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atomic physics

The document discusses various concepts in photons and atomic physics, including the nature of photons, the photoelectric effect, and atomic models proposed by Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr. It explains key principles such as the work function, the de Broglie wavelength, and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Additionally, it covers laser technology and the transition energy in hydrogen atoms, providing equations and examples related to these topics.

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3 views

atomic physics

The document discusses various concepts in photons and atomic physics, including the nature of photons, the photoelectric effect, and atomic models proposed by Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr. It explains key principles such as the work function, the de Broglie wavelength, and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Additionally, it covers laser technology and the transition energy in hydrogen atoms, providing equations and examples related to these topics.

Uploaded by

teenyouu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHOTONS & ATOMIC PHYSICS

ROSHAN KUMAR SHARMA


IOE PURWANCHAL CAMPUS DHARAN
BE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 2ND YEAR ( UGC SCHOLARS )
PHOTONS
1) The energy of the electromagnetic waves is mainly quantized and emitted
absorbed in packets/bundles of energy are called as photon.
2) All photon travels in vacuum with the speed of light and their velocity
changes in medium due to the change in the wavelength .
3) Each photon has a definite energy as well as momentum .

4) Energy of photon
5) Photon cannot exist at rest so their mass is zero but the kinetic / dynamics
mass of photon
NOTE :

1) Number of emitted photons per second or falling per second is given by :

2) Increase in intensity of the light directly means to be increase in the number


of the photons crossing a given area in the given time .
A MONOCHROMATIC LIGHT OF THE WAVELENGTH
IS USED SUCH THAT OPERATING POWER IS
200W . THE NUMBER OF PHOTONS EMITTED PER SECOND
IS :

Ans : 2
PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT :
1) It was first observed in 1887 AD by Heinrich Hertz .
2) When the electromagnetic radiation of the suitable energy fals on a
metallic surface , electrons are emitted from the metal surface . This
effect is called as photoelectric effect and emitted electrons are
photoelectrons.
3) Most planck explained quantum theory of radiations in 1901 A.D.
4) Albert Einstein verified photoelectric effect in 1901 A.D.
5) Photoelectric effect verifies particle nature of light .
WORK FUNCTION :

1) The minimum energy of the incident photon radiation required to just emit
electron from the metallic surface is defined as the work function .
I.e

2) It is expressed in the electron volt ( eV ).


& are called as threshold frequency and the threshold wavelength
respectively.
THE WORKFUNCTION OF THE SODIUM SURFACE IS 2.7
EV . THE THRESHOLD WAVELENGTH FOR THIS SURFACE IS

Ans : c
EINSTEIN PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION
STOPPING POTENTIAL :

1) The minimum value of the negative potential that should be applied against
the emitted electrons to make the photoelectric current zero.

2) Mathematically :
3) Emitted photoelectrons constitute photocurrent.
THE VELOCITY OF THE EMITTED ELECTRON FROM SODIUM
SURFACE WHEN THE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE INCIDENT
ON IT IS . THE STOPPING POTENTIAL REQUIRED
IS
1) 22.75 V
2) 45.5 V
3) 62.25 V
4) 91 V

Ans : 2 ( )
DE BROGLIE WAVE( MATTER WAVE )

1) A moving principle exhibits both wave and particle nature .


2) Electromagnetic wave ( Light ) shows both wave nature ( interference ,
diffraction , polarization etc. )
3) Louis – victor De – Broglie explained wave-particle duality in 1924
A.D.
DE – BROGLIE WAVE / MATTER IN THE SOME CASES :
Cases Moving Moving Accelerate Gas
particle particle d with V molecules
with with kinetic potential change at
velocity(V) energy T
temperatur
e
De-Broglie
Waveength
THE DEBROGLIE WAVELENGTH OF A NEUTRON OF
THE K.E 150 EV IS
HEINSENBERG UNCERTAINITY PRINCIPLE :
1) It was given by werner Heisenberg in 1927 A.D.
2) It states "It is impossible to measure both the position and momentum of a
particle simultaneously. "
3) If denotes uncertainty in the simuiltaneous measurement of
momentum and position of particle respectively then : .

