protected
from pests and moisture. The freshly harvested seeds should be dried before they are stored. This prevents
the attack from microorganisms and pests. The harvested and separated grains are stored in airtight metallic
bins or in the jute bags. Dried neem leaves are added to protect them from damage at home. Large amounts
of grains are stored in granaries or silos with specific chemical treatments, to protect them from pests and
insects.

Crop production in India:

India has the unique distinction of being the only country producing all the five known commercial
crops, namely,

• coffee

• cotton,

• raw jute,

• sugarcane

• groundnut

• mustard and soyabean

29
coffee plant is mainly production in some states namely:

• kerala

• Tamil nadu,

• Andhra pradesh

• odisha

• Tripura

• Do you know India has about 250,000 coffee growers? Of these, 98% are small coffee bean
farmers with limited resources but great potential. Almost 80% of the coffee produced in India is
exported, while the rest, 20%, is consumed within the country. So, we are here with a list of most
popular Coffee Producing States in India.
• If we talk about its origin, coffee cultivation was first introduced in 1670. Moreover, India’s first
coffee beans were brought to Chikmagalur of Karnataka in India, first.
• Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu are India’s traditional yet top coffee producing states. These
states are popular to produce the rich in taste or simply the best coffee in India. However, other
than these, there are other top producers of coffee too that have made it to the list of top.

30
Life cycle of crops:
Everything that lives on earth has a life cycle. Life has a beginning point, growth, reproduction, and an end
of life. All plants have a life cycle and this cycle is very important to agriculture. Because a major source of
our food is from plants, we can classify them by their life cycle. Crops can be sorted into annuals, biennials
and perennials. But before we look into the classification of some agricultural crops, let’s first take a look at
the plant life cycle.

LIVESTOCK:
➢ Their uses are for meat, milking, wool, leather, or labor. Taking care of livestock is animal husbandry.
Some types of livestock are: cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens. Chickens produce eggs; pigs
produce meat; cattle, goats and sheep create milk, and sheep also create wool. Horses, cattle, camels,
llamas, water buffalo, and other large animals do work for people, such as pulling wagons and other
vehicles.

31
➢ The breeding, keeping alive, and killing of livestock is called animal husbandry. Animal husbandry
have been practiced by humans for a long time. There are different animal husbandry practices
used by different cultures. It is an important part of the economy and culture of many countries.

32
LEACHING:
➢ Leaching occurs as excess water removes water-soluble nutrients out of the soil, by runoff or drainage.
Leaching is an environmental problem for agricultural professionals whether chemical-heavy fertilisers
or chemicals are swept out and find their way into water bodies.

➢ Leaching is closely related to solvent extraction, in which a soluble substance is dissolved from one
liquid by a second liquid immiscible with the first. Both leaching and solvent extraction are often
called extraction. Leaching is also known as solid-liquid extraction, lixiviation, washing etc.
➢ The mechanism by which components of a solid material are released into a touching water phase is
leaching. Although some species may be of greater environmental significance than others, the
leaching mechanism is indiscriminate in such a manner that all components (e.g., major or minor
components of the matrix as well as inorganic , organic and radionuclide contaminants) are emitted
under a general collection of chemical phenomena that may include mineral dissolution, desorption and
complexation, and mass transport processes
➢ A cyanide solution, or lixiviant, is percolated into ore deposited in vats, columns or heaps during the
cyanide leaching process. The cyanide dissolves gold, which is then extracted from the heap or
columns. It is then removed by adsorption of carbon or resins from the pregnant leaching solution.

33
LAND:
Land, also known as dry land, ground, or earth, is the solid terrestrial surface of Earth not submerged by
the ocean or another body of water. It makes up 29.2% of Earth's surface and includes all continents and
islands. Earth's land surface is almost entirely covered by regolith, a layer of rock, soil, and minerals that
forms the outer part of the crust. Land plays an important role in Earth's climate system, being involved in
the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and water cycle. One-third of land is covered in trees, another third is used
for agriculture, and one-tenth is covered in permanent snow and glaciers. The remainder consists of desert,
savannah, and prairie.

