Journal of Social Sciences Review (JSSR) DOI: https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i1.

174

How to Cite This Article: Qasim, M., & Shah, M. A. (2023). A Research on the Status and Challenges of Library
Automation in the University Libraries of Faisalabad division, Pakistan. Journal of Social Sciences Review, 3(1),
362-371. https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i1.174

A Research on the Status and Challenges of Library Automation in

the University Libraries of Faisalabad Division, Pakistan

M.Phil. Scholar, Department of Technology Department, Superior University,

Muhammad Qasim
Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.

Muhammad Ahmad Shah Assistant Professor, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.

Vol. 3, No. 1 (Winter 2023) Abstract: The digital era has brought a revolution in every field of life and has
Pages: 362 – 371 changed traditional practices strongly. The main purpose of the study was to
evaluate the status and challenges of library automation in university libraries
ISSN (Print): 2789-441X of Faisalabad Division, Pakistan. The study used a quantitative research method
ISSN (Online): 2789-4428 by following the survey technique to collect data from the entire population. All
the university libraries of Faisalabad Division were surveyed, and a total of 15
librarians out of a total of 10 universities responded. The other findings depicted
Key Words that the university library professionals were taking a minimum salary between
Library Automation, University 31 thousand to 60 thousand while the maximum was above one Lac rupees. The
library automation status showed that all the university libraries were partially
Libraries, KOHA, OPAC, Cataloging,
automated, and KOHA software was used for automation. The main reason
Classification behind the usage of KOHA software was that it was open source self-modified
library software. The respondents were overall satisfied with the performance of
the software. The respondents were supported by their parent organizations,
Corresponding Author: whereas the annual amount of budget was not sufficient. The respondents of the
Muhammad Qasim study agreed with the statements that the library software had the necessary
features to automate library functions and were also satisfied with the
Email: [email protected]
organization’s financial support to some extent.

Introduction
The word automation is derived from the Greek The Automation process caused to increase in
word (automose) which means something that the quality, quantity and standard of services in
possesses the power to perform some function every field of life, but the most affected field
spontaneously. The term was first introduced by seems to be the field of information
Harder in 1936 in the USA, and ho used it for management. It has raised the expectations of
automatically working the parts during the library patrons. Keeping in view the changing
production process. (Bansode & Viswe, 2015). scenario, the automatic performance of all the
functions within the libraries is direly needed.
The advent of the computer in libraries is
The purpose of the library is to collect, organize,
considered in the 1960s, but in Pakistan, it was
and provide access to knowledge in all formats,
frequently used for automated functions in the
i.e. traditional and digital knowledge organized
libraries during the decade of late years of 1990s,
by the library and information professionals, to
and it was also assumed that in Pakistan
manage targeted services programs for
‘’PASTIC’’ Pakistan Scientific and Technological
educating, informing, promoting learning and
Information Centre was the first institute who
entertaining the patrons having diverse
used computer for cataloguing the scientific
characteristics (SZ, Saleem, & Batcha, 2013).
journals (Haider, 1998).
 A Research on the Status and Challenges of Library Automation in the University Libraries of Faisalabad division,
Pakistan

