1.

SIMPLE PRESENT (BE)

AFFIRMATIVE:
AM
P/N + ARE + C
IS
EXAMPLES: I am very busy today.
You are my workmate.
He is an engineer.

INTERROGATIVE:
AM
Wh___ ARE + P/N + C ?
IS
EXAMPLES: Are you hungry now ?
Where is she from ?
Are they in a meeting ?

NEGATIVE:
AM NOT
P/N + ARE NOT (aren´t) + C
IS NOT (isn’t)
EXAMPLES: I am not sick.
He isn’t an employee.

NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS BASIC I (PAGES 8 & 9). IF POSSIBLE, START USING WH
QUESTION WORDS. DEPENDING ON THE STUDENT’S ABILITIES, USE COMBINATIONS WITH OTHER FORMULAS
 2. SIMPLE PRESENT

AFFIRMATIVE:
P/N + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: I have a job in this company.
He needs a new budget.
They live in the suburbs.

INTERROGATIVE:
DO
Wh___ + P/N + VSF + C ?
DOES
EXAMPLES: Where do you get the raw material ?
Does she want to come with us ?
Do they accept credit card ?

NEGATIVE:
DO NOT (don’t)
P/N + + VSF + C
DOES NOT (doesn’t)
EXAMPLES: They don’t know the new project.
He doesn’t want a printer.
I don’t work on Saturdays.

NOTE. DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS BASIC I (PAGES 11 & 12, 15-18) IF POSSIBLE, START
USING WH QUESTION WORDS. DEPENDING ON THE SUDENT’S ABILITIES, USE COMBINATIONS WITH OTHER FORMULAS.

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 3. PRESENT CONTINUOUS

AFFIRMATIVE:
AM
P/N + ARE + VERB +ING + C
IS
EXAMPLES: I am opening the windows.
We are organizing the new office.

INTERROGATIVE:
AM
VERB
Wh___ ARE + P/N + + C ?
+ING
IS
EXAMPLES: Are you calculating the taxes ?
Why is he moving the furniture ?

NEGATIVE:
AM NOT
VERB
P/N + AREN’T + + C
+ING
ISN’T
EXAMPLES: I am not taking any medicine.
He isn’t giving his reports.

NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS BASIC I (PAGES 30-33) BASIC III (PAGES 19-21) DEVELOP
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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 4. WOULD

AFFIRMATIVE:
P/N + WOULD + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: I would like to have an opportunity.
She would return early today.

INTERROGATIVE:
Wh___ WOULD + P/N + VSF + C ?
EXAMPLES: Would your clients pay the new price ?
What would you do in this case ?

NEGATIVE:
WOULD NOT
P/N + + VSF + C
(wouldn’t)
EXAMPLES: We wouldn’t negotiate with that union.
It wouldn’t be difficult for us.

NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC I (PAGE 37) TEACH STUDENTS HOW THIS
STRUCTURE CAN BE USED AS IN FORMULA 11

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 5. FUTURE (WILL)

AFFIRMATIVE:
P/N + WILL + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: He will call us tomorrow.
The representatives will have a reunion on Monday.

INTERROGATIVE:
Wh___ WILL + P/N + VSF + C ?
EXAMPLES: Will you accept my invitation ?
Why will your manager ask about it ?

NEGATIVE:
WILL NOT
P/N + + VSF + C
(won’t)
EXAMPLES: The shareholders won’t come next week.
He won’t believe you.

NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC I (PAGES 38-41) DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS

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 6. FUTURE (GOING TO)

AFFIRMATIVE:
AM
P/N + ARE + GOING TO VSF + C
IS
EXAMPLES: They are going to need another table.
Mr. Connors is going to talk to the suppliers.

INTERROGATIVE:
AM
Wh___ ARE + P/N + GOING TO VSF + C ?
IS
EXAMPLES: When are you going to give me my money ?
Why is the company going to open the new plant ?

NEGATIVE:
AM NOT
P/N + AREN’T + GOING TO VSF + C
ISN’T
EXAMPLES: We aren’t going to play soccer today.
Mr. Jameson isn’t going to accept any excuse.

NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS BASIC I (PAGE 42) DEVELOP
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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 7. SIMPLE PAST (TO DO)

AFFIRMATIVE:
P/N + VS PAST + C
EXAMPLES: I saw the information yesterday.
He visited his friends the day before yesterday.

