IGCSE REVISION COURSE – 2022

GRADE - 10
CHAPTER -16 REPRODUCTION

1
2
3
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. Which best describes sexual reproduction

2. An experiment is set up at 20°C to investigate some conditions necessary for the

germination of seeds.

In which apparatus will germination occur?

4
3. Which combination of structural features is found in a wind-pollinated flower?

A anthers inside flower, smooth pollen, no scent

B coloured petals, sticky pollen, strong scent
C large flowers, nectaries present, light pollen
D no petals, anthers outside flower, no nectaries

4. The table lists some processes which take place during reproduction in flowering
plants and mammals.
Which row is correct?

5. The diagram shows a flower in section.

Where will fertilisation occur?

6. The following four processes occur during reproduction in a plant.

1 The male nucleus fuses with the female nucleus.

2 The male nucleus is released from the pollen tube.
3 The male nucleus travels down the pollen tube.
4 The pollen grain grows a pollen tube.

In which order do these processes occur after pollination?

5
7. Which type of reproduction and which type of cell division produces nuclei with half
the number of chromosomes?

8. Which features are characteristic of insect-pollinated flowers?

A bright petals, large feathery stigmas

B bright petals, rough sticky pollen
C large feathery stigmas, nectaries
D small light pollen, nectaries
9. Which are needed for seed germination?
A carbon dioxide and oxygen
B chlorophyll and light
C soil particles and mineral salts
D water and a suitable temperature
10.

6
11.

12. In the life cycle of a mammal, what describes the eggs or sperms and the cells of the
embryo?

13.

7
14. Which substance normally passes from a fetus to its mother through the placenta?

A alcohol
B glucose
C oxygen
D urea

15. The diagram shows the male reproductive system.

Where do sperm production, seminal fluid production and semen release occur?

16. The graph shows the average level of sex hormones in the blood of females and
males.

8
 What are these hormones?

17. The diagram shows the changes that occur to the uterus lining during the menstrual
cycle.

When do the following stages occur in this cycle?

9
18. Which shows where eggs and sperms are made?

19.

10
 STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

1. (a) Using straight lines, match the names of the flower parts with their functions.
One has been completed for you. [4]

(b) Describe how the stigmas of wind-pollinated flowers differ from the stigmas of insect
pollinated flowers. Relate these differences to the use of wind as the pollinating agent.

....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................[3]

2. Pollen grains start to germinate when they land on a suitable stigma and produce a pollen
tube. Fig. 2.1 below shows a single carpel from a flower with a germinating pollen grain.

11
 Fig. 2.1

(a) (i) Identify the structures labelled A, B and C.

A .........................................................
B .........................................................
C ......................................................... [3]

(ii) Draw a line on Fig. 2.1 to continue the path taken by the pollen tube until it enters
structure C.
...................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) (i) Measure the diameter of the pollen grain shown in Fig. 2.1 and the approximate
distance the pollen tube grows to reach and enter structure C.

Diameter of pollen grain .................................... mm

Distance grown ................................................... mm [1]

(ii) How many times greater is the distance grown by the pollen tube than the diameter of the
pollen grain?

........................................................................................................................times greater [2]

[Total: 7]

3.

12
13
14
4. Fig. 4.1 shows three stages in the germination of a grain of maize.

Fig. 4.1

(a) Name two conditions that are necessary for the successful germination of a seed, other
than the presence of water.

1. ............................................................. 2. ........................................................................[1]

(b) Describe an investigation that you could carry out to show the need in seed germination
for one of the conditions you named in (a).

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total : 4]

15
5. Plants reproduce sexually and asexually.
Complete Table 5.1 to show the advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual
reproduction to a flowering plant species.
Table.5.1

[ Total : 4]

16
6. Fig. 6.1 shows three cress seedlings grown under different conditions.
The seeds came from the same plant and the seedlings have been grown for the same
length of time.

The seedlings are drawn to scale.

Fig.6.1
(a) The cress seedlings, D, E and F differ in appearance.
For each seedling state how it is different and suggest an explanation.

(i) seedling D
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………..[3]
(ii) seedling E
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….[3]

17
(iii) seedling F
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………...[3]
[Total : 9]

7. Fig. 7.1 shows an insect-pollinated flower which has been cut vertically.

Fig.7.1
(a) Make a large, labelled drawing of the visible floral parts.

[6]

18
Fig. 7.2 shows the structure of a wind-pollinated flower.

Fig.7.2
(b) Label the visible floral parts of Fig. 7.2.
Explain how each floral part is adapted for this type of pollination.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………….[3]

(c) (i) State one similarity in the adaptations for pollination of the flowers shown in
Fig. 7.1 and Fig. 7.2.

