Template for Examples in the Definition Documents of

the CRMbase and the CRM extensions.

General
Examples of a class or a property are produced as a list of bullet points.
Each example should describe a particular instance of a class or property, such as “the Battle of
Stalingrad (Hoyt, 1993)”. If a whole type or class is taken as example, it should be part of the
scope note, such as “…such as the building of a settlement or a war…” in the scope note of E7, and
not in the examples.
Each example should read as a form of natural language with some restrictions as explained in the
“Description” sections for Classes and Properties below.
In examples, more information and context about the described instance can be provided using a
phrase in square brackets. This is often found at the end of the example unless a lengthy explanation
is required in which case it can be provided before the example.
The example bullet point list can be interrupted when contextual information is required for a group
of related examples by including more text in square brackets before the group of examples.
Each example should include a bibliographical reference using the Harvard in-text citation
guidelines (https://www.citethisforme.com/harvard-referencing#harvard-in-text-citations), if it is
not a commonly known fact. In particular, it should be not assumed that all cultures using the CRM
have the same historical background knowledge. Fictitious examples are not preferred, but should
be marked as such.
The use of quotation marks follows the convention described in FRBRoo (section 2.4 Presentation
Conventions). Single quotation marks should be used for all instances of the class E41 Appellation
and its subclasses as well as the class E90 Symbolic Object. Double quotation marks are used for
informal names or terms. Nested quotes should be avoided.

Styles
This document includes the following styles which can be used to format examples in popular text
editing software:
CRM Example: paragraph style to apply to all example text. This is defined as 3.2cm left indent,
left-aligned, single line spacing.
CRM Example Bullet: list style to apply to bulleted example items. This is defined as small square
bullet (OpenSymbol font: U+E579).
CRM Example Property: character style to apply to property labels in property examples. This is
defined as italics.
Classes
Description:
A class example should form a complete noun phrase specific enough so that the reader
understands it as identifying a particular instance, such as “the first casting of the Little Mermaid
from the harbour of Copenhagen (Dewey, 2003)”. In the simplest case it may be just a unique
name, such as “The Domesday Book”. If the example is an instance of a more specific class than
the one under which it is listed, the noun phrase is followed by the class identifier (“E-number”) in
parentheses, such as “the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5)”. This is not the case for examples
belonging to the class under which they are listed. In cases of multiple instantiation all class
identifiers should be included separated by commas regardless of whether the example belongs to a
more specific class than the one under which it is listed, for example “the destruction of Nineveh
(E6, E7) (River, 2016)”.
Class examples should start with a lowercase letter (unless the word requires a capital such as a
name) and end without punctuation.

Annotated templates:
Examples (from E2):
 Bronze Age (E4) (Childe, 1963)
 the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5) (Chester, 2001)
 the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 – 1946
(E3) (Maddox, 2015)

Examples (from E12 Production):

 the construction of the SS Great Britain (Gregor, 1971)
 the first casting of the Little Mermaid from the harbour of Copenhagen
(Dewey, 2003)
 Rembrandt’s creating of the seventh state of his etching ‘Woman sitting half
dressed beside a stove’, 1658, identified by Bartsch Number 197 (E12, E65,
E81) [multiple instantiation example] (Hind, 1923)
Examples (from E3):
 the state of the ’Amber Room’ in Tsarskoje Selo from summer 2003 until now
[of type ‘reconstructed’] (Owen, 2009)
 the state of Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg from 1944 to 1946 [of type
‘ruined’] (Maddox, 2015)
 the state of my turkey in the oven at 14:30 on 25 December, 2002 [of type
‘still not cooked’]
 the topography of the leaves of Sinai Printed Book 3234.2361 on the 10th of
July 2007 [of type ‘cockled’]
Examples (from E16):
 the measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on the 31st of August 1997
 the carbon 14 dating of the ‘Schoeninger Speer II’ in 1996 [an about 400.000
years old Palaeolithic complete wooden spear found in Schoeningen,
Niedersachsen, Germany in 1995] (Kouwenhoven, 1997)
 the measurement of the pixel size of the jpeg version of Titian’s painting
Bacchus and Ariadne from 1520–3, as downloaded from the National Gallery
 in London’s web page <https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/titian-
bacchus-and-ariadne> [the size was found to be 581600 pixels]
 the counting of the words of the scope note of E21 Person in the Definition of
the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model Version 5.0.4 as downloaded from
<http://www.cidoc-crm.org/sites/default/files/cidoc_crm_version_5.0.4.pdf>
[the word count found to consist of 77 words]
Examples (from E28):
 Beethoven’s ’Ode an die Freude’ (Ode to Joy) (E73) (Kershaw, 1999)
 the definition of ‘ontology’ in the Oxford English Dictionary (E73)
 the knowledge about the victory at Marathon carried by the famous runner
(E89)
[In the following examples we illustrate the distinction between a propositional
object, its names and its encoded forms. The Maxwell equations are a good
example, because they belong to the fundamental laws of physics and their
mathematical content yields identical, unambiguous results regardless
formulation and encoding.]
 ‘Maxwell equations’ (E41) [Τhis is the preferred subject access point from
LCSH as described here: <http://lccn.loc.gov/sh85082387>. This is only the
name for the Maxwell equations as standardized by the Library of Congress
and NOT the equations themselves.] (LOC, 2012)
 ‘Equations, Maxwell’ (E41) [Τhis is a variant subject access point, which is
another name for the equation standardized by the Library of Congress and
not the equations themselves.]
 Maxwell's equations (E89) [Τhis is the propositional content of the equations
proper, independent of any particular notation or mathematical formalism.]
 the encoding of Maxwells equations as in
<https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Maxwell [6]'s
Equations.svg/500px-Maxwell'sEquations.svg.png> (E73) [ This is one
possible symbolic encoding of the propositional content of the equations.]

Properties
Description:
A property example should form a complete subject – verb – object phrase, where the label of the
exemplified property plays the role of a “pseudoverb”, written in italics, such as “The Battle of
Waterloo (E7) had participant Napoleon (E21)”, and subject and object are again noun phrases for
the respective instances of domain and range of the property, annotated with their class identifier
(“E-number”). If it is better for style and comprehension, the inverse reading and inverse label of
the property may be used, such as “Napoleon (E21) participated in the Battle of Waterloo (E7)”.
For property examples, sentence capitalisation and punctuation should be used.
When properties of properties are demonstrated (e.g. .1 properties) the preposition ‘with’ should be
used. When more than one properties are required for the contextual information within the square
brackets, then these are delimited with a comma. When chains of instances and properties are
included in the contextual information within the square brackets, relative pronouns such as ‘which’
should be used to clarify the corresponding domains and ranges.
Annotated templates:
Examples (from P1):
 The capital of Italy (E53) is identified by ‘Rome’ (E41).
 The text 25014–32 (E33) is identified by ‘The Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire’ (E35).
Examples (from P3):
 The coffee mug – OXCMS:1983.1.1 (E19) has note ‘chipped at edge of
handle’ (E62) which has type Condition (E55).
Examples (from P40):
 On the 31st of August 1997 the measurement of the height of silver cup 232
(E16) observed dimension silver cup 232 height (E54). [which has unit (P91)
mm (E58) and has value (P90) 224 (E60)].
Examples (from P62):
 the painting ‘La Liberté guidant le peuple’ by Eugène Delacroix (E22) depicts
the French ‘July Revolution’ of 1830 (E7).
 The 20 pence coin held by the Department of Coins and Medals of the British
Museum under registration number 2006,1101.126 (E24) depicts Queen
Elizabeth II (E21) with mode of depiction Profile (E55).