T.

SATYANARAYANA
Z.P.H.S VATLURU

CLASS: 10

BIOLOGY
NOTES

T. Satyanarayana
Z.P.H.S VATLURU

ELURU Dt.
 1 NUTRITION
1. Why photosynthesis is considered as the basic energy source for most of living world?
All living things constantly need energy to be alive. They get the energy in the form of food. The
food directly or indirectly comes from the green plants through photosynthesis. Hence
photosynthesis is considered as the basic energy source for most of living world.

2 What are the connecting substance between light reaction and dark reaction?
ATP and NADPH2 are the connecting substance between light reaction and dark reaction.

3 Why is better to call the dark phase of photosynthesis as a light independent phase?
The Dark reaction does not depend on light. It occurs in night and day time also. Hence it is better
to call the dark phase of photosynthesis as a light independent phase.

4 Why is it necessary to destarch a plant or to keep the plant in dark before performing any
experiment of photosynthesis?
It is necessary to destarch a plant before performing any experiment on photosynthesis because if
starch is present it may interfere with the result of the experiment. To destarch, the plant is kept in
dark for a week.

5 What is the role of acid in stomach?

1. HCL is released in stomach
2. It kills harmful germs of the food
3. It creates an acidic medium, which facilitates the action of pepsin.

6 What is the role of roughages in the alimentary canal?

1. Roughages are the fibers of carbohydrates or proteins
2. They clean the alimentary canal
3. They avoid constipation.

7 If we keep on increasing CO2 concentration in the air what will be the rate of
photosynthesis?
The rate of photosynthesis increases up to a certain concentration of CO2 .After that there will be
no increase in the rate of photosynthesis.

8 What happens to plants if the rate of respiration becomes more than the rate of
photosynthesis?
If the rate of respiration becomes more than the rate of photosynthesis, the plant is starved due to
the lack of food. It gets etiolated and finally it leads to the death.

9 What happens if there were no green plants on the earth?

If there were no green plants on the earth, there will be no food and oxygen. Finally there will be
no life on the earth.
10. Write the differences between autotrophic nutrition and heterotrophic nutrition?
Autotrophic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition
1.The organism prepare its own food 1.The organism doesn’t prepare its own food
2.Food is prepared from CO2, water, and 2.Food can’t be prepared from CO2, water,
sunlight and sunlight
3.Ex: Green plants 3.Ex: Animals

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 11. Write the differences between light reaction and dark reaction?
Light reaction Dark reaction
1.Occurs in the grana of the chloroplast 1.Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast
2.Occurs only in the presence of light 2. It is not dependent on light
3.End products are O2, ATP, and NADPH 3.End product is Glucose

12. With the help of chemical equation explain the process of photosynthesis in detail?

Equation:

6CO2 +12H2O C6H12O6 +6H2O+6O2

Chlorophyll

Photosynthesis: It is a photo chemical reaction. It occurs in the chloroplasts, in the presence of

light. During this process carbohydrates and oxygen are formed.
Requirements: CO2, Water, Light and chlorophyll.
End products: Glucose, oxygen, water process.
Process: Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. They are- 1. Light reaction, 2. Dark reaction
a). Light reaction: It occurs in the presence of the light in the grana of chloroplast with the help
of light energy water molecule is divided into two ions named H+, OH-. This reaction is known as
photolysis and also called as Hill reaction.
H2O → H+ + OH-
The OH- ions, through a series of steps produce water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). H+ ions undergo
series of changes in dark reaction.
b). Dark reaction: It is light independent reaction the H+ ions which are produced in light
reaction picked up by NADP and formed as NADPH. The H+ ion of the NADPH combine
with CO2 and produce glucose (C6H12O6).

13. What is malnutrition? Explain some nutrition deficiency diseases in children?

Mal nutrition: Eating of food that does not have one or more than one nutrients in required
amount is known as mal nutrition.
Malnutrition diseases: 1. Kwashiorkor 2. Marasmus

1. Kwashiorkor :
1. This is due to protein deficiency in diet.
2. Body parts become swollen due to accumulation of water in the intercellular spaces.
3. Very poor muscle development.
4. They have swollen legs and fluffy face.
5. They difficult to eat.
6. They often suffer from diarrhea
7. They have dry skin.
2. Marasmus :
1. This is due to deficiency of both proteins and calories.
2. It occurs when there is an immediate and repeated pregnancies.
3. They are Lean and week.
4. They have swelling limbs, less developed muscles.
5. They often suffer from diarrhea.
6. They have dry skin.

14. How do you prove that plants produce starch in their leaves?
Iodine test:
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 Aim: To prove the presence of starch in leaves
Apparatus: Potted plant, beaker, Test tube, Bunsen burner, spirit, petri dish, Iodine solution.
Procedure:
1. Take a leaf and boil it in spirit over a water bath.
2. It becomes pale white due to the removal of chlorophyll.
3. Spread the leaf in a dish and pour iodine solution on it.
Observations:
1. The leaf turns into blue-black color due to presence of starch.
Result/inference:
During the process of photosynthesis starch is produced in leaves.

15. How do you prove carbon dioxide is essential for photosynthesis?

Mohl’s half leaf experiment:
Aim: To prove that carbon dioxide is essential
for photosynthesis.
Apparatus: Wide mouthed bottle, KOH solution,
potted plant, split cork, iodine solution.
Procedure:
1. Keep a potted plant in dark for a week to
remove the starch.
2. Put KOH solution in a wide mouth bottle
to remove carbon dioxide.
3. Insert half of a leaf in the bottle through the cork.
4. Leave the plant in sunlight.
5. After few hours test this leaf for starch.
Observation:
1.The outside part of the leaf turns into blue-black because of starch formation.
2.The inside part does not turns into blue-black because of the absence of carbon dioxide.
Result/inference:
It proves that carbon dioxide is necessary for photosynthesis.

16. How do you prove plants produce oxygen during photosynthesis?

Hydrilla experiment:
Aim: To prove that oxygen is produced during photosynthesis.
Apparatus: Beaker, test tube, funnel, Hydrilla plants.
Procedure:
1. Place some hydrilla plants in a funnel and keep it upside down in the water of beaker.
2. Invert a test tube full of water over the stem of funnel.
3. The level of water in the beaker should be above the stem of the funnel.
4. Place the apparatus in the sunlight.
5. After some time the gas bubbles from the plant reached to the
top of the test tube.
6. After that test tube should be taken out of the beaker carefully by
closing it with thumb.
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 7. A glowing incence stick should be kept in the test tube.

Observations:
1.We observe the gas bubbles come from plant.
2.The incense stick burst into flames.

Result:
This shows that oxygen is produced during photosynthesis.

17. How do you prove that light is essential for photosynthesis?

Light screen test:

Aim: To prove that sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis.

Apparatus: Potted plant, light screen, iodine solution.
Procedure:
1. Take a potted plant and destarch by keeping in the dark for a week.
2. Cover one of its leaves with light screen.
3. Place this plant in the sunlight for few hours.
4. Test the leaf for the presence of starch.
Observation: The part of leaf which could get light turns into blue-black colour. showing the
presence of starch.
Result: It proves that, the part which can get light perform photosynthesis and produced starch.

18. Observe the table of Digestive enzymes – Functions and answer the below questions?
Enzyme Secreted Secreted Digestive juice Acts on Products
by into
Ptyalin Salivary Buccal Saliva carbohydrates Dextrins,
(salivary glands cavity maltose
amylase)
Pepsin Gastric Stomach Gastric juice Proteins Peptones
glands
Bile(no Liver Duodenum Bile juice Fats Emulsification
enzymes)
Amylase Pancreas Duodenum Pancreatic juice Carbohydrates Maltose

Trypsin Pancreas Duodenum Pancreatic juice Proteins Peptones

Lipase Pancreas Duodenum Pancreatic juice Fats Fatty acids
Peptidases Small Small Intestinal juice Peptides Amino acids
intestine intestine
Sucrase Intestinal Small Intestinal juice Sucrose Glucose
gland intestine

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 1. Name the enzymes which act on carbohydrates?
Ptyalin, Amylase, Sucrase.
2. The enzymes that act on proteins?
Pepsin, trypsin.
3. Which juice contains no enzymes?
Bile juice.
4. What are the end products of the fats?
Fatty acids.
5. What is emulsification of fats?
Breaking down of large fats into small globules is called emulsification of fats.

19. Observe the table of vitamins – Deficiency diseases and answer the below questions?
VITAMIN DISEASE
Thiamine (B.1) Beriberi (Vomitings, fits, difficulty in breathing, paralysis)
Riboflavin (B.2) Glossitis (mouth cracks, red and sore tongue)
Niacin (B.3) Pellagra (scaly skin)
Pyridoxine(B.6) Anaemia
Cyanocobalamine (B.12) Pernicious anaemia
(Synthesised by bacteria)
Folic acid (B.9) Anaemia
Pantothenic acid (B.5) Burning feet
Biotin (B 7) Nervous disorders (mental depression)
Ascorbic acid (C) Scury (Delay in healing of wounds, fractures of bones.)

1. Name the vitamin which is not available in food material?

Cyanocobalamine.
2. What are the rich sources for vitamin.C?
Citrous fruits.
3. What are the sources for B.1 Vitamin?
Cereals and oil seeds.
4. What are the general sources for B complex vitamins?
Eggs, meat, liver, kidney, pulses.

20. Observe the table of vitamins – Deficiency diseases and answer the below questions?
VITAMIN RESOURCES DISEASES
Retinol (A) Leafy vegetables, carrot, tomato, Eye, skin diseases
pumpkin, papaya, mango, meat, fish, (Night blindness, xeropthalmia, cornea
egg, liver, milk, cod liver oil, shark failure, scaly skin.)
liver oil.
Calciferol Liver, egg, butter, cod liver oil, shark Rickets
(D) liver oil, morning sun rays. (improper formation of bones, Knock-
Knees, swollen wrists, delayed
dentition, weaky bones.)
Tokoferol Fruits, vegetables, sprouts, meat, Fertility disorders.
(E) egg, sunflower oil. (sterility in males, abortions in females.)
Phylloquino Green leafy vegetables, milk, Delay in blood clotting, over bleeding.
ne (K) cabbage.

1. Name the resource from which we get Cyanacobalamine(B12)?

Bacteria present in the intestine.
2. Write the symptoms of Vitamin’A’ deficiency deseases?
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 Night blindness, xeropthalmia, cornea failure, scaly skin.
3. Chemical name of Vitamin’D’?
Calciferol.
4. Which vitamin deficiency leads to fertility disorders?
Vitamin’E’(Tocoferol).
5. What are fat soluble vitamins?
Vitamin A,D,E,K.
6. What are water soluble vitamins?
Vitamin B complex and C
7. What are the types in vitamins?
Water soluble and fat soluble vitamins.

21. Draw the diagram T.S of leaf and label the parts?

It has a large number of stomata. Each stomata is surrounded by two guard cells. Stomata helps in
gaseous exchange and transpiration. The palisade parenchyma cells are tightly packed and have no
intercellular spaces. Sponge parenchyma cells have large intercellular space. Vascular bundles are
present in the midrib and veins. They consists of xylem and phloem cells. Xylem is located
towards the upper side and phloem is located towards the lower side of leaf. Xylem helps in
transportation of water and phloem helps in transportation of food.

22. Draw the diagram structure of chloroplast and label the parts?

The chloroplasts consists of 3 membranes. The 3rd membrane forms stacked like structures called
granum. The stacks of thylakoids are called granum. It is the site of trapping solar energy. The
intermediary fluid filled portion is called stroma. Glucose is synthesized in stroma and turn as
starch. The green colour pigment called chlorophyll is located in thylakoid membrane.

23. Draw the flowchart of human digestive system?

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 24. Write slogans on importance of plants?
1. Save trees, save lives.
2. Save trees, save earth.
3. Killing trees is killing us.
4. Save trees now, they will save you in future.
5. Trees the lungs of the world.
6. If you save a tree you save a life.
7. No trees = No oxygen = No life.

