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 Lecture No.2-3

By;

Dr. M. Safar Korai

Associate Professor
Institute of Environmental Engineering and Management, Mehran UET,
Jamshoro
 (CLO-1, Taxonomy Level-C2 and PLO-5)

Topics

1.Environmental strategies

2.Cleaner Production principles/approaches

3.Cleaner Production practices

4.CP versus End-of-Pipe approach

Environmental strategies

1.Passive environmental strategies

2.Reactive environmental strategies

3.Proactive environmental strategies

 Passive environmental
strategies

Evaporate,

Dilute and

Disperse

5
 Reactive environmental
strategies

End-of-pipe approaches

Individual WWTP

Combined WWTP

WWTP = waste water

treatment plant

6
 Reactive environmental
strategies

On - site recycling

7
Proactive environmental strategies:
Cleaner Production

Prevention of Waste
generation:
- Good housekeeping
- Input substitution
- Better process control
- Equipment modification
- Technology change
- On-site recovery/reuse
- Production of a useful by-
product
- Product modification

8
 Where are you now?
(Self assessment)

• Only a change in technology

would eliminate waste completely • We have identified our
waste and monitoring it

• We are optimising our processes

and achieving big cost reductions • We plan to reduce waste

• Waste is coming down as we • Waste is cost and regulatory

change the way we work issue

• Waste is only disposal issue

• Waste is not an issue

9
 CLEANER PRODUCTION
Definition by UNEP
“ Cleaner Production is the continuous application of
an integrated, preventive environmental strategy
towards processes, products and services in order
to increase overall efficiency and reduce damage
and risks for humans and the environment.”

Continuous Processes Humans

Preventive ENVIRONMENTAL Products RISK

STRATEGY REDUCTION

Integrated Services Environment

 CLEANER PRODUCTION
CP is…

In other words, CP is a tool to answer 3 questions:

CP is a method and tool to identify where and why a

company are losing resources in the form of waste and
pollution, and how these losses can be minimized.

CP assessment CP options

CP options Less waste

Less waste Improved productivity

 CLEANER PRODUCTION
Key elements
Cleaner Production in 7 points:

1. CP adds value to the EMS: it places emphasis on pollution

prevention rather than control, with clear improvement in environmental
performance.

2. CP does not deny or impede growth but insists that growth can be
ecologically sustainable.

3. CP is not limited only to manufacturing industries of a certain type or

size, it can be applied towards the provision of services also.
 CLEANER PRODUCTION
Key elements
Cleaner Production in 7 points:

4. CP includes safety and protection of health.

5. CP emphasizes risk reduction.

6. CP improves immediate efficiency as well as long-term

efficacy.

7. CP is Win-Win-Win factor: it benefits the environment,

communities and businesses.
 CLEANER PRODUCTION
Operational improvements to business

CP can also be seen as a four-in-one tool:

1. A management tool;
2. An economic tool;
3. An environmental tool;
4. A quality improvement tool.
What are the benefits for industrials ?
 CLEANER PRODUCTION
Operational improvements to business
1. CP improves products and services

2. CP lowers risks (liability)

3. CP improves company image

4. CP improves worker’s health and safety conditions

5. CP reduces waste treatment and disposal costs

6. CP can be integrated with the business EMS

7. CP saves costs on raw material, energy and water

8. CP makes companies more profitable and competitive

9. CP can help implementing MEAs

Defining MEAs
Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) are agreements between three or more states that assist
with addressing specific environmental problems at national, regional and global levels.

• An MEA is a legally binding instrument between two or more nation

states that deals with some aspect of the environment
– Legally binding between 2 or more nation states

Legally Binding
◼ Treaties Non- Legally Binding
◼ Conventions ◼ Resolutions

◼ Agreements ◼ Decisions

◼ Protocols ◼ Declarations

◼ Accords ◼ Recommendations

◼ Pacts
Defining MEAs
Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) are agreements between three or more states that assist
with addressing specific environmental problems at national, regional and global levels.

What are the environmental treaties of Pakistan?

To achieve the goal of environmental protection, Pakistan has signed international

agreements, i.e.,
• The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1994;
• Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substances;
• Basel Convention on Biological Diversity, 1994;
• International Convention to Combat Desertification, 1994.

https://mocc.gov.pk/Detail/MWYwYTEwMWYtNGQ0OC00ZWY4LWE1ZWUtMTNlZT
RkYWE1OTlh.

What are the 5 major environmental problem?

