Nutrition in animals

1. Fill in the blanks:

(a) The main steps of nutrition in humans are ingestion, digestion,

absorption, assimilation and egestion.

(b) The largest gland in the human body is liver.

(c) The stomach releases hydrochloric acid and digestive juices which act on
food.

(d) The inner wall of the small intestine has many finger-like outgrowths
called villi.

(e) Amoeba digests its food in the food vacuole.

2.Mark ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if it is false:

(a) Digestion of starch starts in the stomach. F

(b) The tongue helps in mixing food with saliva. T

(c) The gall bladder temporarily stores bile. T

(d) The ruminants bring back swallowed grass into their mouth and
chew it for some time. T

3. Tick (✓) mark the correct answer in each of the following:

(a) Fat is completely digested in the

(i) stomach (ii) mouth (iii) small intestine (iv) large intestine

(b) Water from the undigested food is absorbed mainly in the

(i) stomach (ii) food pipe (iii) small intestine (iv) large intestine
4. Match the items of Column I with those given in Column II: Solution:

Column- I Column- II

Food components Product(s) of digestion

Carbohydrates Sugar

Proteins Amino acids

Fats Fatty acids and glycerol

5. What are villi? What is their location and function?

Solution:Villi are finger-like projections or outgrowth. They are present in the

small intestine of our digestive system. The villi increase the surface area for
absorption of the digested food.

6. Where is the bile produced? Which component of the food does it

help to digest?

Solution:Bile juice is produced in the liver, and it helps in the digestion of fats
by breaking large fat globules into smaller ones.

7. Name the type of carbohydrate that can be digested by ruminants but

not by humans. Give the reason also.

Solution:Cellulose is the carbohydrate that can be digested by ruminants but

not by humans because humans lack cellulase enzyme required to digest the
cellulose.
8. Why do we get instant energy from glucose?

Solution:Glucose is a simple sugar which is easily absorbed into the blood

whereas other carbohydrates are first broken down into glucose and then
absorbed; hence, glucose gives instant energy.

9. Which part of the digestive canal is involved in:

(i) absorption of food __Small intestine ______________.

(ii) chewing of food ___ Buccal cavity _____________.

(iii) killing of bacteria _____ Stomach ___________.

(iv) complete digestion of food ___ Small intestine _____________.

(v) formation of faeces __ Large Intestine ______________.

10. Write one similarity and one difference between nutrition in amoeba
and human beings.

Solution:Similarity: Both amoeba and human beings follow the holozoic type
of nutrition.

Difference:

Humans intake food through buccal cavity. In amoeba food is ingested

through pseudopodia.

11. Match the following…Solution:

Column-I Column-II

a) Salivary gland (iii) Saliva secretion

b) Stomach (iv) Acid release

c) Liver (i) Bile juice secretion

d) Rectum (ii) Storage of undigested food

e) Small intestine (v) Digestion is completed

f) Large intestine (vi) Absorption of water

13. Can we survive only on raw, leafy vegetables/grass? Discuss.

Solution:No, we cannot survive only on raw, leafy vegetables because they

mainly consist of Cellulose which cannot be digested by us due to lack of
cellulose-digesting enzyme in our body.

Q What is the total number of teeth in an adult human?

Answer:In an adult human, there are total 32 teeth.

Q Name the parts of the alimentary canal where

(a) water gets absorbed from undigested food large intestine
(b) digested food gets absorbed small intestine
(c) taste of the food is perceived tongue
(d) bile juice is produced liver

Q Identify the location of salivary gland.

Answer:Salivary gland is present in the buccal cavity and it secretes saliva.

Q We should not eat hurriedly. Give reason.

Answer: We should not eat hurriedly because if we ingest food in hurry or we
talk or laugh while eating we experience hiccups, coughing or choking
sensation.

Q Name the secretions of stomach which digest food.

Answer:The inner lining of stomach secretes mucous hydrochloric acid and
digestive juices.

.
Q Explain the role of mucus secreted by stomach.
Answer:The function of mucus is to protect the lining of stomach from the
action of hydrochloric acid secreted by stomach lining.

Q The long structure of small intestine is accommodated in small space

within our body. Comment. [HOTS]
Answer:The small intestine is about 7.5 metre long It is accommodated in a
coiled form inside our body.

QSuggest the organ of digestive system where the digestive juices from
liver and pancreas is poured.
Answer:The digestive juices from liver and pancreas is poured into small
intestine which helps in complete digestion and absorption of food.

QFrom which organ of digestive system, the undigested faecal matter is

removed?
Answer:The undigested faecal matter is removed through the anus by the
process called egestion.

Q Mention the position of the rumen in ruminants.

Answer:The rumen is the sac-like structure which is present between small
intestine and large intestine in ruminants.

Q What is assimilation?
Answer:The process by which absorbed food is taken by body cells and is
used for energy, growth and repair is called assimilation.

Q Describe alimentary canal briefly.

Answer:Alimentary canal is the tube running from mouth to anus of human
and animals here digestion and absorption of food take place.

Q Name the simple forms of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

Answer:The food components and their simple forms are carbohydrates
(glucose), fatty (fats) acids and glycerol, proteins (amino acids).

Q Discuss the role of hydrochloric acid secreted by gastric glands.

Answer:It helps in the breakdown of food particles. It creates an acidic
environment which facilitates the action.
Question 1.Oesophagus is also called as foodpipe. True

Question 2.Simplest form of fat is sugars and glucose.

Answer:False, simplest form of fat is fatty acid and glycerol.

Question 3.Ruminant can digest cellulose (carbohydrate). Answer:True

Question 4.Canines are used for grinding of food.
Answer:False, canines are used for piercing and tearing the food.

Question 5.Amoeba is a microscopic, single celled animal. Answer:True

Question 6.The nutrition in Amoeba takes place by pseudopodia.

Answer:True

Question 7.Egestion is the process of removing waste food or undigested

food through anus.
Answer:True

Question 8.Diarrhoea can be treated by only giving water to the patient.

Answer:False, diarrhoea can be treated by giving a solution of sugar and salt
in the clean water for several times in a day. This solution is called ORS.

Question 9.Source of energy for living being is food. Answer:True

Question 10.The digestion of starch only takes place in the stomach

Answer:False, digestion of starch normally begins in the mouth where it is
broken down into smaller sugar molecules, glucose. Additional breakdown of
starch occurs in the small intestine.

Question 1.……. is the process of taking food inside the body.

Answer:Ingestion

Question 2.….. is the simplest form of carbohydrate. Answer:Glucose

Question 3.The process of breakdown of complex food material into …… is
called …….
Answer:simpler form, digestion

Question 4.Amoeba digests its food inside ………

Answer:food vacuole

Question 5.……. teeth replaces the milk teeth. Answer:Permanent

Question 6.…… is the long tube-like structure which Answer:Alimentary

canal

Question 7.Large intestine absorbs ….. and …… from undigested food.

Answer:water, salts

Question 8.Animals are ……. Answer:heterotrophic

Question 9.Cud chewing animals are called …….. Answer:ruminants

Question 10.Four kinds of teeth present in human are ……, …….., …….. and
……..
Answer:incisor, cannines, premolar, molar

Question 1.Hydrochloric acid is secreted by

(a) linings of small intestine
(b) inner lining of stomach
(c) pancreas
(d) lining of liver

Question 2.Which of the following pair of teeth differ in structure but are
similar in function? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Canines and incisors
(b) Molars and premolars
(c) Incisors and molars
(d) Premolars and canines
Question 3.The swallowed food moves downwards in the alimentary canal
because of
(a) force provided by the muscular tongue
(b) the flow of water taken with the food
(c) gravitational pull
(d) the contraction of muscles in the wall of foodpipe

Question 4.The acid present in the stomach

(a) kills the harmful bacteria that may enter along with the food
(b) protects the stomach lining from harmful substances
(c) digests starch into simpler sugars
(d) makes the medium alkaline

Question 5.The simplest form of protein is

(a) fatty acids
(b) glucose
(c) glycerol
(d) amino acids

Question 6.The finger-like outgrowths of Amoeba helps to ingest food.

However, the finger-like outgrowths of human intestine helps to [NCERT
Exemplar]
(a) digest the fatty food substances
(b) make the food soluble
(c) absorb the digested food
(d) absorb the undigested food

Question 7.The false feet of Amoeba are used for [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) movement only
(b) capture of food only
(c) capture of food and movement
(d) exchange of gases only

Question 8.Read the following statements with reference to the villi of small
intestine.
(i) They have very thin walls.
(ii) They have a network of thin and small blood vessels close to the surface.
(iii) They have small pores through which food can easily pass.
(iv) They are finger-like projections.

Question 9.The absorption of nutrients or food components in its simpler form

takes place in
(a) blood vessels of small intestine wall
(b) large intestine wall
(c) gall bladder
(d) liver

Question 10.The enzymes present in the saliva convert [NCERT Exemplar]

(a) fats into fatty acids and glycerol
(b) starch into simple sugars
(c) proteins into amino acids
(d) complex sugars into simple sugars

Question 11.Cud is the name given to the food of ruminants which is

(a) swallowed and undigested
(b) swallowed and partially digested
(c) properly chewed and partially digested
(d) properly chewed and completely digested

Question 12.Cellulose rich food substances are good sources of roughage in

human beings because [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) human beings do not have cellulose: digesting enzymes
(b) cellulose gets absorbed in the human blood and converts into fibres
(c) the cellulose digesting bacteria convert cellulose into fibres
(d) cellulose breaks down into smaller components which are egested as
roughage

Question 13.If, by chance, food particles enter the windpipe, we feel

(a) hiccups and cough
(b) yawning
(c) sleep
(d) None of these

Question 14.The tip or front of tongue taste

(a) sour
(b) bitter
(c) salt and sweet
(d) All of these

Question 15.Dentine protects which part of human teeth?

(a) Enamel
(b) Pulp cavity
(c) Gums
(d) Dental cavity

Question 16.The finger-like projection presents on the inner lining of small

intestine is called
(a) villi
(b) stomach
(c) rumen
(d) diarrhoea

Question 1.With the help of labelled diagram show the gradual decay of
tooth.
Answer:Sweets and Tooth Decay The tooth is covered by white, hard outer
covering of tooth called Enamel enamel below which dentine is present. It is
similar to bone which Pulp cavity (with nerves and blood vessels) protects the
pulp cavity having nerves and blood vessels. Bacteria are Gum present in our
mouth but they are not harmful to us. However, if we do not clean our teeth
and mouth after eating, many harmful bacteria also begin to live and grow in
it. These bacteria breakdown the sugars present from the leftover food and
release acids. The acids gradually damage the tooth. This is called tooth
decay.

Therefore, tooth decay is defined as the process of rotting of tooth and

formation of cavity or holes in it which leads to the toothache.
When the holes or cavity reaches to the pulp cavity, it causes pain. If these
cavities are not treated on time it causes severe toothache and may result in
tooth loss.

Tooth decay can be prevented by adapting following measures.

(i) One should rinse and clean its teeth thoroughly after every Pulp cavity
meal.
(ii) We should clean our teeth with the help of datun or brush Gradual
decaying of human tooth and toothpaste, twice a day.
(iii) We should use dental floss which is a special strong thread. It is moved
between two teeth to take out
trapped food particles.
(iv) Dirty fingers or unwashed objects must be avoided to put in the mouth.
(v) We should avoid the use of sweets, chocolates, toffees, ice-cream, etc.
Much use of cold drink should also be avoided.”

Question 2‘A’ got her gall bladder removed surgically as she was
diagnosed with stones in her gall bladder. After the surgery, she faced
problems in digestion of certain food items when consumed in bulk. Can
you tell which kind of food items would they be and why?
Answer:After surgical removal of gall bladder, ‘A’ would face problems in
digestion of fat and fatty substances when consumed in bulk. This is because
the bile juice stored in the gall bladder helps in digestion of fats.

Quetiions 3 Discuss the various associated glands of digestive system

and their role in digestion.
Answer:The various associated glands of digestive system and their role in
digestion are as follows

1. Salivary gland digestion of starch in mouth.

2. Liver secretes bile juices which help in the digestion of fats.
3. Pancreas secretes pancreatic juices which act on carbohydrate, fats and
proteins and change them into simpler compounds.

Question 4. Gastric glands in stomach release hydrochloric acid,

enzyme pepsin and mucus. What will happen if mucus is not secreted by
the gastric glands?
Answer:Mucus protects the inner lining of stomach form the action of
hydrochloric acid and enzyme pepsin. If mucus is not released, it will lead to
erosion of inner lining of stomach leading to acidity and ulcers.

Question Following statements describe the five steps in animal

nutrition. Read each statement and give one word for each statement.
Write the terms that describe each process.
(a) Transportation of absorbed food to different parts of body and their
utilisation. Assimilation
(b) Breaking of complex food substances into simpler and soluble substances.
Digestion
(c) Removal of undigested and unabsorbed solid residues of food from the
body. Egestion
(d) Taking food into the body. Ingestion
(e) Transport of digested and soluble food from the intestine to blood vessels.
Absorption

Question 15.Small intestine in herbivores is longer than in carnivores.

Do you agree? Support your Answer:
Answer:Yes, carnivores animals cannot digest cellulose, hence they have a
shorter small intestine. In herbivores, digestion of cellulose takes a longer
time. Hence, herbivores need a longer small intestine to allow complete
digestion of cellulose.

Question 16.Draw a neat and clean diagram of Amoeba showing the

correct location of the following components : nucleus, vacuole,
pseudopodia..
Answer:

Q Ruminants such as cows and buffaloes swallow their food hurriedly

and then sit restfully and chew their food. Give reason.
Answer:Ruminants such as cows and buffaloes swallow their food hurriedly
and store it in a part of the stomach called rumen. The cellulose of the food is
digested here by the action of certain bacteria which are not present in
humans. Later, this partially digested food is returned to the buccal cavity of
the animals in small lumps and animal chews it to complete the process of
digestion. This process is called rumination.

Q Name the three digestive glands in our body.

Answer:The three digestive glands are

1. liver
2. Pancreas
3. Salivary glands

QuestionThe swallowed food moves downwards in the alimentary canal.

Explain.
Answer:The swallowed food moves downwards in the alimentary canal
because of the atternate relaxation contraction movement of muscles in the
wall of foodpipe called peristalsis.

QuestionExplain how assimilation is different from absorption.

Answer:The process by which nutrients from the digested food are absorbed
by the body is called absorption whereas the process by which the absorbed
nutrients are utilised by the body for providing energy is called assimilation.

Question Food moves in the opposite direction during vomiting. How?

Answer:The intense pressure is formed in the stomach when the food is not
accepted by the stomach. The content in the stomach is then pushed back.
This returned content is expelled out from the mouth in the form of vomiting.

Question Briefly explain, why animals like cow cannot chew their food
properly at the time they take it in.
Answer:Animals like cow cannot chew their food properly due to the presence
of cellulose in their diet. At the time they take in food, the food is moistend and
is sent for cellulose digestion and softening in rumen.

Question Is there any role of liver in digestion of fats? Explain.

Answer:Yes, liver produces bile which has bile salts. These salts break large
fat molecules to fine droplets. These fine droplets are further converted into
fatty acids and glycerol.
Question Cellulose rich food substances are good source of roughage
in human beings. Justify. [HOTS]
Answer:Cellulose rich food substances are good source of roughage in
human beings.It is because the cellulose digesting bacteria are not present in
the body of human beings due to which human beings cannot digest cellulose
(present in plant foods).

Question Recall and name the main organs of the digestive system in
our body.
Answer:The different organs of the alimentary canal are as follows :

1. Mouth and mouth cavity

2. Oesophagus
3. Stomach
4. Small intestine
5. Large intestine
6. Anus

Question Alimentary canal is different from digestive system. Comment.

Answer:Alimentary canal is a long, muscular coiled tube. It is also known as
digestive tract. The alimentary canal with its associated glands constitute the
digestive system. These glands are salivary glands, liver and pancreas.

Question Windpipe runs adjacent to the foodpipe. What will happen if

food particles enter the windpipe? Explain.
Answer:The windpipe carries air from the nostrils to the lungs. It runs adjacent
to the foodpipe. If, by chance, food particles enter the windpipe, we feel
choked, get hiccups or cough.

QuestionExplain how is small intestine designed to absorb digested

food.
Answer:The finger-like projections called villi are present in the inner walls of
the small intestine. The villi increase the surface area. The large surface area
of small intestine helps in the rapid absorption of the digested food.

Q What is hiccup?

Hiccup is a choking sensation that produces a characteristic gulping sound

repeatedly. It is called ‘hicki’ in our local language.
Sometimes, when we eat too fast in a hurry or talk too much or laugh while
eating, then a little of windpipe remains open due to which food particles may
enter the windpipe. It may result in a choking sensation called hiccups.

QDefine oral rehydration solution and when it is given to the patient?

How can you prepare ORS at home?
Answer:Oral rehydration solution is the solution of sugar and salt in a
particular ratio in the clean water. When a person passes out watery stools
frequently, the disease is called diarrhoea. In this condition there is a loss of
water and salt from the body of a person.

This is called dehydration which may be fatal if not cured at proper time. In
order to prevent dehydration, the person or patient should be given ORS.
ORS makes up the loss of water and salts in the body and sugar provides
energy which helps in the recovery of disease. It should be given to a patient
suffering from diarrhoea at a regular interval.

At home the ORS can be prepared by dissolving a teaspoonful of sugar and

pinch of salt in a glass of clean water. The water used for preparing ORS
should be first boiled and then cooled so that all the microorganisms or
harmful bacteria may be killed.

HEAT
1. State similarities and differences between the laboratory thermometer
and the clinical thermometer.
Ans: Similarities include the use of mercury and the measurement of
temperature.
Differences include clinical thermometers have a kink to prevent the temperature
from dropping, but laboratory thermometers do not have a kink.
In comparison to clinical thermometers, the range of a laboratory thermometer is
extremely broad.
2. Give two examples each of conductors and insulators of heat.
Ans:

Conductors Insulators
Copper Rubber

Iron Ceramic

3. Fill in the blanks:

a. A cold steel spoon is dipped in a cup of hot milk. It transfers heat to its
other end by the process of ________. Ans: Conduction.
b. Temperature is measured in degrees _________.Ans: Celsius.
c. No medium is required for transfer of heat by the process of
_________.Ans: radiation.
d. Clothes of _________ colours absorb heat better than clothes of light
colours. Ans: black
e. The hotness of an object is determined by its _________.Ans:
Temperature.
f. Temperature of boiling water cannot be measured by a __________
thermometer.Ans: clinical

4. Match the following:

Ans:

i. Land breeze blows during d. night

ii. Sea breeze blows during c. day

iii. Dark coloured clothes are preferred during b. winter

iv. Light coloured clothes are

a. summer
preferred during
5. Discuss why wearing more layers of clothing during winter
Ans: When more than one layer of clothing is worn, air gets trapped between
them. Heat does not transmit well through air. As a result, the insulation improves
and we are more comfortable

7. In places of hot climate, it is advised that the outer walls of houses be

painted white. Explain.
Ans: White-surfaced objects radiate more heat and absorb less. As a result, less
outside heat would enter the house.

8. One liter of water at 300 C is mixed with one liter of water at 500 C. The
0 0

temperature of the mixture will be

a. 800 C
0

b. More than 500 C 0

c. 200 C
0

d. Between 300 C and 500 C

0 0

Ans: d. The temperature lies between 300 C to 500 C. As it is a mixture of waters

0 0

boiled at two different temperatures.

9. An iron ball at 400 C is dropped in a mug containing water at 400 C the

0 0

heat will
a. Flow from iron ball to water.
b. Not flow from iron ball to water or from water to iron ball.
c. Flow from water to iron ball.
d. Increase the temperature of both.
Ans: b. Not flow from iron ball to water or from water to iron ball. It is due to the
fact that both the substances, the water and the iron have the same temperature.

10. A wooden spoon is dipped in a cup of ice cream. Its other end
a. becomes cold by the process of conduction.
b. becomes cold by the process of convection.
c. becomes cold by the process of radiation.
d. does not become cold.
Ans: d. does not become cold. Heat conducts poorly through a wooden spoon.
Its opposite end does not grow cold even if it is dipped in a cup of ice cream.
11. Stainless steel pans are usually provided with copper bottoms. The
reason for this could be that
a. Copper bottom makes the pan more durable.
b. Such pans appear colourful.
c. Copper is better conductor of heat than the stainless steel.
d. copper is a better conductor of heat than the stainless steel.
Ans: c. Copper is a better conductor of heat than stainless steel. Copper bottoms
are commonly included with stainless steel cookware. Copper is a superior heat
conductor than stainless steel, which could be the reason.

Question 1.In a mercury thermometer, the level of mercury rises when its
bulb comes in contact with a hot object. What is the reason for this rise in the
level of mercury? [HOTSl
Answer:As the temperature increases, then expansion in mercury takes place
which leads to the rise in the level of mercury in thermometer.

Question 2.Shopkeepers selling ice blocks usually cover them with jute
sacks. Explain why. [NCERT Exemplar; HOTS]
Answer:As we know that jute sacks is thermal insulators, it helps ice not to be
melt immediately. So, shopkeepers used to cover ice blocks with jute sacks.

Question 3.The radiators in cars are painted black. Explain why. [HOTS]
Answer:Since, the black bodies are better radiators, so due to this reason,
radiators in cars are painted black.

Question 4.To keep her soup warm, Paheli wrapped the container in which it
was kept with a woollen clothes. Can she apply the same method to keep a
glass of cold drink cool?
Answer:Yes, she can apply the same method to keep a glass of cold drink
cool because wool is a thermal insulator, and it cannot allow to heat pass
through it.

Question 5.A laboratory thermometer A is kept 7 cm away on the side of the

flame while a similar thermometer B is kept 7 cm above the flame of a candle
as shown in figure. Which of the thermometers A or Swill show a greater rise
in temperature? Give reason for your answer: [NCERT Exemplar]

Answer:Thermometer B will show a greater rise in temperature because

heated air above the candle rises immediatly and increase the temperature of
bulb of thermometer B quite greater than A.

Question 6.While constructing a house in a coastal area, in which direction

should the windows preferably face and why?
Answer:Window should preferably towards the sea beach so that the sea
breeze coming from sea keeps the house cool during the day time.

Question 7.A circular metal loop is heated at point O as shown in figure.

(a) In which direction, would heat flow in the loop?

(b) In which order, the pins at points P, Q and R fixed with the help of wax fall
if points O, P, Q and R are equidistant from each other?
Answer:
(a) Heat will flow in both the directions from O to P and from O to R.
(b) First of all pin at P and R will fall simultaneously after that pin at Q will fall.