25. What food habits you are going to follow to keep your digestive system healthy?
1. I eat simple and well balanced diet
2. I take food in leisurely manner.
3. I thoroughly masticate the food.
4. I drink plenty of water.
5. I eat high fiber food.
6. I avoid junk food.
7. I don’t encourage over eating.
8. I eat fruits and vegetables.
9. I follow one particular time for meals

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 2. RESPIRATION
1. Write the differences between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
1.It takes place in the presence of 1.It takes place in the absence of oxygen
oxygen
2.Glucose oxidized completely 2.Glucose oxidized incompletely
3.End products are co2, and water 3.End products are ethyl alcohol or lactic
acid and co2
4.Lot of energy is liberated (38 ATP) 4.small energy is liberated (2 ATP)
5.It occurs in plants and animal cells 5.It occurs in some bacteria and human
muscle cells

2. Write the differences between respiration and combustion

Respiration Combustion
1.It occurs in living cells 1.It is non cellular
2.It occurs at the body temperature 2.Heat is to be applied
3.Energy is released in several stages 3.Energy is released at once, as heat
4.Several intermediates are formed 4.No intermediates are formed
5.Enzymes are required 5.Enzymes aren’t required
6.It occurs in the presence of water 6.It occurs in the absence of water
7.It is a controlled process 7.It is an uncontrolled process
8.Energy is stored in ATP in the body 8.Energy is not stored

3. Write the differences between Photosynthesis and respiration

Photosynthesis Respiration
1.It occurs in plants and some bacteria 1.It occurs in all living organisms
2.Takes place in the presence of sunlight 2.Takes place in day and night
3.It is dependent on light 3.It is independent of light
4.Raw materials are CO2 and water 4.Raw materials are Carbohydrates
and oxygen
5.Light energy is fixed as chemical energy in 5.chemical energy in carbohydrates is
carbohydrates released
6.Oxygen is liberated and CO2 is utilized 6.Oxygen is utilized and CO2 is
liberated
7.It is an anabolic process 7.It is a catabolic process
8. 8.
6CO2+12H2O 𝐶ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑙𝑙 →C6H12O6+6H2O+6O2 C6H12O6+6O26cO2+6H2O+686K.cal
𝐿𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

4. Why does a deep sea diver carry oxygen on his back?

A deep sea diver carries an oxygen cylinder for breathing. Because he can’t use the oxygen which
is dissolved in water like a fish.

5. Why we are advised not to talk while eating food?

1. Pharynx is a common passage for food and air. From here two passages are started, one end to
the lungs and other end to the stomach.
2. Epiglottis a flap like valve protects the wind pipe (trachea) arresting entry of food.
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 3. If we talk while eating, the food may enter into wind pipe. In order to send them to out of the
wind pipe choking occurs.
4. So we are advised not to talk while eating food.

6. What is the role of epiglottis and diaphragm in respiration?

Epiglottis:
1. Epiglottis is a flap-like muscular valve controls movement of air and food towards their
respective passages.
2. It stops food and liquid from going down into airway.
3. Epiglottis allows air pass through the larynx.
Diaphragm:
1. Diaphragm is a sheet of muscle, which separates the chest from abdomen.
2. During inhalation the diaphragm contracts, then the volume of chest cavity enlarges.
3. This reduce the pressure in the lungs, then air enters into lungs.
4. During exhalation the diaphragm relaxes, then the pressure on the lungs increases, the air come
out of the lungs.

7. What happens if there is no epiglottis in our body?

1. The food material may enter into respiratory track, instead of digestive track and it leads
to choking.
2. The air may enter into digestive track, instead of respiratory track.

8. What happen if diaphragm is not there in the body?

1. Diaphragm place a major role in the respiratory movements.
2. If diaphragm is not present the inhalation, and exhalation will not takes place. Hence breathing
fails which leads to the death of organism.

9. How do you prove that heat and CO2 is released during anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration in Yeast:
Aim: to prove that Co2 and heat is released during anaerobic respiration.
Apparatus: Thermos flask, thermometer, wash bottle, glass tubes, liquid paraffin, glucose
solution, yeast cells, bicarbonate solution.
Procedure:
1. Take glucose solution in thermos flask and boil it to
remove oxygen in It.
2. Add some yeast to the glucose solution.
3. Add few drops of diazine green solution to the yeast to
test the oxygen availability.
4. Pour liquid paraffin as a layer on glucose solution to cut
the supply of oxygen.
5. Fix two-holed rubber cork to the thermos flask.
6. Insert thermometer and delivery tube through the holes
of the cork.
7. Keep another end of the delivery tube in the lime water
of wash bottle.

Observations:
1. After two days the lime water turns into milky white.
2. Temperature is increased.
3. Alcohol smell comes from the flask.
Result:
During the anaerobic respiration of yeast cells co2, ethyl alcohol and heat is released.
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10. How do you observe the changes during combustion of sugar?
Aim: To observe changes during combustion of sugar.
Apparatus: stand, test tubes, rubber cork, delivery tube,
glucose, lime water.
Procedure:
1. Take a small amount of glucose in a test tube.
2. Insert one hole rubber cork into the test tube and fix it
to a stand.
3. Insert delivery tube one end into the test tube and
another end in the lime water.
4. Heat the glucose until it catches fire.
Observations:
1. Before it starts to burn, the glucose change as liquid then produce Co2 and heat.
2. Glucose burns at high temperature.
3. Combustion of sugar can be stopped by adding water to the burning glucose.
4. The co2 changes the lime water to milky white.

Conclusion/ Inference:
1. During the combustion of sugar, co2, water and heat are produced.
2. The Co2 changes lime water to milky white.

11. How do you prove that Co2 is liberated during aerobic respiration (plants /germinating seeds
repiration)?
Aim: To prove that Co2 is released during plants respiration.
Apparatus: Two bottles, germinating seeds, dry seeds, two small beakers with lime water.
Procedure:
1. Take some moong or bazra seeds and soak them a day before.
2. Keep these soaked seeds in a cloth pouch and tie it.
3. Next day collect the sprouts and keep them in the bottle.
4. Take a small beaker with lime water and keep it in the sprouts
bottle.
5. Close the big bottle tightly.
6. Make a similar set with dry seeds.
7. Keep both the sets undisturbed for two days.
Observation:
1. After two days the lime water turns into milky white.
2. There is no change in the lime water of dry seeds bottle.
Result:
It indicates that germinating seeds released Co2 in their aerobic respiration. But the dry seeds
cannot perform respiration.

12. How do you prove that heat is liberated during aerobic respiration
(plants / germinating seeds respiration)?
Aim: To prove that heat is liberated during aerobic respiration
(plants respiration).
Apparatus: Thermos flask, two thermos meters, rubber corks,
dryseeds, germinating seeds.
Procedure:
1. Take some moong or bazra seeds and soak them a day before.
2. Keep these soaked seeds in a cloth pouch and tie it.
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 3. Next day collect the sprouts and keep them in the bottle.
4. Insert thermometer into the sprouts through rubber cork.
5. Make a similar set with dry seeds.
6. Record the initial temperature in both the flasks and record it for every two hours.
Observation: The temperature increases constantly in germinating seeds. There is no increase in
the temperature of dry seeds.
Result: Heat is liberated during aerobic respiration of germinating Seeds. But dry seeds cannot
perform respiration.

13. Draw the labeled diagram of structure of mitochondria?

Mitochondria has two membranes –
Outer membrane, and inner membrane. The substance
surrounded by inner membrane is called matrix. The inner
membrane forms finger like projections and are thrown into
matrix are called cristae. Respiration takes place in it and
energy is released. The released energy is stored in it in the
form of ATP, that’s why these are called as power
houses of the cell

14. Draw the flowchart on the pathway of air in human respiratory system?
Nostrils  nasal cavity  pharynx  larynx  trachea  bronchus  bronchioles 
alveolus  blood.

15. What precautions will you take to protect your lungs?

1. I would try to avoid most pollutant atmosphere.
2. Whenever exposed to pollutants, I cover my nose and mouth with a mask or cloth.
3. I like to keep our surrounding “parthenium” free to avoid asthma.
4. I don’t smoke and I keep away from smokers.
5. I practice pranayama to strengthen my lungs capacity and concentration

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 3. TRANSPORTATION
1. Write the process of coagulation of blood?
Coagulation of blood:
1. Vitamin K helps in coagulation of blood.
2. When the blood flows out, the platelets release an enzyme called Thrombokinase.
3. Thrombokinase acts on pro-thrombin(which is present in blood) and converts it into thrombin.
4. Thrombin acts on soluble fibrin, (which is present in blood) and converts it into insoluble
fibrin.
5. The soluble fibrin fibers are attached to the edges of the wound and pull the together.
Platelets ---------------- Thrombokinase

Prothrombin----Thrombokinase -----Thrombin

Fibrin (soluble) ---Thrombin----- Fibrin (insoluble)

Insoluble fibrin------------- Blood clotting.

2. What is the use of platelets?

1. They play an important role in blood clotting.
2. They release several factors into the blood which help in blood clotting.
3. When the blood vessel is injured they reach at the site of the injury and close the hole.

3. Write the differences between xylem and phloem vessels?

Xylem Phloem
1. It transports water and 1. It transports food material from the leaves to
minerals from roots to all parts all parts of the plants.
of the plant.
2. It gives mechanical strength to 2. It does not give mechanical strength.
the plant.
3. Water transported in one 3. Food transported in two directions.
direction.
4. Xylem is present at the center 4. Phloem is present on outer side of the
of the vascular bundle. vascular bundle.

4. Write the differences between veins and arteries?

Veins Arteries
1.Moves towards the heart 1. Move away from the heart.
2. blood collects from body organs 2. Distributes blood to the body organs.
3. Blood pressure is low 3. Blood pressure is high.
4. Valves are present 4. Valves are absent.
5. Carry deoxygenated blood, except 5. Carry oxygenated blood, except
pulmonary vein. pulmonary artery.
6. Veins start in blood capillaries. 6. Arteries end in capillaries.
7. Veins have large lumen. 7. Arteries have small lumen.
8. Veins are bluish in color. 8. Arteries are reddish in color.

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 5. Explain the way how plants get water by osmosis through root hair?

1. Root hair plays an important role in absorption of water by osmosis.

2. Root hairs grow out into the spaces between the soil particles and are surrounded by
moisture.

3. The soil water is most dilute than the cell sap in the root hair, therefore water will pass into
the vacuole of the root hair by osmosis.
4. The entry of water dilutes the contents of the root hair vacuole so that it becomes weaker
than its neighbor.
5. Therefore water passes into the neighboring cell which in turn becomes diluted, finally
water enters the xylem vessels.
6. As there are vast number of root hairs and root cells involved, a pressure in the xylem
vessels developed. This total pressure is known as root pressure.
7. Root pressure pushes the water upwards by few meters and is enough to supply water in
small plants herbs and shrubs.

6. Root pressure experiment:

Aim : To demonstrate root pressure in plants.
Apparatus : potted plant, rubber tube, glass tube, clamp.
Procedure :
1. I took a potted plant and cut the stem
portion 1 cm above the ground level.
2. Connected the stem and glass tube with a rubber tube.
3. Pour some water in the glass tube.
4. Mark the level of water (M 1) in tube.
5. After three hours mark the water level (M2) once again.
6. The difference between M2 and M1 indicates root pressure.
Observation : There is an increase in the level of water.
Result : The raise in the water level is due to the root pressure.

7. Observation of mammalian (sheep/goat) heart :

Aim : observation of the internal and external structure of heart.
Apparatus : freshly collected sheep/goat heart, soda straws, surgical blade, tray, dissection
scissor, foreceps.
Procedure :
1. Wash the heart thouroughly
2. Take the soda straws and insert them into the stumps of the blood vessels.
3. Keep the heart in the tray in such a way that the large arch like tube facing upwards.
4. Open the heart with blade and observe its structure.

TSN (9491720974) 3.TRANSPORTATION 13

 Observations :
1. It is in pear shape. The upper end is widen and lower end is narrow.
2. Heart is divided into four chambers, two upper chambers and two lower chambers.
3. The lower chambers have thick walls.
4. Seven blood vessels are attached to the heart are.
5. Left side two chambers are smaller than right side chambers.

8. Draw and label the diagram of Internal structure of heart?

Heart is located in between the lungs and protected by rib cage. Heart is covered by two
membranes called pericardial membranes. Heart is divided into four chambers, the two upper
chambers are called auricles (atria) and lower chambers are called ventricles. Right auricle opens
into right ventricle through a valve called tricuspid valve. The left auricle opens into left ventricle
through a valve called bicuspid valve (mitral valve). Kinds of blood vessels attached to the heart
are – 1. Superior vena cara, 2. Interior venacara, 3. Pulmonary vein, 4. Coronary veins(2),
5. Systemic aorta, 6. Pulmonary aorta, 7. Caronary arteries(2).

9. Write few sentences about the picture?

A) Veins: They have thin walls and valves. The pressure in the veins is low. The lumen
(diameter) of the vein is big. They carry more blood volume. Valves are present in veins. All
the veins circulate deoxygenated blood, except pulmonary vein.
B) Arteries: They have thick walls and elastic. The lumen of the artery is small. Pressure in the
arteries is high. They carry oxygenated blood from the heart to body parts. All the arteries
supply oxygenated blood, except pulmonary artery.
C) Blood capillaries: Capillaries are microscopic vessels. They allow diffusion of various
substances. They establish continuity between arteries and veins.