34
Uses of crops:

▪ Corn and other feed grains

▪ Cotton and wool Fruit and tree nuts
▪ Rice
▪ Soybeans and oil crops

Types of Crop Rotation:

There are several types of Crop Rotation, and farmers often choose a rotation system based on their
specific goals and the crops they cultivate. Here are some common types of crop rotation:

Single-Year Rotation:
35
This involves alternating between two different crops each year. For example, corn in year one,
followed by soybeans in year two, and then back to corn in year three.

Two-Year Rotation:

This involves a cycle of two crops over a two-year period. For example: Wheat in year one followed
by soybeans in year two, and then back to wheat in year three.

Three-Year Rotation:

This involves a cycle of three different crops over three years. For Example – Year one – corn; year
two – soybeans; year three – wheat; and then back to corn in year four.

Four-Year Rotation:

This involves a cycle of four different crops over four years. For example, in year one – corn; year
two – soybeans; year three – wheat; year four – cover crops or fallow; and then back to corn in year
five.

Cover Crop Rotation:

This involves the inclusion of cover crops in the rotation to improve soil health and fertility. For
example, corn is followed by a cover crop such as legumes or grasses, then soybeans, and back to
another cover crop before starting the cycle again.

Cash Crop and Green Manure Rotation:

This involves alternating between cash crops for sale and green manure crops to enhance soil
organic matter. For example, Corn (cash crop), followed by a green manure crop like clover or
alfalfa, then soybeans (cash crop), and back to a green manure crop before restarting the cycle.

Diversified Crop Rotation:

This involves a mix of different crops in the rotation to enhance biodiversity and reduce
susceptibility to pests and diseases. Example: Corn, followed by beans, then vegetables, and finally,
a cover crop or fallow period.

36
Advantages of Crop Rotation:

The advantages of Crop Rotation in Agricultural terms are as follows:

Enhanced Soil Fertility: Crop rotation helps maintain and enhance soil fertility by preventing the
depletion of specific nutrients. Different crops have different nutrient requirements, and by rotating
them, the soil is more likely to retain its essential elements.
Pest and Disease Control: One of the significant advantages of crop rotation is its ability to disrupt
the life cycles of pests and diseases. By changing the type of crop planted, farmers can reduce the
risk of pest infestations and disease outbreaks, minimizing the need for chemical interventions.
Weed Management: Crop rotation can contribute to weed control by disrupting the growth patterns
of specific weed species. Different crops may require different cultivation practices, making it
harder for certain weeds to establish and proliferate.
Optimized Nutrient Use: The inclusion of leguminous crops in rotation allows for natural nitrogen
fixation, reducing the reliance on synthetic fertilizers. This not only optimizes nutrient use but also
contributes to more sustainable and environmentally friendly farming practices.

The Disadvantages of Crop Rotation are as follows:

Crop Selection: Choosing the right combination of crops for rotation requires careful consideration
of soil types, climate, and market demand. Farmers need to select crops that complement each other
in terms of nutrient requirements, growth patterns, and pest resistance.

Market Demand: Farmers may face challenges related to market demand for certain crops in their
region. If there is limited market demand for rotational crops, it can impact the economic viability
of implementing crop rotation systems.
Knowledge and Education: Successful crop rotation requires knowledge of agronomy, soil science,
and pest management. Farmers may need access to education and extension services to gain the
necessary skills and information to implement effective crop rotation practic

37
 The career options in crops:
❖ With a degree from the Department of Crop Sciences, you will have endless opportunities to
succeed. The demand for our students is high, and the future looks even more promising for well-
trained scientists.
❖ Our graduates usually have two or more lucrative job opportunities waiting. On average, more
than 30 percent of our undergraduate students attend graduate school.