Question 8.The mercury does not fall or rise in a clinical thermometer when
taken out of the mouth. Explain why.
Answer:Because of the kink present in the thermometer, the mercury does not
fall or rise.

Question 9.If a pan is removed from the fire, then why does it cool down?
Answer:When a pan is removed from the fire, it loses heat to the surroundings
by radiation and it cools down.
Question 10.Name the mode of transfer of heat in which medium is not
required.
Answer:Radiation is the mode of transfer of heat in which medium is not
required.

Question 11.It is preferred to use two thin blankets rather than one thick
blanket. Explain the reason.
Answer:In case of two thin blankets, there is an air gap which does not allow
heat pass out from the body and it is not as such as in case of one thick
blanket.

Question 12.Why is it advised not to hold the thermometer by its bulb while
reading it?
Answer:It is advised not to hold the thermometer bulb while reading it as the
level of mercury increases from the actual reading by our body temperature.

Question 13.Briefly mention one application of kink in the clinical

thermometer.
Answer:The clinical thermometer consists of kink which prevents the mercury
level from falling on its own.

Question 15.Is the body temperature of every person 37°C?

Answer:No, the body temperature of every person is not 37°C. It is an
average temperature. It could be slightly higher or slightly lower.

Question 16.How can we measure the temperature of other object rather

than human body?
Answer:Temperature of other object is measured with laboratory thermometer
because clinical thermometer is not suitable for higher temperature.

Question 17.How does the heat travel in air?

Answer:Heat travels in air through convection.

Q18.We are advised to use an umbrella when you go out in the sun. Why?
Answer:We use an umbrella to protect us from heat coming from the sun in
the form of radiation.
 Question 19.You may have noticed that a few sharp jerks are given to clinical
thermometer before using it. Why is it done so?
Answer:Jerks are given to clinical thermometer before using it to settle down
the mercury level below normal temperature so that the measurement taken
of a body be accurate.

Question 1.The handle of a pressure cooker is covered with the thick

plastic. Explain why.
Answer:As we know that plastic is a bad conductor of heat due to which the
heat from the cooker does not flow to its handle and we can hold it easily.
So, this is a reason because of which the handle of a pressure cooker is
covered with the thick plastic.

Question 2.Differentiate between two modes of transfer of heat, i.e.

convection and conduction.
Answer:Difference between convection and conduction

Conduction Convection

The mode of transfer of heat from the hotter

The mode of transfer of heat from the hotter part of a fluid to its colder parts by
part material to its colder part or from a hot
liquid itself.

material to a cold material in contact with it

without the movement of material as a whole. So, this phenomenon is known as convection.

So, this phenomenon is known as conduction

In all the solids, heat is transferred by the

In all the liquids and gases, heat is transferred by the process of c
process of conduction
Question 5.For setting curd, a small amount of curd is added to warm milk.
The microbes present in the curd help in setting if the temperature of the
mixture remains approximately between 35°C to 40°C. At places where room
temperature remains much below the range, setting of curd becomes difficult.
Suggest a way to set curd in such a situation.[NCERT Exemplar; HOTS]
Answer:For the setting of curd where temperature is below room
temperature, the container in which curd is to be made must be kept in a
thermally insulated cover or it can be wrapped with wool or jute sacks so that
temperature is maintained for the setting of curd.

Question 6.State the limitation of clinical thermometer.

Answer:The clinical thermometer cannot be used for measuring the
temperature of any object more than 42°C (i.e. more than the body
temperature). If it kept in the sun or near a flame, then this clinical
thermometer can be break.

Question 7.Explain in brief, why we wear dark coloured clothes in winter and
light coloured clothes in summer.
Answer:We wear dark coloured clothes in winter to keep us warm as they
absorb all the heat radiation coming from the sun whereas light coloured
clothes reflect most of the heat radiation coming from the sun that falls on
them and therefore we feel more comfortable wearing them in the summer.

Question 8.Explain the reason for the shiny reflectors of room heaters.
Answer:Since, the shiny surface absorbs very little heat due to which the
reflectors reflect all the heat which makes the room heaters more effective.
So, due to this reason, room heaters have shiny reflectors.

Question 9.Describe the effects of heat.

Answer:The effects of heat are
(i) When an object is heated, then it becomes hotter and may get expand. So,
in this heat may change the state of the body like ice can also get change into
the water.
(ii) Heat sometimes acts as a catalyst to speed up the chemical reaction.
(iii) Heat can even kill the bacteria as well.
Question 10.The freezer is located at the top of the refrigerator. Explain why.
Answer:The freezer is located at the top of the refrigerator. It is because the
air inside and around the compartments of freezer gets cool and move
downwards and on the other side, the lesser cool air moves upward to get
cooled.
So, as a result of this, convection of heat are setup in the air and the tower
section of the . refrigerator also gets cooled faster. .

Question 11.Instead of water explain the reason, why do the mercury is used
in the thermometer?
Answer:Due to following reasons, mercury is used in the thermometers
instead of water

1. When the thermometer breaks, the mercury can be easily collected.

2. Mercury can has more expansion than the water.
3. Also, mercury do not stick on the walls of thermometer like water.

Question 12.Explain the reason for the general fitting of air conditioner at
higher level on the wall of the room.
Answer:As a fact that warm air is much lighter than the cold air, so being
heavier the cold air from air conditioner moves downwards while the hot air
moves upwards at the lower level and gets cooled and come downwards once
again. So, due to this convection of heat are set in the air and room gets
warmer faster.

Question 13.Briefly explain, why do the kites and eagles fly without flapping
their wings.
Answer:As it is a fact that the hot air during the day time surrounds the land
gradually and rises up, due to which a convection air of heat develops. So,
kites and eagles start moving along this rising current of heat without flapping
the wings to fly high up in the sky.

Question 14.At a camp site there are tents of two shades. One made with
black fabric and the other with white fabric. Which one will you prefer for
resting on a hot summer afternoon? Give reason for your choice. Would you
like to prefer the same tent during winter? [HOTS]
Answer:We will prefer white fabric tent in case of summer because it reflects
all the radiations from the sun and keeps us cool inside the tent.
But in ease of winter, we should not use white fabric tent, we should use black
fabric tent as it absorbs all colours of light from the sun and keeps us warm
inside the tent.

Question 15Briefly explain the maximum and minimum thermometers.

Answer:Maximum and minimum thermometers are the special thermometers
which automatically record the maximum and minimum temperature of the
day. The maximum and minimum temperature of the last day reported in
weather reports in TV and newspapers are measured by the maximum and
minimum thermometers.

Question 16Explain the reason for serving of tea in China clay cup and
plates.
Answer:Tea is generally served in China clay cup and plates because China
clay is a bad conductor of heat which do not allow the heat to pass through it
and hence keep the tea hot.

Question 17Describe briefly about the direction of the convection

current during ventilation.
Answer:Since, with the help of ventilators, warm air being higher get rises up
and leaves the room. Even the fresh air enters the room from outside through
the doors and windows.

Question 18Explain the reason for wrapping of ice in gunny bags.

Answer:Since, we know that gunny bags consist of number of fine pores
which are filled with air. As air is a bad conductor of heat, so due to this
reason, it does not allow the external heat to move inside and melts the ice.

Question 19.Mention any two examples each of insulators as well as of

conductors.
Answer:Copper and aluminium are the examples of conductors which allow
the heat to pass through them. While wood and plastic are the examples of
insulators which do not allow the heat to pass through them.

Question 20.The clinical thermometer is not used to measure high

temperature. Why?
Answer:Clinical thermometer has the range 35°C to 42°C. If we use it to
measure high temperature, it may break and mercury present in the clinical
thermometer is harmful. So, we cannot use clinical thermometer to measure
high temperature.
Question 21Explain the reason for the following statement, “When heat
is applied at the bottom of the water vessel, then
it gets heated more quickly than when it is heated at the top.”
Answer:The particles of water become more lighter and rise up in the middle.
Due to this, the cold particles of water which are heavier come down along the
sides of the vessel. So, the convection currents of heat are setup and water
becomes hot. The moment, when the heat is applied at the top, then the water
present in the upper portion becomes hot and these hot water molecules get
fixed over the surface. Since, water is a bad conductor of heat, due to which
water present at the lower end (or bottom) of the vessel remains.

Question 22Prove with the help of an experiment that heat radiation can
travel through vacuum.
Answer:First of all, take a flat bottom flask and fix a rubber stopper having
two holes in the mouth of the flask. Shift a thermometer through one hole and
a glass tube with stopper through the other hole. Now, with the help of a
vacuum pump, remove the air from the flask and try to record the temperature
from the thermometer. Put a flask in the bright sunlight and we will observe
that the thermometer records a rise in temperature. So, on this basis, we can
say that this experiment proves that the heat radiation can travel through
vacuum.

Question 1.A marble tile would feel cold as compared to a wooden tile
on a winter morning because the marble tile
(a) is a better conductor of heat than the wooden tile
(b) is polished while wooden tile is not polished
(c) reflects more heat than wooden tile
(d) is a poor conductor of heat than the wooden tile

Question 2.A beggar wrapped himself with a few layers of newspaper on

a cold winter night. This helped him to keep himself warm because…
(a) friction between the layers of newspaper produces heat
(b) air trapped between the layers of newspaper is a bad conductor of
heat
(c) newspaper is a conductor of heat
(d) newspaper is at a higher temperature than the temperature of the
surroundings

Question 3.Heat always flows

(a) from a colder object to a hotter object
(b) from a hotter object to a colder object
(c) in both the directions
(d) None of the above

Question 4.Paheli and Boojho measured their body temperature. Paheli

found her to be 98.6°F and Boojho recorded 37°C. Which of the following
statements is true?
(a) Paheli has a higher body temperature than Boojho.
(b) Paheli has a lower body temperature than Boojho.
(c) Both have normal body temperature.
(d) Both are suffering from fever.
Answer:These two temperatures are different scales but their actual values
are equal.

Question 5.Boojho has three thermometers as shown in figure. He wants

to measure the temperature of his body and that of boiling water. Which
thermometer(s) should he choose? [NCERT Exemplar]

(a) Thermometers (i) and (iii) for measuring body temperature and (ii) for
measuring the temperature of boiling water
(b) Thermometer (i) for measuring temperature of both
(c) Thermometer (ii) for measuring temperature of both
(d) Thermometer (iii) for measuring temperature of both

Question 6.Four arrangements to measure temperature of ice in beaker

with laboratory thermometer are shown in figure (a, b, c, d). Which one
of them shows the correct arrangement for accurate measurement of
temperature?
Answer:
(a) Thermometer (a) has been put in correct way to measure the temperature.

Question 7.Figure (a, b, c, d) shows the reading of four different

thermometers. Indicate which of the reading shows the normal human
body temperature?

Answer:
(c) As we know that normal body temperature is 37°C.

Fill in the Blanks

Question 1.Temperature is the measure of …….. of an object.

Answer: hotness

Question 2.The thermometer used to measure human body temperature is

called …….. thermometer. Answer:clinical

Question 3.The normal temperature of human body is …….. °C.

Answer:37
Question 4.A …… near the bulb of a clinical thermometer prevents mercury
level from falling of its own. Answer:kink

Question 5.In ……. generally, the heat is transferred by the process of

conduction.\ Answer:solids

Question 6.The water and air are …… conductors of heat. Answer:poor

Question 7.In coastal areas, cold air flows in the day from sea to land. It is
called ……. Answer:sea breeze

Question 8.When we come out in the sun, we feel ……..Answer:warm

Question 9.All hot bodies radiate …….. Answer:heat

Question 10.Wool is a ……. conductor of heat. Answer:poor

True/False

Question 1.Our sense of touch about hotness or coldness is not always

reliable. Answer:True

Question 2.Normal temperature of human body is 98.6°C.

Answer:False, it is because the normal temperature of human body is 37°C.

Question 3.In all cases, heat flows from a hotter object to a colder object.
Answer:True

Question 4.Water at higher temperature feels more hot. Answer:True

Question 5.Marking on clinical thermometer is from 0°C to 100°C.

Answer:False, it is because the markings on the clinical thermometer is from
35°C to 100°C.

Question 6.Shining thread in thermometer is the column of mercury.

Answer:True
Question 7.The materials which allow heat to pass through them easily are
called conductors.
Answer:True

Question 8.Water and air are good conductors of heat.

Answer:False, it is because water and air are the poor conductors of heat.

Match the Columns

Question 1.
Match the Column I with Column II.

Column 1 Column II

(a) Conduction (i) Solids

(b) Convection (ii) Liquids

(c) Radiation (iii) Requires no medium

(d) Conductors (iv) Metals

(e)Insulators (v) Wood, plastic, wool, air, water Liquids

 Question 2.Match the Column I with Column II.

Column 1 Column II

(a) Land breeze Night

(b) Sea breeze Day time

(c) Dark coloured surfaces Good absorbers of heat

(d) Light coloured surfaces Bad absorbers of heat

Thermometer A device to measure the degree of hotness

ACID, BASE AND SALTS

1. State differences between acids and bases.

Solution:

Acids Bases

Acids are sour in taste Bases are bitter in taste

Acids turn blue litmus paper into red color The base does not change the colour of blue litmus paper

Acids does not change the colour of the red litmus Bases turn red litmus paper to blue color

Acids do not change the colour of turmeric Bases turn turmeric to red

2. Ammonia is found in many household products, such as window

cleaners. It turns red litmus blue. What is its nature?

Solution:The answer is it is basic in nature.

3. Name the source from which litmus solution is obtained. What is the
use of this solution?

Solution:Litmus solution is extracted from lichens. Litmus solution is used as

an indicator to find acidic and basic nature of a solution.

4. Is the distilled water acidic/basic/neutral? How would you verify it?

Solution:Distilled water is neutral in nature, and this can be tested by using

red and blue litmus paper. In either of the cases, colour remains unchanged.

5. Describe the process of neutralisation with the help of an example.

Solution:Neutralisation is a reaction between an acid and a base. Here, both

acids and bases get neutralised. For example, when sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) is added to hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium chloride (NaCl) and water
(H2O) are obtained.

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O + Heat

6. Mark ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if it is false.

(i) Nitric acid turns red litmus blue. (T/F) False

(ii) Sodium hydroxide turns blue litmus red. (T/F) False

(iii) Sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid neutralise each other and
form salt and water. (T/F) True

(iv) Indicator is a substance which shows different colours in acidic and

basic solutions. (T/F) True

(v) Tooth decay is caused by the presence of a base. (T/F) False

7. Dorji has a few bottles of soft drinks in his restaurant. But,

unfortunately, these are not labelled. He has to serve the drinks on the
demand of customers. One customer wants an acidic drink, another
wants a basic drink, and the third one wants a neutral drink. How will
Dorji decide which drink is to be served to whom?

Solution:Dorji can taste a few drops out of soft drinks bottles; the acidic
solution is sour in taste, the basic solution is bitter in taste, and the neutral
solution has no taste. Along with tasting, Dorji can use litmus paper to test the
nature of the soft drinks. He should use blue litmus paper to test the acidic
solution. Dorji has to put a drop of solution on blue litmus. If it turns red, then
the solution will be acidic in nature.

Similarly, he can use red litmus paper to test the basic solution. He has to put
a drop of solution on red litmus. If it turns blue, then the solution will be basic
in nature.

8. Explain why

(a) An antacid tablet is taken when you suffer from acidity

(b) Calamine solution is applied on the skin when an ant bites.

(c) Factory waste is neutralised before disposing it into the water

bodies.

Solution:
 1. The antacid tablet contains base-like milk of magnesia, which neutralises the acid
produced in the stomach. Hence, it is used while suffering from acidity.
2. When ant bites, it injects formic acid inside the skin. Calamine consists of Zinc
carbonate which is basic in nature. Hence, calamine neutralises the effect of formic
acid to bring relief for the affected person.
3. Factory wastes are acidic in nature which may cause harm to aquatic life. Hence,
they are neutralised by using a base before disposing it into the water bodies.

9. Three liquids are given to you. One is hydrochloric acid, another is

sodium hydroxide, and the third is a sugar solution. How will you
identify them? You have only turmeric indicator.

Solution:The following steps are taken to test the given liquids:

 Put a drop of provided liquid on the turmeric indicator. The solution that changes the
colour of the indicator to red is sodium hydroxide, which is basic in nature.
 Now, to make two mixtures, add a drop of sodium hydroxide on the other two liquids
individually.
 The drop of each combination added to the turmeric indicator one after another.
 The mixture that changes the indicator to red colour includes a neutral solution of
sugar.
 While the mixture contains hydrochloric acid that has been neutralised by the
addition of sodium hydroxide, which does not show any colour change in the
indicator.

10. Blue litmus paper is dipped in a solution. It remains blue. What is the
nature of the solution? Explain.

Solution:The above solution may be neutral or basic in nature as both will not
change the colour of the blue litmus paper.

11. Consider the following statements:

(a) Both acids and bases change colour of all indicators.

(b) If an indicator gives a colour change with an acid, it does not give a
change with a base.

(c) If an indicator changes colour with a base, it does not change colour with
an acid.
(d) Change of colour in an acid and a base depends on the type of the
indicator.

Multiple Choice Type Questions

Q1. What is the chemical name of baking soda?

(a) Sodium acetate

(b) Sodium bicarbonate

(c) Sodium sulphate

(d) None of the above

Q2. Baking soda turns _____.

(a) Blue litmus red

(b) Red litmus blue

(c) Both (a) and (b)

(d) None of the above

Q3. Which of the following substances turns a red litmus blue?

(a) Acidic

(b) Basic

(c) Both (a) and (b)

(d) None of the above

Q4. Which of the following substances turns a blue litmus red?

(a) Acidic
(b) Basic

(c) Both (a) and (b)

(d) None of the above

Explanation: An acid turns a blue litmus red.

Q5. A base has _______.

(a) A bitter taste

(b) A sour taste

(c) Both (a) and (b)

(d) None of the above

Q6. An acid has _______.

(a) A bitter taste

(b) A sour taste

(c) Both (a) and (b)

(d) None of the above

Q7. Which of the following is not an indicator?

(a) Methyl orange

(b) Antacid pill

(c) Both (a) and (b)

(d) None of the above

True or False Type Questions
Q1. Nitric acid turns red litmus paper blue. Answer: False

Explanation: Nitric acid is naturally acidic and turns blue litmus paper red.
Thus, it does not turn red litmus paper blue. So, the above statement is false.

Q2. Sodium hydroxide turns blue litmus red. Answer: False

Explanation: Sodium hydroxide is basic in nature and turns red litmus paper
blue. Thus, it does not turn blue litmus red. So, the above statement is false.

Q3. Sodium hydroxide reacts with ammonia to form salt and water.
Answer: False

Explanation: Sodium hydroxide reacts with an acid to form salt and water.
Ammonia is a base, and two bases can not react together to give a
neutralisation reaction. So, the above statement is false.

Q4. An indicator is a substance which gives different colours with acidic and
basic solutions. Answer: True

Explanation: The indicator is a substance that shows a colour change when

brought in contact with an acid, base or neutral substance. Thus, the above
statement is true.

Q5. An antacid is acidic in nature.Answer: False

Explanation: An antacid is used to relieve excess acid in the stomach. It is

basic in nature. Thus, the above statement is false.

Q6. Acetic acid is present in vinegar.Answer: True

Explanation: Vinegar is the solution of 4 to 6 per cent of acetic acid in water.

Thus, the above statement is true.
Q7. Sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form sodium chloride
and water.Answer: True

Explanation: Sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to give a

neutralisation reaction forming salt and water.

Fill in the blanks Type Questions

Q1. Mineral acids are _____ acids. Answer: Laboratory

Q2. Grapes contain _____ acid while apples contain _____

acid.Answer: Tartaric, malic

Q3. Bases are _____ to touch. Answer: Soapy

Q4. When you use methyl orange as an indicator, it gives _____ colour for
acids.Answer: Red

Q5. The acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid are
known as ______ acid. Answer: Mineral

Q6. Excessive use of fertilisers in the field makes the soil

______.Answer: Unfertile

Q7. Phenolphthalein, litmus paper and methyl orange are known as _______.

Answer: Indicator

Q8. The substance that tastes sour and turns blue litmus red is known as
_______.Answer: Acid

Q9. The substance that tastes bitter and turns red litmus blue is known as
_______. Answer: Base

Q10. The substance formed from a neutralisation reaction between an acid

and a base is _____ and _____. Answer: Salt and water
Q11. The substance which turns red litmus blue is known as
______.Answer: Base

Q12. The substance which turns blue litmus red is known as

______.Answer: Acid

Match the following Type Questions

Q1. Match the items of column A with those of column B.

Answer:

Column A Column B
Slaked lime Used in whitewashing
Sodium chloride Common salt
Baking soda Sodium hydrogen carbonate
Milk Lactic acid
Vinegar Acetic acid
Q2. Match the items of column A with those of column B.

Answer:

Column A Column B
Sulphuric acid Strong acid
Sodium hydroxide Strong base
Citric acid Weak acid
Calcium hydroxide Weak base
Sodium chloride Neutral salt

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. Name any three strong acids.

Answer: Sulphuric acid, Nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are strong acids.

Q2. Name any three strong bases.

Answer:Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and lithium hydroxide are
strong bases.

Q3. Name any three weak acids.

Answer:Citric acid, phosphoric acid, and lactic acid are weak acids.

Q4. Name any three weak bases.

Answer:Ammonium hydroxide, ferric hydroxide, and zinc hydroxide are weak

bases.

Q5. Name the acid present in the car batteries.

Answer:Sulphuric acid is present in car batteries.

Q6. Name a neutral salt. Give its one application.

Answer:Sodium chloride is a neutral salt. It is also known as common salt

and is added to food items.

Q7. What is salt?

Answer:Salt is the product formed when an acid reacts with a base, i.e.
neutralisation reaction.

Q8. Name any three acids found in fruits.

Answer:Malic acid, tartaric acid and ascorbic acid are found in fruits.

Q9. Name any two acid-base indicators.

Answer:Litmus and phenolphthalein are the two acid-base indicators.

Q10. What are acids and bases?

Answer:An acid is a sour substance that turns blue litmus red. In contrast, a
base is a bitter substance that feels soapy to the touch and turns red litmus
blue.

Q11. What is the pH scale?

Answer:The pH scale is used to measure the strength of acids and bases.

Q12. Why are antacids used to cure acidity?

Answer:Antacids are used to cure acidity as they neutralise the excessive

acid released in the stomach.

Q13. What is the chemical name of the milk of magnesia?

Answer:The chemical name of the milk of magnesia is magnesium hydroxide.