The invention of the moveable printing press the skills and ICT training programs to coop with
caused an explosion of information and the rising expectations of the information
proliferation in producing literature in all fields. seekers in the libraries (Anas, Iqbal & Ahmad,
A huge amount of printed material has become 2014).
very difficult to manage manually in libraries. It
The information professionals in this modern
is very difficult for the users to search for their
era of ICT are facing the increasing information
required information resource from an un-
needs of scholars in finding required information
numeral heap of collections. In this age of
for research and consultancy work. These needs
knowledge proliferation, no information seeker
require fast access to all the published and
has enough time to visit the shelves, find and
unpublished information by using various types
consult the required information resource. So
of methods for storage and retrieval of
automation has become an integral necessity to
knowledge resources, and these tasks can not be
operate library functions properly. Some
done properly manually and with traditional
functions that are needed are transformation
methods (Suku & Pillai, 2005).
from manual to automatic operating systems.
1. Storing process A huge amount of knowledge in various
2. Circulating process formats of printed, non-printed, audio-visual,
3. Cataloguing and searching required virtual or in any other format is not easy to
information resource handle and organize to provide services in an
4. Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) is a efficient, accurate, faster and effectively
powerful source of bibliographic manually. In this era of ICT, still traditional
information having advanced search and manual working system exists in libraries,
multiple access points. especially in developing countries. ICT has
5. Saves time by providing quick search and brought a revolution in all the activities of human
saves labour by reducing repetition in society, including libraries and information
cataloguing and indexing services. services. Library automation refers to the
6. Enables to the establishment of a powerful involvement of an automatic data processing
network for resource sharing (Das & mechanism to run all the sections in the library
Chatterjee, 2015). activities, i.e. acquisition, cataloguing,
Automation reduces the unnecessary pressure of circulation, reference and journals section. The
workload in performing various activities in the term Library Automation refers to the use of
library. It avoids the stress of workload and computers and the internet within libraries
ensures efficient services by providing a rich (Uddin, 2009).
bibliographic controlling database at the national There are diverse types of problems and
and international levels (Umre & Agrawal, 2021). challenges that are affecting the process of
automation in the libraries, for example, lack of
Statement of the Problem skills and training in ICT (Information and
Automation has become a necessity for all the Communication Technology) infrastructure,
activities of each kind of library. There are shortage of funds and no availability of proper
different types of software to run the libraries software and required equipment to use in new
providing multi-purpose services all over the technology. The studies found in previous
world. The libraries in developing countries are existing literature did not cover all the issues
facing funding problems and constraints relating affecting the automation process within the
to automating the functions of the libraries for libraries. Very few studies were conducted to
rendering better services to the users, including

Journal of Social Sciences Review | Vol. 3 no. 1 (Winter 2023) | p-ISSN: 2789-441X | e-ISSN: 2789-4428 363
Muhammad Qasim and Muhammad Ahmad Shah

explore the status and issues affecting Significance of the Study

automating the libraries of Pakistan. The use of computer machines within libraries
This study was conducted to explore the has totally changed the traditional methods of
current status of library automation to fill the gap operating the library. Due to the use of a
existing in the literature. It is intended to find the computer, access to the internet, OPAC,
librarian's perception of the status of the WorldCat, e-books, e-journals, e-databases and
automation system used to automate the other virtual information resources has become
functions of libraries. Moreover, this study possible, and functions of the libraries, I.e.
highlighted the problems and challenges faced by acquisition, circulation, reference services,
the librarians while handling the automation cataloguing and indexing have been transformed
process in the libraries of the Faisalabad division. from manual to automated systems (Das &
Chatterjee, 2015).
Research Objectives The computerization and automation of
This study aims to investigate the status of library activities depend upon the qualities of the
library automation in the university libraries of software used for the purpose. Library
the Faisalabad division. This study intended to automation has made it easy and fast the
achieve the following objectives. resource sharing services with other libraries.
1. To know the automation status of There is a lack of awareness and insufficient
university libraries in the Faisalabad training programs to select software to operate
division, Pakistan the library and meet the needs of the information
2. To discover the reasons behind the adoption services. Due to that reason, the librarians and
of library software administrators are not confident in deciding
3. To investigate the satisfaction of librarians which software would be suitable for automation
with the attributes of selected library in libraries within an affordable budget (Sharma
software. & Parasar, 2014).
4. To identify the issues and challenges faced
The available literature searches reveal that
by library staff in automating the library.
only a few studies have been conducted on library
automation software. It was an acute need to
Research Questions conduct the research study to evaluate the status
This study tends to answer the below-mentioned of librarians' perception of the implementation
research questions: of different software’s in Pakistan. (Sharma &
1. What is the status of library automation in Parasar, 2014).
the university libraries of the Faisalabad
The current study provides sufficient
division?
knowledge about different software’s to
2. What are the reasons behind the adoption
automate the libraries and help to decide the
of library software?
selection of software in their libraries; therefore,
3. How much do the librarians are satisfied
this study is playing a vital role in filling the
with the attribute of adopted library
existing gap within the literature. Moreover, the
software?
current study is helpful for librarians and
4. Which kinds of issues and challenges are
decision-makers to know what common
faced by librarians to automate the
challenges and problems may be occurred while
libraries?
during the implementation of the policies

