1

BASI
CWORKSHOPTECHNOLOGY&PRACTI
CE(
MEC113)LECTURENOTE

SAFETY
Al
ltool
sar
edanger
ousi
fusedi
mpr
oper
lyorcar
elessl
y.Wor
kingsaf
elyi
sthef
ir
stt
hing
t
he

St
udentshoul
dlear
nbecauset
hesaf
ewayi
sthecor
rectway
.Mostoft
hesaf
ety
pr
act
icesment
ionedi
nthi
ssect
ionar
egener
ali
nnat
ure.Al
mostev
ery
onewor
kingi
na
f
act
ory
/wor
kshophasatsomest
agei
nhi
s/hercar
eersuf
fer
edani
njur
yrequi
ri
ngsome
ki
ndoft
reat
mentorf
ir
stai
d.I
tmayhav
ebeenacutf
ingerorsomet
hingmor
eser
ious.
Thecausemayhav
ebeencar
elessnessbyt
hev
ict
im oracol
l
eague,def
ect
ivesaf
ety
equi
pment
,notusi
ngt
hesaf
etyequi
pmentpr
ovi
ded.Fort
hatr
easony
oumustl
ear
nto
wor
ksaf
ely
,yourwor
kpl
acewi
l
lhav
eit
sownsaf
etyr
ules,soobeyt
hem atal
lti
mes.
Aski
fyou don’
tunder
stand anyi
nst
ruct
ion and do r
epor
tany
thi
ng whi
ch seems
danger
ous,
damagedorf
aul
ty.

Saf
etyi
sthest
ateofbei
ngsaf
e,t
hecondi
ti
onofbei
ngpr
otect
edf
rom har
m orot
her
non-
desi
rabl
eoutcomes.Saf
etycanal
sober
efer
redt
oast
hecont
rolofr
ecogni
zed
hazar
dsi
nor
dert
oachi
eveanaccept
abl
elev
elofr
isk.

Saf
etypr
ecaut
ionsf
orspeci
fi
ctool
sand machi
nesar
edescr
ibed i
n det
aili
nthe
chapt
ersal
ongwi
tht
hedescr
ipt
ionoft
heequi
pment
.St
udyt
hesecar
eful
l
yandbeon
t
heal
ertt
oappl
ythem.

Basi
csSaf
etyPr
ecaut
ion
1.Al
way
sli
stencar
eful
l
ytot
het
eacherandf
oll
owi
nst
ruct
ions.

2.Donotr
uni
nthewor
kshop,
youcoul
dcauseanacci
dent
.

3.Knowwher
etheemer
gencyst
opbut
tonsar
eposi
ti
onedi
nthewor
kshop.

4.Al
way
swearanapr
onasi
twi
l
lpr
otecty
ourcl
othesandhol
dloosecl
othi
ngsuchas

t
iesi
npl
ace.

2
5.Weargoodst
rongshoes.Tr
aini
ngshoesar
enotsui
tabl
e.

6.Whenat
tempt
ingpr
act
ical
wor
kal
lst
ool
sshoul
dbeputaway
.

7.Bagsshoul
dnotbebr
oughti
ntoawor
kshopaspeopl
ecant
ri
pov
ert
hem.

8.Whenl
ear
ninghowt
ouseamachi
ne,
li
stenv
erycar
eful
l
ytoal
lthei
nst
ruct
ions

gi
venbyt
het
eacher
.Askquest
ions,
ify
oudonotunder
stand.

9.Donotuseamachi
nei
fyouhav
enotbeenshownhowt
ooper
atei
tsaf
ely
.

10.Al
way
sbepat
ient
,nev
err
ushi
nthewor
kshop.

11.Al
way
suseaguar
dwhenwor
kingonamachi
ne.

12.Keephandsawayf
rom mov
ing/
rot
ati
ngmachi
ner
y.

13.Usehandt
ool
scar
eful
l
y,keepi
ngbot
hhandsbehi
ndt
hecut
ti
ngedge.

14.Repor
tanydamaget
omachi
nes/
equi
pmentast
hiscoul
dcauseanacci
dent
.

3
Per
sonalPr
otect
iveEqui
pment
Per
sonalpr
otect
iveequi
pment(
PPE)i
ncl
udesal
lty
pesofequi
pmentusedt
oincr
ease
i
ndi
vi
dualsaf
etywhi
l
eper
for
mingpot
ent
ial
l
yhazar
doust
asks.Thi
smayi
ncl
udesaf
ety
gl
asses,har
dhat
s,gl
oves,l
abcoat
s,r
espi
rat
ors,oranyequi
pmentusedt
opr
otect
agai
nsti
njur
yori
l
lness.