Q14. Name any two antacids.

Answer:Milk of magnesia and sodium bicarbonate are antacids.

Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. What are the causes of indigestion?

Answer:Indigestion is caused by acidity, which in turn is caused due to the

excess secretion of hydrochloric acid in the human stomach.

Q2. What is acid rain?

Answer:Rainwater dissolves pollutants like carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,

and sulphur dioxide to form carbonic acid, nitric acid, and sulphuric acid. Acid
rain is any form of precipitation that includes acidic components, such as
carbonic acid, nitric acid, and sulphuric acid, that fall to the ground from the
atmosphere.
Q3. What is the use of litmus paper? What is the natural colour of litmus
paper?

Answer:Litmus paper is used as one of the chemical indicators. It is used to

determine whether a solution is acidic or basic. The natural colour of litmus is
purple. If the blue litmus paper is put in an acidic solution, it turns red.

Q4. What happens when a drop of dilute sulphuric acid is added to the china
rose indicator?

Answer:When a drop of dilute sulphuric acid is added to the china rose

indicator, it will turn the light pink colour of the china rose indicator to
magenta.

Q5. What happens when a china rose indicator is added to acid and base?

Answer:China rose indicator turns magenta in an acidic medium and green in

a basic medium.

Q6. Why does a farmer add quicklime in the field?

Answer:Soil gets acidic due to chemicals and fertilisers or acid rain. Farmer
adds quicklime in the field as it helps in neutralising the soil’s acidity.

Q7. Name the chemicals added to the acidic soil to make it neutral.

Answer: Calcium and magnesium carbonate are added to the acidic soil to
make it neutral.

Q8. Why is toothpaste alkaline?

Answer:Toothpaste is alkaline because the bacteria in our mouth break down

the food and release acids. To neutralise this acidic effect, we brush our teeth
with toothpaste. For neutralising acids, toothpaste is basic or alkaline in
nature.
Q9. How can you cure an ant sting?

Answer:We can use calamine solution on the ant bites as ant injects formic
acid into the skin on biting, which causes inflammation, to the skin. We can
neutralise the effect of the acid by rubbing calamine. Calamine solution
contains zinc carbonate, a fragile base that causes no skin harm.

Q10. How can you prepare the china rose indicator?

Answer:China rose indicator can be prepared by soaking some petals of

china rose in warm water for a couple of hours. The red-coloured solution is
used as an indicator for detecting an acid, base, or neutral solution.

Q11. What are an indicator and a universal indicator?

Answer:An indicator is a substance that shows a colour change when

brought in contact with an acid, base or neutral substance. In contrast, a
universal indicator is a mixture of indicators which gives different colours for
different pH values, thus helping to measure the strength of a substance.

Long Answer Type Questions

Q1. What happens when a base is treated with

(a) Red litmus

(b) Blue litmus

(c) China rose indicator

(d) Turmeric indicator

Answer:

(a) A base turns red litmus blue.

(b) A base will not affect blue litmus.

(c) A base will turn the light ink colour of the china rose indicator to green.

(d) A base will turn the turmeric indicator red.

Q2. What happens when an acid is treated with

(a) Red litmus

(b) Blue litmus

(c) China rose indicator

(d) Turmeric indicator

Answer:

(a) An acid will not affect red litmus.

(b) An acid turns blue litmus red.

(c) An acid will turn the light pink colour of the china rose indicator to magenta
or bright pink.

(d) An acid will not affect the turmeric indicator.

Q3. Why should we treat factory wastes before discharging them into water
bodies?

Answer:We should treat factory wastes before releasing them into water
bodies, as factory wastes contain acids which, if untreated and discharged
into water bodies, will cause harm to fish and other aquatic organisms living in
water bodies. Therefore, they should be treated with essential substances to
neutralise and then discharged into water bodies.

Q4. Answer the following questions.

(a) Why does a turmeric stain on a white shirt turn red when it is washed with
soap?

(b) What happens when acid and bases are treated with china rose indicator?

Answer:

(a) Turmeric is a natural indicator which changes its yellow colour into reddish
brown when it comes in contact with a solution of base. Hence, when soap
(which is basic) is scrubbed on the stain, the stain turns red.

(b) China rose indicator turns magenta in an acidic medium and green in a
basic medium.

Q5. Answer the following questions.

(a) What happens when acidic soil is treated with purple cabbage juice?

(b) What is soil treatment?

Answer:

(a) When acidic soil is treated with purple cabbage juice, it will turn red. It is a
great indicator and a test for acidity or alkaline soil.

(b) Soil treatment is the process in which contaminated soil, which cannot
grow crops, is treated to recycle and make it usable for agriculture or any
other purpose.

Q6. When we mix equal parts of acid and base, a reaction takes place.

(a) What is the name of the reaction?

(b) What product is formed?

Answer: If an equal amount of acidic and basic substances are mixed, then
 (a) The name of the reaction is the neutralisation reaction.

(b) The product formed is salt and water.

Q7. Differentiate between acids and bases.

Answer:

Sl. Acid Base

No.
1. Acids are sour in taste. Bases are bitter in taste.
2. Acids turn blue litmus paper into The base does not change the colour of the
red colour. blue litmus paper.
3. Acids do not change the colour of Bases turn red litmus paper to blue colour.
the red litmus.
4. Acids do not change the colour of Bases turn turmeric into red colour.
turmeric.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

1. Classify the changes involved in the following processes as physical

or chemical changes.

(a) Photosynthesis a) Chemical change

(b) Dissolving sugar in water Physical Change

(c) Burning of coal Chemical change

(d) Melting of wax Physical Change

(e) Beating aluminium to make aluminium foil Physical Change

(f ) Digestion of food Chemical change

2. State whether the following statements are true or false. In case a

statement is false, write the corrected statement in your notebook.

(a) Cutting a log of wood into pieces is a chemical change. (False)

(b) Formation of manure from leaves is a physical change. (False)

(c) Iron pipes coated with zinc do not get rusted easily. (True)

(d) Iron and rust are the same substances. (False)

(e) Condensation of steam is not a chemical change. (True)

3. Fill in the blanks in the following statements:

(a) When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water, it turns milky due to
the formation of Calcium carbonate.

(b) The chemical name of baking soda is Sodium hydrogen carbonate.

(c) Two methods by which rusting of iron can be prevented

are painting and galvanisation.

(d) Changes in which only physical properties of a substance change are

called physical changes.

(e) Changes in which new substances are formed are

called chemical changes.

4. When baking soda is mixed with lemon juice, bubbles are formed with
the evolution of a gas. What type of change is it? Explain.

Solution:
When baking soda is mixed with lemon juice, bubbles are formed with the
evolution of a carbon dioxide gas. This is a chemical change.

Lemon juice + Baking soda → Carbon dioxide + other substances

5. When a candle burns, both physical and chemical changes take place.
Identify these changes. Give another example of a familiar process in
which both chemical and physical changes take place.

Solution:Candle Burning

Physical change is the melting of the wax.

The chemical change is the burning of gas with the evolution of CO2.

Digestion of FoodPhysical change is the breakdown of larger food molecules

into simpler ones.

The chemical change is the digestion of food by the action of HCl and
enzymes.

6. How would you show that the setting of curd is a chemical change?

Solution:The setting of curd is a chemical change because curd cannot be

turned back to milk. The properties of milk and curd are different.

7. Explain why burning wood and cutting it into small pieces are
considered two different types of changes.

Solution:Cutting wood is a physical change as it does not change the nature

of the wood. On the other hand, the burning of wood is a chemical change as
wood is converted to charcoal with the liberation of CO2.

8. Describe how crystals of copper sulphate are prepared.

Solution:Crystals of copper sulphate are prepared using the crystallisation
method, which is described as follows:

 Take a cupful of water in a beaker.

 Add a few drops of dilute sulphuric acid to this.
 Heat the water, and when it starts boiling, add copper sulphate powder while still
stirring.
 Add the copper sulphate powder till the solution becomes saturated. Filter into a
china dish and allow it to cool.
 The solution should be kept undisturbed. Slowly, the crystals of copper sulphate
separate out.

9. Explain how painting an iron gate prevents it from rusting.

Solution:Rusting of iron requires contact with water (moisture) and oxygen.

By painting an iron gate, we prevent contact between iron, Oxygen and water
(moisture); this helps in preventing rusting of iron.

10. Explain why rusting of iron objects is faster in coastal areas than in
deserts.

Solution:Rusting of iron requires contact with water (moisture) and oxygen. In

coastal areas, humidity is more in comparison to that in deserts; hence,
rusting of iron objects is faster in coastal areas than in deserts.

11. The gas we use in the kitchen is called liquified petroleum gas (LPG).
In the cylinder, it exists as a liquid. When it comes out from the cylinder,
it becomes a gas (Change – A) then it burns (Change – B). The following
statements pertain to these changes. Choose the correct one.

(i) Process – A is a chemical change.

(ii) Process – B is a chemical change.

(iii) Both processes A and B are chemical changes.

(iv) None of these processes is a chemical change.

12. Anaerobic bacteria digest animal waste and produce biogas (Change
– A). The biogas is then burnt as fuel (Change – B). The following
statements pertain to these changes. Choose the correct one.

(i) Process – A is a chemical change.

(ii) Process – B is a chemical change

(iii) Both processes A and B are chemical changes.

(iv) None of these processes is a chemical change.

Question 1.What kind of change is shown by tearing of paper?

Answer:Tearing of paper is a physical change although, it cannot be reversed.

Question 2.Melting of wax is a change where a solid changes to liquid state.

Give one more such change which you observe in your surroundings.
Answer:Melting of ice is also a change where solid changes into liquid state.

Question 3.Name the gas which turns lime water milky.

Answer:Carbon dioxide gas (CO2) turns lime water milky.

Question 4.Give example of a physical change which occurs by the action of

heat.
Answer:Melting of ice to form water is a physical change which occurs by the
action of heat.

Question 5.Write the colour of copper sulphate solution obtained when iron
nails are dipped in it?
Answer:When iron nails are dipped in copper sulphate solution, then the
colour of the solution changes to green.

Question 6.What colour of flame is observed when magnesium ribbon burnt

in air.
Answer:When magnesium is burnt in air then a brilliant white flame is
obtained.
Question 7.How can you say that ripening of a fruit is a chemical change?
[HOTS]
Answer:Ripening of a fruit is a chemical change because after ripening, a new
product with different properties is formed.

Question 8.Is souring of milk a physical change or a chemical change? Why?

Answer:Souring of milk is a chemical change because original substances
present in milk lose their nature and identity and form new chemical
substances.

Question 9.Complete the following reaction

Ca (OH)2 + CO2 →

Question 10.What is the nature of magnesium oxide solution?

Answer:Magnesium oxide is basic in nature because it turns red litmus
solution to blue.

Question 11.Name the process by which common salt is obtained from sea
water.
Answer:The common salt can be obtained by the evaporation of sea water.

Question 12.Name the metal which is used for galvanising iron.

Answer:Zinc metal is used for galvanising iron.

Question 13.Name the metals which are mixed (alloyed) with iron to make
stainless steel.
Answer:Metals like chromium and nickel are mixed (alloyed) with iron to make
stainless steel.

Question 14.Suggest two methods to prevent rusting.

Answer:The two methods to prevent rusting are

 Painting the iron articles.

 Greasing or oiling the iron articles.
Question 15.We should eat freshly cut apple. Why?
Answer:We should eat freshly cut apple because if we leave the apple after
cutting, it starts turn to brownish due to the oxidation of the essential nutrients
present in it and its food value decreases.

Question 16.Write word equations for two chemical reactions with the help of
materials given in the box.

Air, copper sulphate, iron, vinegar, iron oxide, carbon, dioxide, iron sulphate, copper, lime w

Answer:
(i) Iron + air + water → iron oxide
(ii) Copper sulphate + iron → iron sulphate + copper

Question 1.Classify the following processes into physical or chemical

changes.
(a) Beating of aluminium metal to make aluminium foil
(b) Digestion of food
(c) Cutting of a log of wood into pieces
(d) Burning of crackers
Answer:
Physical changes are beating of aluminium metal to make aluminium foil and
cutting of a log of wood into pieces.
Chemical changes are digestion of food and burning of crackers.

Question 2.Explain the following.

(a) Lime water turns milky on passing carbon dioxide gas through it.
(b) Bubbles are produced when acetic acid is added to a solution of sodium
hydrogen carbonate. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
(a) Carbon dioxide gas produced in the reaction passing through freshly
prepared lime water as shown in figure.
Lime water is calcium hydroxide solution. When carbon dioxide gas is passed
through lime water, then calcium hydroxide combines with carbon dioxide to
form a white solid substance, calcium carbonate which makes lime water
milky. This chemical change can be written in the form of word equation as
follows:

The reaction between lime water and carbon dioxide gas is a chemical
change because a new substance calcium carbonate is formed during this
change. The turning of lime water into milky is a standard test of carbon
dioxide.
(b) When baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate) and vinegar (acetic acid)
are mixed together, then a chemical change takes place between sodium
hydrogen carbonate and acetic acid to form three new substances.
The change in the test tube is as follows:
 Question 3.Is cloud formation a physical change or chemical change?
Explain.
Answer:Formation of clouds is a physical change. Clouds are formed by the
condensation of water vapours present in the atmosphere. When rainwater
goes back on the earth, no new product is formed. Therefore, it is a physical
change.

Question 4.Write the differences between physical and chemical changes.

Answer:Differences between physical and chemical changes are

Physical change Chemical change

No new substance is formed. New substance is formed.

It is a temporary change. It is a permanent change.

Physical change is easily
Chemical change is irreversible.
reversible.

Very little energy (heat, etc) is

A lot of energy (in the form of heat, light, sound etc) is absorbed o
absorbed or given out in a physical
a chemical change.
change.

Question 5.In addition to the formation of new products, what changes do the
chemical changes accompany?
Answer:In addition to new products, the following may accompany a chemical
change:

 Heat, light or any other radiation (e.g. ultraviolet) may be given off or
absorbed.
 Sound may be produced.
 A change in smell may take place or a new smell may be given off.
 A colour change may take place.
 A gas may be formed.

Question 6.Magnesium ribbon bums in air and changes to white substance,

i.e. magnesium oxide. When magnesium oxide dissolves in water, what type
of change take place? Give reason in support of your answer. Express the
change in the form of equation. [HOTS]
Answer:Mixing of ash obtained by the burning of magnesium with water is a
chemical change. When magnesium is burnt in air, it forms magnesium oxide
in the form of white ash.
Magnesium (Mg)+ Oxygen (O2) → Magnesium oxide (MgO)
When magnesium oxide dissolves in water, it forms a new substance,
magnesium hydroxide.
Magnesium oxide (MgO) + Water (H2O) → Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2
So, it is a chemical change.
Question 7.What is stainless steel? How is stainless steel made? State an
important property of stainless steel.
Answer:Stainless steel is an alloy of iron. When iron is mixed (or alloyed) with
carbon, chromium and nickel, then stainless steel is obtained. Stainless steel
does not rust at all.\

Question 8.Plants prepare their food by a process called photosynthesis. Can

we call photosynthesis is a chemical change? Explain. [HOTS]
Answer:During photosynthesis, the plants intake carbon dioxide and water in
the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight to form two new substances, i.e.
glucose (food) and oxygen gas. So, photosynthesis is a chemical change.

Question 9.The process of digestion is a chemical change. Explain why.

Answer:In the process of digestion, the various food materials break down to
form new substances which can be absorbed by the body. So, the process of
digestion is a chemical change.

Question 10.How ozone layer acts as a protective shield?

Answer:The ozone layer protects us from the harmful ultraviolet radiations
which come from the sun. Ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiations coming from
the sun and breaks down to form oxygen.
In this way, ozone layer absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiations.

Question 11.Which type of change takes place in the following and state
whether the energy is evolved or absorbed during the change?
Burning of a candle, lightning of a bulb, preparation of food by green plants,
volcanic eruption, evaporation of petrol, burning of LPG.
Answer:

 Burning of a candle Chemical change as well as physical change and

energy evolved.
 Lightning of a bulb Physical change, energy evolved.
 Preparation of food by green plants Chemical change, energy absorbed.
 Volcanic eruption Chemical change, energy evolved.
 Evaporation of petrol Physical change as no new chemical substance is
formed, energy absorbed.
 Burning of LPG Chemical change because LPG on burning form
CO2 and H2O,energy absorbed.
Question 12.Give two examples for each of the following cases:
(a) Physical changes which are reversible.
(b) Physical changes which are not reversible.
(c) Chemical changes iNCERTExxmptar]
Answer:
(a)

 Folding of paper
 Melting of ice

(b)

 Tearing of paper
 Breaking of glass

(c)

 Reaction between vinegar and baking soda.

 Burning of a matchstick.

Question 13.Explosion of a cracker is a chemical change Explain.

Answer:When we burn a cracker, it explode Explosion produces heat, light,
sound and unpleasant gases that pollute the atmosphere.
Many new products are formed. So, it is a chemical change.

Question 14.Why cannot a chemical change be normally reversed?

Answer:In a chemical change, the products are quite different from the
reactants. Therefore, a chemical change cannot be normally reversed.

Question 15.A student took a solution of copper sulphate in a beaker and put
a clean iron nail into it and left it for about an hour.
(a) What changes do you expect?
(b) Are these changes chemical in nature?
(c) Write a word equation for the chemical change, if any. (NCERT Examplar]
Answer:
(a)

 Colour of the solution in the beaker changes from blue to green.

 A brown coloured deposit is found on the surface of the iron nail.
(b) The changes are chemical in nature as new substances, iron sulphate
(green) and copper (brown) are formed.

Question 16.Describe two changes that are harmful. Explain why you
consider them harmful? How can you prevent them?
Answer:Harmful changes are

 Rusting of iron.
 Decaying of fruits.

Rusting of iron is harmful because it slowly destroys iron articles and makes
them useless. Since, iron is used in making large number of objects or articles
such as bridges, grills, railings, gates and bodies of cars, buses, trucks and
ships, etc. Rusting of iron causes a great loss over a period of time.
Prevention Rusting can be prevented by oiling, greasing or painting. It can
also be prevented by galvanisation.
Decaying of fruits causes health hazards. Due to decaying of fruits, there is a
lot of monetary loss in food industry.
Prevention Fruits can be preserved by keeping them at low temperature and
by using some specific preservatives.

Question 17.What happens when an iron blade of a knife is dipped in a

copper sulphate solution? What kind of change takes place? (HOTS]
Answer:When an iron blade of a knife is dipped in a copper sulphate solution,
then iron blade is coated with reddish brown deposits of copper.
And the blue colour of copper sulphate solution changes to light green due to
the formation of iron sulphate. So, it is a chemical change.

Question 1.Give an example of a chemical reaction for each of the following

situations:
(a) A change in colour is observed.
(b) A gas is evolved.
(c) Sound is produced.
Answer:
(a) Chemical reaction between copper sulphate solution and iron metal. In this
reaction, blue colour of copper sulphate solution changes to light green colour
due to the formation of iron sulphate.

(b) When baking soda and vinegar are mixed together then a chemical
change takes place and bubbles of carbon dioxide gas are formed along with
some other substances.

(c) Explosion of a firework produces heat, light, sound and unpleasant gases.
Explosion of a firework is a chemical change.

Question 2.Rahul was a student of Class VII. His father purchased a new
bicycle for him on his birthday. After few months, he found that the cycle chain
and even the handle gets rusted. His father advised him to apply a coating of
paint to the cycle and not to keep it in the open in future.
Now, answer the following questions:
(a) Why his cycle gets rusted?
(b) What do you mean by rusting of iron?
(c) What values are shown by Rahul’s father? [Value Based Question]
Answer:
(a) Rahul’s cycle was kept in the open for a longer time. As air contains both
oxygen and moisture. Thus, in the presence of oxygen and water, his cycle
slowly gets rusted.
Iron(Fe) + Oxygen + Water →Rust (Iron oxide)
(b) If iron objects are left in humid conditions for a longer time, they get
covered with reddish brown ferric oxide (Fe2O3) layer. This is called rusting of
iron.
(c) Rahul’s father is caring, aware and intelligent.

Question 3.In the summer holidays, Karan went to Rann of Kutch in Gujarat
with his parents. Karan was aware that in the coastal regions of India
especially in the Rann of Kutch common salt is obtained from sea water.
Karan was very excited to see that place. He requested his father that he want
to see the process of obtaining salt from sea. His father helped him and they
went to see the place where common salt was collecting.
And he also explained the whole process. Karan was very happy to see the
process.
Now, answer the following questions.
(a) How is common salt obtained from sea water?
(b) Name the process by which salt is collected from sea water.
(c) What values are shown by Karan? [Value Baaad Question]
Answer:
(a) Sea water is collected in shallow pits. It is then allowed to evaporate in the
sun. As, the water evaporates, the salt solution becomes supersaturated
(concentrated). This supersaturated solution cannot hold the excess salt.
Thus, it separates out in the form of salt crystals. These salt crystals are
collected and are redissolved in water and filtered to remove insoluble
impurities. The clear solution is again evaporated to obtain the crystals of pure
salt.
(b) Salt is obtained from sea water by the process of evaporation.
(c) The values shown by Karan are curious, aware and intelligence.

Question 4.When baking soda is mixed with vinegar, bubbles are formed with
the evolution of a gas. Name the gas evolved. What happens when this gas is
passed through lime water? [HOTS]
Answer:When baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate) and vinegar (acetic
acid) are mixed together, then a chemical change takes place between
sodium hydrogen carbonate and acetic acid to form three new substances.
The change in the test tube is as follows:

Carbon dioxide gas produced in the reaction passing through freshly prepared
lime water as shown in figure.
Lime water is calcium hydroxide solution. When carbon dioxide gas is passed
through lime water, then calcium hydroxide combines with carbon dioxide to
form a white solid substance, calcium carbonate which makes lime water
milky. This chemical change can be written in the form of word equation as
follows:

The reaction between lime water and carbon dioxide gas is a chemical
change because a new substance calcium carbonate is formed during this
change. The turning of lime water into milky is a standard test of carbon
dioxide.

When baking soda (NaHC03) reacts with vinegar which contains acitic acid
carbon dioxide comes out, which turns lime water milky, therefore it is a
chemical change. In all these activities, we saw that in each change, one or
more new substances are formed. When magnesium ribbon was burnt, the
ash was the new substance formed.

