ARCH 101 BASIC

DESIGN
GEOMETRIC FORMS
 Sphere(Circle)
A solid generated by the revolution of
a semicircle about its diameter, whose
surface is at all points equidistant from
the center. A sphere is a centralized
and highly concentrated form.

Like the circle from which it is

generated, it is self-centering and
normally stable in its environment. It
can be inclined toward a rotary motion
when placed on a sloping plane. From
any viewpoint, it retains its circular
shape.

Maupertius, Project for an Agricultural

Lodge, 1775, Claude-Nicolas Ledoux
 Cylinder(rectangle+circle)
Cylinder is a solid generated by the
revolution of a rectangle about one of its
sides. A cylinder is centralized about the
axis passing through the centers of its
two circular faces. Along this axis, it can
be easily extended..

Chapel, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,

Massachusetts,1955, Eero Saarinen and Associates
Cone(triangle+circle)
Cone is a solid generated by the revolution
of a right triangle about one of its sides.
Like the cylinder, the cone is a highly
stable form when resting on its circular
base, and unstable when its vertical axis is
tipped or overturned. It can also rest on
its apex in a precarious state of balance.

Project for a Conical Cenotaph,

1784, Étienne-Louis Boulée
 Pyramid(square+triangle)
Pyramid is a polyhedron having a polygonal
base and triangular faces meeting at a
common point or vertex.

The pyramid has properties similar to those

of the cone. Because all of its surfaces are
flat planes,however, the pyramid can rest in
a stable manner on any of its faces. While
the cone is a soft form, the pyramid is
relatively hard.
and angular.

Pyramids of Cheops, Chephren, and

Mykerinos at Giza, Egypt, c. 2500 B.C.
 Cube(square)
Cube is a prismatic solid bounded by six equal
square sides, the angle between any two
adjacent faces being a right angle.

Because of the equality of its dimensions, the

cube is a static form that lacks apparent
movement or direction. It is a stable form
except when it stands on one of its edges or
corners.

Fine Arts Museum/Switzerland

 BASIC GEOMETRIC FORM RELATIONS

Geometric forms can also communicate with many different

fictions, and the new forms produced by this communication can
contribute to the formation of original identities.
Wong (1969), detailing the communication of forms based on
their positions in space, evaluated the superficial relations of
basic forms under eight sub-headings.
a. Detachment(Kopma): Although the two forms are physically very close to each other,
they are located in separate locations. Both forms maintain their original limits.
b. Touching(Temas etme): The two shapes are located by touching each other in positions
that are close enough to interact with each other in a spotty sense. However, it maintains all
the qualities of these forms.
c. Overlapping(Örtüşme): The two forms are in close enough positions to physically
interact with each other. However, the first of the shapes that share similar contours
covers the second form projectively. There is a sub-upper relationship between objects.
d. Penetration(İçe girme): In this method, a new form emerges in which the common
surface areas where the boundaries forming the first form and the boundaries of the
second form are intertwined are removed and the boundaries of both forms are completely
visible.
e.Union(Birleşme): It includes similar constructions with the overlap approach and the first
form covers the second form as a smudge. However, both forms lose some of their boundaries
and produce a new form larger than the boundaries that form them.
f. Subtraction(Çıkarma): A visible form and a transparent form overlap and the intersecting
contour areas in the upper and lower interaction are subtracted from the boundaries of the
opaque form. It is also defined as the masking of a positive shape by negative shape
boundaries.
g. Intersection(Kesişme): It is similar to the overlap approach. The borders made visible as a
result of the intersection create a new and smaller form. This new form is not similar to the
forms that formed it.
h. Coinciding(Çakışma): The two forms physically coincide and their boundaries completely
cover each other. These forms are defined as a single form.
 DESIGN ELEMENTS

Point – Points serve as focal markers or pivotal elements or significant

junctions, anchoring attention within a design.
Line – Lines define boundaries and movement and guide the eye through
compositions or space.
Shape – Shapes define the outlines of elements within a composition, shaping
visual structure.
Form – Form refers to the three-dimensional aspect of design, encompassing
mass, volume, and spatial arrangement.
 BASIN DESIGN PRINCIPLES

Basic Design principles can be thought of as what we do to the elements of

design. If the elements are the ingredients, the principles are the recipe for a
good work of art.
How the principles of design are applied determines how successful one is
creating a work of art.

