CH 27 MAGNETIC FIELD & MAGNETIC FORCES II

Intended Learning Outcomes – after this lecture you will learn:

1. Lorentz force and devices that make use of it.
2. Force of a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field in vector form.
3. Turning effect of a current loop in a uniform magnetic field in vector form.
4. Magnetic moment as current loop or bar magnet, and effect in a non-uniform magnetic field
Textbook Reference: 27.5 – 27.7

When under an electric and magnetic field, a charged particle experiences a combined electric
and magnetic force called Lorentz force
�𝑭𝑭⃗ = 𝑞𝑞𝑬𝑬
�⃗ + 𝑞𝑞𝒗𝒗
�⃗ × ��⃗
𝑩𝑩

Velocity Selector

From a heated cathode, or

radioactive source

Undeviated charge particles have

speed
𝐸𝐸
𝑣𝑣 =
𝐵𝐵

PHYS1114 Lecture 12 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces II P. 1

Thomson’s e/m Experiment (1897 at Cavendish Lab, Cambridge; Nobel Prize 1906)
First experiment to identity the charge particle that we call electron today
Accelerate charged particle to
kinetic energy 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒

Beam undeviated,
𝑣𝑣 = 𝐸𝐸/𝐵𝐵
1 𝑚𝑚𝐸𝐸 2
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2 =
2 2𝐵𝐵 2
𝑒𝑒 𝐸𝐸 2
=
𝑚𝑚 2𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 2

Millikan measured electron charge 𝑒𝑒 in his Oil Drop Experiment (1909, Nobel Prize 1923).
Combined with 𝑒𝑒/𝑚𝑚 get the mass of electron
Mass Spectrometer
After passing through velocity selector,
Ions with charge +𝑞𝑞
𝐸𝐸
𝑣𝑣 =
𝐵𝐵

Radius of ions’ path inside uniform magnetic field ��⃗

𝑩𝑩′
2
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
= 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞′ ⇒ 𝑅𝑅 =
𝑅𝑅 𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞′

𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞′𝑅𝑅
⇒ 𝑚𝑚 =
𝑣𝑣

This set up can be used to identify ions, e.g., in a leak detector, Example 27.6, P. 921. To
detect He+ ion (mass 6.65 × 10−27 kg and charge +1.60 × 10−19 C), suppose 𝐵𝐵 ′ =
0.0818 T, and the speed of ions after passing through the velocity selector is 𝑣𝑣 =
1.00 × 105 m/s.
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 (6.65 × 10−27 kg)(1.00 × 105 m/s)
𝑅𝑅 = = = 5.08 cm
𝑞𝑞𝑞𝑞′ (+1.60 × 10−19 C)(0.0818 T)
should look for signal from a particle detector located at a point 2 × 5.08 = 10.16 cm from
slits 𝑆𝑆3

PHYS1114 Lecture 12 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces II P. 2

Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
You already know from high school that 𝐹𝐹 = 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 sin 𝜃𝜃. Let’s derive its vector form.
Conductor segment carrying a current density 𝒋𝒋⃗
Total charge in the conductor segment is 𝑛𝑛(𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴)𝑞𝑞
Total magnetic force on the segment
�⃗ = (𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛)𝒗𝒗
𝑭𝑭 �⃗𝑑𝑑 × ��⃗ �⃗𝑑𝑑 ) × ��⃗
𝑩𝑩 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙(𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝒗𝒗 𝑩𝑩

𝑙𝑙�𝐴𝐴𝑱𝑱⃗� = 𝐼𝐼𝒍𝒍⃗

Define 𝒍𝒍⃗ as the length vector of the segment along

the direction of 𝐼𝐼,
�⃗ = 𝐼𝐼 𝒍𝒍⃗ × 𝑩𝑩
𝑭𝑭 ��⃗

If conductor is not straight, break it up into infinitesimal segments 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍⃗, force on infinitesimal
�⃗ = 𝐼𝐼 𝑑𝑑𝒍𝒍⃗ × ��⃗
segment is 𝑑𝑑𝑭𝑭 𝑩𝑩
As an application, read session 27.6 on a loud speaker

Example 27.8 P. 924

Force on semi-circular segment:

By symmetry, 𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 sum up to zero

𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝐼𝐼(𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)𝐵𝐵 sin 𝜃𝜃
With 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 sin 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Total force on this segment
𝜋𝜋
�𝑭𝑭⃗ = �� 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 sin 𝜃𝜃 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑� 𝒋𝒋̂
0
= 2𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝒋𝒋̂
Force on straight segment
Same as for a straight segment
�⃗ × ��⃗
= 𝐼𝐼𝑳𝑳 𝑩𝑩 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝒋𝒋̂ of length 2𝑅𝑅

Question: in order to produce a force

indicated in the diagram, the battery should
be inserted with polarity as in (A / B).