These include pollution, overpopulation, waste disposal, climate change, global
warming, the greenhouse effect, etc.
 Cleaner Production
principles/approaches

1. Precaution principle / approach

2. Preventive principle / approach

3. Democratic control principle / approach

4. Integration principle / approach

18
 Cleaner Production
principles/approaches

1. The precautionary approach - potential polluters must

prove that a substance or activity will do no harm;

2. The preventive approach - preventing pollution at the

source rather than after it has been created;

3. Democratic control - workers, consumers, and

communities all have access to information and are
involved in decision-making;

4. Integrated and holistic approach - addressing all material,

energy and water flows using life-cycle analyses. 19
 Cleaner Production
principles/approaches
The precautionary approach - potential polluters must prove that a
substance or activity will do no harm;
➢ The precautionary approach is a principle used in policy and
decision-making, particularly in environmental and public health
contexts.
➢ It suggests that when an action or policy has the potential to cause
harm to the public or the environment, and there is no scientific
consensus on the risk, the burden of proof falls on those
advocating for the action to demonstrate that it is not harmful.
➢ It promotes taking precautionary measures to prevent or mitigate
possible risks, even if some cause-and-effect relationships are not
fully established scientifically. This approach is often summarized
as "better safe than sorry."

20
 Cleaner Production
principles/approaches
The preventive approach - preventing pollution at the source rather
than after it has been created. Key aspects of the preventive
approach include:
➢ Early Intervention: Addressing risks or issues early on, before
they become more serious or widespread.
➢ Planning and Policy Development: Creating and implementing
policies, regulations, or practices aimed at reducing risks.

➢ Education and Awareness: Informing people or organizations

about potential risks and encouraging behaviors or practices that
minimize these risks.
➢ Monitoring and Assessment: Regularly evaluating situations to
identify and address potential problems before they escalate.

21
 Cleaner Production
principles/approaches
The preventive approach –
➢ An example of the preventive approach is public health
campaigns that promote vaccination to prevent the spread of
diseases. Another example is implementing safety
regulations in workplaces to prevent accidents.

➢ In summary, while both the precautionary and preventive

approaches aim to protect public health and the
environment, the preventive approach is based on clear
evidence of risk, whereas the precautionary approach is
used when there is uncertainty but potential for serious
harm.

22
 Cleaner Production
principles/approaches
Democratic control - workers, consumers, and communities all
have access to information and are involved in decision-making;

➢ Democratic control is a principle or concept that refers to the

governance or management of an organization, institution, or
government by the people or members who are directly affected
by its decisions.

➢ It emphasizes the participation, influence, and authority of these

individuals in decision-making processes.

➢ Democratic control can be applied in various contexts, including

politics, workplaces, cooperatives, and other organizations.

23
➢ Key aspects of democratic control include:
 Cleaner Production
principles/approaches
Democratic control –
➢ Participation: Members or citizens have the right and opportunity to participate
in decision-making processes. This could be through voting, attending meetings,
or engaging in discussions.
➢ Representation: Decisions are made by representatives elected by the
members or citizens. These representatives are accountable to those who
elected them.

➢ Transparency: Decision-making processes are open and transparent, allowing

members or citizens to understand how decisions are made and to hold decision-
makers accountable.
➢ Accountability: Leaders or managers are accountable to the members or
citizens, and there are mechanisms in place to remove them if they do not act in
the best interests of the group.

➢ Equality: All members or citizens have an equal say in the decision-making

process, ensuring that no single individual or small group dominates.
24
 Cleaner Production
principles/approaches
Integrated and holistic approach - addressing all material, energy
and water flows using life-cycle analyses.

➢ An integrated and holistic approach is a method of problem-

solving or decision-making that considers all relevant factors and
their interconnections, rather than addressing each component in
isolation.

➢ This approach is often used in fields like healthcare, education,

environmental management, and business strategy.

➢ Key Aspects of an Integrated and Holistic Approach:

25
 Cleaner Production
principles/approaches
Integrated and holistic approach
➢ Interconnectedness: Recognizes that different elements of a
system or problem are interconnected. Changes in one area can
affect others, so it’s important to understand the relationships
between components.
➢ Comprehensive View: Instead of focusing on individual parts,
this approach considers the system as a whole. It looks at how
different aspects interact and contribute to the overall outcome.
➢ Multidisciplinary Collaboration: Involves collaboration across
different disciplines or sectors. By integrating knowledge from
various fields, a more complete and nuanced understanding of the
issue is achieved.