The reaction of copper sulphate with iron produced two new substances, i.e.
iron sulphate and copper. Vinegar and baking soda together produced carbon
dioxide which turned lime water milky. So, all those changes in which one or
more new substances formed, are called chemical changes. These are
permanent changes which can usually not be reversed to form the original
substance.
Question 5.If you leave a piece of iron in the open for a few days, it acquires
a film of brownish substance, called rust.
(a) Do you think rust is different from iron?
(b) Can you change rust back into iron by some simple method?
(c) Do you think formation of rust on iron is a chemical change?
(d) Give two other examples of a similar type of change. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
(a) Yes, rust is iron oxide (Fe2O3). Thus, rust and iron are not the same
substance.
(b) No, rusting of iron is a chemical change because in this reaction, a new
substance, rust (iron oxide) is formed. It cannot be reversed by any method.
(c) Yes, rusting of iron is a chemical change. During the rusting of iron, it
combines with the oxygen in the presence of water (moisture) to form a new
compound ‘iron oxide’. This iron oxide is a rust.

It is a permanent change which cannot be reversed back.

So, rusting of iron is a chemical change.

(d) Two other examples are

 Setting of curd from milk.

 Burning of magnesium ribbon to form magnesium oxide.

Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1.Which of the following is a physical change? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Rusting of iron
(b) Combustion of magnesium ribbon
(c) Burning of candle
(d) Melting of wax

Question 2.Which one of the following is a chemical change?

(a) Twinkling of stars
(b) Cooking of vegetables
(c) Cutting of fruits
(d) Boiling of water

Question 3.A chemical change may involve

(a) change in colour only
(b) change in temperature only
(c) evolution of gas only
(d) All of the above

Question 4.Which of the following are true when milk changes into curd?
(i) Its state is changed from liquid to semi-solid.
(ii) It changes colour.
(iii) It changes taste.
(iv) The change cannot be reversed.
Choose the correct option.
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i) to (iv)

Question 5.A man painted his main gate made up of iron, to

(i) prevent it from rusting.
(ii) protect it from the sun.
(iii) make it look beautiful.
(iv) make it dust free.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) Only (ii)
(d) (i) and (iii)Question 6.
Iron pillar near the Qutub Minar in Delhi is famous for the following facts.
Which of these facts is responsible for its long stability?
(a) It is more than 7 m high
(b) It weighs about 6000 kg
(c) It was built more than 1600 years ago
(d) It has not rusted after such a long period

Question 7.Galvanisation is a process used to prevent the rusting of which of

the following?
(a) Iron
(b) Zinc
(c) Aluminium
(d) Copper
Question 8.Paheli’s mother made a concentrated sugar syrup by dissolving
sugar in hot water. On cooling, crystals of sugar got separated.
This indicates a [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) physical change that can be reversed
(b) chemical change that can be reversed
(c) physical change that cannot be reversed
(d) chemical change that cannot be reversed

Question 9.Which of the following statements is incorrect for a chemical

reaction?
(a) Heat may be given out but never absorbed
(b) Sound may be produced
(c) A colour change may take place
(d) A gas may be evolved

Question 10.Two drops of dilute sulphuric acid were added to 1 g of copper

sulphate powder and then small amount of hot water was added to dissolve it
(Step I). On cooling, beautiful blue coloured crystals got separated (Step II).
Step I and Step II are
(a) physical and chemical changes respectively
(b) chemical and physical changes respectively
(c) both physical change
(d) both chemical change

Fill in the Blanks

1. Making sugar solution is a physical change.
2. A physical change is generally ……reversible.
3. Grinding of wheat grain changes its size. It is a …physical………………
change.
4. Iron benches kept in lawns and gardens get … rusted, It is a … chemical,
change bacause a new substance … is formed.
5. Some substances can be obtained in pure state from their solution by …
crystallization……………… .
6. Energy is … evolved ……………… in the formation of curd from milk.
7. The presence of ……salt…………… in sea water makes the process of rust
formation on ships faster.
8. Souring of milk is a …… chemical …………… change.
9. Melting of wax is a … physical, chemical change but burning of wax is a
change.
10. The process of depositing a thin layer of zinc on iron object is called
……… galvanisation ………… .

True/False
1. When a candle bums, both physical and chemical changes take place. T
2. Anaerobic bacteria digest animal wastesT
3. Ships suffer a lot of damage though they are painted.T
4. Stretching of rubber band is not a physical change. F

5. Cooking of rice is a physical change. F

6. Within our bodies, food is digested due to chemical reaction.T
7. A blue deposit is formed on an iron nail when dipped in copper sulphate
solution.F
8. Both moisture and air are essential for rusting.T
9. Formation of clouds is a physical change.T
10. The colour of iron sulphate solution is green.T
Match the Columns
Question 1.
Match the items of Column I with the items of Column II.

Column I Column II

(a) Large crystals (i) Sugar candy (mishri)

(b) Depositing a layer of zinc on iron (ii) Galvanisation

(c) Souring of milk (iii) Chemical change Rust

(d) Carbon dioxide (iv) Turn lime water milky

(e) Iron oxide (v) Chemical change

(f) Dissolving common salt in water (vi) Physical change

Transportation in animals and plants

1.Match structures given in Column I with functions given in Column II.

Solution:

Column- I Column-II

(i) Stomata (b) Transpiration

(ii) Xylem (d) Transport of water

(iii) Root hairs (a) Absorption of water

(iv) Phloem (c) Transport of food

2. Fill in the blanks.

(i) The blood from the heart is transported to all parts of the body by the

(i) The blood from the heart is transported to all parts of the body by
the arteries.

(ii) Haemoglobin is present in red blood cells.

(iii) Arteries and veins are joined by a network of capillaries.

(iv) The rhythmic expansion and contraction of the heart is called

the heartbeat.

(v) The main excretory product in human beings is urea.

(vi) Sweat contains water and salts.

(vii) Kidneys eliminate the waste materials in the liquid form called urine.

(viii) Water reaches great heights in the trees because of suction pull caused
by transpiration.

3. Choose the correct option:

(a) In plants, water is transported through

(i) xylem (ii) phloem (iii) stomata (iv) root hair

(b) Water absorption through roots can be increased by keeping the

plants

(i) in the shade (ii) in dim light

(iii) under the fan (iv) covered with a polythene bag

4. Why is the transport of materials necessary in a plant or in an animal?

Solution:Transport of materials is necessary for both plants and animals as

every cell needs a regular supply of nutrients and oxygen to release energy
through respiration.

The food that we eat is broken down into smaller components to be absorbed
by cells. The oxygen we inhale also has to be transported to all the cells of the
body. Our body also requires the constant removal of waste materials such as
carbon dioxide.

For the transport of all these materials (nutrients, oxygen and waste products),
our body has a specialised transport system.

Similarly, in plants, the transport of water and food is accomplished with the
help of vascular tissues (xylem and the phloem).

5. What will happen if there are no platelets in the blood?

Solution:If there are no platelets, then blood will not clot as platelets release
blood clotting factor at the site of injury and stop further bleeding.

6. What are stomata? Give two functions of stomata.

Solution:Tiny pores present on the leaf surface are known as stomata.

Functions of stomata

 It helps in the exchange of gases

 Evaporation of water through leaves occurs due to stomata.

7. Does transpiration serve any useful function in plants? Explain.

Solution:Transpiration serves the following functions in plants

 It helps in lowering the temperature of plants, thus preventing heat injury to plants.
 It helps in transpiration pull, which helps in raining water on higher plants.
 It also causes loss of water absorbed by plants.
8. What are the components of blood?

Solution:The components of blood are red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets and plasma.

9. Why is blood needed by all the parts of a body?

Solution:Blood is a significant part of the transport system in our body, and

we need blood for the following reasons:

 For the transport of oxygen to all parts of our body

 To expel carbon dioxide from our body
 To transmit heat, thus helping in the regulation of body temperature.
 It is required to fight out infections and diseases.

10. What makes the blood look red?

Solution:The presence of a red pigment called haemoglobin in red blood cells

(RBC) makes the blood appear red.

11. Describe the function of the heart.

The heart is an organ which beats continuously to act as a pump for the
transport of blood, which carries other substances with it. The heart has four
chambers. The two upper chambers are called the atria (singular: atrium), and
the two lower chambers are called the ventricles. The partition between the
chambers helps to avoid mixing up blood-rich in oxygen with the blood-rich in
carbon dioxide. Blood flows from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart,
from where it is pumped to the rest of the body.
12. Why is it necessary to excrete waste products?

Solution:When the cells in the body perform their functions, certain waste
products are released. These are toxic and hence need to be removed from
the body.

13. Draw a diagram of the human excretory system and label the various
parts.

Solution:
.

Question 1 .Name some useful products or materials that are carried by

blood.
Answer:Food, water and oxygen are the products that are carried by blood to
every part of the body.

Question 2.Circulatory system consists of three major organs. Name those

organs.
Answer:The circulatory system consists of three major organs, i.e., blood,
blood vessels and heart.

Question 3.Give the name of blood component which is liquid and contains
90% water.
Answer:The sticky liquid part of the blood, containing 90% water is called
plasma.

Question 4.Name the organ which is located in the chest cavity with its lower
tip slightly tilted towards the left. [NCERT Exemplar; HOTS]
Answer:The heart is located in the chest cavity with its lower tip slightly tilted
towards the left.

Question 5.RBC contains a red coloured pigment which carries oxygen with
it. What is the pigment called?
Answer:The red coloured pigment of RBC that carries oxygen with it is called
haemoglobin.

Question 6.Veins have valves which allow blood to flow only in one direction.
Arteries do not have valves. Yet the blood flows in one direction only. Can you
explain why?
Answer:Veins have valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards and
pooling, whereas arteries pump blood at very high pressures, which naturally
prevents back flow

Question 7.In which form, the oxygen is transported to various body parts by
haemoglobin?
Answer:The red pigment, haemoglobin binds with oxygen to form
oxyhaemoglobin which is transported to various body parts.

Question 8.Certain greenish-blue lines appear just below the skin of our
hands and leg. What are these?
Answer:The greenish-blue lines that appear just below the skin of our hands
and legs are veins.

Question 9.Human blood group is divided into how many groups? Name
them.
Answer:Human blood group is divided into four groups. These are A, B, AB
and O.

Question 10.Waste carbon dioxide and urea are removed from our body by
which organs?
Answer:The carbon dioxide is removed by lungs while urea is removed from
the body by kidney.

Question 11.Blood is a fluid connective tissue. Justify.

Answer:Blood is a fluid tissue which connects all the parts of body with each
other.

Question 12.
Blood performs various functions including protection against infections. How?
Answer:Blood contains WBC which forms the defense of our body. They eat
antigens and fights aganist infections.

Question 13.Pulse rate can indicate the health states of an individual. How?
Answer:Pulse rate will increase or decrease from normal rate if a person is not
well.

Question 14.Usually veins carry deoxygenated blood except in one case.

Specify.
Answer:Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.

Question 15.State the function of valves ?

Answer:Valves prevent the back flow of blood between chambers of heart.

Question 16.Name the functional units of the major excretory organ of

humans.
Answer:Kidney is the major excretory organ and nephrons are its functional
units.

Question 17.Exchange of gases, food and other substances occurs between

arteries and veins. How does this exchange happen?
Answer:Exchange of substances between arteries and veins occurs via
capillaries.

Question 18.Measuring of heartbeats is a significant step during health

checkups. Name the instrument used for the same.
Answer:Stethoscope
Question 19.Kidneys are the major excretory organs in humans. How will the
waste products released will be excreted out if the kidneys are damaged or
unfunctional? [HOTS]
Answer:Artificial ways of waste removal are used like dialysis which are
referred to as artificial kidneys.

Question 20.Arteries have a very thick and elastic walls. Why?

Answer:Arteries carry blood at a very high pressure due to pumping action of
heart hence, the need of thicker walls.

Question 21.Skin is also considered as an excretory organ. Give reason if

you agree.
Answer:Yes, skin is an excretory organ as it secretes waste products by
releasing sweat from the surface.

Question 22.Heart has three chambers, two ventricles and one atrium. Is it
right or wrong?
Answer:Wrong, the heart has four chambers. Two auricles and two ventricles.

Question 23.Arteries and veins carry blood to and from the heart. Which of
these carry the blood?
(a) Back to the heart from all organs.
(b) Away from heart for distribution in all organs.
Answer:
(a) Veins
(b) Arteries

Question 24.Urine is called an excretory product. Why?

Answer:Urine is the mixture of urea and other unwanted salts with water
which is needed to be excreted out as its presence in blood can make a
person ill.

Question 25.Sponges and Hydra do not possess any circulatory system then
how do they carry out distribution of food and other substances?
Answer:The water in which these organisms live brings them food and oxygen
as it enters their bodies.
Question 26.If the heartbeats of a person are more than 72-80 beats per
minute. What does it signify?
Answer:The faster heartbeats signify that heart is pumping more blood to the
organs as they need increased oxygen and energy supply.

Question 27.What is the purpose of using stethoscope by doctors?

Answer:A stethoscope reads heartbeats as diaphragm amplies the rounds of
heartbeat when placed on specific areas.

Question 28.Urinary bladder is the part of human excretory system. What is

its role in excretion?
Answer:Bladder stores the excretory product released after filtration from
kidney and excrete it out at specific times.

Question 1.
Arrange the following statements in the correct order in which they occur
during the formation and removal of urine in human beings.
(a) Ureters carry urine to the urinary bladder.
(b) Wastes dissolved in water is filtered out as urine in the kidneys.
(c) Urine stored in urinary bladder is passed out through the urinary opening
at the end of the urethra.
(d) Blood containing useful and harmful substances reaches the kidneys for
filtration.
(e) Useful substances are absorbed back into the blood.
Answer:
The correct order of the formation and removal of urine in human beings is
(d) Blood containing useful and harmful substances reaches the kidneys for
filtration.
(e) Useful substances are absorbed back into the blood.
(b) Wastes dissolved in water is filtered out as urine in the kidneys.
(a) Ureters carry urine to the urinary bladder.
(c) Urine stored in urinary bladder is passed out through the urinary opening
at the end of the urethra.

Question 2.
Name the tissues of a plant which carries
(a) water and minerals from roots to the leaves.
(b) food from the leaves to the other parts of the plant.
Answer:
The tissue which carries
(a) water and minerals from roots to leaves is xylem.
(b) food from the leaves to the other parts of the plant is phloem.

Question 3.
Look at figure and draw another figure of the same set up as would be
observed after a few hours.

Answer:
After the few hours, the figure will be shown as follows

This figure shows that there will be an increase in the level of sugar solution in
the potato piece. This increase in the level of sugar solution rises due to water
that passes throGgh the wall of potato and goes inside it.

Question 4.(a) Name the only artery that carries carbon

dioxide rich blood.
(b) Why is it called an artery if it does not carry oxygen-rich blood? [NCERT
Exemplar]
Answer:
(a) The only artery that carries carbon dioxide rich blood is pulmonary artery.
(b) The main function of artery is to carry blood away from heart. Also arteries
have thick wall and do not contain valves in them. Blood flow in arteries, takes
place at high pressure. All these characteristics are found in pulmonary artery.
It carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs for oxygenation, therefore it
is called artery.

Question 5.Name the process and the organ which help in removing the
following wastes from the body.
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Undigested food
(c) Urine
(d) Sweat [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:

Waste Process Organ

(a) Carbon dioxide Exhalation Lungs

(b) Undigested food Egestion Large intestine and anus

(c) Urine Excretion Kidneys

Perspiration

(d) Sweat
Sweat glands

(sweating)

Question 6.Observe given figure and answer the given question.

(a) Name the instrument.

(b) Label the parts A, B and C. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
(a) The name of the given instrument is stethoscope.
(b) Labelled diagram of stethoscope.
Question 7.What is the relation between the rate of heartbeat and pulse rate?
If a pulse rate of an athlete Is 96/min, what will be the number of his heartbeat
at the same time? [HOTS]
Answer:The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the muscles of the heart is
called heartbeat. Whereas, the rhythmical throbbing of the arteries as the
blood is pushed forward through them is called pulse. It can be felt in the
wrist, temples, etc.
Pulse rate is the number of heartbeats per minutes. The number of heartbeat
is equal to the number of pulse per minute.
Therefore, if a pulse rate of an athlete is 96/min then the number of his
heartbeat at the same time will also be 96/min

Question 8.Give one function of each of the following organs,

(a) Blood vessels
(b) Kidney
(c) Blood platelets
(d) Heart
Answer:The main function of the following organs are as follows:
(a) Blood vessels These run between the heart and the rest of the body. It
helps in the transport of blood between heart and various organs of the body.
(b) Kidney It is called as the ‘magic filters’. It helps in the removal of unwanted
substances like urea from the blood.
(c) Blood platelets This component of blood helps in blood clotting and
prevents the blood loss from the body.
(d) Heart It is a pumping organ which receives blood from the body through
veins and pumps it with enough force into the arteries from where it is carried
to the various body parts.

Question 9.Paheli noticed water being pulled up by a motor pump to an

overhead tank of a five storeyed building. She wondered how water moves up
to great heights in the tall trees standing next to the building. Can you tell
why?
Answer:When the water is pulled up by a motor-pump to an overhead tank of
a five storeyed building, it moves to a great height due to the suction pull. This
pull forms the continuous column of water and water rises up to a great
height. Similarly, when transpiration occurs in the plants, water is evaporated
and this creates a suction pull in the plants.

Due to this suction pressure, water from the soil rises up through the roots of
the plants and reaches to a great height in tall plants.
Question 10.How is transpiration and translocation different from each other.
Answer:The differences between transpiration and translocation are

Transpiration Translocation

The evaporation of water from the leaves of The transport of soluble products of photosynthesis from leaves (from w

plant is called transpiration. formed) to the other parts, of plants is called translocation.

It takes place through stomata present in the

It occurs in the part of the vascular tissue known as phloem.
lower surface of leaf.

Question 11.Make a table depicting the function of all chambers of the human
heart.
Answer:The human heart is divided into four chambers, i. e. upper two atrium
and lower two ventricles. The functions of these chambers can be tabulated
as follows

Chamber Function

Left atrium Receives oxygenated blood from lungs through pulmonary veins and pours it into left ventricle.

Right atrium Receives deoxygenated blood from various body parts through superior and inferior vena cava and pours it i
Left
Pumps oxygenated blood to various parts of body through aorta.
ventricle

Right
Pumps deoxygenated blood into lungs through pulmonary artery.
ventricle

Question 12.How does the water move from root to leaves?

Answer:The water moves from root to leaves with the help of specialised cells
called vascular tissue. Transport of water and nutrients is done by xylem
tissue present in plants.

Question 13.Observe the given diagram of human heart and label all the
parts from A to H.

Answer:

The heart is an organ which beats continuously as a pump for the transport of
blood carrying other substances with it, through a network of tubes or blood
vessels. The heart pumps blood throughout our life without stopping or
relaxing.

Question 14.The given diagram is of human excretory system. Label the

marked parts of it.
The various parts of human excretory system are as follows

Question 15.Paheli says her mother puts ladyfinger and other vegetables in
water if they are somewhat dry. She wants to know how water enters into
them.
Answer:By soaking the vegetables in water, the skin of the vegetables
becomes moist and water starts moving from one cell to another until the
vegetables are fresh again.

Question 16.Why plants absorb a large quantity of water from the soil, then
give it off by transpiration?
Answer:Plants absorb a large quantity of water from the soil because they
need nutrients which are dissolved in the water. The excess water evaporates
through the stomata present on the leaf surface by the process of
transpiration.

Question 17.List some animals surrounding your locality group them into
following groups.
(a) Animals that excrete ammonia in gaseous forms.
(b) Animals that excrete uric acid in the form of pellets.
(c) Animals that excrete urea in the form urine. [HOTS]
Answer:Some animals that surround us are fish, frog, birds, tadpole larva,
snake, cow, man, rat, monkey, lizard, toad and snail.
These can be grouped as follows
(a) Animals that excrete ammonia in gaseous form (i.e. ammonotelics)-Fish,
tadpole larva.
(b) Animals that excrete uric acid in the form of pellets (i.e. uricotelics)—Bird,
snake, rat, lizard, snail.
(c) Animals that excrete urea in the form of urine (i.e. ureotelics)-Frog, cow,
man, monkey, toad.
Question 18.Human have two major organs that perform transport of
materials. Organ ‘A’ is bean-shaped and dark red in colour lie just above the
waist. It helps in’removal of ‘Q’, a waste material from blood. The organ ‘S’ is
the opening at the end of the urinary bladder through which the waste material
is eliminated.
Organ ‘B’ lies in the chest cavity slightly tilted towards the left side. It pumps
continuously and pours liquid ‘C’ into arteries and through very fine tube-like
structure ‘D’ distributes the liquid to various parts of the body. What are the
name of these organs. [HOTS]
Answer:Organ ‘A’ is kidney which is bean-shaped and helps in the removal of
urea (Q) which is a waste material from the blood. ‘S’ is urethra which is the
small opening at the end of urinary bladder. Organ ‘B’ is heart which acts as
pump. It pumps liquid blood continuously and pours into arteries, and through
capillaries (D) which are fine tube-like structure, the blood is distributed to
various parts of the body.

Question 19.The major function of the arteries is to carry to oxygenated blood

throughout the body and that of veins is to carry deoxygenated blood from
body parts to heart for purification. There is one artery that carries
deoxygenated blood and one vein that carries oxygenated blood. Name the
artery and vein. [HOTS]
Answer:The artery which carries deoxygenated blood or blood rich in CO2 is
pulmonary artery while the pulmonary vein is one which carries oxygenated
blood. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
while pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.

Question 20.Boojho’s uncle was hospitalised and put on dialysis after a

severe infection in both of his kidneys.
(a) What is dialysis?
(b) When does it become necessary to take such a treatment?
Answer:The normal functioning of kidney is necessary for good health of a
person. But sometime s the kidney may stop working due to infection or injury.
This condition of kidney is called kidney failure which may lead to the
accumulation of urea in the blood of a person. Since, urea is a toxic substance
which must be removed from the blood. Such person having kidney failure
cannot survive unless his blood is filtered periodically through the artificial
kidney machine to remove urea. The process used for cleaning the blood of a
person by separating the waste product urea from it is called dialysis.This
machine removes urea and other waste the product periodically.
The long term solution for the patient suffering from kidney failure is kidney
transplantation. In this method, the diseased or damaged kidney is removed
and matching kidney is donated by a healthy person. The donated kidney is
transplanted in its place by performing surgery.

Question 21.The internal structure of heart has four chambers.

(a) Name the upper chambers of heart.
(b) Name the lower chambers of heart.
Answer:The vertical section of heart shows that heart is divided into four
compartments called as chambers.
(a) The upper two chambers of heart are called atria or atrium.
(b) The lower two chambers of heart are called ventricles.