Answer: see inverted text on P. 924

PHYS1114 Lecture 12 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces II P. 3

Torque and Turning Effect on a Current Loop
You already learned the turning effect in high school. Let’s focus on the vector form
Area vector �𝑨𝑨⃗
defined by right-
hand-rule z ��⃗
𝑩𝑩 �⃗
𝑭𝑭
𝜙𝜙 ⊗
�⃗
𝑨𝑨
𝜙𝜙

x
Turning
effect
⊙
�⃗
−𝑭𝑭
𝑏𝑏
|𝝉𝝉 �⃗ × �𝑭𝑭⃗� = 2 � � 𝐹𝐹 sin 𝜙𝜙
�⃗| = 2�𝒓𝒓
2
= 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 sin 𝜙𝜙
In vector form 𝝉𝝉 �⃗ × 𝑩𝑩
�⃗ = 𝐼𝐼𝑨𝑨 ��⃗

Usually define the magnetic dipole moment to be 𝝁𝝁 �⃗ , then the torque is �⃗

�⃗ = 𝐼𝐼𝑨𝑨 𝝉𝝉 = �𝝁𝝁⃗ × ��⃗
𝑩𝑩
Whatever possess a magnetic dipole moment (such as a current carrying loop) is called a
magnetic dipole
�⃗
If the loop has 𝑁𝑁 turns, the total magnetic moment sum up to be �𝝁𝝁⃗ = 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑨𝑨
c.f. torque on an electric dipole with dipole moment �𝒑𝒑⃗ is 𝝉𝝉 �⃗ × 𝑬𝑬
�⃗ = 𝒑𝒑 �⃗
��⃗, likewise the PE of a
�⃗ ⋅ 𝑬𝑬
potential energy of an electric dipole in an electric field is −𝒑𝒑
�⃗ ⋅ ��⃗
magnetic dipole in a magnetic field is 𝑈𝑈 = −𝝁𝝁 𝑩𝑩 (While the magnetic force does no work
on individual charge, it does work on the loop by rotating. Hence PE of the loop in a
magnetic field is well-defined.)

𝜙𝜙 = 0°, 𝝁𝝁 ��⃗
�⃗ ∥ 𝑩𝑩 𝜙𝜙 = 180°, 𝝁𝝁 ��⃗
�⃗ anti- ∥ 𝑩𝑩
𝜙𝜙 = 90°, 𝝁𝝁 ��⃗
�⃗ ⊥ 𝑩𝑩 𝜏𝜏 = 0 𝜏𝜏 = 0
𝜏𝜏 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼, maximum 𝑈𝑈 = −𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼, minimum 𝑈𝑈 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼, maximum
𝑈𝑈 = 0 Stable equilibrium Unstable equilibrium

PHYS1114 Lecture 12 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces II P. 4

Magnetic Dipole Moment in a Non-uniform Magnetic Field
Consider a magnetic dipole moment as a tiny current carrying loop
𝐼𝐼 ⊗
�⃗ = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝒍𝒍⃗ × 𝑩𝑩
𝑑𝑑𝑭𝑭 ��⃗
�⃗
𝝁𝝁
𝐼𝐼 ⊙
��⃗
𝑩𝑩

By symmetry, only horizontal

Replace 𝝁𝝁
�⃗ by a tiny current loop
�⃗ adds up to
component of 𝑑𝑑𝑭𝑭
nonzero, leading to repulsion

Flipping the magnet leads to attraction

Can consider 𝝁𝝁
�⃗ as a bar magnet, vector points from S to N pole
Magnetic materials like iron, each atom is a tiny magnetic moment

Unmagnetized iron, 𝝁𝝁
�⃗ of Once magnetized (a bar magnet), 𝝁𝝁 �⃗ �𝝁𝝁⃗ align with the external
individual atoms are in of individual atoms are locked in field (𝑈𝑈 = − 𝝁𝝁�⃗ ⋅ ��⃗
𝑩𝑩), like
random orientation, adding certain orientation, adding up to a a compass needle
up to zero non-zero permanent magnetic
moment 𝝁𝝁�⃗

For unmagnetized iron, external magnetic field can partly align 𝝁𝝁

�⃗ of individual atoms, giving
it a nonzero magnetic moment (c.f. electric dipole induced by electric field)

Unmagnetized iron nail

PHYS1114 Lecture 12 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces II P. 5

Clicker Questions

Ans: Q27.11) D, Q-RT27.1) BCDA

PHYS1114 Lecture 12 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces II P. 6

 See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson

PHYS1114 Lecture 12 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces II P. 7