4.3 Logarithmic Functions Logarithms @ Logarithmic Equations @ Logarithmic Functions Properties of Logarithms Key Terms: logarithm, base, argument, logarithmic equation, logerithmi Logarithms ‘The horizontal line test shows that exponential functions are___and thus have functions. ‘The equation defining the inverse of a function is found by x and y in the equation that defines the function. Starting with y= a* and interchanging x and y yields x= a”. LOGARITHM For all real numbers y and all positive numbers a and x, where yslog,x is equivalentto x=a” The expression log, x represents the 10 which the base a must be raised in order to obtain x, EXAMPLE 1 Writing Equivalent Logarithmic and Exponential Forms ‘The table shows several pairs of equivalent statements, written in both logarithmic and exponential forms. Complete the table. Logarithmic Form Exponential Form log, 8=3 og,216=—4 og, 100,000 =5Logarithmic Equations EXAMPLE 2 Solving Logarithmic Equations Solve each equation, 8 5 tog, 5 =3 5 x @) eB. 35 () logyx=5 ©) 108587 Reflect: Describe a process for solving logarithmic equations as shown in EXAMPLE 2.Domain: Range: For f(x) = log. x: =| Fe ' P= lon4% a> 1 4/2 if 2 4 if i]! 8 rH is “Tig the pene Figure 25 ‘+The y-axis isa vertical asymptote as x —> from the right. + The graph passes through the points (4, =1), (1), and ( cae graph or any base © £2) = loge, for a> 1, is increasing and continuous on its entire For f(x) = login: log, 3.0<0<1 wee Figure 27 * fae entire domain, ‘©The y-axis is a vertical asymptote as > —from the right, ‘+The graph passes through the points (4, —1), (1,—), and ( $0) =l066%OS4<1 —aHis ise general behavior ‘enon seslealator raph or ‘ny baseg, force. loge x, for 0 < a < 1, is decreasing and continuovs on its, Characteristics of the Graph of f(x)=log,x 1. The points and are on the graph. 2. If sthen f is an increasing function. If function. 3. The is a vertical asymptote, 4. The domain is and the range is then f isa decreasingEXAMPLE 3 Graphing Logarithmic Functions Graph each function. (a) £(x)=log,,, x (b) f(x) =log, x EXAMPLE 4 Graphing Translated Logarithmic functions Graph each function. Give the domain and range. @) f(x)=log,@-1) ©) F(*)=(loz,)-1(© f(x) =log,(x+2)41 TTT a a Reflect: Translations and reflections of logarithmic functions are the same as for other basic functions. What causes a logarithmic function to be reflected across the x-axis? Shifted horizontally? Shifted vertically?1. Evaluate the logarithmic expression without using a calculator. Remember that log .xis the exponent to which a must be reised in order to obtain x. (a) log 216 (log 747 (by log gt (log. (=) (e)fog 1904 (9100 4/418 (@) log216 = (Gimpify your answer, Type an integer or a simplified fraction.) (bo) !ogs (Simply your answer. Type an integer or a simplified fraction.) (0) 19910024 = (Simplify your answer. Type an integer or a simplified fraction.) @) leg7y7= (Simplify your answer. Type an integer or a simplified fraction.) rg. (=) is (Simplify your answer. Type an integer or a simplified fraction.) (logy /418 = (Simplify your answer. Type an integer or a simplified fraction.) 2. Write in logarithmic form. What is the equivalent logarithmic form? steer Wo ai eestes ert (Simpify your answers. Type integers or fractions.) 3. Whe the given statement in an equivalent logethmic form. 3) 7° 225, 5) "a Choose the correct answer below. 3 OA t09 9/5375 125 OB leg a5a7 OG, 109 125 ;27(-3)= 3125 OD, log y3=4, Convert to an exponential equation, Complete the equivalent exponential equation. tog 4258=4 56 ur answer using expornential notation. Do not 5, Write the given statement in an equivatent exponential form. log yg38=4 ‘The equivalent exponential form of the given statement is (Type your answer using exponential notation. Do not simplify) 6. Solve the logarithmic equation, The solution set is { }. 7. Solve the given logarithmic equation. 1 loa gg =3 The solution set is (Simpify your answer) 8. Solve the logarithmic equation. The solution set is a (Simply your answer Type ar iager or a fraction.) x=log, V2 9, Solve the logarithmic equation. o93(1) 2 ghast) ‘The solution set is { }. 10. Solve the equation for x. The solution set is legeses a (Simpity your anewer. Type aninager ora trac.) ‘11. Solve the given logarithmic equation. log gx=4 ‘The solution set is (Simplify your answer. Type an integer or a fraction.) 42. Solve the given logarithmic equation, (Simpity your answer, Type an integer ora action.)Use the graphing tool to graph the function. ‘The domain is (ype your answer in nferal notation.) ‘The range is (ype your enswerin infaval notation.) 43. Solve the given logarithmic equation. logs a*4)= -2 ‘The solution sets (Simplify your answer. Type an infeger or a fraction.) 14, Solve the given logarithmic equation. tog qs 10=1 The solution set is (Gimpity your answer Type an integer ora fraction.) 45, Use the graph of f(x)= log 2x to graph the function al f(x) (log 2x) +6, Then give the domain and range. 2 18 Use the graphing too! to graph the function. Ae ® The domain is . 8 (Type your answer in interval notation.) The range is (Type your ariswerin interval notation.) a a “sa 46] KH a 16. Use the graph of f(x)= log 4 ;2X to graph the function af! (8) = log 4/2(k- 8). Then give the domain and range. 5 16447. Graph, f(x) = log 4x ‘Choose the correct graph. 418, Use the graph off) = log gx to graph the function 1 f= logs. Use the graphing tool to graph the function.