10. Write slogans on Blood donation:

1. A small drop of blood, a great hope for life.
2. The gift of blood is the gift of life.
3. Share blood – share life.
4. Be a blood donar and save a life.

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 5. Share life donate blood.
6. Blood donation – a gift of life.
7. Blood donars bring a ray of hope.
8. My blood your life.

11. What are your Suggestions to avoid cardiac problems? (OR) What suggestions you give to
the people who are suffering from hypertension?
1. Eat low salt diet
2. Eat low fat food
3. Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables
4. Don’t get tension and try to be happy and positive
5. Do regular exercises.
6. Avoid smoking and taking alcohol

12. What precautions you would suggest to your elders about edema / swollen legs?
1. Avoid sitting and standing for too long.
2. Keep the legs elevated above the level of the heart for 30 minutes a day.
3. Massage the affected area with firm pressure towards the heart.
4. Eat low salt diet.
5. Diuretics increase urine output and helps in relief from edema.
6. Avoid your body from immediate temperature change conditions.

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 4. EXCRETION
1. What are the differences between Primary metabolites and secondary metabolites?

Primary metabolites Secondary metabolites

3. 1.They are involved in normal growth 4. 1.They are not directly involved in the
development and reproduction normal growth, development and
reproduction
2. Examples are carbohydrates, fats and 2.Examples are Alkaloids, tannins, resins,
proteins. gums and latex etc.

2. Write the differences between the functions of PCT and DCT?

PCT DCT
1.It is located between Bowman’s 1.It is located between loop of henle and
capsule and loop of henle. collecting duct.
2.It receives primary urine from 2.It receives urine from glomerulus.
glomerulus.
3.It regulates the excretion of urine. iii. It regulates the proper concentration and
PH of urine.
4.It mainly involved in reabsorption of 4.It mainly involved in secretion of waste
useful material. material.

3. Urine is slightly thicker in summer than in winter. Give reason?

Generally in summer more amount of water is exerted out in the form of sweat. The body has to retain
the water against the heat of the sun. Vasopressin is secreted by adrenal gland, which helps in the
formation of concentrated urine and prevents the excess loss of water from the body.

4. Why does the diameter of afferent arteriole is bigger than the efferent arteriole?
The afferent arteriole has a larger diameter than the outgoing efferent arteriole. This rises the pressure
in the glomerulus capillaries and it leads to ultra filteration of the blood in bowman’s capsule.

5. When urine is discharged, in beginning it is acidic in nature later it becomes alkaline. Give
reasons?
It is acidic in the beginning but becomes alkaline on standing due to decomposition of urea to form
ammonia.

6. Imagine what happens if waste materials are not sent out of the body from time to time?
If waste materials are not sent out of the body from time to time they get accumulated in the
body. The accumulation of toxic wastes in the body leads to death of the organism.

7. What procedure you followed in your laboratory to observe the internal section of sheep/goat
kidney?
Aim:
Observation of external and internal features of goat/sheep kidney.

TSN (9491720974) 4.EXCRETION 16

 Materials required:
Freshly collected sheep/goat kidney. Sharp blade/scalpel, tray and a jug of water.

Procedure for observation:

1) Wash the kidney thoroughly so that blood is completely drained from it.
2) Put the kidney in a tray and observe it carefully.
3) Take the longitudinal section of the kidney with a sharp blade.
Findings:
1) The kidneys are in bean shape.
2) Adrenal glands are attached to each kidney on upper portion.
3) The inner side of each has a hilus for the entry of a renal artery, exit of a renal vein and an
ureter.
4) Renal artery brings oxygenated blood with waste products and renal vein carries
deoxygenated blood.
5) In the internal structure it has two regions – dark colored outer zone called the cortex, and
pale colored inner zone called medulla.
6) Each ureter arise from hilus of kidney. It is in 30cm length and opens into urinary bladder.

8. Study the table “phylum – organ systems” and answer the given questions?

Phylum Organs and Systems

Protozoa Simple diffusion. No specific organs.
Porifera, Coelenterates Water bathes almost all the cells
Platyhelmenthes Flame cells
Nematoda Renette Cells
Annelids Nephridia
Arthropoda Green glands, Malphigian Tubules
Mollusca Meta nephridia
Echinodermata Water vascular system
Reptiles, Birds and Mammals Kidneys
Plants No specific organs

1. What are the excretory organs in Porifera and coelenterates?

Water bathes almost all their cells.
2. Animals of which phylum have Flame cells?
Platyhelminthes.
3. Excretory organs seen in Arthropoda?
Greenglands,Malpigian tubules.
4. Kidneys are seen in animals of which classes?
Reptiles,Aves and Mammals.
5. How do the protozoans excrete the waste material?
By simple diffusion.
6. Which part act as excretory organ in protozoans?
Entire body surface.
7. Name the excretory organ in flat worm?
Flame cells.

TSN (9491720974) 4.EXCRETION 17

 8. In which phylum specific excretory organs are absent ?
Protozoans, porifera,and coelentireta.
9. In which organisms excretory structures appear for the first time?
Platyhelmenhis and nematoda.
10. What are the excretory structures appear for the first time?
Flame cells.

9. Study the table “Alkaloids – uses” and answer the given questions?
Alkaloid Plant Part Uses
Quinine Cinchonaofficinalis Bark Antimalarial drug
(Cinchona)
Nicotine Nicotiana tobacum (Tobacco) Leaves Insecticide
Morphine, Papaver somniferum (Opium) Fruit Pain killer
Cocaine
Reserpine Rauwolfia serpentine (Snake Root Medicine for snake
root) bite
Caffeine Coffea Arabica (Coffee Seed Central nervous
plant) system stimulant
Nimbin Azadirachta indica (Neem) Seeds, Bark, Antiseptic
Leaves
Scopolamine Datura stramonium Fruit, flower Sedative
pyrethroids Chrysanthemum Flower Insecticides

1. Antimalarial drug(Quinine) is obtained from this Plant?

Cinchonaofficinalis (Cinchona).
2. The fruits of Papaver somniferum (Opium) are used in preparation of---------------?
Pain killers.
3. Scientific name of Coffee plant?
Coffea Arabica.
4. Nimbin is used as -------------------?
Antiseptic.
5. What are the substances that are listed in the table?
Alkaloids in plants.
6. Which plant is most useful in the above table and also known as Indian herbal doctor?
Neem plant.
7. Name the alkaloids which are harmful to us?
Scopolamine,nicotine,pyrethroids.
8. What are the natural insecticides?
Nicotine in tobacco plant and pyrethroids in chrysanthemum.
9. Which parts of neem plant act as antiseptic?
Seeds, bark, and leaves.
10. Name the two alkaloids which act as pain killer?
Morphine and cocaine.

10. Draw the labeled diagram of Human excretory system (Kidneys)? and write few sentences about
it ?
TSN (9491720974) 4.EXCRETION 18
 Kidneys are the chief excretory organs in human beings.
They are in bean shape. They are located in
abdominal cavity attached to dorsal body wall one
on either side of back bone. The right kidney is
placed slightly lower than the left one due to the
presence of liver above. The inner side of each has a hilus
for the entry of a renal artery, exit of a renal vein and an
ureter. Each ureter is in 30cm length and opens into urinary
bladder. Urinary bladder stores urine 300 – 800 ml.
Urethra is a tube that takes urine from urinary bladder to
outside.

11. Draw the labeled diagram of Structure of Nephron and write few sentences about it:
Nephron is the structural and functional units of the kidney. Each nephron has two parts,
a) Malpighian body, b) Renal tubule. Malpighian body consists of cup shaped bowman’s capsule
and bunch of blood capillaries called glomerulus. Renal tubule has three parts – i) proximal
convoluted tubule (PCT), ii) Loop of henle, iii) distal convoluted tubule (DCT). DCT open into the
pelvis, pelvis open into ureter.

12. Observe the diagram and answer the questions?

1. What does the picture tells us?
Mechanism of urine formation.
2. What are the stages involved in this process?
1. Glomerular filtration. 2. Tubular reabsorption.
3. Tubular secretion. 4. Concentration of urine.
3. Where does tubular reabsorption take place?
It takes place in PCT
4. Which hormone controls urine formation ?
Vasopressin.
5. By which process filtration of blood occurs in kidney?

TSN (9491720974) 4.EXCRETION 19

 Ultrafiltration.
6. What happens if reabsorption of water does not takes place?
The water accumulates in the body parts and they may be swollen.
7. What is called primary urine?
Waste molecules, nutrient molecules and water are filtered out and enter the Bowman’s
capsule. At this stage it is called primary urine

13. Our people have very less awareness about organ donation. To motivate people prepare slogans
about organ donation?
1. Help someone to live after death.
2. Let someone see through your eyes.
3. Have a heart save a life.
4. Organ donation saves lives.
5. Organ donation is a gift for life.

14. What food habits you Follow /What suggestions you give for proper functioning of kidneys
1. Drink atleast 2litres of water regularly.
2. Eat home cooked meals and avoid canned foods, fast foods, and highly processed foods.
3. Take low salt diet.
4. Eat low protein food like grains and vegetables.
5. Avoid high sodium foods.
6. Avoid high phosphorus foods like cheese, cool drinks and butter.

TSN (9491720974) 4.EXCRETION 20

 5. COORDINATION
1. Distinguish between Afferent and Efferent nerves?
Afferent nerves Efferent nerves

1.Nerves arise from sense organs 1.Nerves that carry impulses from brain
are called afferent nerves. or spinal cord are called efferent nerves.
2.These are also called sensory 2.These are also called motor nerves.
nerves.
3.Sensory nerves carry information 3.Motor nerves carry impulses from
from sense organs to brain and brain or spinal cord to effector organs
spinal cord. (muscles).

2. Distinguish between Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system?

Central nervous system Peripheral nervous system
1. It consists of brain and spinal 1. It consists of 43 pairs of nerves.
cord.
2. Brain is the vital organ. Spinal 2. It has 43 pairs of nerves. 12 pairs are
cord passes the messages and also cranial nerves and 31 pairs are spinal
helps in reflex actions. nerves.
3. It controls and coordinates all 3. These supply information required for
neural functions. muscle movements.
4.It is the sight of mental abilities. 4.It only passes the information.

3. What are the functions of spinal cord?

1. Spinal cord helps in reflex actions and the conduction of nerve impulses to and from the
brain.
2. The basic function of the spinal cord is to act as a relay station.
3. It receives information from the parts below the head and sends this information to the
brain.
4. It receives information from brain and sends to other parts of the body.

4. What will happen to the potted plant kept near window in the room?
The shoots of the potted plant bend towards sun light and grows to outside of the window. This
is called phototropism.

5. F.W Went experiment: What procedure you follow to understand the effect of plant
growth hormones (in agar medium) in the terminal portion of the tip of stem
(coleoptiles)?

Aim: To show the growth of oat coleoptiles involves a chemical substance.

Apparatus: Oat seedlings, coleoptiles, a slice of agar, a sharp blade.

TSN (9491720974) 5.COORDINATION 21

 Procedure:
1. Take some oat coleoptiles. Cut the tips by using a sharp blade.
2. Place the tips on a slice of agar and leave them for an hour. Then the auxin molecules
diffused into the agar.
3. Cut the agar into small blocks and place a block on one side of the stump.
4. They were kept in the dark during the entire experiment.
5. Observe the plant after one hour
Observation: It is observed that a distinct bending away from the side on which the
agar block was placed.
Conclusion: It is due to the hormone auxin. This causes asymmetric growth of one side of the
plant. As a result the plant bend towards light source.

6. What experimental procedure you follow to prove phototropism and geo tropism?
Aim: To show the roots are negatively phototropic in their growth.
Procedure:
1. Take a glass jar and fill with soil.
2. Sow a bean seed near the wall of the jar. This helps us to observe how root and shoot are
growing.
3. After 4-5 days we will notice seed germination.
4. Keep the jar under sun.
Observations: The shoot grows positively phototropic and the roots grow negatively
phototropic.
Inference : Roots growth is always negatively phototropic and positively geotropic.
7. Study the table “Brain parts – Functions” and answer the questions?
Part of the brain Functions
Cerebrum i) Seat of mental abilities, controls thinking, memory, reasoning,
perception.
ii) Interprets sensations and responds to cold, heat, pain and pressure.
Diencephalon i) Centre for certain emotions such as anger.
ii) Centre for water balance, blood pressure, body temperature, sleep
and hunger.
Midbrain i)It relays motor impulses and sensory impulses
ii) Coordinate reflexes for sight and hearing.
Cerebellum i) Maintains posture, equilibrium and muscle tone.
ii) Coordinates voluntary movements initiated by cerebrum.
Medulla i) Contains centre for cardiac, respiratory and vasomotor activities.
oblongata ii) Coordinates reflexes like swallowing, coughing, sneezing and
vomiting.