364 Journal of Social Sciences Review | Vol. 3 No. 1 (Winter 2023) | p-ISSN: 2789-441X | e-ISSN: 2789-4428
 A Research on the Status and Challenges of Library Automation in the University Libraries of Faisalabad division,
Pakistan

Literature Review library can be automated by using the KOHA

According to IBM, "Automation is the technical software. KOHA is an open-source software
process, use of software to achieve the goals with which is found very useful for libraries. This
minimum human efforts as the world automation software is able to exchange data with other
community has defined automation ‘’ The use of institutions and provides a facility to import and
technologies and software to maximize the export library material. Moreover, it provides the
quality and quantity of the products and services facility for indexing and abstracting the articles.
to disseminate the information in an effective Mostly following services are automated in the
and speedy way. software: OPAC union cataloguing, Rapid and
According to Adekanye (2011), the efficiency of remote access to the bibliographic and full-text
software could be evaluated by the following databases, circulation services and record
criteria. keeping, Acquiring new material, Serials
Producer/vendor reliability and good reputation management, use of the internet, digital audio-
based on performance. visual resources. The following services can also
 Expandability and flexibility of the be rendered efficiently in an automated
software. functioned library.
 Advanced searching and indexing 1. Online Service

capabilities. 2. Current Awareness Services (CAS),

 The quality of the Input and output 3. Reference service.

interface. 4. Digital, virtual or Printed Indexing,

 Security options are provided in the system. 5. Resource sharing.

 Good documentation system and use 6. Stocktaking

guides. 7. Selective Dissemination of Information

 Affordable cost. (SDI).

 Training facility. Matonkar & Kumar (2021) commented that
 Upgrading facility. automation could improve the library's services
 Corresponding to the Internet. for the concerned community. The library staff
Anas, Iqbal, and Ahmad (2014) evaluated the enjoy working in an environment of automation,
impact of library automation on the library and the patrons enjoy services rendered by the
rendering services in the academic institutes of library using OPAC instead of a manual catalogue.
Aligarh; the survey research method was used to Library automation is a better solution to the
collect data from the participants. They found problems of manual processing. It ensures ease of
that out of four libraries, three libraries were service, ease to use and quick searching for the
automated partially, while one was automated required item. Automation is time-saving, easy
fully. The study further resulted that regarding to store and easy to retrieve the material.
the provision of information services, the users Regarding the challenges, a major obstacle to
were more satisfied with the library's automated establishing a good library automation system is
functions than with the manual system. poor funding, mostly in developing countries.
Computerization and automation are important Open source software is used to avoid costly, but
applications of ICT which save time and labour open source software requires making
and ensure accuracy and easy access to the amendments in it according to the needs of the
required information resources. libraries, which demands skills and time for
making amendments.
Egunjobi & Awoyem (2012) state that All
routine works and advanced services in the Academic libraries render information
services to teachers, scholars, students and

Journal of Social Sciences Review | Vol. 3 no. 1 (Winter 2023) | p-ISSN: 2789-441X | e-ISSN: 2789-4428 365
Muhammad Qasim and Muhammad Ahmad Shah

researchers and are the hubs of teaching and the research problem. A quantitative research
learning activities who search for their required design is an inquiry into a social problem based
information resources, and if libraries are on testing a theory comprising variables, using
organized in a traditional way, their precious numerical data and analyzing through applying
time goes to waste during search activities. Now statistical tests to determine whether the
we are living in an era of ICT, and computer is predictive statement of the theory proves true.
performing daily operations of libraries and
saving time, avoiding duplication of work, and Research Methodology
making library services easier and more efficient. The research methodology used in the current
So in this age of information technology, study is quantitative; the survey research method
academic libraries are expected to be organized is used as the literature review revealed that
using ICT techniques with automated processes many previous studies used the same technique
and provide required information more to conduct such type of study.
systematically and faster than before.