………………………………………………………………………………………………….

……………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]

19
(ii) Complete Table 7.1 to show four differences in the adaptations for pollination of the
flowers shown in Fig. 7.1 and Fig. 7.2.

Table. 7.1

Fig.7.1 Fig.7.2

[4]
[ Total : 14 ]

20
8.

21
22
9. Fig. 9.1 shows a fetus in the uterus immediately before birth.

Fig. 9.1

(a) Describe the functions of the amniotic sac and amniotic fluid.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………[4]

(b) List three functions of the placenta.

1…………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………

2……………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

3……………………………………………………………………………………………

23
 …………………………………………………………………………………………[3]

10. Male and female sex hormones control the development of secondary sexual
characteristics.
Table. 10.1

(a) Complete Table 10.1.

Write your answers in the boxes in Table 10.1. [3]

(b) Some women do not release eggs. The hormone FSH is used in fertility treatment for
such women.

Name the organs in the female body responsible for the following:

(i) production of FSH,

………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
(ii) release of eggs.
………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]

(c) Fig. 10.1 shows changes in the concentration of FSH and three other hormones in the
blood during one menstrual cycle.

24
 Fig. 10.1
(i) Describe the changes in the concentration of FSH during one menstrual cycle.
..............................................................................................................................................
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………..[3]
(ii) Explain the role of FSH in the control of the menstrual cycle.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………[3]
[Total : 11]

25
 11. Fig. 11.1 shows a human egg cell and a human sperm cell.

Fig. 11.1

(a) Sperm cells and egg cells are haploid. State the meaning of the term haploid.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]
(b) Complete the table to compare egg cells with sperm cells.

[4]
(c) Three hormones that control the menstrual cycle are:

• follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

• luteinising hormone (LH)
• oestrogen.

(i) Name the site of production and release of oestrogen.

………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
26
(ii) Describe the role of oestrogen in controlling the menstrual cycle.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]

CHAPTER 17 – REPRODUCTION – Mark Scheme

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
C D D A C B C B D C

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
C C D D C C B B C

27
STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

1.

28
2.

3.

4.
4.(a) 2 conditions = 1 mark. No ½ marks.
warmth [correct/suitable temperature/10 to 30°C if specified];
oxygen;
but apply ecf for part (b) [1]

(b) Three from:

1. identification of one workable condition from (a) for investigation - two

sets one with and one without;
2. idea of sample size many seeds, a few seeds must be more than one

29
 seed for repetition idea;
3. some common factor of treatment between the two sets [with and
without the condition] under investigation;
(equal watering, equal number of seeds, same species AW)
4. left to grow for same time period;
(if stated minimum 1 + days, accept up to 3 weeks) max [3]
[Total : 4]

5.

[Total : 4]

6.

[Total : 9]

30
7.

8.

31
9.

10.

32
11.

33
CHAPTER -17 INHERITANCE

34
35
36
37
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. A short-toed animal was crossed with a long-toed animal of the same species. All the
offspring had short toes. One of these offspring was crossed with another long-toed
animal of the same species.

Which ratio of short-toed to long-toed animals should be expected?

A1:1 B2:1 C3:1 D4:1

2. In a species of plant, the allele for red flowers (R) is dominant over the allele for
white flowers (r).
Two red–flowered plants were crossed.

What are the genotypes of the parents?

A RR and rr B RR and Rr C Rr and Rr D Rr and rr

3. In cats, the allele for short hair is dominant to the allele for long hair.
A short-haired cat and a long-haired cat had several families of offspring (kittens). All
their kittens were short-haired.
One of these kittens matured and mated with a long-haired cat.

What would be the expected phenotypes of their offspring?

A 1 : 1 short to long
B 3 : 1 short to long
C all long-haired
D all short-haired
4. The nucleus in each cell in the stem of a plant contains 32 chromosomes.
How many chromosomes are there in the nuclei of its pollen grains?

A8 B 16 C 32 D 64

38
 5. The diagram shows the offspring of a cross between two wolves.

Brown colour is caused by a dominant allele B and white colour by a recessive allele b
What are the genotype and the phenotype of wolf W?

6. Which cross shows how a boy inherits sex chromosomes from his parents?

39
7. The diagram shows a family tree and the inheritance of the ability to taste a certain
substance.
The allele for the ability to taste this substance is dominant.

Which statement about the genotypes of the sisters Mary and Jeanne is correct?

A Mary is heterozygous and Jeanne is homozygous.