1. Which part maintains posture?

Cerebellum
2. What is the centre for emotions?
Diencephalon
3. Which part coordinates reflexes like swallowing, coughing and vomiting?
Medulla oblongata
4. Where do you find vasomotor centres in brain?
Medulla oblongata
5. Which controls thinking, memory and reasoning?
Cerebrum

TSN (9491720974) 5.COORDINATION 22

 8. Study the table Endocrine glands and Answer the given questions?

Glands Hormones Effects

Somatotrophin Growth of bones
Thyrotrophin Activity of thyroid gland
Gonadotrophin Activity of ovary and testis
Andrenocortico Stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex.
tropic hormone
Pituitary Luteinizing In males - secretion of testosterone, In female –
hormone ovulation, development of corpus luteum and
secretion of progesterone.
Follicle stimulating In male – spermatogenesis, in female – growth of
hormone grffian follicles, estrogen secretion, milk production
and secretion
Thyroid Thyroxine General growth rate and metabolic activity
Estrogen Growth of the uterus, mammary glands, fallopian
tubes and skeleton of pelvis. Control menstrual cycle
Ovary in females. Development of secondary sexual
characters in females.
Progesterone Acts mostly during pregnancy. Acts on implantation
of embryo and in the formation of placenta.
Testosterone Development of secondary sexual characters in
Testis males. Normal sexual behavior and development of
male sexual organs.
Adrenalin Increase in heart beat rate. Rise in blood sugar.
Adrenal Dilation of the coronary artery. Dilation of the pupil
of the eye.

1. Which hormone is responsible for growth in animals?

Somatotrophin
2. Which hormone is known as fight or flight hormone?
Adrenalin
3. What are called as female sex hormone?
Estrange and progesterone
4. What is called as male sex hormones?
Testosterone
5. Which is responsible for dilation of the pupil of the eye?
Adrenalin
6. Which is called as master gland?
Pituitary gland
7. Which is responsible for menstrual cycle in females?
Estrogens
8. The increased levels of adrenalin lead to -------?
Anger
9. Which hormone controls the ovary and testis?
Gonado trophin
10. Which gland controls all other glands in the body?
Pituitary gland
11. A gland that is close to trachea……………….(Thyroid)
12. Endocrine gland that present in hand is …………(pituatory)

TSN (9491720974) 5.COORDINATION 23

 9. Study the table “Plant hormones – Effects” and answer the given questions?

Hormones Effects
Abscisic acid closing of stomata; seed dormancy
Auxins cell elongation and differentiation of shoots and roots,
Cytokinins Promote cell division, promotion of sprouting of lateral
buds, delay the ageing in leaves, opening of stomata.
Ethylene ripening of fruit
Gibberellins Germination of seeds and sprouting of buds; elongation
of stems; stimulation of flowering; development of fruit,
breaking the dormancy in seeds and buds.

1. Which harmone control the opening and closing of stomata?

Abscisic acid and cytokinins
2. Which harmone prmots seed dormancy?
Abscisic acid
3. Which ahrmone breaks the seed dormancy?
Gibberellins
4. How the auxins promote shoots and roots growth?
By promoting cell alongation
5. Which harmone is in gaseous state?
Ethylene
6. How cytokinins helps in the growth of various parts of plants?
By promoting cell division
7. Which harmone help in increasing the stem size?
Gibberellins.
8. Which hormone is responsible for shedding of leaves and fruits?
Abscisic acid.
9. Water loss from plants is prevented by …………. ( Abscisic acid)
10. Which hormone inhibit plant growth?
Abscisic acid
11. A gardener wants large dahlias. He should use ………..hormone. (Gibberellins)
12. The hormone helps in storing seeds for a long time……. (Abscisic acid)

10. Draw the labeled diagram of Structure of nerve cell:

Our nerves system consists of 10 billion of nerve cells.
Nerve cell is the structural and functional unit of nervous
system. Each nerve cell consists of cell body with nucleus.
There are fine projections extending from cell body. Some
of them are short and some are long. The short projections
are called dendrites, and the long one is called axon. The
axon is covered with myelin sheath. The sheath is
interrupted at regular intervals called nodes of ranvier.
Some axons not having the sheath are non-myelinated
fibers.

TSN (9491720974) 5.COORDINATION 24

 11. Write few sentences about the below pictures?

The given picture is sensory neuron. Sensory neurons have dendrites on both ends, connected
by a long axon with a cell body in the middle. It brings the information from sensory organs to
Brain/Spinalcord.

The given picture is motor neuron. Motor neuron carry signals from Brain/Spinalcord to outer
parts of our body. The motor neuron has a cell body with dendrites at one end and axon
terminals at another end.

TSN (9491720974) 5.COORDINATION 25

 6. REPRODUCTION
1. Write differences between Asexual reproduction and Sexual reproduction?
Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction
1. Involves single organism. 1. Involves one or two organisms.
2. No production of gametes. 2. Male and female gametes are produced.
3. There is no fusion of gametes. 3. It involves fusion of male and female
gametes.
4.It requires only mitotic divisions. 4. It requires meiotic division followed by
mitotic division.
5. It produces off springs that are 5. Off spring may have some parental
identical to the parent. characters or not.
6. Genetic variation occurs only 6. There is more chance for genetic variation.
through random mutation.
7. It is not useful for natural 7. It is highly useful for natural selection in
selection in evolution of species. evolution of species.
8. It occurs by budding, 8. It occurs by pollination and fertilization.
fragmentation, sporulation.

2. Explain the process of fertilisation in plants?

1. Fertilization is the process of fusion of male and female gametes.

2. For the fusion of male and female gametes pollen grains have to reach the surface of the
stigma. This is called pollination.
3. Pollen grains on the stigma germinate and give rise to pollen tubes. Only one pollen tube
finally reaches the embryo-sac.
4. This tube will have two male nuclei.
5. Usually the pollen tube enters the ovule through micropyle and discharges the two male
gametes into its embryo–sac.
6. One male nucleus (gamete) fuses with egg and form a diploid (2n) zygote. This is first
fertilization.
7. The other male nucleus (gamete) fuses with secondary nucleus(2n) and form triploid(3n)
endosperm. This is second fertilization.
8. Thus double fertilization occurs in embryo-sac which is unique in flowering plants.

TSN (9491720974) 6. REPRODUCTION 26

3. Write the differences between mitosis and meiosis cell division?
Mitosis Meiosis
1. Occurs in somatic cells. 1. Occurs in germ cells.
2. Nucleus divides only once. 2. Nucleus divides twice.
3. Two daughter cells are formed. 3. Four daughter cells are formed.
4. Daughter cells are diploid. 4. Daughter cells are haploid.
5. Occurs more frequently. 5. Occurs less frequently.
6. There is only one prophase, one 6. There are two in each phase.
metaphase, one anaphase and one
teleophase.
7. Chromosomes number is not changed 7. Chromosomes number are reduced by
in daughter cells. half.
8. Chromosomes number doubles at the 8. Chromosomes number is not doubled
beginning of cell division. at the beginning but it doubles after the
end of meiosis-I.
9. No crossing over in chromosomes. 9.Crossing over occurs in chromosomes.

4. Why do fish and frog produce a huge number of eggs each year?
1. Fish and frogs are oviparous animals. They lay eggs in water which results in external
fertilization.
2. There is high risk in external fertilization and minimizes the chances of fertilization
due to external factors.
3. If they lay eggs in little quantities, there will be no chance of fertilization. Because
some of them may be washed away or become prey to predators.
4. Hence, fish and frog lay eggs in a huge number to improve the chances of fertilization.

5. Write differences between stamen-carpel?

Stamen Carpel
1. It is a male reproductive organ of 1. It is a female reproductive organ of
flower. flower.
2. It has two parts- anther and 2. It has 3 parts – style, stigma and ovary.
filamanet.
3. Stamen produces pollen grains. 3. Carpel produces ovule.
4. Pollen grains contain the male 4. Ovule contain the female gametes.
gametes.

6. What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

1. Sexual reproduction promotes diversity of characters in the off springs by providing
genetic variation.
2. Diversity of characters in the new generation give a better chance to survive.
3. Sexual reproduction plays an important role in the origin of new species having different
characteristics.
4. This genetic variation leads to the continuous evolution of new species.

7. What are the advantages of vegetative propagation?

1. It helps to maintain fixed qualities and characteristics of the parent plant.
2. It takes less time to grow plant.
3. It offers a uniform root stock for budding and grafting. This is also useful as a root stock
for immunity to diseases.
4. It would be possible to develop new varieties with characters.
5. It is very useful method for rarely produce flowers.

TSN (9491720974) 6. REPRODUCTION 27

 8. What would be the consequences if there is no meiosis in organisms that reproduce
sexually?
1. If meiosis did not occur, fusion of gametes would result in a doubling of the
Chromosomes in each successive generation.
2. This results in formation of abnormalities in each generation. It may leads to the death
of the organism.
3. If meiosis did not occur, there is no genetic variation in the off springs.

9. How do you Examine Rhizopus / bread mould in your science laboratory?

Aim: Observation of rhizopus under the microscope.

Apparatus: Bread mould sample, slide, cover slip, gloves.
Procedure:
1. Place a drop of water in the center of the slide.
2. Using a tooth pick, scrape very little of the mould and place it on the slide.
3. Take the cover slip and set it on the sample. The cover slip should covers the
specimen without bubbles underneath.
4. Use the blotting paper to blot up the excess water.
5. Observe the slide with a compound microscope.
Observations:
1. The common bread mould consists of thread like projections called hyphae and thin
stems called sporangia.
2. Each sporangium contains hundreds of minute spores.

10. How do you observe pollen grains in your science laboratory?

Aim: to observe pollen grain under microscope.
Apparatus: slide, hibiscus pollen grain, hand lens, microscope.
Procedure:
1. Take a slide and put few drops of water on it.
2. Take any flower like hibiscus and tap it over the drop of water.
3. We will see small dot like structures in water. These are pollen
grains.
4. Observe the pollen grains under hand lens then under a compound microscope.
5. Make a drawing of what you observe under the microscope.
Observations:
1. Pollen grain produce a tube like structure called pollen tube.
2. Pollen tube has two male nuclei.

11. Observe the pi diagram and answer the questions?

1. What does this diagram indicate?
Cell cycle
2. Name the different phases of cell cycle?
TSN (9491720974) 6. REPRODUCTION 28
 G1, S, G2 and M Phase
3. What happens if “M” phase missed?
The cell division didn’t occur there will be no
continuation of life
4. How many phases are there in inter phase?
Three phases. G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase.
5. What happen in G1 phase?
The cell size increases
6. What happen in S phase?
Duplication of chromosomes happened
7. What happen in G2 phase?
Cell organells are divided
8. What is M phase?
This is mitotic cell division phase. Cell division occurred in this phase.

12. Study the table Mitosis and answer the questions?

Stage Changes
Prophase Chromosomes contact and become visible. Nucleoli become smaller.
Chromosomes split length wise to form chromatids connected by
centromeres. Nuclear membrane breaks down. Centrosome containing
centrioles divide and form spindle fibers.
Metaphase Chromosomes move to spindle equator, centromeres attached to spindle
fibers. Centromeres split, separating the chromatids.
Anaphase Spindle fibers contract, pulling chromatids towards poles.
Telophase Chromatids elongate, become invisible. Nuclear membranes form round
daughter nuclei. Cell membrane pinches in, to form daughter cells.
Nucleus divides into two and division of cytoplasm starts.

1. What process does the above table describe

Mitotic cell division
2. Which stage shows the splitting of chromosomes?
Metaphase
3. In which stage the chromosomes are seen prominently?
Prophase
4. Which stage shows the pulling of chromosomes towards the poles?
Anaphase
5. What is the stage in which the spindle equator is found?
Prophase
6. Which stage shows splitting of chromosomes length wise?
Prophase
7. In which stage nuclear membrane disappears?
Prophase
8. What is the use of this process?
It helps in the continuation of life
9. What happens if this process doesn’t occur?
There will be no chance to continuation of life
10. How many cells are formed at the end of this process?

TSN (9491720974) 6. REPRODUCTION 29

 Two cells
11. How are the chromosomes shared equally between the daughter cells?
In S phase duplication of chromosomes occurred. That is why there will be no change in
the chromosomes number in daughter cells.

13. Draw and label the parts of Female gametophyte in plants?

An ovary may have one or more ovules. At the center
of each ovule there is embryo sac that filled with food,
water, and gametophyte cells. Embryo sac consisting
of 7 cells and 8 nuclei. They are – egg cell-1, synergids-2,
polar nuclei (central cell)-1, anti podals-3. All cells have
single nuclei but central cell has two nuclei.

