DDUIoT

#Lecture_3
Poles and Zeros of Network Functions

2017 E.C

Compiled by: M.D

Network analysis & synthesis 1

 Contents

̶ Simple ladder network

 Structure of ladder network
 Network functions for ladder network
̶ Network function in generalized form
̶ Poles and zeros of network function
̶ Pole-zero plot
̶ Significance of poles and zeros
̶ Time-domain response from pole-zero plot.

Network analysis & synthesis 2

 Simple ladder network
◼ Type of electrical circuit configuration.
̶ Composed of alternating series and parallel connections of
reactive/resistive components.

◼ Commonly used in:

̶ Filter design --> In shaping frequency response of reactive
components.
̶ Impedance matching --> Utilized in RF circuits to minimize
signals reflections and maximize power transfer b/n different
components.

Network analysis & synthesis 3

 Structure of ladder n/w

Series arms

1 Z1 Z3 Z5 2

Y2 Y4 Y6

1′ 2′
Input port Shunt arms Output port

Network analysis & synthesis 4

 N/k functions for Ladder n/w
◼ Driving point impedance or transform impedance at port 1-1’:
̶ Since, only 6 arms are considered in the above figure; we will
begin with 𝐘𝟔 .
̶ 𝐘𝟔 is 1st inverted and combined with 𝐙𝟓 , next this sum is
inverted and combined with 𝐘𝟒 .
̶ This pattern is continued until the process terminates.

1
Z = Z1 +
1
Y2 + 1
Z3 + 1
Y4 + 1
Z5 +
Y6 + … …

Network analysis & synthesis 5

 Network function in generalized form
◼ In linear RLC network, any network functions like impedance,
admittance, and soon is represented by F s .
̶ F s may be expressed as the ratio of two polynomials 𝑁(𝑠),
numerator polynomial and 𝐷(𝑠), denominator polynomial.
N(s) am s m + am−1 s m−1 + ⋯ + a1 s + a0
F s = =
D(s) bn s n + bn−1 s n−1 + ⋯ + b1 s + b0
K s − Z1 s − Z2 … (s − Zm−1 )(s − Zm )
F s =
s − P1 s − P2 … (s − Pn−1 )(s − Pn )

𝒂𝒎
𝐊= → Scale factor (positive constant).
𝒃𝒏

Network analysis & synthesis 6

 Poles of a n/k function
◼ Values of ‘𝐬’ for which the network function becomes ∞.

◼ The roots P1 , P2 , … in 𝐅 𝒔 above are poles of F s .

̶ Example: Consider a network function,
s+1
Z s =
s(s + 2)(s + 3)
̶ Now, for s = 0, -2 and -3, Z s will become infinite.
̶ Thus, s = 0, -2 and -3 are the poles of a network function.

Network analysis & synthesis 7

 Zeros of a n/k function
◼ Values of ‘𝐬’ for which the network function becomes 𝐳𝐞𝐫𝐨.

◼ The roots Z1 , Z2 , … in 𝐅(𝐬) above are zeros of F(s).

̶ Example: Consider the same network function,
s+1
Z s =
s(s + 2)(s + 3)
̶ Now, for 𝑠 = −1, Z s will become zero.
̶ Hence, 𝑠 = −1 is zero of the network function.

Network analysis & synthesis 8

 Pole-zero diagram
◼ The poles and zeros of a network function can be plotted in
the complex s-plane.
̶ A pole is represented by a cross (×) whereas a zero is
represented by a circle (o).

◼ Since, 𝐬 = 𝛔 + 𝐣𝛚,
̶ The abscissa of s-plane is real axis or 𝛔 − 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬, and
̶ Ordinate of s-plane is imaginary axis or 𝐣𝛚 − 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬.

Network analysis & synthesis 9

 Example (1)
◼ Pole–zero diagram for the network function:
s + 1 s + 3 (s + 5)(s + 7)
Z s =
(s + 2)(s + 4)(s + 6)(s + 8)

Network analysis & synthesis 10

 Example (2)
◼ Pole–zero diagram for the network function:
5s + 4
F s =
(s − 1)(s 2 + 2s + 4)
◼ The network function F s has:
̶ Zeros at s = −0.8.
̶ Poles at 𝑠 = 1, 𝑠 = −1 ± 𝑗2

Network analysis & synthesis 11

 Example (3)
◼ Obtain pole-zero diagram of a network function given by:
2s
F s =
s + 2 s 2 + 2s + 2
̶ Poles are situated at s = −2 or s = −1 ± j & zeros at s = 0.

Network analysis & synthesis 12

 Example (4)
◼ Obtain a network function if the 𝑑. 𝑐. gain of the network is 10
and pole-zero plot is given below.

Zeros Poles

Network analysis & synthesis 13

 Solution
◼ From the pole-zero plot, the network function has:
̶ Three poles at s = −1, s = −2 + j, and s = −2 − j
̶ One zero at s = −3.
K(s + 3) K(s + 3)
F s = =
(s + 1)(s + 2 − j)(s + 2 + j) (s + 1)(s 2 + 4s + 5)

◼ Now, 𝐝. 𝐜. gain is the value of 𝐅 𝐬 at 𝐬 = 𝟎.

3K
F s |s=0 = = 10 → 𝐊 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟔𝟕
5
̶ Hence, the network function is given by:
16.67(s + 3)
F s =
(s + 1)(s 2 + 4s + 5)

Network analysis & synthesis 14

 Exercise
◼ Obtain the driving point impedance Z(s) of the networks
shown below, and plot poles and zeros of the driving point
impedance functions on the s-plane.