Ey
ePr
otect
ion
Ey
epr
otect
ioni
srequi
redwhent
her
eisapossi
bil
i
tyofi
njur
yfr
om chemi
cal
sorf
lyi
ng
par
ti
cles.Exampl
esofoper
ati
onr
equi
ri
ngt
heuseofey
epr
otect
ioni
ncl
ude,
butar
enot
l
i
mit
edt
o:

Chi
ppi
ng,
gri
ndi
ng,
andi
mpactdr
il
li
ng.
Wel
dingorhel
pingi
nwel
dingofanyt
ype.
Ri
vet
ing,
gri
ndi
ng,
orbur
ningmet
als.

4
 FootPr
otect
ion
Non-
ski
dshoesshal
lbewor
nwher
efl
oor
smaybewetorgr
easy
.Wher
ether
eis
r
easonabl
epr
obabi
l
ityoff
ootort
oei
njur
yfr
om i
mpactandcompr
essi
onf
orces,
saf
ety
f
oot
wearshal
lbewor
n.

BodyPr
otect
ion
Loosef
it
ti
ngcl
othi
ng,neckt
ies,r
ings,br
acel
ets,orot
herappar
elt
hatmaybecome
ent
angl
edi
nmov
ingmachi
ner
ywi
l
lnotbewor
nbymachi
neoper
ator
sort
hei
rhel
per
s.

HandPr
otect
ion
Mul
ti
-usegl
ovesshal
lbewor
ntopr
otectt
hehandsf
rom i
njur
iescausedbyhandl
i
ng
shar
porj
aggedobj
ect
s,wood,
orsi
mil
arhazar
d-pr
oduci
ngmat
eri
als.

HeadPr
otect
ion
Har
dhat
sshal
lbewor
nbyal
lper
sonnelwor
kingbel
ow ot
herwor
ker
sandi
nar
eas
wher
eshar
ppr
oject
ionsorot
herheadhazar
dsexi
st.

Hear
ingPr
otect
ion

5
Appr
opr
iat
e hear
ing pr
otect
ion shal
lbe used wher
e empl
oyees ar
ein desi
gnat
ed
hazar
dousnoi
sear
easwi
thoper
ati
ngnoi
sesour
ces,
orusi
ngt
ool
sorequi
pmentwhi
ch
ar
elabel
edashazar
dousnoi
sepr
oducer
s.

MEASURI
NGANDI
TSI
NSTRUMENTS
Measur
ingr
efer
sthepr
act
iceoft
ransf
err
ingdesi
gnedorr
equi
reddi
mensi
onst
oawor
k
pi
ece,
iti
s

set
ti
ng orconf
ir
ming t
hata pi
ece sat
isf
ies t
he speci
fi
ed di
mensi
on.Engi
neer
ing
pr
act
iceand

pr
oduct
ions make use ofspeci
fi
c di
mensi
ons,whi
ch mustbe adher
ed t
o.Easy
assembl
yof

machi
nedpar
tsandi
tspr
oduct
iont
oachi
eveadesi
gnedpr
ojectr
equi
ret
hatpar
tsmust
sat
isf
ythe

desi
gneddi
mensi
on,whi
chi
sdonet
hroughmeasur
ement
.Inst
rument
sar
eusedi
nthe
pr
act
iceof

measur
ing t
o check,setdi
mensi
ons,det
ecti
naccur
aci
es and el
i
minat
e def
ect
s.
Gener
all
yspeaki
ng,

ameasur
ingi
nst
rumenti
sadev
icef
ormeasur
ingphy
sicalquant
it
iesl
i
kel
engt
h,mass,
t
ime,
area,

t
emper
atur
eet
c.Thei
rappl
i
cat
ionorf
unct
ional
i
tyi
smul
ti
facet
ed,somear
eadj
ust
abl
e
andot
her
s

nonadj
ust
abl
e.Some oft
hese measur
ing i
nst
rument
sincl
ude butnotl
i
mit
ed t
o;
Mi
cromet
er,

Ver
nierscal
e,St
eelr
ule,Cal
i
per
s,di
vi
der
s,mi
cromet
erscr
ewgauge,dept
hgaugeused

6
i
n

measur
ingt
hedept
hofabl
i
ndhol
e,hei
ghtofshoul
der
sinhol
es,
groov
eset
c.