14. Draw and label the parts of Sperm cell?

Sperm cells are the male gamets. Each sperm cell has
a head, neck, middle piece and long tail. The head
has acrosome and nucleus. Acrosome helps in
penetrating into ovum. Head and middle piece are
attached by neck. Middle piece has number of
mitochondria which produce energy for movement.
The tail helps to move towards the ovum.

15. Draw and label the parts of Male reproductive system

in man?
Two testes are located in scotum. Each testes has several
lobules and each lobule contain several seminiferous
tubules. The cells in the seminiferous tubules produce
sperm cells. Sperm cells are stored temporarily in the
epididymis and move to seminal ducts, then to urethra
and expels out of the body. Accessory glands
(one prostate, two Cowper) secret semen.

16. Draw and label the parts of Female reproductive system in man?

Two ovaries are located deep in the abdomen of female body.

The ovum develop in graffian follicles of ovaries. When the
ovum is matured, the follicle ruptured and release ovum. The
release of ovum is called ovulation. Ovum enters into
fallopian tube and goes to uterus. Fertilization occurs in
fallopian tube.

17. Draw and label the parts of T.S of flower?

The reproductive part of a plant is flower and the

TSN (9491720974) 6. REPRODUCTION 30

 reproductive parts in the flower are stamen and carpels.
Sepals, and petals are vegetative parts. Sepals (calyx)
protects all the parts of flower when it is as a bud. Petals
(corolla) which are soft and brightly colored are useful to
attract insects, to facilitate cross pollination. Flowers having
either stamen (male flower) or carpels (female flower) are
called unisexual flowers. Ex: Papaya, bottle guard. Flowers
having both the stamen and carpel are bisexual
flowers. Ex: Datura. Male parts(stamens/androecium)
produce male sex cells (pollen grains). Female parts
(carpels / gynoecium) produce female sex cells (ovules).
Carpels have 3 main parts – Stigma, style, and ovary.
Stamen has two parts – filament, anther.

18. Identify the logo and write few sentences about it?

Red ribbon represents awareness on HIV/AIDS. 1st December is

world AIDS day

19. Observe the diagram and answer the given questions:

1. What do these diagrams indicate?

Mitotic cell division
2. Name the above stages
pro phase ,meta phase, ana phase, telo phase.
3. In which stage of it the chromosomes undergo duplication?
Starts in Prophase and completes in Anaphase.
4. What is the stage in which the chromosomes are attached to spindle fibres and
arranged at the equator?
Metaphase.
5. In which stage the chromatids move towards the poles?
Anaphase

20. Write slogans on Child marriages:

1. Let a child be a child, stop child marriages.
2. Avoid child marriages, save childhood.
3. Child marriages are social evils.
4. Girl for education and women for marriage.
5. Childhood is not for motherhood.
TSN (9491720974) 6. REPRODUCTION 31
21. Write slogans on Female Foeticide:
1. Save girl child save tomorrow.
2. Save girl child save future generations.
3. No girl! No women! Thus no life.
4. Say no to abortion, save girl child.
5. Without girls life cannot continue.

22. Write slogans on H.I.V/AIDS:

1. Enjoy life, take control, stop HIV/AIDS.
2. Open your eyes before AIDS closes it.
3. AIDS: Prevention is the only cure.
4. Don’t lose your life, stay away from HIV.
5. Don’t cry, don’t die, when AIDS comes near, say goodbye.

23. What precautions will you take to keep away from various sexually transmitted
diseases?
1. We should avoid unsafe sexual contacts.
2. We should avoid using of infected devices.
3. We should avoid the infected blood transfusion.
4. We should use condoms and diaphragms which can prevent sexually transmitted
Diseases

TSN (9491720974) 6. REPRODUCTION 32

 7. COORDINATION IN LIFE PROCESSES
1. Name the two cranial nerves which play an important role in digestion?
a) 10th Cranial nerve: This nerve is also called as Vagus nerve which send the hunger
pangs (signals) to the diencephalon in the fore brain.
b) 5th Cranial nerve: This nerve controls the movement of muscles in the jaw.

2. Name the two hormones which are involved in digestion?

a) Ghrelin: When the glucose level in the blood falls, the hormone ghrelin is secreted. Due
to this hormone the hunger signals are formed and send to the brain.
b) Leptin: When we feel our stomach is full, the hormone leptin is secreted. It supresses
the hunger.

3. What are the body systems involved in digestion of food which we eat?
Circulatory system, digestive system, muscular system, nervous system and endocrine
system are involved in the process of digestion.

4. We can’t identify taste when food is very hot. Give reasons?

The taste buds become paralyzed due to extreme heat of the food. So, they cannot recognise
the taste of the food.

5. Small intestine is similar to a coiled pipe. Give reasons?

1. The coiled and folded intestine slows down the passage of food along the intestine for
better digestion.
2. It facilitate to fit maximum in the human body.
3. Small intestine contains thousands of villi that increase the better surface area to absorb
nutrients.

6. What do you mean by hunger pangs?

1. Hunger pangs are nothing but hunger generating signals that reach the brain from the
stomach.
2. When glucose levels in the blood fall, ghrelin hormone is secreted. Then we get hunger
pangs in the stomach.
3. Increase of ghrelin levels results in sensation of hunger and motivation to consume food.

7. Write the dental formula of Human beings?

There are four types of teeth in the mouth. They are Inscissors (2/2), Canines (1/1), Pre
molars (2/2), and molars (3/3). Dental formulae: 2/2, 1/1, 2/2, 3/3.

8. If we press tongue against the palate we can recognise the taste easily. Give reasons?
When the tongue is pressed against the palate, the food substance easily enters into the taste
buds. Then the receptors form the taste signals and send to the brain. Finally the taste is
recognised by the brain.
9. How is taste and smell related?
1. Interactions between the taste and smell enhance our perceptions of food we eat.
2. As the olfactory receptors in nose cannot work effectively in cold, we cannot detect
the taste effectively.
3. If we close our nose while we are eating something we cannot recognize its taste
effectively and immediately.
4. So we can say that taste and smell are closely are related.
T.S.N (9491720974) 7. COORDINATION IN LIFE PROCESSES 33
 10. Write differences between bolus and chime?
Bolus Chime
1. Food that is mashed in the 1. It is partially digested food in the
mouth. stomach.
2. Alkaline in nature. 2. Acidic in nature.
3. Teeth and saliva turn food into 3. Enzymes and peristalsis movement of
bolus. stomach turn into chime.
4. It is in the form of slurry mass. 4. It is in the form of smooth porridge.
5. Food going from mouth to 5. Food going from stomach to small
stomach. intestine.

11. How can you justify the enteric nervous system as the second brain of the gut?
1. The enteric nervous system consists of 100 millions of neurons in the walls of
alimentary canal.
2. It contains mass of neural tissue filled with neurotransmitters.
3. It can operate independently of the brain and spinal cord.
4. It stimulates and coordinates the breaking down of food, absorbing nutrients and
expelling of waste.
5. It enables us to feel the inner world of our guts and its contents.
6. It is communicating the trillions of bacteria that present in our guts.
7. It mediates 70% of our immune system that present in our guts.
8. Hence we can justify that the enteric nervous system as the second brain of the gut.

12. What happens if salivary ducts are closed? (OR) what would happen if the salivary
glands did not function in our mouth?
1. If the salivary ducts are closed, saliva will not release into the buccal cavity. This causes
pain and swelling of salivary glands.
2. Due to this the food will not get moistened and makes chewing and swallowing of food
very difficult.
3. If salivary amylase do not act on starch, digestion of these will not be completed.

13. If size and shape of small intestine is like oesophagus what will happen?
1. The complete digestion of entire food would not take place.
2. The absorption of selective nutrients would not occur.
3. The body suffers from starvation of nutrients, it become lean and weak.
4. All the food taken into the body is expelled out only after completing partial digestion in
stomach. Then the availability of energy is low.

14. What experiment should you perform to understand action of saliva on flour? Explain
its procedure and apparatus that you followed?
Aim: To show the action of ptyaline (saliva) on starch.
Apparatus: Test tubes, saliva, starch powder, iodine solution, paraffin wax.
Procedure:
1. Keep a piece of paraffin wax in my mouth and collect saliva into a test tube and
filter it.
2. Take ¼ spoon of starch in a beaker, add little water and mix it the heat it and
prepare 200ml of starch solution.
3. Take 10ml of starch solution into a test tube and add 2 drops of iodine solution to it.
The colour of the starch solution changes into blue.
4. Now divide into 2 parts. To one part add 5ml of water, to other part add 5ml of
filtered saliva.
5. Keep the tubes in a test tube stand. Examine the test tube for every thirty minutes
for any colour changes.
T.S.N (9491720974) 7. COORDINATION IN LIFE PROCESSES 34
 Observations:
1. I did not find any colour change in the test tube to which water is added.
2. The solution of the test tube to which saliva added shows colour change.
Inference: The saliva acts on starch solution and converted into simple sugars like maltose
and dextrose. Hence, the colour changed in the solution.

15. How do you demonstrate an experiment showing how the stomach is protected from
its own acid secretions?
Aim: to show that mucus protects the stomach lining from its acid secretions.
Requirements: green leaves, grease, weak acid like sulphurus acid.
Procedure:
1. Take two similar green leaves.
2. Grease one leaf with petroleum jelly and leave the other free.
3. Add 1 or 2 drops of weak acid on both the leaves (sulphurus acid).
4. Observe them for half an hour.
Observations:
1. The leaf that has petroleum jelly coating, is not affected by the action of the acid.
2. The normal leaf has got the acid affect. The leaf has damaged.
Inference: The petroleum jelly protected the leaf from the acidic action. Like this
petroleum jelly, our stomach is also coated with mucus layer which protects the stomach
from the action of hydrochloric acid.
16. Observe the schematic diagram and answer the questions?

1. What does the schematic diagram tell us about the oesophagus?

It tells us about the functional and structural characteristics of oesophagus.
2. What kind of the tube is oesophagus?
It is muscular and elastic. The walls carry on wave like movements called peristalsis
movements.
3. How does mucus help in passage of food?
Mucus is slimy substance. It helps in the easy movement of food into stomach.
4. Where is oesophagus located?
It is located between pharynx and stomach.
5. What is present at the upper end of the oesophagus?
Pharynx
6. What is present at the lower end of the oesophagus?
Stomach.
7. Name the muscles which are present in oesophagus?
Circular muscles and longitudinal muscles.
8. What kind of movement it shows?
Peristalsis movement.
9. What helps the bolus to travel in oesophagus?
Peristalsis movement, mucus and saliva.

17. Observe the diagram and answer the given questions:

T.S.N (9491720974) 7. COORDINATION IN LIFE PROCESSES 35

 1. What does this diagram indicate?
Dentition.
2. Name different types of teeth and locate them.
1. molars, 2.premolars, 3. Canine, 4. Inscissors
3. Which set of teeth help in grinding food?
Pre-molars, Molars.
4. Which set help in tearing food?
Canines
5. What is dental formula?
2 123
, , ,
2 123
6. What is the total number of teeth in human mouth?
Thirty two.
7. How many teeth present in each jaw?
Sixteen
8. How many scissors are present in each jaw?
Four
9. What is the total number of pre molars in human mouth?
Eight.
10. What is the function of these teeth?
Mastication of food.
11. What are the systems involved in this process?
1. Muscular system 2. Nervous system
12. Which set of teeth may be developed in carnivores animals?
Canines
13. Which set of teeth may be developed in herbivores animals?
Inscissors

18. Observe the diagram and answer the questions?

1. What does this diagram indicate? Where is it located?
Schematic diagram of avillus,it is located in small intestine.
2. What are the systems working together in this structure?
Digestive system and Circulatory system.
3. What is the main function of this structure?
To absorb the digested food.
4. What is the reason behind these foldings?
To increase the area of absorption.
5. What process involved in it?
Absorption of digested food into blood
6. What are villi?
The inner surface of the small intestine contains thousands
of finger like projections are called villi.
7. Label the parts?
1. Epithelium, 2. Blood capillaries, 3. Mucus membrane, 4. Mucus gland, 5. Lacteal.
19. Suggest any two important habitual actions to your friend while eating food, keeping
in view of this chapter?
1. Masticate the food thoroughly in the mouth.
2. Don’t swallow food without chewing properly.
3. Eat small quantities of food at regular intervals for efficient digestion and absorption of
nutrients.
4. Don’t eat food in a hurry and hectic manner.

T.S.N (9491720974) 7. COORDINATION IN LIFE PROCESSES 36

 8. HEREDITY
1. What is Law of Dominance?
Among a pair of alleles for a character only one express itself in the first generation. One of the
allele is dominant over the other. This is called Law of Dominance.

2. What is Law of Segregation?

Only one of two factors for a character will pass randomly during formation of gamets from
parent to off spring. This is called Law of Segregation.