(a) (b)

Network analysis & synthesis 15

 Significance of poles and zeros
◼ To determine stability of the network.
̶ Poles must lie on the left half of s-plane.
̶ We must have only simple poles on 𝐣𝛚 − 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬.

◼ To determine the circuit condition.

̶ For example: The driving point impedance is represented as,
𝐕(𝐬)
𝐙 𝐬 =
𝐈(𝐬)
̶ A pole of Z(s) implies zero current when voltage is finite.
 This is nothing but an open-circuit condition.
̶ A zero of Z(s) implies no voltage for a finite current.
 This means a short-circuit condition.
Network analysis & synthesis 16
 Exercise
◼ Check the stability condition for the network having a network
function given below.
s+1 s+3 (s+5)(s+7)
̶ Z s =
(s+2)(s+4)(s+6)(s+8)

5𝑠+4
̶ 𝐹 𝑠 =
(𝑠−1)(𝑠 2 +2𝑠+4)

Network analysis & synthesis 17

 Time-domain response
◼ Time-domain response can be obtained from pole–zero plot of
a network function.
◼ Let V(s) or I(s) is a network function having;
̶ 𝐦 number of poles P1 , P2 , … , Pm , and
̶ 𝐧 number of zeros (Z1 , Z2 , … , Zn ).

𝐾 s−Z1 s−Z2 ….(s−Zn )

V s or I s =
s−P1 s−P2 ….(s−Pm )

̶ To find v(t) and i(t), we must follow the following steps.

Network analysis & synthesis 18

 Time-domain response …
◼ Step 1: Using partial fractions of a given n/k functions, we can
rewrite V s or I s as:
𝐾1 𝐾2 𝐾3 𝐾𝑚
V s or I s = + + +⋯+
𝑠 − 𝑃1 𝑠 − 𝑃2 𝑠 − 𝑃3 𝑠 − 𝑃𝑚

◼ Step 2: Find the values of 𝐾1 , 𝐾2 , 𝐾3 , … , 𝐾𝑚 .

𝐾 𝑃1 − Z1 𝑃1 − Z2 … . (𝑃1 − Zn )
𝐾1 = V s or I s |𝑠=𝑃1 =
𝑃1 − P2 𝑃1 − P3 … . (𝑃1 − Pm )

Network analysis & synthesis 19

 Time-domain response …

𝑃2 − Z1 𝑃2 − Z2 … . (𝑃2 − Zn )
𝐾2 = V s or I s |𝑠=𝑃2 =
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 𝑃2 − P3 … . (𝑃2 − Pm )
𝑃𝑚 − Z1 𝑃𝑚 − Z2 … . (𝑃𝑚 − Zn )
𝐾𝑚 = V s or I s |𝑠=𝑃𝑚 =
𝑃𝑚 − 𝑃1 𝑃𝑚 − P2 … . (𝑃𝑚 − Pm−1 )

◼ Step 3: Take the inverse Laplace transform of V s or I s to

obtain V(t) or i(t).
2 s+4
◼ Example: Given I s = , draw pole-zero diagram of a
s+3 s+8
network function and find time-domain response.
̶ I s has poles at 𝑠 = −3 and 𝑠 = −8, zeros at 𝑠 = −4.

Network analysis & synthesis 20

 Time-domain response …
◼ Pole-zero diagram of I(s):

Poles

Zeros

Network analysis & synthesis 21

 Time-domain response …
◼ Let’s find i(t).
̶ Step 1: Use decomposition into partial fraction.
̶ Partial fractions of I s :
K1 K2
I(s) = +
s+3 s+8
̶ Step 2: Find values of K1 and K 2 , since K = 2 is given.
K(P1 −Z1 ) 2 −3− −4 2
K1 = I s |s=P1 =−3 = = =
(P1 −P2 ) −3− −8 5

K(P2 −Z1 ) 2 −8− −4 8

K 2 = I s |s=P2=−8 = = =
(P2 −P1 ) −8− −3 5

Network analysis & synthesis 22

 Time-domain response …

̶ Now, I s can be written as:

2 8
I s = 5 + 5
s+3 s+8
̶ Step 3: Take the inverse Laplace transform of I(s).
2 8
i t = L−1 I s = L−1 5 + 5
s+3 s+8
2 −3t 8 −8t
i t = e + e A
5 5

Network analysis & synthesis 23

 Necessary conditions
◼ Necessary conditions for any network function to be a driving
point immittance function.
̶ Coefficients in N(s) and D(s) must be real and positive.
̶ Poles and zeros if complex must occur in conjugate pairs.
̶ Real part of all poles and zeros must be negative or zero.
 Poles and zeros must lie in the left half of s-plane.
̶ If the real part of pole or zero is zero, then that pole or zero
must be simple.
 We must not have multiple poles on 𝑗𝜔 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.

Network analysis & synthesis 24

 Necessary conditions …
̶ N(s) and D(s) must not have missing terms between highest
and lowest degrees, unless all even/odd terms are missing.
̶ The highest degree of N(s) and D(s) must vary by either
zero or one only.
̶ The lowest degree of N(s) and D(s) must vary by either zero
or one only.

◼ Example: Check whether the following functions are suitable in

representing driving point immittance functions or not.
4s4 +s2 −3s+1 s3 +s2 +6s+2
a) Z s = s3 +2s2 +2s+40
c) Z s =
6s4 +6s3 +7s2

s2 +s+2
b) Z s = 2s2 +s+1

Network analysis & synthesis 25

 Reading
Assignment

̶ Enumerate the necessary conditions for transfer

function.
̶ Compare and contrast necessary conditions for a
network driving point and transfer function.

Network analysis & synthesis 26

Network analysis & synthesis 27