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Stoichiometry and Moles Grade 10 Notes

The document provides notes on moles and stoichiometry, defining molecular and empirical formulas, and explaining how to deduce empirical formulas from mass or percentage data. It also covers the relationship between empirical and molecular formulas, how to construct equations, and definitions of relative atomic, formula, and molecular masses. Additionally, it includes mole calculations and percentage by mass formulas.

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33 views6 pages

Stoichiometry and Moles Grade 10 Notes

The document provides notes on moles and stoichiometry, defining molecular and empirical formulas, and explaining how to deduce empirical formulas from mass or percentage data. It also covers the relationship between empirical and molecular formulas, how to construct equations, and definitions of relative atomic, formula, and molecular masses. Additionally, it includes mole calculations and percentage by mass formulas.

Uploaded by

ibrahim23.sheed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chemistry 5070 Notes by Syeda Huda

Moles and stoichiometry


Molecular Formula Definition

 Molecular Formula: Represents the actual number and type of each atom in one
molecule of a compound.
Example:
o Glucose: C₆H₁₂O₆ (contains 6 Carbon, 12 Hydrogen, and 6 Oxygen atoms).

Empirical Formula Definition

 Empirical Formula: The simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms or ions in a


compound.
Example:
o Glucose: Molecular formula is C₆H₁₂O₆; its empirical formula is CH₂O.

How to deduce the Empirical formula:

1. Obtain the Masses or Percentages of Each Element

 If given percentages, assume a 100 g sample to convert percentages to masses directly.


Example: 40% Carbon (C), 6.7% Hydrogen (H), 53.3% Oxygen (O) becomes 40 g C, 6.7
g H, and 53.3 g O.

2. Convert Mass to Moles

 Use the molar mass (relative atomic mass, Ar) of each element
Chemistry 5070 Notes by Syeda Huda

3. Divide by the Smallest Number of Moles

 Find the smallest number of moles among all elements and divide all mole values by this
number to simplify the ratio.

4. Multiply to Obtain Whole Numbers (If Necessary)

 If the ratios are not whole numbers, multiply all ratios by the smallest factor that makes
them whole.

5. Write the Empirical Formula

 Use the simplified whole-number ratios to write the empirical formula.

Example: Using the ratio 1 : 2 : 1, the empirical formula is: CH2O

Deducing Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula

1. Understand the Relationship Between Empirical and Molecular Formulas

 Empirical formula: The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.


 Molecular formula: The actual number of atoms in a molecule, which is a multiple of
the empirical formula.

The relationship is:

Molecular Formula = (Empirical Formula) × n

Where n is the multiplier.

2. Find the Empirical Formula Mass


Chemistry 5070 Notes by Syeda Huda

 Add up the relative atomic masses of all elements in the empirical formula.
 This gives the empirical formula mass.

3. Determine the Multiplier

 Divide the molecular mass (given) by the empirical formula mass:

 n must be a whole number.

4. Multiply the Empirical Formula

 Multiply each subscript in the empirical formula by n to get the molecular formula.

Example Problem

Given:

 Empirical formula: CH₂


 Molecular mass: 56

Step 1: Calculate the Empirical Formula Mass

 Empirical formula mass = 12+(2×1)=14

Step 2: Determine the Multiplier

n= 56/14 = 4

Step 3: Find the Molecular Formula

 Multiply the subscripts in CH₂ by n=4

Final Answer: The molecular formula is C₄H₈.


Chemistry 5070 Notes by Syeda Huda

Deducing Ionic Compound Formulae

 From Charges:
o Combine cations and anions so the total positive and negative charges balance to
zero.
o Examples:
 Sodium ion (Na⁺) + Chloride ion (Cl⁻) → NaCl
 Magnesium ion (Mg²⁺) + Chloride ion (Cl⁻) → MgCl₂
 Aluminium ion (Al³⁺) + Sulfate ion (SO₄²⁻) → Al₂(SO₄)₃

Constructing Equations

 Word Equations: Use names of reactants and products. Example: Hydrogen + Oxygen
→ Water
 Symbol Equations: Replace names with chemical formulae. Example: 2H₂ + O₂ →
2H₂O
 Ionic Equations: Show only the species involved in the reaction, including charges.
Example: Cl⁻(aq) + Ag⁺(aq) → AgCl(s)
 State Symbols:
o (s): Solid
o (l): Liquid
o (g): Gas
o (aq): Aqueous (dissolved in water)

Deduce Symbol Equations with State Symbols

 Steps:
1. Write the reactants and products based on given information.
2. Balance the equation by adjusting coefficients.
3. Add state symbols based on the physical states of the substances. Example:

o Reaction of Magnesium with Hydrochloric Acid:


 Word equation: Magnesium + Hydrochloric acid → Magnesium chloride
+ Hydrogen
 Symbol equation: Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl₂(aq) + H₂(g)
Chemistry 5070 Notes by Syeda Huda

Relative Atomic Mass

Definition:

The relative atomic mass of an element is the average mass of all the isotopes of that element,
compared to 1/12th of the mass of one atom of Carbon-12.

Relative Formula Mass

Definition:

The relative formula mass is used for ionic compounds and is the sum of the relative atomic
masses of all the ions in the simplest formula unit.

Relative Molecular Mass

Definition:

The relative molecular mass is the sum of the relative atomic masses of all the atoms in a
molecule.
Chemistry 5070 Notes by Syeda Huda

Mole Definition

A mole corresponds to the mass of a substance that contains 6.02 x 1023 particles of the
substance.

The mole is the SI unit for the amount of a substance. Its symbol is mol.

Mole Calculations

Moles = Mass/Relative Molecular (Formula) Mass

Moles= Concentration (mol/dm3) x Volume (dm3)

Moles= no. of particles (n) / 6.02 x 1023

Moles(gas)= volume in dm3/24 dm3 (Ensure same units in numerator and denominator)

Percentage by mass = (total mass of element present in the compound / total mass of the
compound) x 100

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