3. What is the law of independent assortment?

Law of independent: In the inheritance of more than one pair of traits, the factors for each pair
of traits are distributed independently to the gamets. This is known as law of independent.

4. What is meant by ‘Survival of the Fittest’?

Nature favours only useful variations. Each species tends to produce large number of off-
spring. They compete with each other for food, shelter, mating and other needs. In this struggle
for existence, only the fittest can survive. This is called “Survival of the Fittest”.

5. What are homologous organs? And what is Divergent Evolution?

The organs which are structurally similar but functionally different are known as
Homologous organs. This type of Evolution is called Divergent Evolution. Ex. Fore limbs of
Whale and fore limbs of Bat.

6. What are analogous organs? And what is Convergent Evolution?

The organs which are structurally different but functionally similar are called Analogous
organs. This type of Evolution is called Convergent Evolution. Ex. wings of Bats and Birds.

7. What are the characters selected by Mendal for his experiments on Pea plants?
1. Flower colour (Purple – White),
2. Flower position (Axial – Terminal),
3. Seed colour (Yellow – Green),
4. Seed shape (Round – Wrinkled),
5. Pod colour (Green – Yellow),
6. Pod shape (Inflated – Constricted),
7. Stem length(Tall – Dwarf).

8. Mendel selected pea plant for his experiments. Give the reasons in your point of view?
1. Pea plants have short life cycle. They produce fast.
2. They exhibit 7 pairs of contrasting characters which are easily recognizable.
3. They are highly naturally self-pollinated.
4. They are easy to grow either on ground or in pots.
5. They have short maturity and produce large number of seeds in a single generation.
6. The continuous cross and self-fertilizations were possible.
7. We can easily get successful results.

9. How can you say that ‘Human being is a moving museum of Vestigial organs ?
There are nearly 180 vestigial organs are present in Human beings, like pinna, hair on skin,
mammary glands in man. That’s why human beings said to be a moving museum of
Vestigial organs.

T.S.N (9491720974) 8 HEREDITY 37

10. What are variations? How they help organisms?
1. Differences in characters within very closely related groups of organisms are called
variations.
2. A new character may lead to variations that are closely inherited.
3. These variations help the organisms to adopt to their environments.
4. These variations increase the survival chance of the organisms.
5. These variations lead to origin of new species.

11. How sex determination takes place in human? Explain with example? (OR) Male / father
is responsible for sex determination of baby – do you agree? If so write your answer with a
flow chart.
1. Each human cell contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. Out of these, 22 pairs are
autosomes. The remaining 1 pair is allosome or sex chromosomes. These sex
chromosomes decide the child sex.
2. There are two types of sex chromosomes – “X” and “Y”.
3. The female gametes (ovum) have “XX” chromosomes.
4. The male gametes (sperm cell) have “XY” chromosomes.
5. If the sperm cell carries “Y” Chromosomes fertilizes the ovum (X-chromosomes), the
baby will have “XY” chromosomes. So the baby will be a boy.
6. If the sperm cell carries “X” chromosomes fertilizes the ovum (X chromosomes), the
baby will have “XX” chromosomes. So the baby will be a girl.
7. So, the gametes produced by the male is the deciding factor for the sex determination.

12. Explain monohybrid experiment with an example? (OR) Explain the process to
understand monohybrid cross of Mendal experiment with checker board?
1. The pure tall plant has both the factors of the same type, and denote as “TT”
2. The pure dwarf plant has the both the factors of the same type and denote as “tt”
3. The dominating factor is “T” (Tall)
4. When a pure tall plant is crossed with the pure dwarf plant it denotes as

♂ T T
♀
t Tt Tt

t Tt Tt

5. All the plants have the factor pair – “Tt”.

6. All the plants are heterozygous tall – “Tt”
7. On self-pollination of these it denotes as

♂ T t
♀
T TT Tt
t Tt tt
8. In F2 generation 75% of plants are tall and 25% of plants are dwarf.

T.S.N (9491720974) 8 HEREDITY 38

 9. The phenotype ratio is - 3:1
10. Among 75% of tall plants, 25% of plants are pure tall (TT) / homozygous tall. The
remaining 50% of plants are heterozygous tall (Tt)
11. The remaining 25% of dwarf plants are pure dwarf (tt) / homozygous dwarf.
12. With this experiment we can understand – a) the law of dominance, b) the law of
segregation.

13. Explain the Darwin’s theory of evaluation in a nutshell?

1. Any group of population develops variations and all members of group are not identical.
2. Variations are passed from parent to offspring through heredity.
3. The natural selection leads to a constant struggle for their survival in any population.
4. The variations help them to survive better and reproduce more than the organisms with less
useful features.
5. The offspring inherit the useful variations, and it happens with every new generation until the
variation becomes a common feature.
6. As the environment changes, the organism adapt and changes to the new living conditions.
7. Over a long period of time, each species of organism can accumulate so many changes that it
becomes a new species. All species on earth arise in this way.
8. Evolution is slow and continuous process.

14. Explain the Darwin’s theory of evolution ‘Natural selection’ with an example?
1. Darwin proposed the theory of “natural selection”. According to this theory nature only
selects which organism should survive or perish in nature. The organisms with useful traits
will survive. The organisms having harmful traits will be eliminated from its environment.
2. Let us consider, the red beetles and green beetles are living on the green leaves of the
bushes and these are prey to crows.
3. The crows can’t see the green beetles on green leaves and they cannot eat them.
4. But crows can sees red beetles and eat them.
5. As a result there are more and more green beetles than red ones.
6. The variation of color green gave a survival advantage to green beetles. In other words it
was naturally selected.

15. If the theory of inheritance of acquired characters proposed by Lamarck was correct how
the world will be?
If the theory inheritance of acquired characters proposed by Lamarck was correct,
1. The organisms which lost some of their body parts should give birth to the off spring
without the lost parts.
2. The rats which lost their tail give birth to tail less rats.
3. A body builder’s children should be a body builder and a painter children should be a
painter.
4. But all these are not happening because bodily changes will not be passed to its off spring.

16. Observe the diagram and answer the given questions?

1. What does this flow chart regard to?
Sex determination in Human beings.
2. Who decides the sex of the baby? – mother or father?
Father
3. Does the sex of the baby follow Mendal’s law of dominance? If so which factor is
dominant?
Yes, Y factor is dominant.
4. Are all the traits of baby similar to that of its parents?
No.
5. What is the number of chromosomes in Human beings?
23 pairs
T.S.N (9491720974) 8 HEREDITY 39
 6. What is the number of autosomes and allosomes?
Autosmoes are 22 pairs, allosomes are 1 pair
7. What are autosomes?
The chromosomes which are same in male and female
are called autosomes.
8. What are allosomes?
The sex determination chromosomes are called
allosomes.
9. What are the two type of allosomes?
X and Y
10. What kind of chromosomes the male have?
XY
11. What kind of chromosomes the female have?
XX
12. What will happen if the sperm containing X
chromosomes fertilize the ovum?
The baby will have XX chromosomes. It will be a girl.
13. Is the sex also a character or trait?
Yes, sex is also a character or trait.

T.S.N (9491720974) 8 HEREDITY 40

 9. OUR ENVIRONMENT
1. What is food chain ?
Food chain is a pathway that shows how energy is passed from one orgnism to another. It
shows who eats what in a particular habitate. It is drawn connecting the pictures or names of
organisms by putting arrows between them.

2. What is Food web ?

The elaborate interlinked feeding relationships in an ecosystem is called food web. Many of the
food chains in an eco system are cross linked to form a Food web.

3. What is ecological Pyramid ?

The graphic representation which shows the flow of energy from one tropic level to another by
taking the shape of pyramid is called ecological pyramid. It was first introduced by Charles
Elton in 1927.

4. How is using of toxic material affecting the ecosystem? Write a short note on
bioaccumulation and bio magnifications.
1. The indiscriminate use of toxic material such as pesticides, herbicides and fungicides leads to
the destruction of many other species along with pests.
2. They upsetting the ecological balance.
3. Non-biodegradable chemicals accumulate in the bodies of organisms and pass through food
chain.
4. Since Human beings occupy the top level in any food chain, maximum amount of toxic
material accumulate in the Human beings.
Bio-accumulation:
1. The process of entering of pollutants in a food chain is called bio-accumulation.
2. When the toxic chemicals are sprayed on plants, they mix up with soils and water.
These are absorbed by the plants along with the water.
3. When herbivores eat these plants the toxins go into their bodies.
4. When carnivores eat the herbivores these toxins go into their bodies.
Bio-magnification:
1. Bio-magnification is a gradual increase in the concentration of toxic material at
successive trophic levels.
2. As the toxic substances neither be excreted nor metabolized, the accumulated toxins are
passed to higher trophic levels and their concentration is increased.

5. What is tropic level? What does they represent in an ecological pyramid?

1. Trophic level is the position an organism occupies in a food chain.
2. In an ecological pyramid, the first trophic level represents the producers.
3. Second trophic level represents the herbivores or primary consumers.
4. Third trophic level represents the lower carnivores or secondary consumers.
5. Fourth trophic level represents the higher carnivores or tertiary consumers.

6. Why most of the food chains consist of four steps?

1. When the energy is passed from one organism to another at each transfer a large portion of
energy (80% - 90%) is dissipated in various metabolic activities.

TSN (9491720974) 9.OUR ENVIRONMENT 41

 2. Only 10% – 20% of energy is still available for next level.
3. That’s why most of the food chains consist of four steps.

7. Why does the number of organisms get decreased as we move from producer to top
carnivores?
1. Energy will decrease when we move from producers to top carnivores.
2. Only 10% to 20% of the energy /biomass transfer from one tropic level to another tropic level.
3. As there is less energy / bio mass available at top levels, the number of organisms also less.
4. So the number of organisms get decreased as we move from producers to top carnivores.

8. Think why the pyramids are upright?

1. The pyramid of number and bio mass may be upright, but not always.
2. But the pyramid of energy is always upright.
3. This is because energy will decrease when we move from producers to high level consumers.
4. Only 10 to 20 percent of the energy/bio mass transfer from one tropic level to another.
5. So the energy at the base is more gradually decreases and very less at the top.
6. As a result the pyramids are upright.

9. Write a detailed note on ecological pyramids?

1. The graphic representation which shows the flow of energy from one tropic level to another
by taking the shape of pyramid is called ecological pyramid.
2. It was first introduced by Charles Elton in 1927.
3. In the ecological pyramid the producers are represented at the base, and the successive tropic
levels are represented with primary, secondary and tertiary consumers.
4. There are 3 types of pyramids: 1) pyramid of number, 2) pyramid of bio mass, 3) pyramid of
energy.
5. Pyramid of number shows the population of organisms at each tropic level in a food chain.
6. Pyramid of bio mass represents the available food at each tropic level in a food chain.
7. Pyramid of energy represents the available energy at each tropic level in a food chain.
8. The pyramid of number and bio mass may be upright, but not always. But the pyramid of
energy is always upright.

10. What will happen if we remove predators from a food web?

1. Removal of organisms from any trophic level of a food chain disturbs the ecosystem and
leads to ecological imbalance.
2. If we remove predators from a food web, the prey population will increase enormously as
there is no natural control over them.
3. The producer’s population will decrease rapidly as the organisms feeding on them increase.
4. After few generations the prey population also begins to decrease as some of the preys
begin to die due to starvation.
5. Some adaptations may also be developed by the organisms to bring the ecological balance.
6. But it may take some generations, till that the ecosystem will be disturbed and imbalanced.

11. Study the table and Answer the given questions?

Area in Area in
Causes 1967(Km2) 2004(Km2)
Lake –water spread area 70.70 0
Lake –water spread area 70.70 0
Lake with dense weed 0 15.20

TSN (9491720974) 9.OUR ENVIRONMENT 42

 Lake-liable to flood in rainy
season 100.97 0
Aquaculture ponds 0 99.74
Rice fields 8.40 16.62
Settlements 0.31 1.37
Total 180.38 180.38

1. In which year lake-water spread area is more? Why?

In the year 1967.Because lake was brought under cultivation.
2. How do you think weeds are more in the lake?
Excessive nutrient addition, especially from anthropogenic sources, lead to explosive weed
growth.
3. What are the reasons for decrease in lake area?
a. In 1996, almost entire lake was brought under cultivation.
b. Industries came along in ever-growing intensity in the catchment of the lake.
4. What could be the reason for the migration of birds to this lake?
To avoid extreme cold weather conditions in northern Asia and Eastern Europe.
5. How was the threat to the lake due to pollution discoverd?
By satellite pictures
6. What could be the reason for the migration of birds to this lake?
The suitable climatic conditions and the availability of plenty of food.
7. Why the aquaculture was started extensively ?
it is a profitable business.
8. Why the water holding capacity was reduced?
The bunds were constructed to keep out water to protect their crops.