Mi
cromet
er
TheMi
cromet
erscr
ew gaugei
ssl
i
ght
lydi
ff
erentf
rom t
heout
sidemi
cromet
eri
nthat
t
hespi
ndl
eispoi
ntedandt
heanv
ilendhast
hef
orm oft
hescr
ewt
obemeasur
ed.They
ar
eusedt
omeasur
e

t
hescr
ewt
hreadpi
tchdi
amet
ert
o0.
01accur
acy
.Themi
cromet
eri
ssocal
l
edbecause
i
tusesa

cal
i
brat
edscr
ew i
nit
swor
kingoper
ati
onf
orpr
eci
semeasur
ement
s.Theaccur
acyof
t
hemi
cromet
erscr
ew gaugei
s0.
01andcoul
dbeupt
o 0.
001.Thi
sisv
eryhi
gh
accur
acycompar
edt
o

t
heVer
niercal
i
per
,whi
chhasaccur
acyof0.
02.Mostoft
heengi
neer
ingwor
kshav
eto
r
equi
re

mor
epr
ecessi
on.Somi
cromet
erscr
ew gaugeof
tent
imesr
efer
redt
oast
hescr
ew
gaugei
sthe

sui
tabl
einst
rumentt
hatachi
evessuchr
equi
redaccur
acy
.Mi
cromet
erPi
tchi
sdef
ined
as"
the

di
stance on t
he l
i
nearscal
ethr
ough whi
ch t
he ci
rcul
arscal
e mov
es dur
ing one
r
evol
uti
on,
eit
her

cl
ockwi
seorant
icl
ockwi
se

7
 Scr
ewt
hreadmi
cromet
er out
sidemi
cromet
er

Feat
uresofMi
cromet
erScr
ewgauge
i
.U-
shapedst
eel
frame
i
i
.Int
erchangeabl
eAnv
ilandspi
ndl
e
i
i
i.LockNutorspi
ndl
enut
i
v.Sl
eev
eorBar
rel
v
.Thi
mbl
e
v
i.Rat
chetorf
ri
cti
onst
op
Leastcount= spi
ndl
escr
ewpi
tch =0.
5 0.
01mm
Numberofdi
vi
sionsont
het
himbl
e 50
Scr
ewGaugeWor
kingPr
inci
ple
Theworkingpr
inci
pleoft
heMi
cromet
eri
sbasedonscr
ewandnut(
Rot
ati
onalmoment
tol
inear
moment
),ast
hescr
ewr
otat
esoner
evol
uti
oni
tmov
esl
i
near
lybyonepi
tchdi
stance.

8
Readi
ngt
heMi
cromet
er
i
.Sel
ectt
hesui
tabl
emi
cromet
ersi
zedependi
ngont
hesi
zeoft
hewor
kpi
ece.(Usual
l
y,
t
hemeasur
ingr
angesar
efr
om 0t
o25mm,25t
o50mm,125t
o150mm,upt
o575t
o
600mm ar
eav
ail
abl
e.)

i
i
.Checkt
hezer
oer
ror

i
i
i.Pl
acet
heObj
ecti
nbet
weent
het
womeasur
ingf
acesandr
otat
ethet
himbl
etomake
t
hespi
ndl
etouchest
hewor
kpi
ece.Rot
ateunt
ilwhenr
atchetst
art
ssl
i
ppi
ngov
ert
he
t
himbl
e.

i
v.Nowt
aket
her
eadi
ngont
hemai
nscal
e(scal
eont
hesl
eev
e)l
et’
ssayi
tis18.
00mm

v
.Taket
het
himbl
ereadi
ngbywher
ethet
himbl
ecoi
nci
deswi
tht
her
efer
encel
i
neon
t
hesl
eev
eormai
nscal
eforex
ampl
e,i
tcoi
nci
deswi
tht
hemai
nscal
eatt
he21st
di
vi
sion.

TheMi
cromet
err
eadi
ng=mai
nscal
ereadi
ng+L.
CxReadi
ngoft
himbl
e=18.
00+(
0.01
x21)=18.
21mm

Er
ror
sofmi
cromet
er

Whenbot
hendsoft
heanv
ilandspi
ndl
eoft
hescr
ewgauget
oucheachot
heri
nsucha
wayt
hezer
oesofbot
hci
rcul
arscal
eandmai
nscal
eexact
lyov
erl
apeachot
her
,then
t
her
eisnoer
ror
.Ot
her
wise,t
hei
nst
rument
shasaner
rorcal
l
edzer
oer
ror
.Zer
oer
ror
canbenegat
iveorposi
ti
ve.