Library automation is the process of The Population of the Study: The population
automating the traditional functions/activities of comprised all the private and public sector
libraries and services, such as collecting, university librarians working in the universities
cataloguing, trading, ordering, receiving and of Faisalabad division.
other related activities. The current information
age requires automation in library processes and Sampling Technique: The data is collected from
services to enhance the efficiency and the librarians working in all the university
effectiveness of services provided to information libraries of the Faisalabad division. This type of
seekers (Howard, Huber, Carter & Moore (2018). technique is commonly used in the quantitative
Research Design and Methodology type of data where the whole population can be
a) research design accessed easily.
b) the population of the study, the accessible
population and the sampling technique Survey Instrument: The questionnaire is used as
used a survey instrument. The self-devised research
c) instrument with a description about its instrument is further divided into four portions,
validity and reliability i.e. (1) demographic portion, (2) questions based
d) data collection procedure on the status of automation in university
e) data analysis libraries, (3) Questions determining the
f) Results, conclusions, recommendations satisfaction level concerning software, and (4)
challenges and problems faced during the
Research Design automation process.
Research design is usually a structure which is
based on a strategy to investigate answers to the Data Analysis
research questions. The plan usually highlights Demographic Information
the complete scheme for the research to be The demographic information includes age,
conducted. Commonly used research designs are gender, designation, experience, qualification,
quantitative research method, qualitative marital status and the monthly salary of the
research method, and mixed method. respondents. The description of the above-
mentioned demographics is explained below,
Research always follows the research
which are analyzed by applying descriptive
questions, which cover the suitable solution to
statistical tests through SPSS.

366 Journal of Social Sciences Review | Vol. 3 No. 1 (Winter 2023) | p-ISSN: 2789-441X | e-ISSN: 2789-4428
 A Research on the Status and Challenges of Library Automation in the University Libraries of Faisalabad division,
Pakistan

Age of Respondents show that the majority of the respondents was

The finding of the study reveals that a total of ten chief librarian /director/ manager.
respondents participated in the study. The
respondents aged 26-35 years old were n=5, i.e. Table 3
50%, the respondents aged 36-45 years old were Designation of respondents
n=3, i.e. 30%, and the respondents aged 46-55 Designation Frequency Percent
years old were n=2, i.e. 20% of the total Chief
population. The result shows that the large Librarian/Director/Man 4 40.0
number of respondents that participated in the ager
study was having aged 26-35 Deputy Librarian 1 10.0
years old. Senior Librarian 1 10.0
Librarian 3 30.0
Table 1 Assistant Librarian 1 10.0
Age of Respondents Total 10 100.0
Age Frequency Percent
Below 25 years 0 0 Experience of Respondents
26-35 years old 5 50.0 The respondents were asked about their
36-45 years old 3 30.0 experience. The study reveals that a
46-55 years old 2 20.0 total of n=1, i.e. 10% had experience below 5
Total 10 100. years, n=3, i.e. 30% were having 6-10
Years of experience, n=6, i.e. 60% of respondents
Gender of Respondents had 11-20 years of experience. However, no
The gender of the respondents shows that n=4, respondent had experience above 20 years. The
i.e. 40% were female, whereas n=6 findings revealed that the experience of the
i.e. 60% were males. The findings show that the majority of the respondents was between 11-
majority of the respondents were male. 20years.