12. Study the table and Answer the given questions

Agricultural Aquaculture Industrial Human
Problem Practices practices activities activities
Biological
1. Decreased Migratory
bird - + - -
2. Population Loss of flora
and fauna - + - -
3. Pathogens - - - +
Chemical
1. Eutrophication + + - +
+ + + -
2. Toxic contamination
Physical
1. Siltation + + - -
2. Flooding + + - +

1. What are the factors that effects on migratory birds?

Aqua culture practices
2. Do you find any relationship between biological and physical problems?
Yes, agricultural factors have influenced on these problems
3. What are the reasons for chemical problems?
TSN (9491720974) 9.OUR ENVIRONMENT 43
 Agricultural practices, aqua culture practices, industrial activities and human activities are
the reasons for chemical problems.
4. What happens if dissolved oxygen reduce in lake water?
If the dissolved oxygen reduces in lake water, then the water turned to more alkaline in
nature
5. Is BOD of turbid, nutrient rich water high or less? What are its consequences?
High. The aquatic animals can’t survive in that water and the people suffer from water
borne diseases.
6. People living in catchment area of Kolleru faced so many problems. Why?
As the water get polluted they are suffering from water borne diseases and Vector borne
diseases and the lands also became not suitable for agriculture.

13. Write at least 5 food chains that you observe in your surroundings?
Gross → gross hopper → frog →snake
Phyto flankton → Insects → fish → crane
Plant → mice → snake → vulture
Plant → Aphids → spiders → birds
Gross → rabbit → snake → hawk

14. Study the ecological pyramid and answer the questions?

1. What is the name of the pyramid?

Pyramid of number.
2. What does it represent?
It represents the number of organisms at each tropic level.
3. Is there any relationship between the number of organisms involved at each stage?
The number of organisms are decreased at each level from producers to tertiary consumers.
4. Is there any relationship between the size of the organisms involved at each stage?
The size of the organism is increased at each level from primary consumers to tertiary
consumers.
5. Each pyramid should starts with ------
Producers
6. If the producer is a large tree then what will be the shape of the pyramid?
It is inverted.
7. What are the other types of pyramids?
Pyramid of biomass and pyramid of energy.

TSN (9491720974) 9.OUR ENVIRONMENT 44

 15. Write slogans on Protection of environment:
1. Save energy – save lives.
2. No to bikes and cars – yes to cycles.
3. Say no to plastic.
4. Do not cut trees as it cuts our throats later.
5. Follow the concept 4R’S.
6. Save a drop – save our planet.
7. Encourage friendly insects – discourage toxic pesticides.

16. Prepare slogans to promote awareness in your classmates about eco-friendly activities.
1. Live and let live.
2. Save energy - save lives.
3. Save mother earth.
4. Earth needs you.
5. Go ecofriendly.
6. “No” to bikes and cars – “yes” to cycle.
7. If we protect environment, it protects us.
8. Conserve nature-conserve life.
9. Clean the environment, live happily.
10. Plant a tree for your environment.
11. Think eco-friendly and live eco-friendly.

17. Suggest any three programs on prevention of soil pollution in view of avoiding pesticides.
Pesticides are the toxic chemicals which are used to destroy pests. When they spray on crops
they not only kill the pests but also pollute the soil and water. To prevent the soil pollution
caused by pesticides, following programs should be implemented.
a) Rotation of crops
b) Biological pest control
c) Development of genetic resistant strains.
a) Rotation of crops:
1. Same crop should not be grown in the same field in successive seasons.
2. As the pest which grows on one crop never grows on the other, they can be kept under
control naturally.
b) Biological pest control:
1. In this method pests are controlled by some biological processes, instead of using
chemical pesticides.
2. Using predators, using hormones like pheromones, sterilization of the insect pests and
utilization of biological pest’s repellants such as neem oil, etc.; are some of the
biological pest control methods.
c) Development of genetic resistant strains.
1. Nowadays using genetic engineering, pest resistant strains are being produced.
2. If we use these, crops never get affected by the pest, so no need to use the pesticides.

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 10. NATURAL RESOURCES
1. What are Renewable resources ?
Some of the resources can be replaced after they are used and are called renewable resources .
Ex : Air, Water, Soil ,Plants, Animals, Etc.,

2. What are non-renewable resources ?

Some resources cannot be replaced at all once they are used up, they are gone for ever. Such
resources are called non-renewable resources. Ex: Fossil Fuels.

3. What is Contour Strip Cropping? What is its use?

Contour Strip cropping is a method of Soil and water conservation. Several Crops such as
corn, wheat and Clover are planted in alternative strips across a Slope or across the path of the
prevailing wind.

4. What is Percolation tank ?

Percolation tank is normally earthen dam with masonry structure. They were built against water
flow. The mixture of soil, silt, loam, clay, sand, gravel, laid in layers at the base and sides of the
tank. Outlets for surface irrigation are made at one fourth of the height. Its main purpose is to
increase the ground water level.

5. What is Micro- irrigation ?

Micro Irrigation is an Irrigation method that saves water and fertilizers. In this method we
supply the water very little quantity in the form of droplets and sprinkle. Drip irrigation and
sprinklers are collectively called as Micro-Irrigation. These can reduce water consumption by
70%.

6. What is sustainable development? How is it useful in natural resource management?

1. Sustainable development: When we use the environment in ways that ensure we have
resources for the future, it is called sustainable development.
2. If all the resources are carelessly managed, they will be used up.
3. So, the people must reduce the usage of resources.
4. The continuation of life depends on the careful use of natural resources.
5. Thus, sustainability should be implemented in all aspects of natural resources. So that they
would be available to our future.

7. Write a detailed note on management of natural resources?

1. Use of natural resources without affecting the needs of the future generations is the best
solution for natural resource management.
2. All our needs like food, water, air and shelter come from natural resources. But we are
utilizing them indiscriminately.
3. If we conserve the resources, they are available for future generations also.
4. Conservation of forests can be brought by controlling deforestation and replacing some
wood products with alternatives.
5. Soil conservation can be achieved by contour strip cropping.
6. Conservation of biodiversity can be brought by Protect the natural habitats of animals by
establishing national parks and sanctuaries and implementing strict laws.
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 7. Using of renewable energies like solar, wind, hydro power and biofuel is the best way to
conserve fossil fuels.
8. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover (4’R) are the suitable and right methods to conserve
the natural resources in an effective way.

8. Why should we conserve forests and wild life?

Need to conserve forests:
1. Forests provide raw materials for timber industry and sports equipment industry.
2. Forests prevent floods and soil erosion.
3. Forests help in bringing sufficient rainfall.
4. Forests also provide natural habitat to wild animals and birds.
5. Forests maintain the ecological balance.
Need to conserve wild life:
1. The wild life maintain ecological balance in nature. For example, if we conserve lions and
tigers, they keep the herbivorous animals under control and save the plants from over
grazing.
2. Wild life should also be conserved to prevent the extinction of rare varieties of animals and
birds from this earth.

9. Proper utilization of natural resources is the way to show gratitude to our nation. Can you
support this statement? Give your argument.
1. Yes, I support this statement.
2. The natural resources are a “tool” for the development of our nation.
3. We should use these resources wisely so that they may be available in our future also.
4. When these resources are available in the future also, the development of our nation would
be continued.
5. Hence, proper utilization of natural resources in a sustainable way is the way to show
gratitude to our nation.

10. What are four R’s mantra to save the environment?

Four “R”s (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and recover) is the best method to conserve resources.
1. Reduce: consumption of resources must be reduced. The production of waste also be
reduced. Ex: Repair leaked taps, switch off unnecessary lights and fans.
2. Reuse: We can conserve the resources by reusing the materials. We should not use
disposable items. So when we are purchasing an item we give preference to those which are
suitable for reuse again. Ex: Bowls, bags, doormats and flower vases are made from used
Sarees, Clothes, Ice cream sticks, Bulbs etc.
3. Recycle: We can minimize the consumption of many resources like paper and metals by
recycling them. The disposable materials can be reprocessed into new products. One third
of the iron in USA is producing by recycling Automobiles.
4. Recover: we must recover the resources what we used. Ex: when we cut trees we must
plant the trees again.

11. Natural resources are decreased more rapidly. Guess what will be the consequences?

1. It leads to very serious consequences on human life.

2. There would be ecological imbalance and human life become difficult to live.
3. All the fossil fuels would be exhausted and the people suffer a lot for transportation and
petroleum products like cleaning agents, fabrics, pesticides etc.

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 4. Due to deforestation, soil erosion occurs. The fertility of soil is reduced. Crop production
decreases. People suffer from starvation.
5. When the forests were totally vanished, there would be no rains, leads to water scarcity.
Ground water level declines rapidly and people suffer from thirst.
6. There would be no electricity and no development.

12. What will happen if we do not conserve fossil fuels?

1. Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources. If once they are cased up, they never restore again
or thousands of years it takes.
2. They become integral part of our life that we cannot live without these.
3. We cannot have electricity and motor vehicles. Without electricity and motor vehicles, the
development would be stopped.
4. We cannot get several bi-products like plastic, rubber, fabrics, medicines, wax etc.

13. Analyze the given data and answer the questions?

1. What is the total irrigated area in acres, in Vanaparthy?

947.75 acers.
2. If one needs to irrigate all the land in Vanaparthy, how many wells would be
required?
620 wells would be required.
3. Though the number of wells is less in Vanaparthy, the area under irrigation is more as
compared to Vaddicherla. How is this possible?
This became possible due to the percolation tank which helps in increasing the ground
water level.
4. Do you think the area under irrigation will change due to rise in population?
There are two reasons for change in area under irrigation – a) Drying of well b) rise in
population

14. Analyze the data and answer the questions?

1. If the number of wells is 155 now, what was it 5 years back?

5 years back nearly 250 wells were there.
2. What do you think ‘decline in number of wells’ represents?
It represents the decreasing in underground water levels.
3. How would crops be affected due to decline in the number of wells?
The crop production will also decrease.
4. Which village do you think is more affected?

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 Vaddicherla
5. What is the change in types of crops grown in the villages?
The wet land crops are changed to dry land crops.
6. By comparing the two villages, find out where greater number of wells dried up?
What may have saved the other village?
In Vaddicherla greater number of wells are dried up. Vanaparthy village was saved by
percolation tank.
7. If water resource becomes scarce, will it affect the nature of soil in an area?
It will affect the nature of soil in an areThe moisture of the soil and its fertility will
decrease.
8. As wells dry up, how are people in the area dependent on the well affected?
As wells dry up,
a) The cropping pattern will be disturbed.
b) The household income will be decreased.
9. Why do you think water became scarce mainly in Vaddicherla?
a) There is no percolation tank in vaddicherla.
b) There is indiscriminate usage of water.

15. Analyze the data and answer the questions?

Annual expenditure on well irrigation for small and large farmers(2002):
Village Type of Depth of bore % of area irrigated Total cost of well
farmer well in feet per well Kharif irrigation per acre
Rabi per year in rupees.
Large 130 - 200 2.50 1.24 25000 -70000
Vanaparthy
small 110 - 180 2.00 1.13 25000 - 65000
Large 90 - 300 1.53 0.87 22000 - 50000
Vaddicherla
small 60 - 200 0.99 0.46 20000 - 45000

1. Is the availability of water resource same for a small and a large farmer?
No, the availability of water is not same for a small and large farmer. Large farmers have
bore wells with more depth.
2. Do you think the availability should be same for everyone in an area?
Yes, the availability should be same for everyone in an area.
3. A well irrigates more area in Kharif season as compared to Rabi, how is it possible?
This is possible because before the kharif there will be rains that recharge the ground water.
4. How should a farmer utilize such a condition?
A farmer can utilize such a condition by irrigating more area.
5. If a well can irrigate 2.5 percent of cultivable land, how many wells would irrigate
whole of the land?
40 wells would irrigate whole of the land.
6. Which type of farmers, those having small land holdings or those with large land holdings
are most affected when wells dry up?
Small land farmers are most effected.
7. Which factor has a greater effect on expenditure, number of wells or depth of a well?
Depth of a well has a greater effect on expenditure.

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 8. What is the total expenditure on a whole cultivable land owned by a small farmer in
Vaddicherla? How do you think a small farmer meets this expenditure?
It is about 20,000 to 45,000 rupees per acre per year. In general small farmer meets this
expenditure by borrowing from others.
9. What could help the small farmer reduce expenditure? (Hint: think of crops that
require less water)
Growing crops that require less water help the small farmer in reduce expenditure.
10. Do you think increasing the depth of bore well is a good solution for increasing total
land area under irrigation? Why/Why not?
It is not a good solution. This is because with increasing depth, expenditure also will
increase. So net profit will decrease. Moreover ground water level decreases much more
and has to dig more depth.