Question 22.Explain in brief the main functions of the structural and functional
unit of kidney in excretory system.
Answer:Kidney is the major excretory organ which consists of thousands of
tiny filters called nephrons. The major functions of nephron are

 To filter blood at high pressure which helps in the separation of

nitrogenous waste such as urea from the blood.
 It helps in selective re-absorption of some substances (from the initial
filtrate which is filtered at a very high pressure). These substances
include glucose, amino acid, salts ancf a major amount of water.

Question 23.What is the special feature present in a human heart which does
not allow mixing of blood when oxygen-rich and carbon dioxide-rich blood
reach the heart?
Answer:In human, the heart has four chambers. The two upper chambers are
called the atria and the two lower chambers are called the ventricles. The
partition between the chambers helps to avoid mixing up of blood rich in
oxygen with the blood rich in carbon dioxide.

Question 24.Paheli uprooted a rose plant from the soil. Most of the root tips
with root hairs got left behind in the soil. She planted it in a pot with new soil
and watered it regularly. Will the plant grow or die? Give reason for your
answer.
Answer:Possible answers are
  Without the root hairs, the roots will not be able to absorb water and
nutrients and the plant will die.
 The stem of the rose plant may grow new roots and the plant will live.
 The rose plant may not be able to survive in a different type of soils.

ReproductiReproduction in plants

Exercise Questions
1. Fill in the blanks:
(a) Production of new individuals from the vegetative part of parent is
called vegetative propagation.
(b) A flower may have either male or female reproductive parts. Such a flower
is called unisexual flower.
(c) The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same or
of another flower of the same kind is known as Pollination.
(d) The fusion of male and female gametes is termed as fertilisation.
(e) Seed dispersal takes place by means of wind, water and animals.

2. Describe the different methods of asexual reproduction. Give

examples.
Solution:Different methods of asexual reproduction are as follows:

Vegetative Propagation

In this asexual reproduction, new plants are produced from roots, stems,
leaves and buds of the individual plant.

Examples – Tuber of potato, the rhizome of ginger.

Budding
The bud is a small projection which gradually grows and gets detached from
the parent cell and forms a new yeast cell. The new yeast cell grows, matures
and produces more yeast cells.

Example – Yeast.

Fragmentation

In this mode of reproduction, the growth and multiplication are done by rapidly
breaking down into two or more fragments. Each fragment grows into new
individuals when water and nutrients are available.

Example – Algae

Spore Formation

This reproduction is done by spores which, under favourable conditions,

germinate and develop into a new individual.

Examples – Fungi like Rhizopus, Mucor, etc.

Fission

It is a type of asexual reproduction where the unicellular organism splits to

form new organisms. There are two types of fission which are,

 Binary fission
 Multiple fission

Examples

Unicellular organisms that undergo binary fission are amoeba, paramecium,

leishmania, etc.

Plasmodium undergoes the process of multiple fission.

3. Explain what you understand by sexual reproduction.
Solution:Sexual reproduction is a method where male and female gametes
fuse to form a new individual. In plants, stamens and pistils are male and
female reproductive organs which bear the anthers and ovary, respectively.

4. State the main difference between asexual and sexual reproduction.

Solution:

Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction

It requires only one parent Requires a male and female parent

Daughter cells formed are identical to parents and to Newly formed offsprings show variations in compariso
each other. to the parents.

Special reproductive organs are not required Special reproductive organs are required

Ex: Yeast, rose, jasmine Ex: Insects, animals

5. Sketch the reproductive parts of a flower.

Solution:
6. Explain the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination.
Solution:

Self-pollination Cross-pollination

In self-pollination, pollen grains are transferred In cross-pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the
from the anther to the stigma of the same anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower of the
flower. same kind.

Self-pollination occurs only in bisexual flowers It occurs in both unisexual and bisexual flowers

7. How does the process of fertilisation take place in flowers?

Solution:The process of fusion of male and female gametes (to form a
zygote) is called fertilisation. The zygote develops into an embryo, and the
embryo undergoes mitotic cell division to form seeds.

8. Describe the various ways by which seeds are dispersed.

Solution:Seeds and fruits of plants are carried away by the wind, water and
animals. Winged seeds such as those of drumstick and maple, light seeds of
grasses or hairy seeds of aak (Madar) and hairy fruit of the sunflower get
blown off with the wind to faraway places. Some seeds are dispersed by
water. These fruits or seeds usually develop floating ability in the form of a
spongy or fibrous outer coat as in coconut. Some seeds are dispersed by
animals, especially spiny seeds with hooks which get attached to the bodies
of animals and are carried to distant places. Examples are Xanthium and
Urena. Some seeds are dispersed when the fruits burst with sudden jerks.
The seeds are scattered far from the parent plant. This happens in the case of
castor and balsam.

9. Match items in Column I with those in Column II: Column I Column II

Solution:

Column-I Column-II
(a) Bud (iii) Yeast

(b) Eyes (v) Potato

(c) Fragmentation (ii) Spirogyra

(d) Wings (i) Maple

(e) Spores (iv) Bread mould

10. Tick the correct answer:

(a) The reproductive part of a plant is the
(i) leaf (ii) stem (iii) root (iv) flower
(b) The process of fusion of the male and the female gametes is called
(i) fertilisation (ii) pollination (iii) reproduction (iv) seed formation
(c) Mature ovary forms the
(i) seed (ii) stamen (iii) pistil (iv) fruit
(d) A spore-producing organism is
(i) rose (ii) bread mould (iii) potato (iv) ginger
(e) Bryophyllum can reproduce by its
(i) stem (ii) leaves (iii) roots (iv) flower

Question 1.Why is the process of reproduction necessary?

Answer:The process of reproduction is necessary for the perpetuation and
preservation of species and to increase the number of members of species.

Q2.If the filament of Spirogyra is broken into fragments. What will you
observe?
Answer:If the filament of Spirogyra are broken into fragments, then each
fragment will develop into a new plant.
Question 3.Fungus, moss and fern reproduce by a common method of
asexual reproduction. Name the method. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:Fungus, moss and fern reproduce by the common method of spore
formation which is a type of asexual reproduction.

Question 4.A flower consists of different parts. Name these parts.

Answer:The four main parts of a flower are
(i) Sepals
(ii) Petals
(iii) Stamen
(iv) Pistil

Question 5.Mention the mode of reproduction in the following plants

(a) Spirogyra Fragmentation
(b) Yeast Budding
(c) Money plants Vegetative propagation

Question 6.Pick the odd one out from the following on the basis of mode of
reproduction and give reason for it, Sugarcane, Potato, Rice, Rose. [NCERT
Exemplar]
Answer:The odd one out is rice.
In the above given pairs as rice reproduces by sexual reproduction and
sugarcane, potato and rose reproduces vegetatively.

Question 7.Give one difference between unisexual and bisexual flower.

Answer:Unisexual flowers are those which contain either male or female
reproductive part and bisexual flower has both reproductive parts (i.e. male
and female) on the same flower.

Question 8.Flowers are colourful and fragrant. Give reason supporting the
statement. Answer:Flowers are so colourful because they absorb and reflect
light energy. Fragrance results from production of volatile chemicals which
evaporate.

Question 9.Boojho had the following parts of a rose plant-a leaf, roots, a
branch, a flower, a bud and pollen grains. Which of them can be used to grow
a new rose plant? [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:Branch can be used to grow a new rose plant. As, rose reproduces by
vegetative propagation, i.e. stem cutting method.
Question 10.Formation of new but similar individuals from parents is
characteristic feature of which process?
Answer:Reproduction is the process of production of new similar organisms
from their parents.

Question 11.Name two plants where vegetative reproduction takes place by

roots.
Answer:Sweet potato and dahlia develops new plants through their roots by
the process of vegetative reproduction.

Question 12.A yellow powdery substance is present in the anther which

participates in reproduction process. Name this substance.
Answer:Pollen grains.

Question 13.In which part of flower does fertilisation occur?

Answer:Ovary is the part where male and female gametes fuse together.

Question 14.Bryophyllum leaves reproduce using which mode of

reproduction?
Answer:Asexually by vegetative propagation.

Question 15.Which type of pollination does the given figure indicate?

Answer:The given figure shows self-pollination, as the pollen grains from

anther of flower are transferred to the stigma of same flower.

Question 16.What are the bulb-like projections forming in yeasts?

Answer:The bulb-like projections formed during reproduction are called buds.

Question 17.‘Spores’ as a means of asexual reproduction are used by

which plants?
Answer:Spores are produced by fungi, ferns and mosses during unfavourable
conditions.
Question 18.Write the male and female reproductive parts present on the
flowers.
Answer:The male reproductive part is stamen and the female reproductive
part is pistil.

Question 19.Pollen grains are present inside anthers for long time yet
they do not die. Why?
Answer:Pollen grains have a tough protective coat which presents them from
drying up.

Question 20.Name two plants in which pollination occurs by water.

Answer:Vallisneria and Hydrilla.

Question 21.Fruit is the ripened ovary of a flower. Explain.

Answer:After fertilisation, the ovary of a flower develops and becomes a fruit
with seeds present inside.

Question 22.Banana is a fruit without seeds. Give reason.

Answer:Banana forms from one parent only. There is no seed production.

Question 1.When you keep food items like bread and fruits outside for a
long time especially during the rainy season, you will observe a cottony
growth on them.
(a) What is this growth called?
(b) How does the growth take place?
Answer:
(a) When food items like bread and fruits are kept outside for a long time
especially during rainy season, a cottony growth of bread mould, a fungus is
observed.
(b) This growth of fungus takes place by spores present in air, which when
comes in the contact with moisture in bread germinates and grow to produce
new cells.

Question 2.Collect some flower of different plants like papaya, rose, mustard,
lady’s finger, Petunia, cucumber, corn, pea, etc. Group them under following
heads.
(a) Which of these plants have unisexual flowers?
(b) Which of these plants have bisexual flower?
(c) What is the other name of unisexual and bisexual flower? [HOTS]
Answer:
(a) Unisexual flowers are papaya, cucumber, com.
(b) Bisexual flowers are rose, mustard, lady’s finger, Petunia, pea.
(c) Unisexual flowers are also called as incomplete flower while bisexual
flowers are called hermaphrodite or complete flowers.

Question 3.In the figure given below, label the part marked (i), (ii) and (iii)

Answer:
The parts in the given figure are labelled as follows

Question 4.Coconut is a large and heavy fruit. How is it adapted for

dispersal by water? [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:The seeds of some plants that have an outer fibrous or spongy
covering are dispersed through water. They have the ability to float in the
water and drift along with its flow, e.g. seeds of water lily, lotus, chestnut
(singhara) and coconut are dispersed through water. The coconut fruits have
a fibrous outer coat which enables them to float in water and carried away by
flowing water to far off places.

Question 5.What is a bud? Which organism reproduce by budding?

Given the diagrammatic representation of budding in a plant.
Answer:Buds are small bulb-like projections of yeast cell.
These are asexual reproducing bodies of yeast.
Diagrammatic representation of budding in yeast Refer to figure on page 178.

Question 6.Group the seeds given in figure (i) to (iii) according to their
means of dispersion.
(a) Seed dispersed by wind.
(b) Seed dispersed by water.
(c) Seed dispersed by animal. [NCERT Exemplar]

Answer:
The seeds and their means of dispersal can be given as follows:
(a) The seed of maple is dispersed by wind. It has winged seed which are light
in weight.

(b) Seed of aak or madar has hairy outgrowth which makes it lighter and can
be dispersed by wind.

(c) Seed of Xanthium have numerous spines on them which gets attached to
the fur of animals. Hence, these are dispersed by animals.

None of the seed given in the figure is dispersed by water

Question 7.How does male gamete present in pollen grain reaches

female gamete present in ovule?
Answer:After pollination, the pollen grains fall on the surface of stigma and
germinate to form a long tube, reaching the ovules inside the ovary, the egg or
female gamete is present in the ovule.
The outer surface of pollen grains rupture and male gametes are released to
fuse with egg.

Question 8.How do the plants like sugarcane, potato and rose reproduce
when they cannot produce seeds?
Answer:Sugarcane and rose are propagated by stem cutting that is a method
of vegetative propagation, in which stem is capable of growing into a mature
independent plants that are identical to their parents.

Potato is an underground modified stem having bud called eyes, which sprout
and develop into a new identical plant.
Thus, the plants which cannot produce seeds, can be propagated vegetatively
with the help of vegetative parts such as stem, roots, buds and leaves.

Question 9.Mention the benefits of seed dispersal.

Answer:Benefits of Seed Dispersals

 Seed dispersal avoids overcrowding of young plants around their parent

plants.
 It helps in preventing competition between the plants and its own
seedlings for sunlight, water and minerals.
 One of the benefits of seed dispersal is that it enables the plant to grow
into new habitats for wider distribution and provides them with better
chance of survival.

Question 10.What is meant by the term fertilisation? List the stepwise

manner leading to formation of an embryo.
Answer:

The process in which the male gamete fuses with female gamete to form a
new cell (called zygote) is called fertilisation.
When the pollens are deposited on the stigma of the pistil, it begins to
germinate. After sometime, a long pollen tube is developed from the pollen
grain which passes through the style towards the female gametes in the
ovary. The male gametes move down the pollen tube and the tube enters the
ovule present inside the ovary.

The tip of pollen tube bursts and the male gamete comes out of the pollen
tube. Inside the ovary, the male gametes fuse with the female gametes
present in the ovule to form a fertilised egg cell which is called zygote.
The zygote develops into an embryo which is a part of a seed that develops
into a new plant.

Question 11.A student was given a flower. He was asked to pick the different
whorls of flower by the forcep. He pulled each part of the flower and laid them
on the chart paper in a sequence and named them W, X, Y, Z (from outer to
inner whorl). He was unable to name them.
Help the student to name the different parts of a flower. Also help him to tell
which part produces male gamete and female gametes. [HOTS]
Answer:The four whorls of the flower are outermost whorl ‘W’ is green part
which is called sepal. Inside sepal the next whorl is X which is coloured and
attractive part of the flower called petals. The Y is the inner whorl of flower
called stamen. It is the male reproductive part of flower. It consist of two parts,
i.e. anther and filament. The anther contains male gametes called pollen
grain. The whorl ‘Z’ is the innermost part of the flower called pistil. It is the
female reproductive part of flower. It consist of three parts, i.e. stigma, style
and ovary. The ovary produces ovule which contains the female gametes or
egg cell.

Question 12.One morning as Paheli strolled in her garden she noticed

many small plants, which were not there a week ago. She wondered,
where they had come from as nobody had planted them there. Explain
the reason for the growth of these plants. [NCERT Exemplar; HOTS]
Answer:The small plants which were not there in the garden a weak ago have
grown up due to seed dispersal. The seeds from the tree may have fallen
below or have been dispersed by wind or animals on the ground, which on
germination developed into new small plants.

Question 13.Place a piece of bread in a moist and warm place for few
days. Observe it after few days. What will you see?
(a) Name the organism that grows on the bread piece?
(b) What are the thread-like projections called?
(c) What is the knob like structure present on the top of thin stem called?
(d) Which type of reproduction does this organism shows?
(e) From where does the spors comes to the bread piece? [HOTS]
Answer:
(a) When the bread piece is kept in a moist and warm place for few days,
bread mould grows on the bread piece.
(b) The thread-like projections are called hyphae or mycelium.
(c) The thin stem having knob-like structure on the top is called sporangia or
sporangium which contains hundred of minute spores.
(d) Bread mould shows asexual mode of reproduction.
(e) These spores are present in the air and when favourable conditions arrive,
the grow into new plants.

Question 14.Write how the following seeds are dispersed.

(a) Seeds with wings
(b) Small and light seeds.
(c) Seeds with spines/hooks.
Answer:The mode of dispersal of the seeds having following properties are as
follows:
(a) Seeds with wings-like seeds of drumstick and maple become light
weighted and can be blown away by air. Thus, these are dispersed by wind.
(b) Small and light seeds like seeds of grasses and cotton (having hairy
growth) are also dispersed through wind.
(c) Seeds of Xanthium, Urena have spines and hooks on them, these hooks
or spines are attached to the fur of the animal body. When animals move to
other places and rub their body with tree, etc., these seeds fall from their body
and get dispersed.. Therefore, these are dispersed through animals.

Question 15.Why is vegetative propagation a preferred method of

asexual reproduction?
Answer:The following advantages of vegetative reproduction makes it a
preferred method

 It takes less time to grow and bear flower and fruits than those produced
from seeds.
 The new plants are the exact copies of parent plant because they are
produced from a single parent.
Question 16.Insects are called agents of pollination. How do they aid in
process of pollination?
Answer:Flowers have nectars that attract insects. Insects suck these nectars
as their food. When insects like bee, butterfly, etc., sit on the flower for
sucking nectar, the sticky pollen grains get attached to their legs and wings.
When these insects again sit on another flower, these pollen grains are
transferred to the stigma of that flower from the body of the insects. In this
way, insects help in pollination.

Question 17.What is seed dispersal? What will happen if all the seeds of
a plant were to fall at a same place and grow?
Answer:Plant produces large number of seeds. When these seeds fall down
they starts growing. The process by which the seeds are scattered to different
place (far and wide from their parents) is called seed dispersal.
The seeds and fruits are dispersed away through various agencies like air,
water and animals. Sometimes dispersal takes place by the explosion or
bursting of fruits. If all the seeds of a plant were to fall at the same place and
grow, there will be a severe competition for sunlight, water, mineral and
space. As a result, the survival for the plants will be difficult and the plants
who survive will not grow into a healthy plants.

Question 18.Describe the structure of a flower.

Answer:The main parts of a flower are

(i) Sepals These are the green leaf-like outermost circle of the flower. All the
sepals are together referred to as calyx. The function of calyx is to protect the
flower when it is in bud form.
(ii) Petals These are the colourful and most attractive part of flower. These lie
inside the sepals. All the petals are together referred to as corolla. These are
scented and attract insects for pollination.

(iii) Stamen It is a male reproductive organ of plant. These are the little stalks
with swollen top and lies inside the ring of petals. The stamen is made up of
two parts, i.e. filament and anther. The stalk of stamen is called filament and
the swollen top of stamen is called anther.
Anther contains the pollen grain which have male gamete in it. Pollen grains
are exposed when the anther ripens and splits. These appear as the yellow
powder like substance which is sticky in nature. Flowers usually have a
number of stamens in it.

(iv) Pistil It is the female reproductive part of a flower that lies in the centre of
a flower. These are flask-shaped structure which is made up of three parts,
i.e. stigma, style and ovary.
The top part of pistil is called stigma. It receives the pollen grains from the
anther during pollination. The middle part of the pistil is tube-like structure
called style which connects stigma to the ovary.

The swollen bottom part at the base of pistil is called ovary.

The ovary makes ovules and stores them. These ovules contain the female
sex cells also called as egg cell. It is the female gamete of flower. Pistil is also
called as carpel. The pistil is surrounded by several stamens.
The base of the flower on which all the parts of flower are attached is called
receptacle.

Question 19.Observe the given figure?

(a) Which plant is this? Give the name of the plant.

(b) What does it shows?
(c) From where the new plants are developing?
Answer:
(a) The given figure is of Bryophyllum leaf. It is also called as sprout leaf plant.
(b) It shows vegetative reproduction by leaves.
(c) The leaves of Bryophyllum develops some buds in its margin or edges
which grow into new plants, when buried in the soil.

Question 20.The process of layering is commonly used in jasmine for

reproduction. Explain how this process of layering is performed in jasmine.
Answer:Layering is a method of vegetative reproduction in branches. In this
method, a mature branch of parent plant is bent down and covered with soil.
The tip of the branch is kept above the ground. After few days the roots are
developed from the branch buried under the soil and develops into a new
plant. This method is done in the plants that have long and slender branches,
e.g. jasmine.

Question 1.In the figure of a flower given below, label the parts whose
functions are given below and give their names.
(a) The part which contains pollen grains.
(b) The part where the female gamete is formed.
(c) The female reproductive part, where pollen grains germinate.
(d) The colourful part of flower which attracts insects[NCERT Exemplar]

Answer:
The various parts of a flower whose functions are mentioned above are
labelled as follows :
Question 2.Observe the following figure and answer the following
questions.
(a) Which type of vegetative propagation has been shown in this figure?
(b) Name two plants where this method of vegetative reproduction takes
place.
(c) Is this a sexual or asexual mode of reproduction?
(d) Label the part (A) and (B) in the given figure.

Answer:
(a) The given figure shows grafting method (vegetative reproduction).
(b) Mango and rose are the two plants where this method of vegetative takes
place.
(c) It is asexual method of reproduction.
(d) (A) Scion (B) Stock

Question 3.Explain the process of reproduction in plants, involving the

fusion of cells from male and female parts of a flower.
Answer:
When the reproduction in an organism includes two types of gametes, i.e
male and female from two different parents, it is called sexual reproduction.
The sexual reproduction takes place by the fusion of male and female
gametes by the process called fertilisation to form zygote.

Sexual reproduction [fertilisation) in plants The different steps that take place
during sexual reproduction in plants are
  The pollens are deposited on stigma and begins to germinate.
 Pollen tube containing male gametes reaches to the ovary of flower.
 The tip of the pollen tubes gets dissolved and male gametes comes out
of the pollen tube.
 Inside the ovary male gametes fuse with the female gamete or egg
present in the ovule.
 The fusion of both the gametes will result into a fertilised egg cell which
is also called as zygote.

Question 4.Name some fruit bearing plants. Now make a table and
describe the method of seed dispersal in these fruits as well as the part
which helps in the seed dispersal.
Answer:
The method of seed dispersal in the fruits and the parts which help in the seed
dispersal:
Name of fruits bearing plants Agents through which seeds are dispersd Parts
or seeds which helps in dispersal

Name of fruits bearing Agents through which seeds Parts or seeds which

plants are dispersd dispersal

Drumstick Air/wind Winged seeds

Sunflower Wind Hairy seeds

Gokhru Animal Spines and Hooks

Coconut Water Fibrous coating

Lotus Water Thalamus float in water

Poppy Explosion Pericarp bursts

Grass Wind minute, light weighted seed

Question 5.Observe the given figure and answer the following

questions.
(a) Name the plant?
(b) Which type of reproduction is seen in this plant?
(c) Is ginger a root or stem?
(d) Label the part of this plant?