B Mary is homozygous and Jeanne is heterozygous.
C They are both heterozygous.
D They are both homozygous
8. In some animals, B is the allele for normal skin (without spots) and b is the allele for
spotted skin.
A pair of these animals has 37 offspring, 18 with spots and 19 without.
What are the most likely genotypes of the parents?

A BB × BB B Bb × Bb C Bb × bb D bb × bb

9. A female fruit fly with short wings mates with a male with long wings. All the
offspring are long-winged.
Two of these offspring mate with each other.
What percentage of their offspring will have long wings?

A 25 % B 50 % C 75 % D 100 %
10. A heterozygous, brown-eyed woman and a blue-eyed man have a child.
If the allele for brown eyes is dominant to the allele for blue eyes, what are the
chances that the child is blue-eyed?
A 1 in 2
B 1 in 3
C 1 in 4
D none

40
11. Which shows the sex chromosomes in the body cells and in the sex cells in a man?

12. A family has three daughters. The mother is pregnant for the fourth time.

What is the chance of the fourth child being a son?

A 25 % B 50 % C 75 % D 100 %

13. What is true of the chromosomes present in the daughter nuclei after meiosis and after
mitosis?

14. What are alleles?

A a pair of chromosomes
B different versions of the same gene
C the total number of genes on one chromosome
D two genes side by side on the same chromosome

41
15.

16.

17.

18. What is the inheritance of colour blindness an example of?

A co-dominance
B continuous variation
C reduction division
D sex linkage

42
19. The phenotype of an organism is its

A combination of alleles.
B family pedigree.
C genetic make-up.
D observable features.

20. A cell with 16 chromosomes divides twice by mitosis.

How many chromosomes does each of the resulting cells contain?

A4 B8 C 16 D 32

21.

22. Which term is defined as a length of DNA that codes for a protein?

A amino acid
B chromosome
C gene
D mutation

43
23.

24.

25. What are stem cells?

A specialised cells that divide by meiosis to produce daughter cells

B specialised cells that divide by mitosis to produce daughter cells
C unspecialised cells that divide by meiosis to produce daughter cells
D unspecialised cells that divide by mitosis to produce daughter cells

44
 STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

1.

45
46
47
 2.

(c) Using the symbols X and Y, draw a genetic cross to show how sex is inherited in humans
and state the ratio of males to females produced.

[4]

48
3.

49
50
4.The four o’clock plant, Mirabilis jalapa, can have flowers of three different colours as
shown in Fig. 4.1.

Fig. 4.1
(a) A student crossed some crimson-flowered plants with some yellow-flowered plants
(cross 1). She collected the seeds and grew them. All of the plants that grew from
these seeds had orange-red flowers.
Complete the genetic diagram to explain the result of cross 1.

[3]

51
(b) The student then carried out three further crosses as shown in Table 4.1.
Table. 4.1

Complete Table 4.1 by writing the genotypes of the offspring of crosses 2, 3 and 4,
using the same symbols as in the genetic diagram in (a).

Write the genotypes in Table 4.1.

You may use the space below for any working.

[3]

(c) Flower colour in M. jalapa is not an example of the inheritance of dominant and
recessive alleles.

Explain how the results of the crosses show that these alleles for flower colour are not
dominant or recessive.
………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………………....
……………………………………………………………………………………………....[3]

52
Flowers from M. jalapa were cross-pollinated.
(d) Explain the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
(e) Some species of plants are self-pollinated.
Discuss the long-term effects of self-pollination on the evolution of these plants.

………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………............................................[4]

[Total : 15]

5.One variety of cat can have short hair or long hair. The allele for short hair (H) is dominant
to the allele for long hair (h).

A cat breeder has a short haired cat. Its genotype can be HH or Hh: there is no visible
difference between these genotypes.

This short haired cat is crossed with a long haired cat, hh.

(a) Construct genetic crosses to predict the ratios produced if the short haired cat is:

(i) heterozygous, Hh;

[3]

53
 (ii) homozygous, HH.

[3]

(b) Suggest how the offspring from (a)(ii) would be different if the alleles were co-dominant.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]

[Total : 7]

6. (a) Four definitions of terms used in genetics are shown in Table 6.1.

Table.6.1

For each of the definitions, select an appropriate term from the list and write it in the
box provided.

[4]

54
(b) A couple who have blood groups A and B have four children. Each child has a different
blood group.

Use the space below to draw a genetic diagram to show how this is possible. Use the
symbols, IA , IB and Io, for the alleles.

[4]

(c) Explain what is meant by codominance. You may refer to the genetic diagram in (b) to
help you with your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………….[3]

[Total : 11]

55
7. Some seeds were obtained by breeding a pair of tobacco plants.

