College to

A- L-CR SERIES CIRCUIT

MULICATION
OF a

-eum
* Note since for

L① I
=
V - kV- Vr- source voltage
RMS value
(kms)
-
is written , so

*
Vrms : Vr Un and Bare
a C
, ,
-

>
-
Total
source
voltage CVrms) is the RMS voltages
resistor inductor
This is NOT
across
,
X Vrs Ve + V + V
.
espectively
-..

capacitor
=

and
TRUE as
they
But
>
-
-
all 3. are are not in same *
If source
voltage
direction which will
correct in series ,
is
peak value
(v)
be evident when VR Vand
according
we
unvent through each ,
draw the PHASOR
device is SAME As V will also be
PIAGRAM Ac
peak values of
.

TOTAL CURRENT IN

THE CIRCUIT - voltages .

 = Vrms
ims =

V= Xc
-

here I is called
Impedance of
the a circuit : It is defined
the
to the flor of
current by
opposition
a
as the total
a-
a circuit .

DIAGRAM FOR LCR Seis circuit

#ASOR -

M * we consider
(i zfVz > V
ims X-axis
A
along
in
ImsX >is .
Xc
VL in a series
as

=> X1 > X circuit current

v)
all the
(v -
through
will be
>
components

↓
ius same

* the
angle # is

Ht) ve as it is
measured Anticlockwise
.

v
To
find kms , we use nector addition (ie Illelogram law)

-rsv -
v

VR

Vms =
M(V
Va) -

Consider above shaded D

,

4vn
u

>
=

Umms -ra
im (x x)
-

↑
-

i
VR
=

/R
↓

This s
from ,
i
 to
from
the
mentum A R

ment

and A.C
voltage
Vms leads the iss by acute
angle (6)
we
an
,

IN NATURE
circuit is
conclude that INDUCTIVE -

(Note if Vous leads the ins by ,

Th we
say
circuit is

PURELY INDUCTIVE IN NATURE) .

(i Va > Va M
If here the angle
s Xa >Ims XL ·

dis 7) ve as

=> X-XL
it is measured
.

VL

↑ in CLOCK WISE

Crim
SENSE .

>

*
V

law
Just like above
using parallelogram ,
we

have

-retreat
+
-

(re-V)
Consider above shaded A we have
,
Vi = R
>
-
Yous

* (va -Ve Yms(Xc Xz)

-

v
Ymsz
us =

i
RV

#(x x
-

Zu

that
It is clear from D
,

(0)
X
tan =

in tan P =
-

(Xc
-
-

X)
R

· -
Ht(X-X2
 Have the Ums lags the ins by an
acte
angle ; in

craitis CAPACITIVE
ims leads Vis by P ... we
say
IN .
NATURE )
circuit
Ims leads Vis by My say
:. we

(Note if
is PURELY CAPACITIVE IN NATURE)
.
devies circuit we have
IN A NUTSHELL for LCR ,

following formulae
:

①
Total net voltage (Vms) (iv)
supply roltage
or
or

Ims
② =
Total current in irmit
=
③ z = (x -
x]
XX = Di
circuit
tan
is INDUCTIVE
④

IfXc > X = His 7)ve

 CIRmitis CAPACITIVE .

POWER
INANACIRCUIT
COND

D >
- Pav = Kms Ims .
cos
TRUE POWER
.
here Par =< P) is CALLED

It is the comer
I
consumed or used or
discipated
hia
-c
the
a
.

power
. This is
in the circuit
N

APPARENT POWER
ims
.

Vrms
The
quantity
=

>
- ·

a-circuit
to the
It is the
power supplied
vanit
>
- cos0 =
It is called the powerfactor i
of
Remember had drawn the D .

, we

(x-x
 It's
of the power supplied
b the

in the
circuit which is concurred or
discipated
ac .
urmit .

of usO is
rucial in on
the
2) Thus value
very
A-cvircuit .

resistive in
in 0 00 (ctis
G3c0s0 1
.
nature)
=
=

Paw (App
True power o cos

power
=
=

=> There
power (Apparent power =

=> Power consumed Power supplied =

>
-
If 00
=
0 in D =
#2 (ct is PURELY CAPACITIVE

OR PURELY INDUCTIVE)
.
True
power
=
(AppPower) (0)
 But true
Apppower
o
=>
-0
=

,
power
Posses not consumed but stored
supplied
is
:

in the
field (in pur Capacitor
or
in the electric
in the form of potential
/in
magnetic fieldCr pure Inductor)
Energy (int or Lit)
either
= (det
is

If
>
-
2011 for eg if us ONLY CAPACITIVE

4
=> =
= T (60) .
OR
INDUCTIVE) .

The True
power
=
(Apparent power) (2)
consumed by the
=> half of power suppliedis
isuit and the

remaining half is stored potential Energy

as

in the (electric or
magnetic field)
↑
 This entF F

part
3) for an a c
1) ENT
"covledpoNEN
circuit
, phasor
diagram is

as shown

Thus ,

=
urrent
of &

mig COMPONENT
= WATTLESS
OF CURRENT
(4 a
=
Vans
is
cos
(ims ims. cost

#
Pav
( was
= .

= Vans .

= ims
.z
=

v.
#
has inductance and
3) EVERY INDUCTOR (SOLENOID)
to the wine used to make
well as resistance due

them
.

PRACTICAL INDUCTOR will have SOME

Thus
every viewed
or inductor be as

RESISTANCE
can

every
and LR ircuit
series .
 ( , 2)
PRACTICAL INDUCTOR :
Need

of
L
~
Asw
COIL ?
What is Choke
a

A chobe wil is a
wil in which
-
COLL :
OF CHORE
ATLANT AGES
① of chobe wil is
Impedance
: as
(x1 x 2)
used
or REGULATE Ac current we
: TO CONTROL

E
X 2TfL
ims
Kusxz
=

as
chobe voil as =

3
-

I've length of
By varying
'L' and
solenoid the : XL
vary
we can
,
and in term the Impedance (2)
. Thes we
 can control the "viment .

chote Coil , its

untol cument using
② As we
the
power factor (up)
=
Easx y >

=
=

+X
*

=>
cost is
very
small
This implies the supplied
praction of power
with

be small conserved is small

.
power
or

that current can be

Thus we can
say
are

chobe wil with minimum

controlled
easily using
a

power consumption or
dissipation .

stations generating electricity, transmit

6) Power
Ac
voltages using a
step up transformer ,
so

high voltage (far

have
ideal
that we
very
transformer is no
power
losses in P = V i
.
=
content)
 lower the current which in
higher the voltage ,

turn reduces the Leat loss (msR) in the

transmission .
wires
Once it reaches the local
sub-station near the consumer it is now

240V
.
down to the normal Vous of
stepped