Answer:
(a) The given figure is of ginger tuber.
(b) Asexual reproduction is seen in this plant.
(c) Ginger is a stem.
(d) Various parts of this plant can be shown as follows:

Question 6.Ria went to a plant nursery with her mother. The gardner
approached them and asked about their choice of plant. Ria’s mother wanted
a flowering plant with fragrance. Gardner showed them a plant and told them
that this variety has been prepared by a method of vegetative propagation of
stems.
Ria grew curious and asked some questions to gardner.
(a) What is vegetative propagation?
(b) What are methods of producing new plants using stem?
(c) Name any two plants where this method of reproduction is used. Is this a
asexual or sexual method?
(d) What values do you observe in Ria? [Value Based Question]
Answer:
(a) Vegetative propagation is the process of reproduction in which new plants
are produced from different parts of old plants like stem, roots or leaves.
(b) Cutting and grafting method are two methods where stem is used for
vegetative propagation.
(c) Mango and rose are two plants cultivated using vegetative propagation.
This is an asexual method of reproduction.
(d) Ria is curious, inquiring who wants to gain knowledge about process
occurring around here.

Question 7.Ravi was sitting in a garden with his family. His younger sister
comes running with different types of flowers and starts to name their parts.
She stops as she forgets some names and Ravi noticing this comes to help
her.
His sister askes many questions related to flowers and Ravi answers her with
all information he has.
(a) What is a flower and mention its function during reproduction?
(b) Flowers help in pollination and fertilisation. Yes/No? Give reason.
(c) Do all flowers have both male and female parts on them specify?
(d) What values are observed in Ravi and his sister? (Value Based Question]
Answer:
(a) A flower is the reproductive part of plant which helps in sexual
reproduction.
A flower ensures the occurrence of process of fertilisation.
(b) Yes, flower aids in both pollination and fertilisation. Different colours and
fragrance of flowers attract insects to them causing dispersal of pollen grain
ensuring pollination.
Fertilisation occurs in the ovary of the flower after pollination of male and
female parts.
(c) Number of some flowers can either have male or female parts on them,
these flowers are called unisexual.
Some flowers have both, the male and female parts on them so they are
called bisexual flowers.
(d) Ravi is aware, sincere, helpful as he helps others and knowledgeable
while his sister is inquisitive, ready to acquire new knowledge and observation

MCQ
Question 1.The ‘eye’ of the potato plant is what?
(a) The root is to any plant
(b) The bud is to a flower
(c) The bud is to Bryophyllum leaf
(d) The anther is to stamen

Question 2.Seeds of drumstick and maple are carried to long distances

by wind because they possess [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) winged seeds
(b) large and hairy seeds
(c) long and ridged fruits
(d) spiny seeds

Question 3.Lila observed that a pond with clear water was covered up
with a green algae within a week.By which method of reproduction did the
algae spread so rapidly?
(a) Budding
(b) Sexual reproduction
(c) Fragmentation
(d) Pollination

Question 4.Which of the following parts of a sexual reproduction?

(i) Flower
(ii) Seed
(iii) Fruit
(iv) Branch
Choose the correct answer from below
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (ii), (iii) and (iv)

Question 5.The ovaries of different flowers may contain

(a) only one ovule
(b) many ovules
(c) one to many ovules
(d) only two ovules

Question 6.Which of the following statements is/are true for sexual

reproduction in plants?
(i) Plants are obtained from seeds
(ii) Two plants are always essential
(iii) Fertilisation can occur only after pollination
(iv) Only insects are agents of pollination
Choose from the options given [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) (i) and (iii)
(b) only (i)
(c) (ii) and (iii)
(d) (i) and (iv)

Question 7.The fusion of male and female gametes is called

(a) ovulation
(b) population
(c) pollination
(d) fertilisation

Question 8.Which among the following have hairs on seed?

(a) Drumstick
(b) Cotton
(c) Aak
(d) Maple

Question 9.Which among the following do not reproduce by vegetative

reproduction?
(a) Wheat
(b) Sugarcane
(c) Rose
(d) Jasmine

Question 10.The mode of vegetative reproduction where scion and stock are
used is called
(a) budding
(b) grafting
(c) cutting
(d) layering

Q 11.The female gamete of a flowering plant is present in which part?

(a) Ovules
(b) Buds
(c) Pollen
(d) Anther

Fill in the Blanks

1.The male and female gametes fuse to form a …zygote………… during the
process of fertilization.This grows into an …embryo which is enclosed within a
seed. After fertilisation the ovules develop into seed… and the ovary develops
into a fruit.
2. Roots, stems and leaves are called vegetative part of a plant.
3. The small bulb like projections coming out from the yeast cell is called a
……bud……… .
4. The scars present on the potato tubers are called …eye………… .
5. Spirogyra \s an alga which may breaks up into two or more
fragments…………… .
6. The …stamen is the male reproductive part of flower while …pistil…………
is the female reproductive part of a flower.
7. Pollen grains are light that can be carried by wind or water.
8. The cells which result after fusion, of the gametes is called zygote… .

True/False
1. Potato reproduces from seeds. False (eyes buds)
2. Hibiscus or China rose is a bisexual flower. True
3. Jasmine is grown by grafting. False (layering)
4. Asexual reproduction in yeast takes place by budding. True
5. Pollination is the process of fusion of male and female gametes. False
(transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of flower)
6. Fruits are developed from the ripened ovary. True
7. Pollen grains are present in anther.True
8. Maple seed is dispersed by explosion mechanism. False (by wind or water)
9. Two individuals are needed for the sexual reproduction. True
10. Pistil is the male reproductive part of a flower. False (female)
 Electric current and its effect
Exercise Questions

1. Draw in your notebook the symbols to represent the following

components of electrical circuits: Connecting wires, switch in the ‘OFF’
position, bulb, cell, switch in the ‘ON’ position, and battery.

Solution:

2. Draw the circuit diagram to represent the circuit shown in Fig.14.21.

3. Fig.14.22 shows four cells fixed on a board. Draw lines to indicate how
you will connect their terminals with wires to make a battery of four
cells.

Solution:

4. The bulb in the circuit shown in Fig.14.23 does not glow. Can you
identify the problem? Make necessary changes in the circuit to make the
bulb glow.

Solution:

In the circuit above, the bulb is connected on either side.

5. Name any two effects of electric current.

Solution:

i) Heating effect of electric current

ii) Magnetic effect of electric current

6. When the current is switched on through a wire, a compass needle

kept nearby gets deflected from its north-south position. Explain.

Solution:When the current is switched on through a wire, the magnetic field is

created around it hence we see deflection in the compass needle kept nearby.

7. Will the compass needle show deflection when the switch in the
circuit shown by figurer is closed?

Solution:

No, the compass needle does not show deflection when the circuit is closed,
and the magnetic field is not created until the current is flowing through the
circuit.

8. Fill in the blanks:

(a) Longer line in the symbol for a cell represents its _positive_______
terminal.

(b) The combination of two or more cells is called a _battery________.

(c) When the current is switched ‘on’ in a room heater, it _produces

heat______.

(d) The safety device based on the heating effect of electric current is
called a ___fuse___.

9. Mark ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if it is false:

(a) To make a battery of two cells, the negative terminal of one cell is
connected to the negative terminal of the other cell. False

(b) When the electric current through the fuse exceeds a certain limit,
the fuse wire melts and breaks. True

(c) An electromagnet does not attract a piece of iron. False

(d) An electric bell has an electromagnet. True

10. Do you think an electromagnet can be used for separating plastic

bags from a garbage heap? Explain.

Solution:No, because plastic does not have the magnetic property to get
attracted to a magnet; hence magnet cannot be used to separate plastic bags.

11. An electrician is carrying out some repairs in your house. He wants

to replace a fuse with a piece of wire. Would you agree? Give reasons
for your response.

Solution:
It is not a wise idea to replace the fuse with a piece of wire, as it has a very
low melting point. In the case of the metal piece, the melting point will be high,
and the circuit will be intact in case there is overload or overheating.

12. Zubeda made an electric circuit using a cell holder shown in a switch
and a bulb. When she put the switch in the ‘ON’ position, the bulb did
not glow. Help Zubeda to identify the possible defects in the circuit.

Solution:

The reasons may be as follows:

i) The connecting wire may be loose

ii) The electric cell may be used up

iii) Switch may not be functioning well

iv) Cell power has been exhausted

13. In the circuit shown in Fig. 14.25

(i) Would any of the bulb glow when the switch is in the ‘OFF’ position?

(ii) What will be the order in which the bulbs A, B and C will glow when the
switch is moved to the ‘ON’ position?

Solution:

i) No, the bulb will not glow as the circuit is not complete when the switch is
off.

ii) If the switch is ‘ON’, all the bulbs glow simultaneously.

Question 1.Mention the name of the two devices that work on the basis of
magnetic effects of current.
Answer:The devices that work on the basis of magnetic effects of current are
loudspeaker and electric bell.

Question 2.Name the device used these days in place of eiectric fuses in
electrical circuits.
Answer:The device used in these days in place of electric fuse is MCB
(Miniature Circuit Breaker).

Q 3.State the property of conducting wire is utilised in making electric

fuse. INCERT Exemplar]
Answer:Electric fuse wire is made up of special material which has low
melting point. As if high amount of current is passed, it melts to disconnect the
electric circuit and prevent us from causing any damage.
Question 4.Explain why are CFLs (Compact Fluorescent Lamps)
preferred over electric bulbs. [NCERT Exemplar; HOTS]
Answer:Compact fluorescent lamps are preferred over electric bulbs because
electric bulbs use more power of electricity and it also losses electrical energy
in the form of heat but it is not so in compact fluorescent lamps.

Question 5.Name the type of mark for which we should look at an

electrical appliance before buying, [HOTS]
Answer:ISI mark is a mark for which we should look at an electrical appliance
before buying.

Question 6.Briefly mention which part of the symbol of battery shows

positive and negative terminals?
Answer:

The positive terminal is represented by longer vertical line while negative

terminal is represented by shorter vertical line.

Question 7.Briefly state the effects of electricity.

Answer:The three effects of electricity are

 Chemical effect
 Heating effect
 Magnetic effect

Question 8.When does a circuit is said to be overloaded?

Answer:It is overloaded by connecting too many devices to it. When too many
devices get connected, then a circuit is said to be overloaded.

Question 9.Why is an electric fuse required in all electrical appliance?

Answer:Electric fuse is required in all electrical appliances to prevent damage
from excessive current flow and during short circuit.

Question 10.Give the name any two electrical appliances in which

electromagnets are used.
Answer:Electric fan and electrical motor are the electrical appliances in which
electromagnets are used.
Question 11.Paheli does not have a night lamp in her room. She covered
the bulb of her room with a towel in the night to get dim light. Has she
taken the right step? Give one reason to justify your answer.
Answer:No, she has not taken the right step. Because due to excessive heat
of bulb, the towel may burn and it also results in the wastage of electrical
energy.

Question 12.The nails attract the pins. Comment.

Answer:When the current is passed through the wire wound on the nail, it
behave as electromagnet. Due to this reason, the nails attract the pins.

Question 13.Name the scientist who discovered the magnetic effect of

electric current.
Answer:The scientist who discovered the magnetic effect of electric current is
Hans Christian Oersted.

Question 14.If the filament of the bulb is broken, would the circuit be
complete? Would the bulb still glow?
Answer:
If the filament of the bulb is broken, the circuit will not be complete.
So, the bulb will not glow.

Question 15.
Name some electric appliances where the heating effect of the electric
current is used.
Answer:Some of the electric appliances where the heating effect of the
electric current is used are electric heater, geyser, micro-oven, room heater,
boiler, etc.

Question 16.If the current through the coil stops flowing. Will the coil
remain an electromagnet?
Answer:When the current through the coil stops flowing, the coil does not
remain an electromagnet.

Question 17.State whether the bulb glows when the circuit is opened.
Answer:No, the bulb does not glow when the circuit is opened. The bulb glows
only when the circuit is closed.
Question 18.What happens to the current in a circuit at the time of short
circuit?
Answer:The value of the current in a circuit increases heavily at the time of
short circuit.

Question 19.We should not touch the lighted bulb. Explain, why.
Answer:The lighted bulb connected to main supply should not be touched by
our hand directly, as a lighted bulb can be very hot and can burn our hand as
well.

Question 1.Name two electric devices for each where

(a) heating effect of current is used and
(b) magnetic effect of current is used. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:
(a) Heating effect of current is used in electric heater and geyser.
(b) Magnetic effect of current is used in electric bell and cranes to lift heavy
magnetic materials from one place to other.

Question 2Why do we cover plug pinholes which are within the reach of
children with cellotape or a plastic cover when not in use?
Answer:We do cover plug pinholes which are within the reach of children with
cellotape or plastic cover to avoid electric shocks. If unconsciously, a child
puts his finger in the electric socket, the shock may be fatal.

Question 3.Can we use the same fuse in a geyser and a television set?
Answer:No, we cannot use same fuse in a geyser and in a television set
because the fuse used in every appliances has some limit to withstand the
current flows through it. So, different appliances have different fuses.

Question 4.If cells are placed side by side. Then, how are the terminals
of the cells connected?
Answer:If cells are placed side by side, then with the help of some connecting
wires, the positive terminal of one cell is connected to the negative terminal of
other to produce a combined power of all cells which can be called a battery.

Question 5.Explain how a battery can be constructed.

Answer:As we know that a battery is a combination of two or more cells and it
can be constructed by placing cells property on cell holder in such a way that
the positive terminal of one cell is connected to the negative terminal of other.
A piece of wire is connected to each of the two metal clips on the cells holder.

Question 6.Distinguish between an open circuit and a closed circuit.

Answer:Difference between an open circuit and a closed circuit

Open (Electric) circuit Closed (Electric) circuit

An open electric circuit is or electric path which A closed circuit is an electric path which begins f

begins from the positive terminal of a battery or terminal of a cell or battery and terminates at its

terminal without any break.

cell, gets broken at some point.

Question 7.Boojho made an electromagnet by winding 50 turns of wire

over an iron screw. Paheli also made an electromagnet by winding 100
turns over a similar iron screw. Which electromagnet will attract more
pins? Give reason. [NCERT Exemplar; HOTS]
Answer:Since the magnetic effect directly depends on the number of turns of
the coil. As, Paheli’s coil has more number of turns than Boojho. So, her
electromagnet is stronger than Boojho.
So, electromagnet of Paheli attracts more pins as compared to Boojho.

Question 8.Does the electric current have other effect except heating? Name
Answer:Yes, electric current have other effect except heating, i.e. magnetic
effect of current.
When electric current is passed through a coil, there is a magnetic field
developed around the coil or wire, if magnetic compass is placed near by, it
deflects the magnetic needle.

Question 9.Explain the following.

(a) Copper and aluminium wires are usually employed for electricity
transmission. Explain the reason.
(b) Explain how does the resistance of a wire vary with its length.
(c) The tungsten is used almost exclusively for filament of electric lamp.
Comment.
Answer:
(a) Due to the low resistance and strength of aluminium and coppers, both
these metals are usually employed for the transmission of electricity.
(b) There is always an increase in the length of the wire with the increase in its
resistance.
(c) Since tungsten has high melting point and high resistance. So, that is why,
the tungsten is used exclusively for filament of electric lamp.

Question 10.If we connect more cells in the circuit, then what will
happen?
Answer:If we connect more of cells in the circuit, then the nail will attract more
pins. It is due to the reason that the current flowing through the wire wound on
the nail will get increase which in turn will increase the strength of the
electromagnet.

Question 11.Electromagnets are better than permanent magnets. Explain

why.
Answer:An electromagnet can be switched OFF or switched ON as desired
and this is not possible in the permanent magnets. That is why the
electromagnets are better than the permanent magnets.

Question 12.If the current flows through wire, does the wire behave like
a magnet?
Answer:When the current flows through any wire, a magnetic field is
developed around that wire or coil and it behaves like magnet. It can be
analysed by placing a magnetic compass around the wire, it will show
deflection of the needle.

Question 13.If current is passed through a coil, does the pins cling to
the coil?
Answer:When an electric current is passed through a coil, it gets magnetised
due to phenomena of magnetic effect of current. When magnetic materials
such as pins are placed near to it. It gets attracted by the coil or we can say
that pins cling to the coil.

Question 14.Batteries used in tractors, trucks and inverters are also made
from cells. Then why it is called a battery? [HOTS]
Answer:The cell is the unit of battery when more than one cell are combined
together, it forms a battery. In trucks, tractors and inverters, cells are internally
arranged and we need not to connect it externally, so we called it as batteries.

Question 1.One day, Pinki was ironing the clothes in her room. After half an
iron of ironing, the light went off and Pinki went outside to the lobby of her
house to check it there was any problem in the household circuit. At the same
time, she listened the voice of her 4 years old daughter from the same room
where she was ironing the clothes. Her daughter was about to touch the hot
electric iron but at the same moment, Pinki entered in the room and pushed
her daughter back from that place.
(a) On which effect of electric current, does the electric iron works?
(b) Mention the values showed by Pinki here. [Value Based Question]
(a) The electric iron works on the basis of heating effect of electric current.
(b) The values showed by Pinki here is a great concern and love towards her
own 4 years old daughter.

Question 2.Explain with the help of a diagram, how does the magnetic
effect of electric current help in the working of an electric bell.
Answer:In order to ring the bell first of all we press the push button switch in
order to ring the bell. So, when we press the switch, then the electric circuit of
the bell is completed and a current passes through the coil of the
electromagnet and it gets magnetised. The electromagnet attracts the iron
armature towards itself.

So, as the armature moves towards the poles of the electromagnet, the
clapper attached to it strikes the gong and produces a ringing sound. It implies
that the bell rings.

When the armature moves towards the magnet, its contact with the contact
screw is broken. Due to this, the electric circuit breaks and no current flows in
the electromagnet coil. The electromagnet loses its magnetism for a moment
and the armature is no longer attracted by it. The flat spring brings back the
iron armature to its original position and the clapper also moves away from the
gong.
As soon as the armature comes back and touches the contact screw the
circuit is completed and current starts flowing in the electromagnet coil again.
The electromagnet attracts the iron armature once again and the clapper
strikes the gong again producing a ringing sound.

So, this process of ‘make and break’ of the electric circuit continues as long as
we are pressing the switch. Due to this, the armature vibrates forwards and
backwards rapidly each time making the clapper strike the gong. Thus, the
clapper strikes the gong rapidly producing almost continuous sound.

Question 3.State one measure to avoid overloading in an electrical circuit.

Also mention the name given to a situation in which the live and the neutral
wires accidently come in contact. Describe the role of a safety device in this
situation.
Answer:
Overloading can be avoided if too many appliances are not connected to a
single socket. Short circuiting is a name given to a situation in which the live
and the neutral wires accidently come in contact.

Electric fuse is a safety device. When a short circuit takes place or when
overloading takes place, then the current becomes large and heats the fuse
wire too much and thus, it gets melted and circuit breaks which prevents the
damage of the wiring and electrical appliances.
Question 4.Paheli took a wire of length 10 cm. Boojho took a wire of 5 cm of
the same material and thickness both of them connected with wires as shown
in the circuit given in figure. The current flowing in both the circuits is the
same.
(a) Will the heat produced in both the cases be equal? Explain.
(b) Will the heat produced be the same, if the wires taken by them are of
equal lengths but of different thickness? Explain.

Answer:
(a) No, the amount of heat produced in both the wires will be different
because amount of heat produced in a wire on passing electric current
depends on the length of wire and here length is different for both the wires.
(b) No, the amount of heat produced in the wire of same length but different
thickness cannot be same because amount of heat produced in a wire also
depends on the thickness of the wire.

Question 5.Last Sunday, Pulpit was playing videotape in his room. While
playing, the electricity of his house went off due to which he could not able to
see anything around him. Then anyhow, he managed to get his mobile in his
hand and with the help of its light, he went outside of his room to check if
there was any problem in the electric circuit board of his house.
At the same time, his father suggested him to maintain the distance from the
circuit board and decided to call some electrician to check the problem.
(a) Explain, what happens when live wire and neutral wire touches each other
directly?
(b) State the values here showed by Pulkit’s father. [Value Bated Question]
Answer:
(a) When live and neutral wire touches each other directly then it leads to
short circuit in which the large amount of current flows through the household
wiring and this large current may heat the wires to a dangerously high
temperature and a fire may be started.
(b) Pulkit’s father seems very sensible in taking the decisions and he showed
a very great concern towards his son.

Question 1.Choose the statement which is not correct in the case of an

electric fuse. [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Fuses are inserted in electric circuits of all buildings
(b) There is a maximum limit on the current which can safely flow through the
electric circuits
(c) There is a minimum limit on the current which can safely flow in the
electric circuits
(d) If a proper fuse is inserted in a circuit it will below off if current exceeds the
safe limit

Question 2.Circuit breaker device which can be used in place of fuse in

domestic electric wiring is called
(a) DCB
(b) MCD
(c) MCB
(d) BCM
Question 3.If the number of turns in the coil of an electromagnet is more, the
strength of the electromagnet will be
(a) lesser
(b) greater
(c) double
(d) same

Question 4.When an electric current flows through a copper wire AB s shown

in figure, the wire [NCERT Exemplar]

(a) deflects a magnetic needle placed near it

(b) becomes red hot
(c) gives electric shock
(d) behaves like a fuse

Question 5.Which of the following precautions need not be taken while using
electric gadgets/ appliances/circuit? [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) We should never touch a lighted electric bulb connected to the mains
(b) We should never do experiment with the electric supply from the mains or
a generator or an inverter
(c) We should never use just any wire or strip of metal in place of a fuse
(d) We should never turn the switch in ON position

Question 6.When a switch is in OFF position, [NCERT Exemplar]

(i) circuit starting from the positive terminal of the cell stops at the switch
(ii) circuit is open
(iii) no current flows through it
(iv) current flows after sometime
Choose the combination of correct answer from the following.
(a) All are correct
(b) (ii) and (iii) are correct
(c) Only (iv) is correct
(d) (i) and (ii) are correct
Question 7.Which of the following characteristic is most suitable material for
making the care of an electromagnet?
(a) Brass
(b) Aluminium
(c) Iron
(d) Steel

Question 8.A battery is a combination of

(a) only single cell
(b) only two cells
(c) two or more cells
(d) None of the above

Question 9.The coil of wire contained in heater is known as

(a) circuit
(b) component
(c) spring
(d) element

Fill in the Blanks

1. Our body is a …good conductor of electricity.
2. An electric cell produces electricity from the chemicals stored in it.
3. In an electric circuit, a fuse is a … safety device to prevent possible fire.
4. A combination of two or more cells is called a battery.
5. The core of an electromagnet is made from iron.
True/False
1. CFLs consume more electricity than an ordinary bulb.
2. A fuse is used to save energy in the electric circuits.
3. When an electric current flows through a wire, it behaves like a magnet.
4. The key or switch can be placed anywhere in the circuit.
5. A car battery is just one big cell.
6. MCB works on the magnetic effect of current.
7. The element of an electric iron is made of tungsten.
8. Electric fuse is based on the magnetic effect of electric current.
Answers:
1. False, since CFLs consume less electricity than electric bulb.
2. False, an electric fuse is used to prevent an electrical circuit from
overloading and hence short circuit.
3. True
4. True
5. False, a car battery is a combination of cells.
6. True
7. False, as the element of an electric bulb is made of tungsten.
8. False, because electric fuse is based on the heating effects of electric
current.