Seeds from a single packet of these tobacco seeds were germinated in two dishes labelled
A and B. Fig. 7.1 shows the germinating tobacco seeds.

Fig.7.1

(a) Count the number of green seedlings and the number of white seedlings on the two
dishes A and B and complete Table 7.1.
Table. 7.1

[3]
(b) Using the total numbers in Table 7.1, suggest and explain what these results indicate
about the inheritance of the green pigment.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]

56
(c) Suggest and explain which of these seedlings would be able to grow and produce
flowers.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………[3]
[ Total : 8 ]
8.

57
9.

58
59
60
 Chapter – 17 INHERITANCE ( Mark Scheme)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

A C A B B D C C C A C B C

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

B C C C D D C C C D C D

STRUCTURED QUESTIONS

1.

61
2.

62
3.

4.

63
5.

64
6.

[ Total : 11 ]

7.

65
8.

9.

66
CHAPTER 18 - VARIATION AND SELECTION

67
68
 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which types of variation can be inherited?

2. A man who was blood group A and a woman who was blood group B had four
children, each with a different blood group A, B, AB and O.

Which type of variation does this demonstrate?

A continuous, environmental and genetic

B continuous and genetic only
C discontinuous, environmental and genetic
D discontinuous and genetic only
3. Which feature of a human is controlled by genes only?

A age at death
B blood group
C dietary deficiency disease
D lung cancer

4. A dominant allele

A causes only harmful characteristics.

B is responsible for male characteristics.
C never undergoes mutation.
D produces the same phenotype in heterozygotes and homozygotes.
5. In humans, which types of variation are shown by blood group and height?

69
6. Which is an example of discontinuous variation in humans?

A blood group
B body mass
C height
D width of hand

7. What causes humans to have different blood groups?

A differences in climates
B differences in diets
C differences in genes
D differences in hormones

8. What is a mutation?

A a change in a gene or chromosome

B a condition caused by a recessive allele
C a process used in genetic engineering
D a type of discontinuous variation

9. Which characteristic shows discontinuous variation in humans?

A height
B length of foot
C tongue rolling
D weight

10. What is not a feature of hydrophytes?

A large air spaces in the tissues

B leaves rolled up and covered with hairs
C leaves with stomata on the upper surface
D roots and xylem reduced

11. Which adaptation may be present in a xerophyte?

A leaves with small surface area and large numbers of stomata

B little or no xylem tissue and leaves with large surface area
C stomatal hairs and rolled leaves
D thin or no cuticle and deep roots

12. How does artificial selection differ from natural selection?

A Selection changes the characteristics of living things.

B Selection is based on genetic variation.
C Selection is not based on adaptation to their environment.
D Selection occurs over many generations

70
13. Which human phenotype is affected by environmental and genetic factors?

A blood group
B body size
C gender
D tongue rolling

14. When growing millet, farmers choose seeds from high-yielding plants.
Which biological practice is this an example of?

A adaptation
B artificial selection
C evolution
D natural selection

15. The number of bacteria resistant to antibiotics is increasing.

What has contributed to this situation?

A choosing the antibiotic carefully to match the strain of bacterium

B not completing the course of prescribed antibiotics
C tracing, testing and treating people who have been in contact with the infected
person
D using antibiotics only when essential

71
 STRUCTURED QUESTIONS
1. Reed warblers are small birds that migrate over long distances between western
Africa and northern Europe.
Fig. 1.1 shows a reed warbler, Acrocephalus scirpaceus.

Fig. 1.1

(a) State three characteristic features of birds that are visible in Fig. 1.1.

1………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3…………………………………………………………………………………………….[3]

A study was carried out in Sweden into the effects of natural selection on wing length in
reed warblers.

The wings of young reed warblers reach their maximum length a few days after leaving the
nest.

At this age the wing length in millimetres of each bird was recorded. Each bird was
identified by putting a small ring around one of its legs.

When the birds were caught in net traps as adults, the information on the rings was used to
identify specific birds and their ages.

The length of time between ringing and trapping was recorded for each bird that was
identified before it was released.

The mean age at trapping was calculated for birds with each wing length.

72
The results are shown in Table 1.1.

Table. 1.1

(b) (i) Explain why wing length is an example of continuous variation.

…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………[2]

(ii) Suggest a feature of reed warblers, other than wing length, that shows
continuous variation.
………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
(c) The researchers concluded that reed warblers with a wing length of 66-67 mm had the
best chance of survival.

(i) Describe the evidence from Table 1.1 that supports this conclusion.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………….[4]

73
 (ii) The researchers also suggested that more evidence was needed to make this
conclusion.