Table 2 Table 4
Gender of Respondents Experience of Respondents

Gender Frequency Percent Experience Frequency Percent

Female 4 40.0 Below 5 year 1 10.0
Male 6 60.0 6-10 years 3 30.0
Total 10 100.0 11-20 years 6 60.0
Above 20 0 0
Designation of Respondents Total 10 100.0

The respondents were asked about their

Monthly Salary of Respondents
designation, according to which they were
The current study explored the monthly salary of
serving in their university libraries. The study
the respondents. The
showed that n=4, i.e. 40% of respondents were
The study disclosed that no respondent was
chief librarian/director/manager, n=1, i.e. 10%
taking a salary below Rs.30,000. However, n=3,
were deputy librarians, n=1, i.e. 10% were senior
i.e. 30% were taking a salary between Rs.31,000 -
librarians, n=3, i.e. 30% were librarians and n=1,
Rs.60,000, and only one n=1, i.e. 10%
i.e. 10% were Assistant librarians. The findings
respondents had a salary between Rs.61,000 -

Journal of Social Sciences Review | Vol. 3 no. 1 (Winter 2023) | p-ISSN: 2789-441X | e-ISSN: 2789-4428 367
Muhammad Qasim and Muhammad Ahmad Shah

Rs.1,00,000 while six n=6, i.e. 60% respondents respondents responded that they disagree with
were enjoying monthly salary above Rs.100, 000 the statement, n=1, i.e. 10% of respondents
which is a handsome amount. responded that their view was neutral, n=3, i.e.
30% of respondents responded that they agree,
Table 5 and n=3, i.e. 30% of respondents responded that
Monthly Salary of respondents they strongly agreed with the statement. The
Experience Frequency Percent findings showed that a large number of
Up to Rs.10,000 0 0 respondents agreed and strongly agreed with the
Rs.11000-Rs.30,000 0 0 statement that current software had all of the
Rs.31,000 - Rs.60,000 3 30.0 necessary and required features.
Rs.61,000 - Rs.1,00,000 1 10.0
Above Rs.1,00,000 6 60.0 Table 7
Total 10 100.0 Necessary and required features of current software
Scale Frequency Percent
Marital Status of Respondents Strongly Disagree 1 10.0
The respondents were asked about their marital Disagree 2 20.0
status. The results show that n=8, i.e. 80% Neutral 1 10.0
respondents were married whereas n=2, i.e. 20% Agree 3 30.0
respondents were unmarried. The results depict Strongly Agree 3 30.0
that a large of respondents were married. Total 10 100.0

Table 6 Performance of the software

Marital Status of respondents The respondents were asked about the
Gender Frequency Percent performance of the software concerning speed,
Married 8 80.0 searching facility and customizability. The
Single 2 20.0 finding showed that n=2, i.e. 20% Respondents
Total 10 100.0 responded that they strongly disagreed with the
statement, n=0, i.e. 0% Respondents responded
Satisfaction Level with Library Software being that they disagreed with the statement, n=3, i.e.
Used 30% of respondents responded that their view
was neutral; n =3, i.e. 30% of respondents
This part of the study shows the satisfaction level
responded that they agreed, and n=2, i.e. 20% of
of respondents regarding the Library software is
respondents responded that they strongly agreed
being used in their library. The different
with the statement. The findings showed that the
statements were asked by the respondents to find
majority of the respondents agreed that the
their satisfaction level. The results of the finding
software was showing good performance in
are described as below:
speed, searching facility and customizability.

Necessary and required Features of Current

Table 8
Software
Good performance in speed, searching facility and
The respondents were asked if the current customizability
software had all of the necessary and required
Scale Frequency Percent
features. The finding showed that n=1, i.e. 10% of
Strongly Disagree 2 20.0
respondents responded that they strongly
Disagree 0 0
disagreed with the statement, n=2, i.e. 20% of

368 Journal of Social Sciences Review | Vol. 3 No. 1 (Winter 2023) | p-ISSN: 2789-441X | e-ISSN: 2789-4428
 A Research on the Status and Challenges of Library Automation in the University Libraries of Faisalabad division,
Pakistan

