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5. Survey Control - Adjustments

The document discusses the establishment and adjustment computation of control networks in geospatial engineering, emphasizing the importance of precise survey stations. It outlines methods for creating control networks, including triangulation, trilateration, and various types of traversing, along with guidelines for conducting surveys. Additionally, it covers adjustment computations and error correction methods such as the Bowditch Method, highlighting the significance of accurate measurements in surveying practices.

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10 views

5. Survey Control - Adjustments

The document discusses the establishment and adjustment computation of control networks in geospatial engineering, emphasizing the importance of precise survey stations. It outlines methods for creating control networks, including triangulation, trilateration, and various types of traversing, along with guidelines for conducting surveys. Additionally, it covers adjustment computations and error correction methods such as the Bowditch Method, highlighting the significance of accurate measurements in surveying practices.

Uploaded by

idforig32
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CEC 102

Geospatial Engineering - I
5. Control establishment,
adjustment computation

Dr. Prakhar Misra


Assistant Professor
Geospatial Engineering Group
Department of Civil Engineering
IIT Roorkee
[email protected] 1
*CE4-6 Batch
Control network
Triangulation
Traverse
Control Networks

A control network is a framework of survey stations

whose coordinates have been precisely determined

and are often considered definitive


Control Networks
• A control network is a framework of survey stations
whose coordinates have been precisely determined
and are often considered definitive

• Survey Stations are often called reference


monuments to which other survey work can be
related

• Nature of control network is precise, reliable and


complete!
Control Networks
The practice of using a control framework as a basis

for further survey operations is called as ‘working

from the whole to the part’


Control Networks
• It is a fundamental operation in surveying

• It can be 2D or 3D

• It is a series of points or spatial locations that are

located spatially for the purpose of topographic

surveying
Survey control network

“Planning Your Survey Control Network”, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rx-hUUrTus8


Following is the general guideline for establishing a control network

□Purpose and Nature of Survey work and accuracy requirements


o Sub-centimeter accuracy
o Earthworks, deformation survey for reservoirs, landslide studies
o Duration of the project
o Short: Long Wooden Peg driven into ground
o Long: Permanent Stations (next slide)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodetic_control_network#/media/File:MY4112-Station.jpg
□Paper Survey is done before venturing into field to establish
control
o Studying any existing maps of the field
o Aerial Photographs
o Any other existing surveying data
o Ensure line of sight b/w control points from contour data

From Prof. PK Garg’s Lecture

□Reconnaissance Survey to know best locations for control points


Points A to F are Control
Points

Coordinates of A to F are
established (or Control
Establishment) using

1. Intersection or Resection
(triangulation & trilateration)

2. Traversing
3. GPS Satellites
Points A to F are Control Points

Networks

i. All horizontal angles are


measured to the desired
accuracy
ii. At least length of AB is
measured to know the scale of
network
iii. This is called triangulation
(more on that later)
iv. This is also called trilateration
(if only length of sides are
measured and no angles)
v. At present, this kind of network
is achieved using GPS surveying
Points A to F are Control Points

Networks

i. All horizontal angles are


measured to the desired
accuracy
ii. At least length of AB is
measured to know the scale of
network
iii. This is called triangulation
iv. For national surveys, sides of
primary network was approx.
30-50km, secondary network
10-20 Km, third network 3-5
Km and so on
An example of a triangulation network
Known Coordinates Known Coordinates

Known Coordinates
Trilateration

If the lengths of all the sides

were measured in the same

network without the angles

is known as trilateration
Great Trigonometrical Survey

A survey tower near Kolkata

Survey of India, Government of India - Report of the Survey of India for 1921–22
Traversing
A simple method to locate relative coordinate positions of control
points in surveying i.e. lengths and directions of consecutive lines
Traversing
Points A to F are Control
Points

i. Focus on major traverse A


to F. Only adjacent angles
and horizontal distance
ii. Much less data is
collected compared to a
network
iii. At a time only three
stations are involved in
surveying
Type of Traverse

i. Link Traverse

ii. Polygonal Traverse

iii. Open (or Free) Traverse


Link Traverse
Generally, part of already established network

Start point End point

Any error is adjusted in the link traverse only in intervening


points (A and B) and not in Y and W
Polygonal Traverse
► Close traverse
► Returns to the starting point