INTERROGATIVE:
Wh___ DID + P/N + VSF + C ?
EXAMPLES: Did they sign the contract ?
Why did Mr. Williams go to the park ?
Did your boss tell you what to do ?

NEGATIVE:
P/N + DIDN’T + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: Mr. Simpson didn’t calculate the budget.
We didn’t start the course last week.

NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS BASIC II (PAGES 11-19) BASIC III
(PAGES 15-18) DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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 8. SIMPLE PAST (TO BE)

AFFIRMATIVE:
WAS
P/N + + C
WERE
EXAMPLES: I was really tired.
The statistics were correct.

INTERROGATIVE:
WAS
Wh___ + P/N + C ?
WERE
EXAMPLES: Why was he in the office ?
Were you with him during the meeting ?

NEGATIVE:
WASN’T
P/N + + C
WEREN’T
EXAMPLES: She wasn’t a bad person with me.
You weren’t aware of that.

NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC II (PAGES 8-10) DEVELOP
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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 9. PAST CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE:
WAS
P/N + + VERB +ING + C
WERE
EXAMPLES: The sales department was breaking records.
They were eating cake this morning.

INTERROGATIVE:
WAS
Wh___ + P/N + VERB +ING + C ?
WERE
EXAMPLES: Was she following your orders ?
What were you doing in her house ?

NEGATIVE:
WASN’T
P/N + + VERB +ING + C
WEREN’T
EXAMPLES: Your brother wasn’t driving the car.
They weren’t analyzing the projects.

NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC II (PAGES 26-31) BASIC III (PAGE 57)
DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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 10. IDIOMATIC FUTURE CONTINUOUS
AFFIRMATIVE: AM
P/N + ARE + GOING TO BE + VERB +ING + C
IS
EXAMPLES: The user and I are going to be reviewing the programs.
The attorney is going to be reading the documents.

INTERROGATIVE: AM
GOING TO VERB
Wh___ ARE + P/N + BE + +ING + C ?
IS
EXAMPLES: Where are you going to be travelling next month ?
Is the machine going to be working all day ?

NEGATIVE: AM NOT
GOING TO VERB
P/N + AREN’T + BE + +ING + C
ISN’T
EXAMPLES: I am not going to be using that credit card.
IBM isn’t going to be producing it anymore.

NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC II (PAGES 63 & 64) DEVELOP
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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 11. IDIOMATIC FUTURE IN PAST

AFFIRMATIVE: WAS
P/N + WERE + GOING TO + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: Mike was going to help them.
He told me the banks were going to authorize the credit.

INTERROGATIVE: WAS
Wh___ WERE + P/N + GOING TO + VSF + C ?
EXAMPLES: Were you going to open that file ?
What was she going to do yesterday ?

NEGATIVE: WASN’T
P/N + WEREN’T + GOING TO + VSF + C
EXAMPLES: The accountant wasn’t going to attend that meeting.
Silvia said The boys weren’t going to have vacations

NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC II (PAGE 42) DEVELOP QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS

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 12. PRESENT PERFECT

AFFIRMATIVE:
HAVE
P/N + + VPP + C
HAS
EXAMPLES: This product has had some changes.
We have taken that medicine.

INTERROGATIVE:
HAVE
Wh___ + P/N + VPP + C ?
HAS
EXAMPLES: How have you been lately ?
What has the supervisor done to avoid it ?

NEGATIVE:
HAVEN’T
P/N + + VPP + C
HASN’T
EXAMPLES: The manager hasn’t said anything.
We haven’t broken the rules of the game.

NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” BASIC III (PAGES 31 & 32)
INTERMEDIATE I (PAGES 8& 9) DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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 13. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

AFFIRMATIVE: HAVE BEEN

P/N + HAS BEEN
+ VERB +ING + C
EXAMPLES: Your customers have been looking for you.
Douglas has been helping me.

INTERROGATIVE: HAVE VERB

Wh___ HAS + P/N + BEEN + +ING + C ?
EXAMPLES: What have you been doing all week ?
Have you been buying the material there ?

NEGATIVE: HAVEN’T
P/N + HASN’T + BEEN + VERB +ING + C
EXAMPLES: The children haven’t been doing their homework.
The supervisor hasn’t been participating this year.

NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE I (PAGE 10)
DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

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 14. PAST PERFECT

AFFIRMATIVE:
P/N + HAD + VPP + C
EXAMPLES: His boss had seen him doing that.
That had been very difficult.

INTERROGATIVE:
Wh___ HAD + P/N + VPP + C ?
EXAMPLES: Had you heard about this software ?
What had the customer done before ?

NEGATIVE:
P/N + HADN’T + VPP + C
EXAMPLES: The market hadn’t reacted so good.
She hadn’t worked for ten years.

NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE I (PAGE 11)
DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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 15. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

AFFIRMATIVE: P/N + HAD BEEN + VERB +ING + C

EXAMPLES: The salesmen had been attending customers.
We had been waiting for that loan.

INTERROGATIVE: VERB
Wh___ HAD + P/N + BEEN + +ING + C ?
EXAMPLES: Had you been taking those pills ?
Had you been offering that product ?

NEGATIVE: VERB
P/N + HADN’T + BEEN + +ING + C
EXAMPLES: The maid hadn’t been doing anything.
The printers hadn’t been working well.

NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE I (PAGES 12 & 13)
DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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 16. SUBJUNCTIVE

AFFIRMATIVE: WANT, NEED,

P/N + MAKE, ASK, + N/A + TO VSF + C
REMIND, TELL,
ADVISE, PROMISE, USE THIS STRUCTURE IN PAST, FUTURE,
WARN, LIKE, PRESENT, PAST PERFECT AND WOULD.
PERSUADE, EXAMPLE: I DIDN’T WANT YOU TO
ALLOW, ENABLE, KNOW SHE HASN’T TOLD US TO DO IT
EXPECT

EXAMPLES: The administration needs us to improve the results.

We want you to come earlier.

INTERROGATIVE: DO, WANT, NEED, TO

Wh___ DOES, + P/N + MAKE, ASK, + N/A + + C ?
DID, REMIND, VSF
WILL, TELL,
WOULD, ADVISE,
DIDN’T, PROMISE,
HAVE, WARN, LIKE, * USE THE CORRESPONDING
HAS PERSUADE, PAST PARTICIPLE FORM
ALLOW,
ENABLE,
EXPECT

EXAMPLES: What do you want me to do ?

When does the client need you to visit him ?

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 16. SUBJUNCTIVE (CONT.)

NEGATIVE: DON’T WANT, NEED,

P/N + + MAKE, ASK, + N/A + TO VSF + C
DOESN’T REMIND, TELL,
DIDN’T ADVISE, * USE THE CORRESPONDING
WON’T PROMISE, PAST PARTICIPLE FORM
WARN, LIKE,
HAVEN’T PERSUADE,
HASN’T ALLOW,
ENABLE,
EXPECT

EXAMPLES: Mr. Philips doesn’t want his project to be postponed.

They didn’t want anybody to know about it.

SPECIAL WANT, NEED,

NEGATIVE:
P/N + MAKE, ASK, + N/A + NOT TO + C
REMIND, TELL, VSF
ADVISE,
PROMISE,
WARN, LIKE,
PERSUADE,
ALLOW,
ENABLE,
EXPECT

EXAMPLES: I asked the lawyer not to say anything.

Linda reminded me not to make so much noise.

NOTE: DO THE EXERCICES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE I (PAGES 41 & 42)
AND INTERMEDIATE II (PAGES 28-30) DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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 17. CONDITIONAL FUTURE POSSIBLE

AFFIRMATIVE: IF + P/N + VSP + C , P/N + WILL + VSF + C

EXAMPLES: If the clients accept the price , they will place the order immediately.
If she has the information , she will call us tomorrow.

INTERROGATIVE: WILL + P/N + VSF + C + IF + P/N + VSP + C ?

EXAMPLES: Will you finish on time if I help you ?

Will they attend the meeting if you invite them ?

NEGATIVE: IF + P/N + DON’T + VSF + C , P/N + WILL + VSF + C

DOESN’T WON’T

EXAMPLES: If we don’t answer the letter , she will understand.

Even if he doesn’t give the address , I won’t have problem.

NOTE: DEVELOP CONVERSATION (QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS) AMONG THE STUDENTS. SHOW THEM THAT IF AND
IN CASE ARE SYNONIMS.