LIGHT

Exercise Questions

1. Fill in the blanks.

(a) An image that cannot be obtained on a screen is called a virtual image.

(b) Image formed by a convex mirror is always virtual and smaller in size.

(c) An image formed by a plane mirror is always of the same size as that of
the object.

(d) An image which can be obtained on a screen is called a real image.

(e) An image formed by a concave lens cannot be obtained on a screen.

2. Mark ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if it is false.

(a) We can obtain an enlarged and erect image by a convex mirror. F

(b) A concave lens always form a virtual image. T

(c) We can obtain a real, enlarged and inverted image by a concave

mirror. T

(d) A real image cannot be obtained on a screen. F

(e) A concave mirror always forms a real image. F

3. Match…

Column-I Column-II

(a) A plane mirror (v) The image is erect and of the same size as the object.

(b) A convex mirror (ii) Can form an image of objects spread over a large area.

(c) A convex lens (i) Used as a magnifying glass.

(d) A concave mirror (iii) Used by dentists to see an enlarged image of teeth.

(e) A concave lens (vi) The image is erect and smaller in size than the object.

4. State the characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror.

Solution:Characteristics of the image formed by a plane mirror are as follows:

 Image distance and object distance are equal.

 The size of the object and image are equal.
 The image formed is erect and virtual.
 Images are laterally inverted.
5. Find out the letters of the English alphabet or any other language
known to you in which the image formed in a plane mirror appears
exactly like the letter itself. Discuss your findings.

Solution:A, H, I, M, O, T, U, V, W, X, and Y alphabets form images in a plane

mirror exactly like the letter itself because these alphabets are laterally
symmetric.

6. What is a virtual image? Give one situation where a virtual image is

formed.

Solution:The image that cannot be obtained on a screen is called a virtual

image. The image formed by a plane mirror is virtual.

7. State two differences between a convex and a concave lens.

Solution:

Convex Lens Concave Lens

Thick in the middle and thin at the edge. Thin in the middle and thick at the edge.

The image formed is real or virtual. The image formed is virtual.

538
8. Give one use each of a concave and a convex mirror.

Solution:

Concave mirrors are used in the headlights of cars and scooters.

Convex mirrors are used as side-view mirrors in vehicles.

9. Which type of mirror can form a real image?

Solution:The concave mirror can form a real image.

10. Which type of lens always forms a virtual image?

Solution:A concave lens forms a virtual image.

Choose the correct option in questions 11–13.

11. A virtual image larger than the object can be produced by a

(i) concave lens (ii) concave mirror (iii) convex mirror (iv) plane mirror

12. David is observing his image in a plane mirror. The distance between
the mirror and his image is 4 m. If he moves 1 m towards the mirror, then
the distance between David and his image will be

(i) 3 m (ii) 5 m (iii) 6 m ( iv) 8 m

13. The rearview mirror of a car is a plane mirror. A driver is reversing

his car at a speed of 2 m/s. The driver sees in his rearview mirror the
image of a truck parked behind his car. The speed at which the image of
the truck appears to approach the driver will be

(i) 1 m/s (ii) 2 m/s

(iii) 4 m/s (iv) 8 m/s

Solution:The correct answer is option (iii) 4 m/s.

Question 1.Briefly mention whether mirror change the direction of light.

Answer:Yes, when a ray of light is incident on the mirror surface, then the
mirror changes the direction of light.

Question 2.The image formed by a lens is always virtual, erect and

smaller in size for an object kept at different positions in front of it.
Identify the nature of the lens. (NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:Such types of lenses which always form virtual, erect and smaller
image in spite of the different positions of an object are called concave lens.

Question 3.Observe the given figures carefully.

The given figures show the path of light through lenses of two different types
represented by rectangular boxes A and B. What is the nature of lenses A and
B ? [NCERT Examplar]
Answer:Since, in first case light rays are converging towards a point, so the
lens A will be convex and in case of lens 8, light rays diverge or spread out.
So, the lens will be concave lens.

Question 4.Name the colours include in the composition of sunlight.

Answer:As we know that sunlight consists of mixture of seven colours.

Question 5.In the formation of a rainbow, what acts as tiny prisms?

Answer:In the formation of a rainbow, the raindrops suspended in the
atmosphere acts as tiny prism.

Question 6.Briefly mention what makes things visible to us.

Answer:When a light ray falls on an object, then reflected light ray which
comes from the object when A falls on our eys, allows us to see things around
us.

Question 7.Name the type of lens which diverges a beam of parallel rays of
light.
Answer:The lens which diverges a beam of parallel rays of light is a concave
lens.

Question 8.Is the image formed by a plane mirror is always upright?

Answer:Yes, the image formed by the plane mirror is always upright.

Question 9.Explain why are concave and convex mirrors called spherical
mirrors.
Answer:Concave and convex mirrors are the parts of sphere whose one side
is polished or silvered. So, they are called spherical mirrors.

Question 10.Is it possible to obtain the image on the screen when the
candle is too closed to the concave mirror?
Answer:No, when the candle is too closed to the concave mirror.

Question 11.Can you get a real image at any distance of the object from
the convex mirror?
Answer:No, we cannot get a real image for any position of an object from the
mirror because convex mirror always forms virtual, erect and diminished
image in spite of the position of object.

Question 12.Can you name the mirrors used as side mirrors in

scooters?
Answer:Yes, in the side mirror of scooters, convex mirror is used to have a
wider field of view of the traffic.

Question 13.Explain why concave mirror is known as a converging

mirror.
Answer:Concave mirror is known as a converging mirror because it converges
a beam of parallel rays of light (reflecting from it) at one point.

Question 14.Name the phenomenon that is involved in the formation of

image of an object by a concave mirror.
Answer:Reflection of light is the name of a phenomenon which is involved in
the formation of image of an object by a concave mirror.

Question 15.Mention the type of image formed on a cinema screen.

Answer:Real image is an image which is formed on a cinema screen.

Question 16.As we know that an image is formed by the actual

intersection of rays and can be obtained on the screen. So, state
whether it is real or virtual image.
Answer:Since, after the actual intersection of rays, the image obtained on the
screen is always real image.
Question 17.State in brief about the term lens.
Answer:A transparent material which is bounded by both or one spherical
surface is known as a lens.

Question 18.Name the phenomenon that is involved in the formation of

image of an object by a convex lens.
Answer:Refraction of light is the name of a phenomenon which is involved in
the formation of image of an object by a convex lens.

Question 19.Give the form of energy that produces the sensation of

vision.
Answer:Light energy is the form of energy which produces the sensation of
vision.

Question 20.What type of mirror is used as a side mirror in a scooter?

Why is this type of mirror chosen? [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:Convex mirror is used as a side mirror in a scooter because it can
form images of objects spread over a larger area.
So, this helps the driver to view the traffic over a large area behind them.

Question 21.Briefly mention how many types of lens are there. Explain
each of them.
Answer:There are two types of lenses.
The lens which is thinner in the middle than at the edges is called a concave
lens while the lens
which is thicker in the middle than at the edges is called a convex lens.

Question 22.Consider if one half of a convex lens is covered with a black

paper, then state whether this lens produces a complete image of the
object.
Answer:If one half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper, then yes,
the convex lens will produce the complete image of the object.

Question 23.Briefly tell that how many reflected rays can be obtained
from a single incident ray in respect of a plane mirror.
Answer:For a single incident ray, there will be only one reflected ray that can
be obtained in respect of a plane mirror.
Question 24.State in brief what we can demonstrate by rotating
Newton’s colour disc very fastly.
Answer:By rotating Newton’s colour disc, we can demonstrate that when
seven colours are mixed together, then a white colour is formed.

Question 25.Mention the name of lens whioh can converge the sun’s
rays to a point and burn a hole in the piece of paper. (HOTS]
Answer:Convex lens is a lens which can converge the sun’s rays to a point
and burn a hole in the piece of paper.

Question 26.An erect and enlarged image of an object is formed on a

screen. Explain how this could be possible.
Answer:An erect and enlarged image of an object is formed only by the
concave mirror or convex lens when object is inverted and placed between F
and 2F.

Question 1.The distance between an object and a convex lens is changing. It

is noticed that the size of the image formed on a screen is decreasing. Is the
object moving in a direction towards the lens or away from it?
Answer:In case of convex lens, when we move the object far away from the
lens, the size of image decreases and ultimately, when object is at infinity, it
will form a point image at focus.

Question 2.Two different types of lenses are placed on a sheet of newspaper.

How will you identify them without touching? [HOTS]
Answer:On identifying the letters of newspaper, we can differentiate the two
types of lenses.
If image is large or magnified, then the lens is a convex lens and if the image
is smaller or diminished in size for all the positions of object, then the lens is
concave .

Question 3.Briefly state the characteristics of image formed by a plane mirror.

Answer:Characteristics of the Images Formed by a Plane Mirror
Now, we will describe the various characteristics of the images formed in a
plane mirror by taking the example of the image of the candle.

 When we see the mirror, the image of candle appears to be formed

behind the mirror.
  Now, pW a vertical screen behind the plane mirror (where the image of
candle appears to be situated), then we will notice that the image of
candle cannot be formed on the screen. Even if the screen is placed in
front of the plane mirror, then the image of candle cannot be formed on
the screen. Since, the image of candle formed in the plane mirror cannot
be formed on a screen, which means that the image of candle in the
plane mirror is a virtual image.
 If we see the figure, then we will find that the length and breadth of the
image of the candle and its flame to be the same as that of the original
candle and its flame. The image of candle in the plane mirror is of the
same size as the original candle.
 Also if we see the figure, then we will find that the candle has a flame at
the top and the image of candle also has a flame at the top. So, the top
of candle remains at the top in the image. In the same way, the bottom
of candle remains at the bottom in an image. Such an image is called an
erect image (or upright image). Therefore, the image formed by a plane
mirror is erect.

Question 4.The side mirror of a scooter got broken. The mechanic

replaced it with a plane mirror. Mention any inconvenience that the
driver of the scooter will face while using it. [NCERT Examplar; HOTS]
Answer:As we know that the side mirror of a scooter must be of convex mirror
so that we can view a wide range of traffic spread over a large area. But if
plane mirror is used, we are not able to see large area of traffic which may be
difficult for driving vehicle and can cause accident.

Question 5.We need a shiny surface for reflection. Explain why.

Answer:Since, the extent of reflection depends upon the shine and
smoothness of the surface. So, greater the shining and smoothness of the
surface, greater will be the reflection. So, this is a reason why we require a
shiny surface for reflection.

Question 6.Differentiate between a plane mirror, concave mirror and a

convex mirror without touching them.
Answer:These mirrors can be differentiated by bringing our face close to each
mirror turn by turn. Since, a plane mirror will produce an image of the same
size as our face while a concave mirror will produce a magnified image and
our face will look much bigger and on other sides, a convex mirror will
produce a diminished image and our face will look much smaller like a small
child.
Question 7.The concave reflecting surface of a torch got rusted. What effect
would this have on the beam of light from the torch? [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:If the reflecting surface of a torch got rusted, it produces diffused light
with lower intensity and the objects are not clearly visible in this diffused and
lower intensity of light.

Question 8.Mention the type of image

(a) which can be formed on the screen.
(b) which cannot be formed on the screen.
Answer:
(a) The image which can be formed on the screen is real image.
(b) The image which cannot be formed on the screen is virtual image.

Question 9.Mention any two letters of English alphabet whose image

formed in a plane mirror appears exactly similar to the letters.
Answer:Since, image formed by the plane mirror shows lateral inversion, i.e.
left seems to right or vice-versa. But in the case of alphabets A and H, these
letters show the same image in the plane mirror.

Question 10.A shopkeeper wanted to fix a mirror which will give a maximum
view of his shop. What type of mirror should he use? Give reason.
Answer:If a shopkeeper wanted to fix a mirror which will give him maximum
view of his shop, he should use convex mirror.
In case of convex mirror, it will give a wider field of view, i.e. it can collect light
from a large area spread over them.

Question 11.State the correct sequence (1-7) of colours in the spectrum

formed by the prisms A and B shown in the figure.

Answer:
When a white light is passed through a prism, it disperses into its seven
constituent colours.

Question 12.Suppose we wish to obtain the real image of a distant tree.

Explain two possible ways in which we can do it. [NCERT Exemplar]

 In first case, we will use a concave mirror, as we know that concave

mirror can form real image, i.e. image on screen. The image of distant
tree will be at focus in case of concave mirror.
 In second case, we can use a convex lens as it forms real image of a
distant object at focus, i. e. image of distant tree in case of convex lens
will be formed at focus.

Question 13.Explain the term lateral inversion.

Answer:When an image is formed by the mirror in such a way that the left side
of image is object’s right side and right side of image is object’s left side. So,
this process of change in the sides of the object as well as of image is known
as lateral inversion.

Question 14.State the characteristics of images formed by a concave

mirror.
Answer:The characteristics of image formed by a concave mirror are:

 The image formed by a concave mirror is not always the same size as
the object. It can be either larger or smaller depending on the distance of
the object to the mirror.
 The image formed by a concave mirror is inverted when the object is
kept far from the mirror. So, when it is brought very close to the concave
mirror, then an erect and enlarged image is formed.

Question 15.Boojho made light from a laser torch to fall on a prism. Will he be
able to observe a band of seven colours? Explain with a reason.
Answer:No, he will not observe band of seven colours because laser light
consists of monochromatic light of single colour.
But seven colours of bands are only observed, when a white light is passed
through a prism and dispersion takes place.

Question 16.Briefly explain why in ambulance words are written laterally

inverted. [HOTS]
Answer:In case of mirror, the image formed by it is laterally inverted, i.e. left
seems to be right and right seems to be left. So, in ambulance there is
emergency for patients to reach hospital and by viewing in rear mirror, it can
be easily identified of a vehicle and everyone give him a way.

Question 17.Assume, a person is standing in front of a plane mirror. The

distance between the mirror and his image is 6 m. If the person moves 2 m
towards the plane mirror, what would be the distance between the person and
his image?
Answer:Since, the image is 6m away from the plane mirror. So, it means that
the object is also 6m away from the mirror.

[Because OP = PI]
So, when the person moves 2 m towards the plane mirror, then the distance
between the person and the plane mirror will be equal to (6 m – 2 m) = 4 m,
this means that distance between the image and the mirror will be 4m.

The distance between the person and his image = PO’+ PI’= 4 + 4 = 8m

Question 1.Explain with the help of an activity that when seven colours are
mixed together, then white colour is formed.
Answer:Firstly, take a circular cardboard disc of about 10 cm diameter, then
divide this disc into seven equal segments and paint the seven colours of
white light (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet) on these
segments (as shown in figure given ). Instead of painting the segments, we
can also paste seven coloured papers on these segments. So, this disc
painted with the seven colours of spectrum is called Newton’s disc. Now,
make a small hole at the centre of the disc.

Fix the disc loosely on the tip of a refill of a ball pen. Be confirm that the disc
can rotate freely. Now, rotate the disc quickly in day light. So, when the disc is
rotated very fast, then all the seven colours mix together due to which the disc
appears to be white (see figure). Therefore, the rapid rotation of Newton’s
colour disc tells us that mixing of seven colours of the spectrum can give us
white light.

Question 2.It was observed that when the distance between an object and a
lens decreases, the size of the image increases. What is the nature of this
lens? If you keep on decreasing the distance between the object and the lens,
will you still able to obtain the image on the screen? Explain. [NCERT
Exemplar; HOTS]
Answer:On decreasing the distance between the object and lens, the size of
the image increases, the nature of the lens will be convex type.
If the distance between object and lens is less than the focus of the lens, then
it forms a virtual image and this image cannot be obtained on a screen but
formed on the same side of the object.

Question 3.Give the definition dispersion of light. Also, explain why does it
take place? Draw a diagram to show the dispersion of white light by a glass
prism.
Answer:In the year 1665, Newton discovered by his experiments with glass
prisms that white light (like sunlight) consists of a mixture of lights of seven
colours. Newton found that if a beam of white light is passed through a glass
prism, then the white light splits to form a band of seven colours on a white
screen . The band of seven colours formed on a white screen, when a beam
of white light is passed through a glass prism, is known as spectrum of white
light. The seven colours of the spectrum are Red, Orange, Yellow, Green,
Blue, Indigo and Violet .

So, dispersion of light is phenomenon of splitting up of white light into seven

colours on passing through a transparent medium like a glass prism. The
formation of spectrum of seven colours indicates that white light is a mixture of
seven colours. White light can be sunlight. So, now we can say that the
sunlight consists of seven colours.
We can mix these colours to get white light. This can be done by using
Newton’s disc, let us try this.

Question 4.You are given three mirrors of different types.

How will you identify each one of them? [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:We can identify the mirrors by forming image of an object.

 Plane mirror In case of plane mirror, image will be virtual, erect and of
same size as that of object.
 Concave mirror In case of concave mirror, image may be real, virtual
and magnified or diminished.
 Convex mirror In case of convex mirror, image formed will always be
virtual, erect and diminished.

Question 5.Namit was driving a car and suddenly became aware of a loud
sound coming from behind. He looked through his rear view mirror and saw
an ambulance. He recalled reading that such emergency vehicles often have
their name written in the mirror (AMBULANCE) or writing, i. e.
He quickly made way for the ambulance, murmuring a quick prayer for the
speedy recovery of the patient inside the ambulance.
(a) Name the type of mirror which is used as a rear view mirror and why?
(b) Mention values did Namit exhibit. (Value Based Question]
Answer:
(a) Convex mirror is a mirror which is used as a rearview mirror. It is used to
get a wide view of traffic behind.
(b) The values exhibit by Namit here is courtesy concerned for other,
sympathy, knowledgeable.

Question 6.One day, Ramesh’s friend was performing their respective

experiments given by their teacher. While sitting in the practical lab instead of
performing experiment, Ramesh was playing with his meter scale. All the
sudden, he held the scale in his hand and started moving in front of tubelight,
then he observed the seven colours of white light. After sometimes, he got
scolded by his lab teacher for not performing the experiment.
(a) Give the name of phenomenon that leads to the formation of band of
seven colours.
(b) Name the constituent colours of white light.
(c) Mention the values shown by Ramesh here. (Value Based Question]
Answer:
(a) Dispersion of white light is the name of phenomenon which leads to the
formation of band of seven colours.
(b) There are seven constituent colours of white light, they are Violet, Indigo,
Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red (i.e. VIBGYOR).
(c) Ramesh seems to be quite innovative with respect to the scientific
methods and also very eager to learn science regarding phenomena.

Question 7.Last Sunday Girish’s mother, Priyanka was preparing the dinner
in her kitchen for Girish and his father. Both of them were feeling so much
hungry and they sat ideally on their respective chairs and having empty plates
and spoons on their dinning table. They were shouting like a 5 years old child
that they wanted the dinner so much eagerly in order to fulfil their stomach. At
the sometime, Girish’s mother served the cooked food to both of them and the
moment, when Girish was just about to eat the rice with the help of spoon, he
noticed that the spoon has such a shining surface that it reflected the light
rays incident on it.
(a) Explain the importance of shining surface in the reflection of light.
(b) Name the type of spherical mirror represented by the shining steel spoon.
(c) Mention the values shown by Priyanka here towards her family. [Value
Based Question]
Answer:
(a) As we know that the extent of reflection depends upon the shining of
surface. So, greater the shining of the surface, more will be the reflection.
(b) Both convex and concave mirrors are represented by the shining steel
spoon.
(c) The values shown by Priyanka here is concern and a satisfaction that she
gets after serving the cooked food to her son and her husband.

Multiple Choice QuestionsQuestion 1.

Boojho and Paheli were given one mirror each by their teacher. Boojho
found his image to be erect and of the same size, whereas Paheli found
her image erect and smaller in size. This means that the mirrors of
Boojho and Paheli respectively are [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) plane mirror and concave mirror
(b) concave mirror and convex mirror
(c) plane mirror and convex mirror
(d) convex mirror and plane mirror

Question 2.Which of the following always diverge light rays?

(a) Convex mirror and plane mirror
(b) Concave lens and convex mirror
(c) Concave mirror and convex lens
(d) Concave lens and convex mirror

Question 3.Which of the following would you prefer to use while reading
small letters found in a dictionary?
(a) A convex lens
(b) A convex mirror
(c) A concave lens
(d) Either (a) or (b)

Question 4.If an object is placed at a distance of 0.5 m in front of a plane

mirror, the distance between the object and the image formed by the
mirror will be [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) 2 m
(b) 1 m
(c) 0.5 m
(d) 0.25 m
Question 5.A virtual image
(a) can be formed on the screen
(b) cannot be formed on the screen
(c) is formed only by a plane mirror
(d) is formed only by the convex mirror

Question 6.You are provided with a concave mirror, a convex mirror, a

concave lens and a convex lens. To obtain an enlarged image of an
object, you can use either
(a) concave mirror or convex mirror
(b) concave mirror or convex lens
(c) concave mirror or concave lens
(d) concave lens or convex lens

Question 7.A rainbow can be seen in the sky [NCERT Exemplar]

(a) when the sun is in front of you
(b) when the sun is behind you
(c) when the sun is overhead
(d) only at the time of sunrise

Question 8.An erect and enlarged image can be formed by

(a) only a convex mirror
(b) only a concave mirror
(c) only a plane mirror
(d) Both convex and concave mirrors

Question 9.Which of the following can be used to form a real image?

(a) Only concave mirror
(b) Only plane mirror
(c) Only convex mirror
(d) Both concave and convex mirrors

Question 10.You are provided with a convex mirror, a concave mirror, a

convex lens and a concave lens. You can get an inverted image from,
(a) both concave lens and convex lens
(b) both concave mirror and convex mirror
(c) both concave mirror and convex lens
(d) both convex mirror and concave lens
Question 11.An image formed by a lens is erect. Such an image could be
formed by [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) convex lens provided the image is smaller than object
(b) concave lens provided the image is smaller than object
(c) concave lens provided the image is larger than object
(d) concave lens provided the image is of the same size

Question 12.The colour of light which is deviated the least by prism in the
spectrum of white light is
(a) violet
(b) green
(c) yellow
(d) red
Since, red colour has the greatest wavelength, that’s why, it is deviated the
least in the spectrum of white light.