4) It also holds for the simultaneous measurement of energy and time


& simultaneous measurement of angular momentum and

angular displacement .
THE UNCERTAINTY IN THE MOMENTUM OF A BALL OF
MASS 0.5 KG TRAVELING AT IS OF ITS
MOMENTUM . THE UNCERTAINITY IN ITS POSITION
MEASUREMENT IS

Ans : 4
J.J. THOMSONS ATOMIC MODEL
1) It was given by Joseph John Thomson in 1898 A.D.
2) An atom is solid sphere in which entire positive charge and mass is
uniformly distributed and negative charge ( electron ) is embeded
inside sphere.
3) It is also called plum-pudding model.
4) It explained ionization and neutrality of atom.
5) It could not explain scattering of alpha particles and origin of
spectral lines .
RUTHERFORDS ATOMIC MODEL
1) It was proposed by Ernest Rutherford in 1911 A.D.
2) It is called planetary model of an atom .
3) The conclusion behind this model is based upon scattering of
by gold foil.
4) It could not explain the stability of the atom and the origin of the
line spectrum
RESULTS OF EXPERIMENT :

1) Most of pass through foil undeflected , some of


are deflected by or deflected back.
PROPOSED ATOMIC MODEL

1) Most of the mass and positive charge of an atom is concentrated


in the very small region called as nucleus .
2) The size of the nucleus is of the order of 1 fermi and
it occupies very less volume of total volume of atoms .
3) Electron revolve around maximum empty space around atom in
the same way as planetary motion.
BOHRS ATOMIC MODEL AND ITS POSTULATE
1) It was proposed by Niels Bohr in 1913 A.D.
2) Electron revolve / moves around the nucleus in the circular stable orbit without emitting
radiations called as stationary orbit.
i.e

3) The angular momentum of the electron revolving in the stationary orbits is then quantized
which is equal to the integral multiple of . i.e. n=1,2,3………
4) The nucleus is heavy and mass of the electron in the motion remains constant
.
5) When and electron Jumps from one of the stationary orbit to the another , a
photon is emitted or absorbed with energy equal to difference of the
energies between orbitals i.e
THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM OF AN ELECTRON
REVOLVING IN THE THIRD STATIONARY ORBIT IS

Ans : 4
LASER :

1) Stands for the light amplification by stimulated emission of


radiation.
2) Works on the principle of the stimulated emission of the radiation
3) The state in which excited remains for a long time are metastable
state.
4) The phenomenon of having large number of atoms in the excited
state than ground state is called as population inversion.
5) The process through which population invesion is achieved is
optical pumping.
PARAMAETERS OF BOHRS THEORY OF HYDROGEN\HYDROGEN LIKE ION
∈ .
1) Radius of nth stationary orbit ( )=

2) Velocity of electron in nth stationary orbit( )=

3) Potential energy of electron in nth orbit( )=

4) Kinetic energy of electron in orbit (

5) Total energy of electron in orbit ( )=


 The energy of electron in third excited state of H-atom is
a) -4.53 eV
b) -3.4 eV
c) -1.51 eV
d) -0.85 eV
solution: (d)
 The frequency of revolution of electron in first Bohr orbit of hydrogen is 'f'. The
frequency of revolution electron in third excited Bohr orbit of hydrogen is
a) 27f
b) 64f

Solution:(d)
TRANSTITION ENERGY AND LINE SPECTRUM IN HYDROGEN ATOM
1) When electron in lower energy state absorbs energy, it jumps to higher energy state.
2) The electron in higher energy state emits some energy in form of spectrum and jumps
to lower energy state.

3) Absorbed/emitted energy=
4) Frequency and wavelength of absorbed/emitted spectrum
f= &
EXCITATION & IONIZATION
1) When electron is made to jump from lower to higher energy state , it’s a excitation .

2) Excitation Energy

3) This is equivalent to the energy gained by electron in 'eV' accelerated through


potential V , called as excitation potential .

4) Excitation Potential , volt

5) Excitation of electron from lower energy state ( ) to the highest possible higher
energy state ( ) is Ionization

6) Ionization energy from n1 state eV

7) Ionization Potential(

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