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 18. CONDITIONAL PRESENT UNREAL

AFFIRMATIVE: IF + P/N + VPAST + C , P/N + WOULD + VSF + C

EXAMPLES: If AT&T invested here , the companies would have better results.
If I had time , I would help them.

INTERROGATIVE: WH__ WOULD + P/N + VSF + C + IF + P/N + VSP + C ?

EXAMPLES: Would your clients complain if you increased prices ?

What would they say if they knew the problem ?

NEGATIVE: IF + P/N + DIDN’T + VSF + C , P/N + WOULD + VSF + C

EXAMPLES: If the PC didn’t have a good quality , nobody would buy it.
If it *weren’t for him , they would be sick

NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE II (PAGES 43-45)
INTERMEDIATE III (PAGES 18-21) DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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 19. CONDITIONAL PAST UNREAL

AFFIRMATIVE: IF + P/N + HAD + VPP + C , P/N + WOULD + HAVE + VPP + C

EXAMPLES: If that container had arrived on time , we would have finished it.
If it had been more expensive , they would have bought anyway.

INTERROGATIVE: WH__ + WOULD + P/N + HAVE + VPP + C + IF + P/N + HAD + VPP + C ?

EXAMPLES: What would you have done In case he had destroyed it ?

Would you have accepted it if they had offered You more ?

NEGATIVE: IF + P/N + HADN’T + VPP + C , P/N + WOULD + HAVE + VPP + C

WOULDN’T

EXAMPLES: If the survey hadn’t stopped , we would have gotten all the information.
If it hadn’t been so late , we could have gone to the movies.

NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE III (PAGES 18-21)
DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS, SHOW THEM HOW WHETHER IF AND IN CASE ARE SYNONIMS.

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 20. SAY AND TELL

SOMEBODY
1. SAY SOMETHING TO
(P/N)
EXAMPLES: Say what happened to your mom.
My client said something wrong to the credit and collect department.

SOMEBODY
2. SAY TO SOMETHING
(P/N)
EXAMPLES: I didn’t say to anybody what she saw.
Don’t say to me what you will do.

SOMEBODY
3. TELL SOMETHING
(P/N)
EXAMPLES: Will you tell me the truth?
Tell us what you know.

NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE I (PAGES 48-52)

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 21. PASSIVE VOICE

AM
C
PRESENT: P/N + ARE + VPP +
(by)
IS
EXAMPLES: The cars are assembled by our plants overseas.
It is said they will come soon.

WAS C
PAST: P/N + + VPP +
WERE (by)
EXAMPLES: I was told It would be more difficult.
The books were written In English.

C
FUTURE: P/N + WILL BE + VPP +
(by)
EXAMPLES: Your grades will be sent by the teacher.
The project will be authorized immediately.

AM
C
CONTINUOUS: P/N + ARE + BEING + VPP +
(by)
IS
EXAMPLES: I am being visited by our customers.
They are being controlled by a new system.

NOTE: DO THE EXERCISES CONTAINED IN “EFFECTIVE GRAMMAR FOR BUSINESS” INTERMEDIATE II (PAGE 11) DEVELOP QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS

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 22. EITHER/NOR NEITHER/NOR

AFFIRMATIVE: EITHER ______________ OR __________________

EXAMPLES: Either you come tomorrow or I will make you come.
Either Tony or Marco are going to help you.

NEGATIVE: NEITHER ______________ NOR __________________

EXAMPLES: Neither Cynthia nor Martha came to the meeting.
Neither my computer nor my printer were available.

SPECIAL USAGE:
Neither do I. So do I.
ASK QUESTIONS SO Neither am I. ASK QUESTIONS SO So am I.
THEY ANSWER Neither can I. THEY ANSWER So can I.
“Me neither.” Neither did I. “Me too.” So did I.
Neither will I. So will I.

NOTE: 1. EXPLAIN BOTH WORDS (EITHER AND NEITHER) HAVE TWO PRONOUNCIATIONS EACH
2. EXPLAIN EITHER IS THE OPPOSITE OF TOO AND ALSO. GIVE 20 EXAMPLES
3. EXPLAIN ME NEITHER AND ME TOO ARE OPPOSITE, GIVE 20 EXAM