Neutral 3 30.0 The census-based technique was used to collect

Agree 3 30.0 data from the entire population. All the university
Strongly Agree 2 20.0 libraries of the Faisalabad division were
Total 10 100.0 surveyed, which resulted in a total of 10
universities participating in the study. However,
Support of the Organization two universities that are Allama Iqbal Open
University and Virtual university, had no libraries
The respondents were asked whether the
in their Faisalabad division campuses.
administration of the organization has no
interest in library automation. The findings The demographic findings showed that the
showed that n=2, i.e. 20% of respondents majority of the respondents were male, aged
strongly agreed with the statement; n=4, i.e. 40% from 26-35 years old, with possessing
of respondents agreed with the statement; n=1, professional experience between 11-20 years. The
i.e. 10% of respondents expressed their opinion as majority of the respondents was chief librarian
neutral; however, n=2, 20% respondents /director/ manager with having salary above one
disagreed while n=1, i.e. 10% respondents showed lac. The majority of the respondents were
that they were strongly disagreed with the married; however, the majority of them
statement. The findings uncovered that the possessed MS/M. Phil's degree in (LIS/LIM) is
majority of the respondents agreed that the their qualification to serve in their university
administration of the organization has no libraries. The library automation status showed
interest in library automation. that the libraries were partially automated and
frequently.The software used for automation was
Discussions KOHA. The main reason behind selecting the
The respondents of the study agreed with the software was that it was open source and self-
statements that the library. The software had modified according to the requirements of the
necessary and required features that were library. The respondents agreed with the
economical to purchase and easy in Maintenance, statement that they were supported by their
user-friendly, availability of web 2.0 features, parent organization; however, the provided
provide OPAC facility to exchange amount in the budget was not sufficient to meet
(import/export) data, basic characteristics like the needs of the library properly. The majority of
security, online help, and up. To date, the the respondents were provided partial training
software they use has features to automate all the about the usage of the software.
library functions such as administration, reports,
acquisition, classification, cataloguing, Conclusions
circulation, reference services, collection and The conclusions regarding the four questions of
membership records by giving good performance the research study are as follows:
in speed, searching facility and customizability. 1. The study concluded that the libraries were
Moreover, the respondents were satisfied with partially automated using different library
Performance of software they used to automate software for automation, but most of the
their library. However, the respondents respondent libraries used KOHA software to
Disagreed that their software was easy to install, automate the library activities in the
didn’t provide advanced search. The facility, does university libraries of the Faisalabad
not provide multilingual and MARC 21 support. division.
2. The reasons behind the adoption of library
The study used a quantitative research
software are its international computer
method followed by a survey research technique.

Journal of Social Sciences Review | Vol. 3 no. 1 (Winter 2023) | p-ISSN: 2789-441X | e-ISSN: 2789-4428 369
Muhammad Qasim and Muhammad Ahmad Shah

format MARC 21 which allows internet and the library to utilize virtual and digital
competency to import, export and exchange information resources.
data with other institutions. Online help, 4. Library automation policies should be
up-to-date features to automate all the introduced in the library.
library functions such as administration, 5. The library budget should be increased for
reports, acquisition, classification, the development of library automation to
cataloguing, circulation, reference services, provide digital services to library users
collection and membership records by efficiently.
giving good performance in speed with 6. The university librarians should collaborate
advanced searching facilities. with each other in organizing and
3. The respondents were satisfied with the automating, and rendering services to the
performance of the software they used to library users.
automate their library. They agreed that 7. The services in the university libraries
their software provided advanced search should be more user-friendly and client-
facilities provided multilingual approaches centred.
and MARC 21 format supported; however, 8. The libraries should manage to conduct
the respondents disagreed that their seminars to provide awareness about the
software was easy to install. automation process among the professional
4. Regarding the issue and challenges which staff to meet the challenges of the digital
are faced by the librarians to automate the environment.
libraries, the majority of the respondents
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