38
 THE SOLUTION

Farmers can adopt several effective solutions to implement crop rotation successfully. Firstly,
they should develop a well-planned rotation scheme tailored to their farm's specific conditions,
considering factors like soil type, climate, and market demands. Diversifying the crops in rotation
is crucial, as it allows for optimal soil health maintenance, pest management, and yield
improvement. Including cover crops, complement crop rotation, integrating biological control and
habitat management for beneficial organisms to reduce reliance on synthetic pesticides.
Monitoring soil health, pest populations, and crop performance throughout the rotation cycle
enables farmers to make timely adjustments. Utilizing precision agriculture technologies and
accessing educational resources and extension services also support informed decision-making.
Governments and agricultural organizations can provide financial incentives and support to
encourage sustainable practices like crop rotation. Ultimately, by implementing these strategies,
farmers can improve overall farm resilience, soil quality, and long-term productivity while
minimizing environmental impacts.

39
 CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION

In conclusion, crop rotation is a valuable tool for improving soil health, increasing crop productivity, and
reducing the need for chemical inputs. By rotating crops, farmers can benefit from higher crop yields, a
more diverse income stream, and a healthier environment. By carefully planning and implementing a crop
rotation system, farmers can help to ensure the long-term success of their farming operations.

40
STUDENTS
SELF-
EVALUATION

41
 Student Self-Evaluation for the Community Service Project

StudentName:
RegistrationNo:
Period of CSP : From: To:
Date of Evaluation :
Name of the Person in-charge :
Address with mobile number

Please rate your performance in the following areas:

Rating Scale: 1 is lowest and 5 is highest rank

1. Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5
2. Written communication 1 2 3 4 5

3. Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5

4. Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5

5. Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

6. Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5

7. Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5

8. Work Plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5

9. Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

10. Creativity 1 2 3 4 5

11. Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5

12. Time Management 1 2 3 4 5

13. Understanding the Community 1 2 3 4 5

14. Achievement of Desired Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5

15. OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5

Date: Signature of the Student

42
 Student Self-Evaluation for the Community Service Project

Student Name :
Registration No :
Period of CSP : From: To:
Date of Evaluation :
Name of the Person in-charge :
Address with mobile number :

Please rate your performance in the following

areas:
Rating Scale: 1 is lowest and 5 is highest rank

1. Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5
2. Written communication 1 2 3 4 5

3. Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5

4. Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5

5. Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

6. Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5

7. Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5

8. Work Plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5

9. Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

10. Creativity 1 2 3 4 5

11. Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5

12. Time Management 1 2 3 4 5

13. Understanding the Community 1 2 3 4 5

14. Achievement of Desired Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5

15. OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5

Date: Signature of the Student:

43
 Student Self-Evaluation for the Community Service Project

Student Name :
Registration No :
Period of CSP : From: To:
Date of Evaluation :
Name of the Person in-charge :
Address with mobile number :

Please rate your performance in the following areas:

Rating Scale: 1 is lowest and 5 is highest rank

1. Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5
2. Written communication 1 2 3 4 5

3. Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5

4. Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5

5. Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

6. Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5

7. Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5

8. Work Plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5

9. Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

10. Creativity 1 2 3 4 5

11. Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5

12. Time Management 1 2 3 4 5

13. Understanding the Community 1 2 3 4 5

14. Achievement of Desired Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5

15. OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5

Date: Signature of the Student

44
 Student Self-Evaluation for the Community Service Project

Student Name :
Registration No :
Period of CSP : From: To:
Date of Evaluation :
Name of the Person in-charge :
Address with mobile number :

Please rate your performance in the following areas:

Rating Scale: 1 is lowest and 5 is highest rank

1. Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5
2. Written communication 1 2 3 4 5

3. Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5

4. Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5

5. Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

6. Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5

7. Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5

8. Work Plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5

9. Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

10. Creativity 1 2 3 4 5

11. Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5

12. Time Management 1 2 3 4 5

13. Understanding the Community 1 2 3 4 5

14. Achievement of Desired Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5

15. OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5

Date: Signature of the Student

45
 Student Self-Evaluation for the Community Service Project

Student Name :
Registration No :
Period of CSP : From: To:
Date of Evaluation :
Name of the Person in-charge :
Address with mobile number :

Please rate your performance in the following areas:

Rating Scale: 1 is lowest and 5 is highest rank

1. Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5
2. Written communication 1 2 3 4 5

3. Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5

4. Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5

5. Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

6. Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5

7. Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5

8. Work Plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5

9. Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

10. Creativity 1 2 3 4 5

11. Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5

12. Time Management 1 2 3 4 5

13. Understanding the Community 1 2 3 4 5

14. Achievement of Desired Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5

15. OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5

Date: Signature of the Student

46
 Evaluation by the Person in-charge in the Community/Habitation

Student Name :
Registration No :
Period of CSP : From: To:
Date of Evaluation :
Name of the Person in-charge :
Address with mobile number :

Please rate your performance in the following areas:

Rating Scale: 1 is lowest and 5 is highest rank

1. Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5
2. Written communication 1 2 3 4 5

3. Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5

4. Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5

5. Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

6. Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5

7. Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5

8. Work Plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5

9. Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

10. Creativity 1 2 3 4 5

11. Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5

12. Time Management 1 2 3 4 5

13. Understanding the Community 1 2 3 4 5

14. Achievement of Desired Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5

15. OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5

Date: Signature of the Supervisor

47
 Evaluation by the Person in-charge in the Community/Habitation

Student Name :
Registration No :
Period of CSP : From: To:
Date of Evaluation :
Name of the Person in-charge :
Address with mobile number :

Please rate your performance in the following areas:

Rating Scale: 1 is lowest and 5 is highest rank

1. Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5
2. Written communication 1 2 3 4 5

3. Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5

4. Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5

5. Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

6. Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5

7. Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5

8. Work Plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5

9. Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

10. Creativity 1 2 3 4 5

11. Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5

12. Time Management 1 2 3 4 5

13. Understanding the Community 1 2 3 4 5

14. Achievement of Desired Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5

15. OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5

Date: Signature of the Student

48
 Evaluation by the Person in-charge in the Community/Habitation

Student Name :
Registration No :
Period of CSP : From: To:
Date of Evaluation :
Name of the Person in-charge :
Address with mobile number :

Please rate your performance in the following areas:

Rating Scale: 1 is lowest and 5 is highest rank

1. Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5
2. Written communication 1 2 3 4 5

3. Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5

4. Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5

5. Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

6. Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5

7. Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5

8. Work Plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5

9. Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

10. Creativity 1 2 3 4 5

11. Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5

12. Time Management 1 2 3 4 5

13. Understanding the Community 1 2 3 4 5

14. Achievement of Desired Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5

15. OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5

Date: Signature of the Supervisor

49
 Evaluation by the Person in-charge in the Community/Habitation

Student Name :
Registration No :
Period of CSP : From: To:
Date of Evaluation :
Name of the Person in-charge :
Address with mobile number :

Please rate your performance in the following areas:

Rating Scale: 1 is lowest and 5 is highest rank

1. Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5
2. Written communication 1 2 3 4 5

3. Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5

4. Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5

5. Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

6. Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5

7. Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5

8. Work Plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5

9. Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

10. Creativity 1 2 3 4 5

11. Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5

12. Time Management 1 2 3 4 5

13. Understanding the Community 1 2 3 4 5

14. Achievement of Desired Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5

15. OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5

Date: Signature of the Supervisor

50
 Evaluation by the Person in-charge in the Community/Habitation

Student Name :
Registration No :
Period of CSP : From: To:
Date of Evaluation :
Name of the person in-charge :
Address with mobile number :

Please rate your performance in the following areas:

Rating Scale: 1 is lowest and 5 is highest rank

1. Oral communication 1 2 3 4 5
2. Written communication 1 2 3 4 5

3. Proactiveness 1 2 3 4 5

4. Interaction ability with community 1 2 3 4 5

5. Positive Attitude 1 2 3 4 5

6. Self-confidence 1 2 3 4 5

7. Ability to learn 1 2 3 4 5

8. Work Plan and organization 1 2 3 4 5

9. Professionalism 1 2 3 4 5

10. Creativity 1 2 3 4 5

11. Quality of work done 1 2 3 4 5

12. Time Management 1 2 3 4 5

13. Understanding the Community 1 2 3 4 5

14. Achievement of Desired Outcomes 1 2 3 4 5

15. OVERALL PERFORMANCE 1 2 3 4 5

Date: Signature of the Supervisor

51
PHOTO’S OF
SURVEY

52
WEEK 1

53
WEEK 2

54
WEEK 3

55
WEEK 4

56
WEEK 5

57
WEEK 6

58
WEEK 7

59
WEEK 8

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