16. Analyze the data and answer the given questions:

Village Type of Net income per acre in rupees Total income per
farmer Paddy Paddy Cotton Gingelly acre year in rupees
Kharif Rabi
Vanaparthy Large 8200 8700 4900 3300 25100
small 7046 8490 10889 3110 29535
Vaddicherla Large 10698 5970 4000 3595 24263
small 9128 7380 3031 2650 22189
1. Which crop is most profitable for a small farmer in Vaddicherla?
Paddy in kharif is more profitable.
2. What is the difference between a small farmer in Vanaparthy and Vaddicherla?
Small farmers in vanaparthy are getting more income than formers in vaddicherla.
3. Which crop could replace paddy and be profitable as well for a small farmer in
Vanaparthy?
If cotton replaces paddy, it will be profitable.
4. Though we know that paddy consumes maximum water, why do you think farmers
still like to grow paddy?
Formers believe that it is profitable and less risky.
5. What is the impact of a depleting resource upon the farmers?
Cost of production is increased. So the formers are becoming poor and poor.
6. Do you think the income of a small farmer in Vaddicherla is sufficient enough to meet
his expenditure?
No, the income is not sufficient.
7. What are the major causes of pitiable condition of small farmers at Vaddicherla?
a) Lack of awareness regarding sustainable use of water.
b) Not adopting suitable crops
8. Do you think farming as an occupation is profitable for the small farmer in Vaddicherla?
No, it is not profitable for the small farmer in vaddicherla.
9. Would the farmer have to look for other kind of occupations to meet his ends?
No need to look for other kind of occupations. But has to select proper crops that requires
less water.
10. How did the availability of water affect a small farmer at Vaddicherla?
Their household income is also be less.
.
17. Observe the diagram and answer the given questions:
1. How much per cent of area do you think is irrigated by other sources of water?
Other sources 5%.
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 2. Why is it important to recharge the ground water sources?
43% of land is irrigating by ground water. By recharging the ground water, the water
availability will be increased.

3. Why do the rivers fail to benefit the state

to an extent they should have?
There are no sufficient dams to store water.
4. Since ground water resources are
getting depleted at a fast pace what are
the alternatives?
Tanks and water projects should be
Constructed.
5. River Godavari fails to provide water for
the projects like Sri Rama Sagar in our State due to over usage of water by some
other state. How should states and countries work to provide enough for all?
a) Making some strict laws for distribution of water.
(b) There should be some autonomous body to look after the agreements and disputes
between the states or countries.
6. What are the sources for irrigation of 37% land?
Canals
7. What does it represent?
Sources of irrigation water in AP.

18. Observe the diagram and answer the given questions:

1. What are fossil fuels?
The fuels were produced from the remains of
ancient plants and Animals are called
fossil fuels.
2. Give examples for fossil fuels?
Coal, petroleum (oil), and natural gas.
3. What do fossil fuels provide us?
They provide us energy.
4. Why do we need to conserve them?
Because they are non-renewable resources.
5. What does it represent?
Percentage consumption of fossil fuels in india.
6. How do we conserve the fuels?
Using public transportation, walk short idtances, Switch off the electronics when not
using.
7. Which fuel is consuming more?
Coal.
8. Which fuel is consuming very less?
Nuclear fuel
19. Write few sentences about the picture?
1. Sustainable development: The logo represents
the sustainable development. When we use the
environment in ways that ensure, we have
resources for the future, it is called sustainable
development.

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 2. Recycling: the logo represents one of the 4R mantras Re-Cycling. We can minimize the
consumption of many resources like paper and metals by recycling them.
20. Write slogans on Biodiversity:
1. Biodiversity is life, biodiversity is future.
2. Protect the nature as it protects us.
3. Our life depends on biodiversity.
4. Biodiversity is the way to be.
5. Biodiversity is the key for more variety.
6. Live and let live.
7. The more variety, the better society
21. Write the slogans on importance of forests?
1. Save forests, forest will save you.
2. Save forests save the climate.
3. Protect forests and be safe.
4. Forests for a living planet.
5. Save forests, stay healthy.
6. Say no to deforestation.
7. Forests – The lungs of the world.
22. Write the slogans on water conservation?
1. Save water – save life.
2. A drop of water is precious like a drop of blood.
3. Conservation of water – conservation of life on earth.
4. A drop of rain water is source for our life.
5. Water leakage is like – leakage of blood of earth.
23. Suggest some ways of reusing resources in your locality?
1. By using the paste of waste papers we can prepare some household items like bowls, and
toys, etc.
2. Using waste clothes we can prepare doormats and ropes
3. Spoiled vegetables, fallen leaves can be used as compost for plants in our house.
4. Using ice cream sticks we can prepare decorative items.
5. Pen stands are prepared by sticking together the used bangles.
24. Suggest some approaches towards the conservation of forests?
1. The indiscriminate and unauthorized cutting of forests for timber, trade and fire wood
should be controlled.
2. In case of cutting of forests, for every acre of forest an equal area should be planted with
trees.
3. Overgrazing of forests should be prevented.
4. We should prevent and control forest fires.
5. The local people should be involved in the conservation of forests by giving employment.
25. Taking steps/suggestions on conservation of fossil fuels
1. Exploring of alternatives to fossil fuels like solar power, wind power, bio-fuel.
2. Large scale production of electricity from the sun wind and water should be done.
3. Turn off lights and other electrical goods when we are not using them.
4. Purchase of energy efficient appliances.
5. Maximum usage of public transportation whenever possible.

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 11. ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION
1. What is called global warming? And what are green house gases?
The annual increase in the overall temperature of the earth’s atmosphere is called Global
warming.
Green house gases: Carbon Monoxide(Co), Carbon dioxide(Co2), Chloro Fluoro carbons
(CFCs), Hydro Fluoro Carbons(HFCs), Per Fluoro Carbons(PFCs).

2. What are the responsible factors for global warming?

1. Factories, chemical industries are primary responsible for global warming.
2. The Chloro Fluoro Carbons which are released by air conditioners, and refrigerators.
3. Burning of house hold wastes, plastic materials are also responsible for global warming.

3. How do we reduce global warming?

1. We should reduce the usage of refrigerators and air conditioners.
2. We should grow trees in our surroundings.
3. We should use public transport for more distances and cycle for very short distances.
4. We should use ecofriendly electronic and solar equipment.

4. Name the environmentalists and their movements?

Environmentalists Movement Issue
1.Bob Hunter Green Peace Movement Protesting under water nuclear tests.
2.Satiah Chandra Nair Silent Valley Protesting the Hydroelectric Project in
Movement Kerala.
3. Medha Patkar Narmada Bachavo Protesting the dam construction on
Andolan and others Narmada river. Opposing Nuclear, Hydro
Thermal power plants.
4.Sunderlal Bahuguna Chipko Movement Protest the cutting down of forests in
Himalayas

5. Slogans to create awareness on vaccination:

1. Take vaccine – save the life.
2. Spare the children – give them vaccine.
3. Get resistance power, through vaccination.
4. Get a drop – stop the trap.
5. Vaccination is the only way to rescue from death.

6. How do we control mosquito population?

1. Do not allow water to stagnant in drains, pots, watertanks, etc.
2. Pour Kerosene on stagnant water.
3. Spray insecticides in damp areas.
4. Empty the trash cans regularly.

7. Is it correct to cementing roads and surroundings?

1. It is not correct to cement the total surroundings.
2. They prevent the proper drainage and piling of rain water.
3. They prevent afforestation.
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 4. They tend to increase the internal temperature of the houses.

8. How do you save LP Gas in cooking in your houses / MDM Programme in schools?
1. By using pressure cookers we can save 20% to 40% of fuel.
2. Soak food material before cooking. It saves 22% of fuel.
3. Use broad and low depth vessels for cooking.
4. Use lids on the cooking vessels. It saves 7.25 grams of fuel per hour.
5. Use small burner for cooking. It saves 6.5% of fuel.

9. Expand the below abbreviations?

LPG = Liquefied Petroleum Gas.
LED = Light Emitting Diode.
SEZ = Special Economic Zone.
NGO = Non-Government Organisation.

10. What are the benefits of solar energy?

1. It is the best and evergreen energy source.
2. It is a never reduced and always available resource.
3. It is a good substitute for conventional energy resources.
4. It is cost saving energy.
5. It is environment friendly resource.

11. How do you save electricity in your house?

1. Turn off lights and fans before I leave the room.
2. Use the solar appliences.
3. Don’t keep the refrigerator doors open any longer than I need .
4. Use L.E.D bulbs.
5. Use energy saving electrical appliances.

12. How do you reduce the fuel consumption while travelling?

1. Use public transport as far as possible.
2. Carpooling can be followed.
3. Stop engine at traffic signals and traffic jams.
4. Use own vehicles only when you are outing with family.

13. What are the harmful effects of deforestation?

1. Loss of Bio-diversity
2. Soil erosion
3. Lack of rain fall
4. Co2 in atmosphere increases.

14. How do you conserve/protect the natural resources?

1. We should use natural resources without affecting the needs of the future generations.
2. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover (4’R) are the suitable methods to conserve the natural
resources.
3. Conservation of forests can be brought by controlling deforestation and replacing some
wood products with alternatives.

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 4. Conservation of soil can be brought by contour strip cropping.
5. Conservation of fossil fuels can be brought by using of renewable energies like solar, wind,
hydro power and biofuel.

15. What are the reasons to decrease ground water level? Why the water sources become
scarce?
1. The usage of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial purpose is increasing day
by day.
2. Digging bore wells more deep and drawing the water in excess.
3. We are not taking any steps for water management.
4. Due to deforestation the annual rainfall is decreasing.

16. How do you save / conserve water in your School / Home?

1. We should repair leakage taps.
2. We should dig soak pits.
3. We should channelize the used water to plants.
4. We should conserve rain water in tanks.

17. What is WALTA:

1. This is Andhra Pradesh Water, Land and Trees Act-2002.
2. This act tells us about the conservation of water on land, conservation of forests, and
conservation of ground water.

18. What are the reasons for floods in cities?

1. Cutting down of trees.
2. Cementing the roads.
3. Lack of percolation tanks for rain water.
4. Improper drainage facility.
5. Heavy rains.

19. What measures we should take to check the floods?

1. Drainage facilities should be proper.
2. Planting more trees.
3. Leaving the edges roads without cementing.
4. Percolation tanks and pits should be constructed.

20. How water bodies are getting polluted?

1. Due to the increase in population.
2. Industrial discharges from factories.
3. House hold wastes.
4. Fertilizers and pesticides

21. What are your suggestions to reduce water pollution?

1 Factory discharges should be treated and recycled before releasing into water.
2 Farmers should minimize the usage of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. They can adopt to
organic manure, wormy compost and biological pest control methods.
3 Minimize the usage of detergent. Use only phosphate free soaps and detergents.

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 4 We should not release the fish tank and prawns tank discharges into the streams directly.

22. What are the reasons for migration of people?

People migrate to towns and cities for need of education, need of jobs, treatment and for
earning money.

23. What facilities you are expecting in your habitation to reduce migration of people to
towns?
1. Infrastructural facilities are to be established.
2. Proper connectivity to cities must be established.
3. Uninterrupted power should be supplied.
4. The health and education facilities must be established.

24. What are Biodegradable and non-Biodegradable wastes?

Biodegradable and wastes: The waste which is broken down by different biological
processes are said to be Biodegradable wastes. These substances decompose and mix in the
soil. These are not harmful to the environment. Ex: kitchen waste.
Non-Biodegradable wastes: The waste which are not broken down by the biological
processes are said to be non-bio degradable wastes. These substances may be inert and persist
in the environment for a long time. These are harmful to the environment and pollute soil and
water. Ex: polythene covers.

25. What are the adverse effects of developmental activities on environment (OR) why people
protest developmental activities?
1. Different species of plants and animals disappear during the construction of projects.
2. Forests may be cleared.
3. Cultivated land may also be cleared.
4. Animals may lose their habitats.

26. What are the common measures to prevent diseases?

1.Drinking boiled water.2.Eating the food when it is hot,3.Washing hands,4.Preventig vectors
like mosquitoes and house flies,5.Keeping the surroundings clean and hygiene.6.Maitaining the
personal hygiene.

27. What are natural disasters? How do you help people who are affected by natural
disasters?
1. Natural disasters are earthquakes, cyclones, floods, tsunamis etc.
2. I give shelter, food, medicine, blankets to them.
3. I create awareness about precautionary measures to be taken.

28. How human beings spoil the sacred places?

1. When we visit sacred places, we left over food remains, the plastic bottles, glasses, plates,
polythene covers etc… spoil the divinity and filled foul smell.
2. These are thrown into water bodies and pollute the water, affecting the health of people.
3. It is again leads to soil pollution.

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