Independent traverse

Oriented traverse
Polygonal Traverse

Scale Error Orientation Error


Open (or Free) Traverse
► Does not close into any known control point
► Does not return to the starting point
► Not Recommended due to lack of checks, but used in
underground surveys

Generally, part of already established network

Start point End point


Open (or Free) Traverse

https://www.theactivetimes.com/travel/most-beautiful-coastlines-world/slide-3
https://www.earthworks.org/issues/pipelines1/
https://zeenews.india.com/india/indian-railways-on-mission-mode-of-becoming-a-green-railway-by-2030-2295471.html
https://theprint.in/india/governance/despite-lockdown-national-highway-construction-hits-all-time-high-of-36-4-km-day-in-2020-21/632648/
Methods to Conduct Traverse

1.Chain Traversing (obsolete)

2.Compass Traversing

3.Theodolite Traversing

4. Total Station Traversing


Procedure to Conduct Traverse
1. Reconnaissance Survey
1. Field inspection of area
2. intervisibility of stations
3. Types of instruments to use

2. Selection of Traverse Stations


1. Follow Whole to Part Principle
2. Stations should be located far apart to reduce time in
surveying
3. Stations should be located far apart to reduce
centering effects
4. Place firm pegs (temporary or permanent?)
Procedure to Conduct Traverse
3. Linear and Angular Measurements
1. Using surveying methods to measure linear distances
2. Using surveying methods to measure angular
measurements

4. Plotting the traverse survey


1. Distance and Angle Method: Scale is determined to
plot distances; angles are usually plotted with
protractor
2. Coordinate Method: rectangular coordinate system is
used. This method can remove closing error in a
traverse.
Adjustments
computations
Plane Rectangular Coordinates
Note the following:
1. Quadrants
2. North, East are Positive
3. South, West are Negative
4. X-axis is East Axis
5. Y-axis is North Axis
6. WCB is measured
The reverse or back bearing is 180
deg. Different from the forward
bearing

If WCB < 180 deg, it is easier to add


180 deg. To get the reverse bearing
and if > 180 deg then subtract
Two most fundamental calculations in surveying

Polar

Join
Adjustments: Bowditch Method

1. Arbitrary
E 1000.00 2
N 2000.00 Orientating traverse on
Bearing: 0deg 0min 0sec rectangular grid for 0E and 0N
Adjustments: Bowditch Method
Systematic errors associated with horizontal angles are eliminated using face-left and
face-right observations

Remaining random errors is distributed equally around the traverse network as follows:

Sum of internal angles of a polygon should be. (2n-4) x 900

Sum of external angles of a polygon should be (2n+4) x 900


Gale’s Traverse Table

Angular Misclosure is -50’’

Correction per angle to be done = +10’’

Angular misclosure is acceptable?


Suppose you have a closed traverse of nine angles. Surveyor observes the
angles with a standard error of 3’’. The standard error is denoted by 𝜎 !
Suppose, the theodolite used to do traverse had a least count of 10’’:

We obtained Angular Misclosure as -50’’, so angular misclosure is acceptable.


Coordinate misclosure is present
Corrections are made in proportion to the length of the line!
Step 3
From before
Polar
Bowditch Method

Polar
1

2
Known

UnKnown
1180 19’ 47.6’’
References
• Schofield, W. and Breach M., “Engineering
Surveying”, 6th Edition
• Chandra, A.M., “Plane Surveying”, New Age
Publishers, 3rd Edition
Acknowledgement
• Prof Alok Bhardwaj’s notes

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