Fill in the Blanks

1. There are two.. types of spherical mirrors.
2. Changing of left side of an object to right side of image is called …lateral
invasion.
3. Convex. lens is also known as a magnifying glass.
4. The change in the direction of light by a mirror is called reflection.. of light.
5. A …lens is a curved transparent or translucent device that causes rays to
either converge or diverge.
6. Convex lenses are …thicker….. in the middle than at the edges whereas
concave lenses are thinner in the middle than at the edges.
7. A prism splits light into ………seven………….. colours.
8. The inner surface of a steel spoon acts as a …concave.. mirror.
9. The outer surface of a flat steel plate acts as a ……plane mirror.
10. The outer shining surface of a round bottom steel bowl acts as a convex
mirror.
11. The inner surface of the reflector of a torch acts as a concave mirror.

True/False
1. A concave lens can be used to produce an enlarged and erect image.
2. A convex lens always produces a real image.
3. The sides of an object and its image formed by a concave mirror are always
interchanged. [NCERT Exemplar]
4. An object can be seen only if it emits light. [NCERT Exemplar]
5. The image formed in a plane mirror is erect, enlarged and virtual.
6. A concave mirror always forms an erect and diminished image of the
object.
7. The image formed in a plane mirror is behind the mirror.
8. A concave mirror is also known as a converging mirror.
9. A virtual image is larger than the object can be produced by a convex
mirror.
10. The mirror which can form a magnified image of an object is both convex
and concave mirrors.
11. In a convex spherical mirror, reflection of light takes place at a bent in
surface.
Answers:
1. False, a concave lens can be used to produce an erect and diminished
(smaller than the object image).
2. False, no, a convex lens does not always produce a real image because
when the object is placed close to the convex lens, then the image formed by
convex lens is virtual, erect and larger than the object.
3. True
4. False, an object can be seen even if the ray of light is emitted from some
different sources of light and suffering the reflection from the object surface
after getting incident on it.
5. False, the image formed in a plane mirror is always erect and virtual.
6. False, a concave mirror always forms an erect, virtual and enlarged (larger
than the object) image.
7. True
8. True
9. False, an enlarged image is always larger than the object and is always
formed by a concave mirror.
10. False, a concave mirror is a mirror which forms the magnified image of an
object.
11. False, in a convex spherical mirror, reflection of light takes place out the
bent out (bulging out) surface.

Column 1 Colu

(a) Real image Formed on the screen

(b) Magnified image Bigger than the object

(c) Erect image Upright image

(d) Diminished image Smaller than the object

(e) Virtual image Cannot be formed on the screen

(f) Inverted image Upside down image

Forest our lifeline

1. Explain how animals dwelling in the forest help it grow and
regenerate.

Solution:Animals dwelling in the forest help it grow and regenerate in the

following ways:

 Animals help in dispersing plant seeds.

 Decaying animal dung provides nutrients for plants to grow
 Microorganisms convert the dead plants and animals to humus
2. Explain how forests prevent floods.

Solution:Plants in the forests will not allow the rainwater to fall directly on the
earth, and these plants also hold water which helps in preventing floods.

3. What are decomposers? Name any two of them. What do they do in

the forest?

Solution:The micro-organisms which convert dead plants and animals to

humus are known as decomposers. For example, bacteria and fungi. They
help in the recycling of nutrients by decomposing dead plants and animals.

4. Explain the role of forests in maintaining the balance between oxygen

and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

Solution:Plants in the forests consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen

through the photosynthesis process. This helps in balancing oxygen and
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

5. Explain why there is no waste in a forest.

Solution:There is no waste in a forest because the waste created is bio-

degradable, which gets converted to humus by the action of microorganisms.

6. List five products we get from forests.

Solution:The five products we get from forests are listed below:

i) Medicines ii) Spices iii) Wood iv) Paper v) Gum

7. Fill in the blanks:

(a) The insects, butterflies, honeybees and birds help flowering plants in
__pollination_____.

(b) A forest is a purifier of _air_______ and _water_______.

(c) Herbs form the _lowest_______ layer in the forest.

(d) The decaying leaves and animal droppings in a forest enrich the
______soil__.

8. Why should we worry about the conditions and issues related to

forests far from us?

Solution:We should worry about the forest for the following reasons:

 A decrease in forests results in an increase in carbon dioxide content in the

atmosphere. This results in global warming.
 Depletion of forests results in soil erosion
 The decrease in forests adversely affects the lives of animals living in the forest.
 The absence of forests leads to flooding more often.
 Due to the reduction of forests, the land will turn barren, which is called
desertification.

9. Explain why there is a need for a variety of animals and plants in a

forest.

Solution:A variety of plants and animals in the forests helps plants to

regenerate and grow. A wide range of plants supports herbivores, which in
turn serve as food for carnivores. Decomposers turn dead animals and plants
into humus, thereby maintaining nutrient recycling. This wide variety makes
the forest a dynamic living entity.

11. Which of the following is not a forest product?

(i) Gum

(ii) Plywood

(iii) Sealing wax

(iv) Kerosene

12. Which of the following statements is not correct?

(i) Forests protect the soil from erosion.

(ii) Plants and animals in a forest are not dependent on one another.

(iii) Forests influence the climate and water cycle.

(iv) Soil helps forests to grow and regenerate.

13. Micro-organisms act upon the dead plants to produce

(i) sand

(ii) mushrooms

(iii) humus

(iv) wood

Question 1.List some animals which live in deeper areas of the forest.
Answer:Boars, bisons, jackals, porcupines, elephants, etc., live in the deeper
areas of the forest.

Question 2.Paheli while moving in a forest observed that there was no

noise pollution, though lots of heavy vehicles were passing from the
nearby highway. Explain why. [NCERT Exemplar; HOTS]
Answer:Paheli observed that there is no noise pollution in a forest even
though there are lots of heavy vehicles passing from the nearby highway. It is
because trees present in the forest absorb the noise.

Question 3.Give the reason behind variations found in the forests of

different regions.
Answer:The variation in the type of plants and animals is found in different
forests because of the climatic conditions of that particular area.

Question 4.Paheli wrote a food chain in the following way:

Frog → Eagle → Insects → Grass → Snake
The chain is not in the correct order. Help her to write the food chain
correctly. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:The correct food chain is
Grass → Insects → Frog → Snake → Eagle

Question 5.Are there similar kind of trees in every forests?

Answer:No, due to different climatic conditions, there are variations in the
types of trees and other plants. From forest to forest.

Question 6.State the consequence when one food chain is disturbed in

an ecosystem.
Answer:Since, all food chains are interlinked disturbance in one food chain will
affect the other food chain in a forest.

Question 7.What is a canopy?

Answer:The uppermost branches and leaves of tall trees act like a roof over
forest ground, this is called a canopy.

Question 8.While going inside a forest, it becomes darker. Why?

Answer:In a forest, big trees, shrubs and other plants are found. They trap
solar radiation for photosynthesis.
So, the sunlight does not reach at the forest floor, thus making it dark.

Question 9.A bunch of seedlings were seen sprouting on a heap of

animal dropping in a forest. How do you think is the seedling benefited
from the animal dung? [NCERT Exemplar; HOTS]
Answer:The seedling was being benefited from the animal dung as the
decaying animal dung provided nutrients to the growing seedlings.

Question 10.Consider the following organisms:

Grass, birds, frog, crow, tiger, vulture, toadstool, deer. Which of these
(i) can eat the dead animals Crow, vulture
(ii) can form a three step food chain? Grass → Deer → Tiger

Question Give names of four birds which you expect to see in a forest.
Answer:The four birds which we expect to see in a forest are jungle crow,
hornbill, myna and koel.
Question 12 .Draw any simple food chain in a pond.
Answer:A typical food chain in a pond is
Algae → Small fishes → Large fishes

Question 13.Name any four useful products other than wood, which we
get from forests. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answer:Four useful products other than wood which we get from forests are
gum, spices, fodder for animals and medicinal plants.

Question 14.Deforestation may lead to floods. Why? [NCERT Exemplar]

Answer:Deforestation leads to floods as lesser number of trees will be
available due to deforestation. In the absence of trees, the soil will not hold
water leading to floods.

Question 15.All the needs of animals living in a forest are fulfilled.

Justify this statement in a few sentences. [NCERT Exemplar; HOTS]
Answer:Forest provides homae (shelter), food and water to the animals living
there.

Question 1.Forests are valuable resources. Explain.

Answer:Forest products play vital role in socio-economic development. We
get food (cereals, pulses, fruits), fire wood, fibre, construction material,
industrial products (tannins, lubricants, dyes, resins, perfumes) and products
of medicinal importance. It is also the home of diverse wildlife which maintains
the ecosystem. Thus, forests are valuable resources.

Question 2.Plants help in maintaining O2-CO2 cycle. Explain it in the light

of photosynthesis and respiration.
Answer:Photosynthesis is the process during which CO2 is used by the plants
and O2 is released as a products. This O2 is used by the animals for their
respiration and CO2 is released during it which is again used for
photosynthesis by plants. In this way, O2-CO2 cycle is balanced by plants.

Question 3.Forests are called green lungs. Why?

Answer:The forests provide us oxygen to breathe. If we rapidly cutting down
forests means we are cutting down the oxygen supply to us. That is why they
are called green lungs.
 Question 4.Two friends shared their experiences of their vacation trip to two
different forests. Do you think they would have seen the same type of plants
and animals during their respective trips? Give reason. [HOTS]
Answer:No, they would not have seen the same type of plants and animals.
This is so because climatic conditions in the two forests would vary leading to
variations in the types of plants and animals.

Question 5.Write differences between decomposers and scavengers.

Decomposer Scavenger

These animals eat the body of dead animals and are

hese are the microbes which break dead organic matter
called cleaning agent of forests, e.g. jackal, fox, vultures
nto simple molecules to be used by plants again.
etc.

Question 7.Plants are known as the producers of a food chain. Why ?

Answer:Plants are known as the producers of a food chain. It is because
green plants (autotrophs) make their own food from carbon dioxide and water
in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll by a process called photosynthesis
and provide food to all living organisms which live in the forest.

Question 8.Life would be impossible without plants. Explain, how.

Answer:All green plants are producers. They make food by the process of
photosynthesis using water C02 and sunlight. All forms of animals depend on
plants for food. So, if there no plants, no food will be there. Plants are give
oxygen also during photosynthesis, and there would be no oxygen in absence
of plant. These two basic needs make plants important for us and we cannot
think of life without plants.

Question 9.Y and Z are two types of organism which are found in the
forests. Y eats up dead animals while Z breakdown the body of the dead
animals into simpler substances.
(a) What is the general name of organism Y? Scavenger
(b) Write one example of Y type organism. Vulture
(c) What is general name of organism Z? Decomposers
(d) Write one example of Z type organism. (HOTS] Fungi

Question 10.What happens when an animal dies in the forest?

Answer:The body of the dead animal is eaten up by scavengers like vultures,
jackals, hyanas, etc.
These animals do the functions of cleaning in the forest. This also shows that
nothing goes waste in the forests.

Question 11 .
Give any four factors which are responsible for the destruction of
forests. [NCERT Exemplar)
Answer:
The four factors which are responsible for the destruction of forests are

 Construction of roads.
 Construction of buildings.
 Industrial development.
 Increasing demand of wood.

Question 12.Is it possible to construct a food chain without a producer?

State the reason to support your answer.
Answer:No, in any food chain, producers are always at the beginning. It is the
producer which provides food to all living organisms. In a food chain, if
producer is absent, then there will be no flow of energy. So, we can say that it
is not possible to construct a food chain without a producer.

Question 13.How can a pipal sapling would have grown on a side wall of
some old buildings?
Answer:Animals disperse the seeds of certain plants with the help of their
droppings. Therefore, pipal seed would have come to the wall by a bird
dropping . On coming in contact with water and suitable nutrient medium, it
would have grown into pipal sapling.

Question 14.If one component of the forest is removed, what would be

its affect on the ecosystem?
Answer:Every component of forest depend on other. If we remove one, the
other will be affected, e.g. if we remove top carnivores (lion/tiger) in a forest,
herbivores will increase and if they increase they will end up eating all plants,
so ecosystem will get disturbed.

Question 15.State the role of scavengers in cleaning of our environment.

Answer:Scavengers eat the dead animals and act as the cleaning agents of
our environment. Some of these animals (scavengers) are vultures, crows,
jackals, hyena, some insects, etc.

Question 16.Crown is different from canopy. Explain how.

Answer:The part of the tree with branches is known as the crown. When the
crown of tall trees in the forests forms a roof-like covering over the others
plants, it is known as a canopy.

Question 17.“You conserve forest, you conserve soil”. Do you agree?

Answer:Yes, forests bind soil with root and prevent soil erosion. They also
maintain fertility of soil and check So, it can be said that conserving forest
results in conservation of soil.

Question 18.Deforestation can increase the earth’s temperature. Is it true?

Answer:Yes, if there are no tress and plants, there will be no photosynthesis.
So, no CO2 of the atmosphere will be used. This will increase the level of CO2,
resulting in the increase of earth’s temperature.

Question 19.Explain how root system of plants help in the prevention of

flood?
Answer:The root system helps water to seep down in the ground. It helps to
maintain the water table throughout the year. Roots of trees normally bind the
soil together and stop the erosion of soil.

Question 20.Sketch a diagram to show how plants maintain the balance

between carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere?
Answer:

Question 1.People say that nothing goes waste in a forest. Can you
explain how?
Answer:Nothing goes waste in a forest because of the following reasons

 Dry leaves and remains of dead animals are converted to a dark

coloured substance called humus. This provides nutrients to the plants.
 Dead animals become food for vultures, crows, jackals and insects.
 Broken branches of trees are used as fuel by the people living in the
vicinity of the forest.

Question 2.“Forest is a dynamic entity, full of life and vitality”. Explain

briefly.
Answer:Forests harbour great variety of plants and animals. Plants provide
food to herbivores. Larger number of herbivores means increased availability
of food for a variety of carnivores. Wide variety of animals helps forest to
regenerate.

Decomposers and scavengers are cleaning agents. So, every entity in the
forest plays a key and vital role making it a dynamic living entity, full of life and
vitality.

Question 3.Write the major steps by which we can conserve the forest.
Answer:Forests maintain balance in nature. There conservation is the need of
the hour. We should take the following steps to conserve the forests

(i) Planned harvesting An efficient way to get wood from forests for our
requirements is to cut only some of the trees in an area. The uncut trees
prevent erosion. Fruits of these trees produce seeds so that new trees can
grow. This way the forest cover is maintained.
(ii) Afforestation This is the practice of renewing a forest by planting seedlings
or small trees. These days, in our country, planned afforestation is being done
not only by the government but also by private organisations for commercial
purposes. Selective cutting of trees in these plantations provides wood for
construction and also keeps the forest cover intact.

(iii) Protection from fire Huge forest areas are destroyed by fire every year.
Fire may occur due to the carelessness of people or due to lightning during a
storm or by friction between dry stems and dry branches of trees.
Forest fires are controlled by spraying fire extinguishing solutions from
aircrafts or by changing the direction of wind by using strong blowers.

Question 4.Figure shows a part of a forest.

Write any three activities going on in the forest on the basis of this figure
Answer:The three activities going on in the forest on the basis of the given
figure are

 Oxygen is given out by plant leaves.

 Carbon dioxide is consumed by the plants to prepare their food by the
process of photosynthesis.
 Nutrients are being added to the soil by the action of decomposers.

Question 5.Cycling of papers help in the conservation of the forests.

Justify.
Answer:The papers are made from wood pulp. We derive wood by cutting
down trees. If we recycling existing quantity of paper in the market and will not
let it decompose, we can stop cutting of forest trees for new raw materials
required for paper making.
It takes years to grow a tree and cutting a tree takes only few minutes.
So, we should give a serious thought before cutting a single tree even and
should encourage recycling of papers every where in our country and in the
world.

Question 6.
Sachin lives in a village, this village is surrounded by a forest. One day he
noticed that in nearby pond sedimentation is increased so much that water
has become muddy, streams are drying up. There is scarcity of fuel wood. He
soon realised that he has to raise the issue of forest protection from cutting
down trees, etc. Soon he involved the nearby village people and made an
organisation to take an initiative.
Now, answer the following questions
(a) What changes might have Sachin noticed in his area?
(b) Give the porbable reason for such changes mentioned above.
(c) What are the values shown by Sachin? [Value Based Question]
Answer:
(a) Sachin noticed the disturbance in the water cycle in his area like stream
drying up. Pond water getting muddy, less availability of fuel wood, etc.
(b) Deforestation.
(c) Love for nature and environmental consciousness.

Question 7.
A snake charmer came to the society and smelled the presence of a cobra
near the guardroom. The head of the society agreed to allow the man to
search, catch and take away the snake with him. Little Krishi who was seeing
all this disagreed. He explained the people that it might disturb the food chain
in the environment. Now, answer the following questions
(a) Describe food chain.
(b) Construct a food chain involving snake at one of its level.
(c) What are the values shown by Krishi? [Value Based Question]
Answer:
(a) The sequence of living organisms in which one organism eats another is
called a food chain.

(c) Scientific attitude, obligation to maintain the ecosystem of nature.

Multiple Choice Questions
Question 1.Plants do not depend on animals for
(a) pollination
(b) food
(c) seed dispersal
(d) nutrients

` Question 2.Flow of energy in nature takes the following path

(a) carnivores herbivores → green plants
(b) green plants herbivores → carnivores
(c) sun → green plants → herbivores → carnivores
(d) sun → carnivores → herbivores → green plants

Question 3.Microorganisms act upon the dead plants to produce

(a) sand
(b) mushroom
(c) humus
(d) wood

Question 4.Which of the following is not a forest product?

(a) Gum
(b) Plywood
(c) Sealing wax
(d) Kerosene

Question 5.Which of the following has the strongest stem? [NCERT

Exemplar]
(a) A tree
(b) A creeper
(c) A climber
(d) A bush

Question 6.Which of the following statements is not correct?

(a) Forests protect the soil form erosion
(b) Plants and animals in a forest are not dependent on one another
(c) Forests influence the climate and water cycle
(d) Soil helps forests to grow and regenerate
Question 7.Which of the following is not prepared from the wood obtained
from forest?
(a) Paper
(b) Thermocol
(c) Matchsticks
(d) Plywood

Question 8.
The lowest layer in the understorey is formed by
(a) shrubs
(b) herbs
(c) trees
(d) tall grasses

Question 9.Which of the following is not the name of a tree ?

(a) Teak
(b) Sal
(c) Porcupine
(d) Kachnar

Question 10.Which of the following are called producers?

(a) Plerbivores
(b) Carnivores
(c) Green plants
(d) Bacteria and fungi

Question 11.Pick the option which gives the names of a tree and an animal
respectively from the following. [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) Semal and hornbill
(b) Sal and khair
(c) Chinkara and blue bull
(d) Neem and palash

Question 12.The first link in all food chains are

(a) herbivores
(b) carnivores
(c) green plants
(d) None of these
Question 13.Which of the following does a forest prevent?
(a) Floods
(b) Soil erosion
(c) Water table from going down
(d) All of the above

Question 14.Forests are not responsible for [NCERT Exemplar]

(a) providing medicinal plants
(b) maintaining the flow of water into the streams
(c) creating flood conditions
(d) absorbing rainwater and maintaining water table

Question 15.Which of the products is not obtained from a forest?

(a) Honey
(b) Catechu
(c) Gum
(d) Ginger

Question 16.Which of the following is not a correct statement?

(a) Forest trees are cut down to obtain timber
(b) Forest trees are cut down to obtain paper
(c) Forest trees are cut down to obtain natural rubber
(d) Forest trees are cut down to obtain firewood

Question 17.Which one of the following is a role of forests?

(a) Provide, food, shelter, water and medicines
(b) Prevent soil erosion
(c) Prevent flood
(d) All of the above

Question 18.Which one of the following is an animal product?

(a) Gum
(b) Catechu
(c) Honey
(d) Rubber
Fill in the Blanks
1. The decaying leaves and animal choppings in a forest enrich the …………
soil…… .
2. Insect, butterflies, honeybees help plants in ……seed………… formation.
3. The microorganisms which convert dead plants and animals to humas are
called ……… decomposers ……….
4. Forest is a purifier of ……… water, ……… and …… soil ………… .
5. Herbs form the ……lowest………… layer of the forest.
6. Forest help in cloud formation as they release …water vapour in the air.
7. The forest are called green lungs because they supply oxygen………………
to the atmosphere.
8. If there are no plants in the soil, heavy rain will cause extensive soil …
erosion…… .
9. Different layers provide food and …shelter for animals.
10. Soil… helps forests to grow and regenerate.

True/False
1. Plants are saprotrophs.
2. Roots of the tree are called crown of the tree.
3. Plants release C02 in the process of photosynthesis.
4. Forest is self sustaining entity comprising of plants animals and
microorganisms.
5. Various components of forests are not interdependent on each other.
6. Forests are lifeline for forest dwelling communities.
7. we get various products from forests.
8. Forests protect the soil from erosion. [NCERT Exemplar]
Answers:
1. False, plants are autotrophs. They produce their own food by the process of
photosynthesis. They are also called producers.
2. False, the branchy part of part of tree above the stem is known as crown of
the tree.
3. False, plants intake carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during
photosynthesis.
4. True
5. False, the living organisms founds in the forest are plants, animals and
decomposers which are interdependent on each other. As well as non-living
environment is also interdependent.
6. True
7. True
8. True
Match the Columns
Question 1.
Match the Column I with Column II.

Column I Column II

(a) Humus (i) Dark coloured matter

(b) Forests (ii) Protect soil from erosion

(c) Herbivores (iii) Depend on plants for food

(d) Crown (iv) Branchy part of the tree

(e) Soil (v) Helps forests to grow

Question 2.
Match the Columns I with Column II

Column I Column II

(a) Cane (i) Furniture

(b) Eucalyptus (ii) Oil

(c) Coniferous trees (iii) Paper

(d) Rubber tree (iv) Tyres

(e) Babool (v) Gum

Question 3.
Match the Column I with Column II. [NCERT Exemplar]

Column I Column II

(a) Decomposers (i) Microorganisms

(b) Canopy (ii) Branches of tall trees

(c) Porcupine (iii) Wild animal

(d) Humus (iv) Dead plant and animal tissues

(e) Forest (v) Habitats for wildlife