 Emphasis-Focal Point (Vurgu-Odak Noktası)

 Balance(Denge)

 Contrast (Zıtlık)

 Repetition(Tekrar)

 Movement (Hareket)

 Unity (Birlik)

 Hierarchy(Koram)

 Rhtym(Ritm)
 Emphasis- Focal Point (Vurgu- Odak Noktası)

Emphasis is created by visually reinforcing something we want the viewer to pay

attention to.

This is often used to train the viewer’s eyes on the center of interest, or a
focal point – the area of interest the viewer’s eye naturally, instinctively skips
to.

Some of the strategies employed to create degrees of importance are contrast

of values, use of color, placement, variation, alignment, isolation, convergence,
anomaly, proximity, size and contrast

Without dominance With dominance

Source: http://tafein2009.wordpress.com/2009/03/22/the-principles-of-design/)
Emphasis by size and color
Balance (Denge)

Balance is the distribution of interest or visual weight in a work. A balanced

work will have all the elements arranged such that the work will have a sense
of visual equilibrium or stability.

Balance can be symmetrical, asymmetrical, or radial. Objects, values, colors,

textures, shapes, etc. can be used in creating balance in a composition.
Symmetrical Balance
Asymmetrical Balance
Radial Balance
Contrast (Zıtlık)
Contrast is the juxtaposition of opposing elements (opposite colors, value light
dark, direction horizontal / vertical). The greater the contrast, the more
something will stand out and call attention to itself.
 Contrast in shape

Contrast in scale
Contrast in layout
Repetition (Tekrar)
Repetition of elements in regular or cyclic fashion creates interest.

Repetition is a compositional principle where you basically repeat colors,

objects, etc. throughout the design.
Rhytm(Ritm)
.
Rhytm is the repetition of the visual movements of the elements-colors,
shapes, forms, spaces- spaces and textures.

Rhythm is the compositional principle where one or more elements of design are
used repeatedly to create a feeling of organized movement.

What differentiates rhythm from repetition is the presence of variety in

size, relationships etc.
Rhythm by size

Rhythm by shape
Movement(Hareket)
Movement is a visual flow through the composition. In some works, movement is
implied by the use of static elements to suggest motion and direct a viewer’s
eye along a path through the work.

The viewers eye is guided to give a dynamic sense of movement and direction
Unity (Birlik)
Achieving cohesion and coherence in a design by ensuring that all elements work
together as a unified whole.

It is the visual linking of various elements of the work.

This allows the disparate elements and principles to create a unified whole that
can be greater than the sum of its parts.
Hierarchy (Koram)
Visual hierarchy is the order of perception of what the human eye sees. This
order is formed by the visual contrast between the forms in the perception
field.
Hierarchy is a basic design principle that connects two opposite ends through
appropriate levels.

Elements with primary, secondary or tertiary importance are sized and

arranged according to the degree of emphasis.

This ordering between two opposite extremes creates a sequence and

sequence effect.

If there is a size difference between the two ends, an arrangement should

be made between the ends from large to small or from small to large.
Regular grading is almost a necessity of
Hierarchy. In fact, we can say that
hierarchy is, in a way, repetition.

The difference of hierarchy from

repetition is the sequence and order of
importance.
CLASS AND HOME WORK
1- Determine the key words from the text given to you. (at least 2 key
words)

2- Take these words in an abstract way and include them in your work.

3- As the first stage, make a 2-dimensional graphic design study.

4- In the second stage, design a cube with dimensions of 30 cm, provided that
your 2-dimensional work is on any surface of your model. The design you will
make on the other surfaces of your model is free.

Important Notes:

• At least 2 of the geometric form relationships and basic design principles

explained in the presentation should be used throughout the study.

• Geometric forms and design elements that can be used;

Circle
Square
Triangle
Rectangle
Line
Dot