26
 Cleaner Production
principles/approaches
Integrated and holistic approach
➢ Long-term Perspective: Considers the long-term implications of
decisions, rather than just short-term outcomes. This helps in
creating sustainable solutions.
➢ Inclusion of Stakeholders: Engages various stakeholders who
are affected by or have an influence on the issue. Their input is
crucial for understanding the full scope of the problem and
developing solutions that are acceptable to all.
➢ Examples of Integrated and Holistic Approaches:
– Healthcare:
– Sustainable Development:
– Education:

27
 Cleaner Production
principles/approaches
Integrated and holistic approach
➢ Examples of Integrated and Holistic Approaches:
➢ Healthcare: In medicine, an integrated and holistic approach might involve
treating a patient by considering not just their physical symptoms but also
their mental, emotional, and social well-being. This could involve a team of
healthcare providers, including doctors, psychologists, social workers, and
nutritionists.
➢ Sustainable Development: In environmental management, this approach
might involve addressing economic, social, and environmental factors
simultaneously to create policies that support sustainable development. For
instance, addressing climate change might involve integrating energy
policies, economic incentives, and social education.
➢ Education: In education, an integrated and holistic approach might involve
designing curricula that address not only academic learning but also
emotional and social development. This could involve collaboration between
teachers, counselors, and families to support the overall well-being and
growth of students.

28
 Cleaner Production Practices
1. Good housekeeping
2. Input substitution

3. Better process control

4. Equipment Modification

5. Change Technology
6. On-site recovery/reuse

7. Production of a useful by-product

8. Product modification
8/11/2024 29
 Cleaner Production practices
1. Good housekeeping
➢ Housekeeping is a general term used to describe how a facility's
daily activities are carried out.

➢ Housekeeping measures include storage, inventory control, cleaning,

maintenance, and record keeping.

➢ Take appropriate managerial and operational actions to prevent:

- leaks
- spills
- to enforce existing
operational
instructions
30
 Cleaner Production practices
1. Good housekeeping
• It is the simplest type of the cleaner production options.

• It requires no investments and can be implemented as

soon as the options are identified.

• Good housekeeping is e.g. to repair all leaks and avoid

losses by closing water taps and turning off equipment
when not needed.

• Even though good housekeeping is simple, it requires

focus from the management and training of staff.
31
Cleaner Production practices

2. Input substitution

substitute input materials

- by less toxic
- or by renewable materials
- or by adjunct materials which have a
longer service life-time in production

32
 Cleaner Production practices
3. Better process control
Modify:
- operational procedures
- equipment instructions
-processing/production pathways and process record
keeping in order to run the processes more efficiently
and at lower waste and emission generation rates

• Use mechanical cleaning devices

• Reduce high pressure lines to reduce fugitive

emissions of air toxins

33
Cleaner Production practices

4. Equipment modification

Modify the existing production equipment

and utilities in order:

- run the processes at higher efficiency

- lower waste and emission generation rates

34
Cleaner Production practices

5. Technology change

Replacement of:
- the technology
- processing sequence
- synthesis pathway
in order to minimise waste and emission
generation during production

35
 Cleaner Production practices
6. On-site recovery/reuse

- reuse of the wasted materials in the same process for

another useful application within the company

Examples:
• Segregate wastewater lines and reuse cleaner ones.

• Reuse product rejects for secondary products

• Separate waste streams

• Promote reuse of clean storm water

36
Cleaner Production practices

7. Production of a useful by-product

consider transforming waste into a useful by-

product, to be sold as input for companies in
different business sectors.

37
 Cleaner Production practices
8. Product modification

Modify the product characteristics in order:

- to minimise the environmental impacts of the product

during or after its use (disposal)
- to minimise the environmental impacts of its production

For example:
- Formulate paint without lead
- Analyze impact created by products over their life cycle
- LCA – Cradle to grave assessment
38
 CP versus End-of-Pipe approach

End-of-Pipe Approach
Cleaner Production 1.One-off solutions to individual problems
1.Continuous improvement 2.Processes result in waste materials for
disposal a pipeline with resources in and
2.Progress towards use of closed loop or wastes out
continuous cycle processes
3.Solutions are developed by experts
3.Everyone in the community has a role to often in isolation
play; partnerships are essential

4.Active anticipation and avoidance of 4.Reactive responses to pollution and

pollution and waste waste after they are created
5.Elimination of environmental problems 5.Pollutants are controlled by waste
at their source treatment equipment and methods
6.Involves new practices, attitudes and 6.Relies mainly on technical
management techniques and stimulates improvements to existing technologies
technical advances

39
CONCLUSION
End of session 2

Thank you for your attention…

Any questions?