Suggest what other evidence would show that birds with wings 66-67 mm in length
have the best chance of survival.
………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………[3]
(d) Scientists have discovered that genes are responsible for wing length in reed warblers.

The most common length of wing has been 66-67 mm for many generations of these
Birds.

Explain how natural selection may be responsible for maintaining the mean wing length of
reed warblers at 66-67 mm.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………[4]
[Total: 17]

74
2. Fig. 2.1 shows a transverse section through an Ammophila leaf. This plant has very long
roots.
Fig. 2.2 shows a cactus plant.
Both plants live in very dry conditions.

Fig. 2.1 Fig.2.2

(a) Suggest how each of the following adaptations would enable the named plant to survive
in very dry conditions.

(i) Ammophila

1. rolled leaves with stomata on the inside of the leaf

………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….[2]
2. thick waxy cuticle on the outside of the leaf
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………….[1]
(ii) Cactus
1. very long roots
………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….[1]
2. fleshy green stem
………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….[2]

75
 (a) Suggest why having only a few, very small leaves could be a disadvantage to a plant.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………..[2]
[Total : 8]

3. One variety of the moth, Biston betularia, has pale, speckled wings. A second variety
of the same species has black wings. There are no intermediate forms.
Equal numbers of both varieties were released into a wood made up of trees with pale
bark.
Examples of these are shown in Fig. 3.1.

Fig. 3.1

After two weeks as many of the moths were caught as possible.

The results are shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1

76
(a) (i) Suggest and explain one reason, related to the colour of the bark, for the
difference in numbers of the varieties of moth caught.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………[1]

(ii) Suggest and explain how the results may have been different if the moths had
been released in a wood where the trees were blackened with carbon dust from air.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………[2]

Table 3.2 shows the appearance and genetic make-up of the different varieties of this
species.
Table 3.2

(b) (i) State the appropriate genetic terms for the table headings.

wing colour……………………………………………………………………………….

genetic make-up…………………………………………………………………………[2]

(ii) State and explain which wing colour is dominant.

dominant wing colour……………………………………………………………………
explanation……………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
(c) State the type of genetic variation shown by these moths. Explain how this variation is
inherited.
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..

77
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………….[3]
(d) Heterozygous moths were interbred. Use a genetic diagram to predict the proportion of
black winged moths present in the next generation.

proportion of black winged moths =……………………. [5]

(e) (i) Name the process that can give rise to different alleles for wing colour in a
population of moths.
………………………………………………………………………………………… [1]
(ii) Suggest one factor which might increase the rate of this process.
………………………………………………….…………………………………….. [1]
[Total : 17]

78
4.

79
80
5. When bacteria are spread onto agar in a Petri dish they form colonies. Each colony
forms from one bacterium. Fig. 5.1 shows an investigation into antibiotic resistance in
a species of bacterium that causes disease.

Fig. 5.1

81
(a) Explain what is meant by the term antibiotic.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………….[2]

(b) Explain why

(i) only a few bacteria grew in dish B compared with dish A,

…………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]
(ii) more bacteria grew in C than in B.
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………….[1]

(c) Fig. 5.1 shows the effect of an antibiotic on a species of disease-causing bacterium.
Suggest why antibiotics should not be used too often.
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..[2]
(d) Explain the possible effect of the X-rays on the bacteria.
………………………………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………..[3]
(e) State two ways in which the structure of a bacterium differs from the structure of a virus.
1……………………………………………………………………………………………….
2……………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
[ Total : 11 ]

82
6. Fig. 6.1 shows three species of zebra.

Fig. 6.1

83
(a) Describe one method a scientist could use to show that the zebras shown in Fig. 6.1
are different species.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
(b) Studies have shown that the hotter the environment, the more stripes zebras have.

(i) State the type of variation which would result in different numbers of stripes.
………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………..[1]
(ii) Study Fig. 6.1. Suggest which species of zebra lives in the hottest environment.
……………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………..[1]

(c) Occasionally, zebras are born that are almost completely black. The change in
appearance is the result of mutation.

(i) State the term that is used to describe the appearance of an organism.
………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
(ii) Describe the term mutation.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………..[2]
[ Total : 6 ]

84
7.

85
86
8.

9. Explain how discontinuous variation differs from continuous variation, in its

expression and cause.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………[3]

87
 VARIATION AND SELECTION – Mark Scheme

MCQ

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
B D B D C A C A C B C C B B B

1.

88
2.

[ Total : 8 ]

89
3.

90
4.

91
5.

[ Total : 11 ]

6.

[ Total : 6 ]

92
7.

8.

9.

93