I
fthezer
ooft
heci
rcul
arscal
eabov
ether
efer
encel
i
ne,t
hener
rori
snegat
ive.Sozer
o
cor
rect
ion

wi
l
lbeposi
ti
ve.I
fthezer
oofci
rcul
arscal
eisbel
owt
her
efer
encel
i
neori
ndexl
i
net
hen
zer
oer
ror

wi
l
lbeposi
ti
ve.Sozer
ocor
rect
ionwi
l
lbeposi
ti
ve.

9
Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofMi
cromet
erScr
ewGauge
i
.Out
sideMi
cromet
er
i
i
.Insi
deMi
cromet
er
i
i
i.Scr
ewt
hreadMi
cromet
er
i
v.Dept
hgaugeMi
cromet
er
i
)Insi
deMi
cromet
er
Thishasthesamepr
inci
plei
nmeasur
ementwi
tht
heout
sidemi
cromet
erbutno
thi
mble,
anvi
lor
f
ramet
hebar
reli
smadeof13mm l
ongscal
ewi
tha0.
5mm pi
tch.I
tpr
imar
il
yconsi
stof
t
he
Micrometeruni
t(sl
eev
eandt
himbl
e),t
hehandl
e,t
heext
ensi
onr
odandt
hespaci
ng
col
lar.The
0.
5thi
mbl
ehasa50numberdi
vi
sion.I
tusest
heext
remesf
ormeasur
ement
.The
i
nst
rumenti
spl
acedi
nsi
det
hewor
kpi
ecet
obemeasur
edandt
het
himbl
eadv
ancedor
wi
thdr
awnsot
hatt
heendst
ouchest
hedi
mensi
ont
obemeasur
ed

Forwideorhi
gherr
angeofdi
mensi
onst
hei
nsi
demi
cromet
eri
sused al
ongsi
de
ext
ensi
onr
ods

10
i
i
)Dept
hMi
cromet
er
Thedept
hmicr
omet
erhassamepr
inci
plewi
tht
heout
sidemi
cromet
erbutwi
thabased
spi
ndl
efor
taki
ngther
eadi
ngofhol
es,dept
hsandr
ecesses.Thesl
eev
eofmi
cromet
erdept
h
gaugei
s
gr
aduatedi
nrev
ersef
orm;9,
8,7,
6…t
hati
sthesl
eev
ezer
olapsewi
tht
het
himbl
ezer
o
whenthe
i
nst
rumentisf
ull
yopenandast
hesl
eev
elengt
hreducesdur
ingmeasur
inggr
aduat
ion
i
ncr
eases.
Thesleevezer
oli
neshoul
dli
neupwi
tht
hezer
oont
het
himbl
escal
e.I
ftheyar
enot
al
igned,
posi
ti
onthet
ipoft
hecal
i
brat
ionwr
enchi
nthecal
i
brat
ionwr
enchhol
eont
hesl
eev
e
androt
ate
t
hesl
eev
etoachi
eveal
i
gnmentwi
tht
het
himbl
e.Tomakeanact
ual
measur
ement
,
f
ir
stchoosethemeasur
ementr
odort
hespi
ndl
esui
tabl
efort
hedept
htobemeasur
ed
f
rom t
hesix
i
nterchangeabl
eext
ensi
onr
odssuppl
i
edwi
tht
hegauge.Cl
eant
hemount
ingsur
faces
ofthespindl
e
orthemeasur
ementr
odandt
her
od-
recei
vi
ngshaf
t.I
nser
tandr
otat
ethemeasur
ement
rodint
othe
r
od-recei
vi
ngshaf
ttoseati
tcompl
etel
y.Ensur
ethatt
heheadormi
cromet
erbasei
s
f
lushonthe
t
opref
erencesur
face.Oncet
hespi
ndl
eort
hemeasur
ementr
odt
ouchest
hebaseof
t
heworkpiece
tobemeasur
edhol
dthebasef
ir
mlyont
her
efer
encesur
face,
rot
atet
het
himbl
erat
chet
clockwi
se
unt
ili
t“cl
i
cks”t
hreet
imes.Readt
hedept
hmeasur
ement
.

11
Pr
inci
pleandConst
ruct
ionofVer
nierCal
iper
s.
Ver
nierCal
i
peri
sadev
icewhi
chi
susedt
omeasur
esmal
llengt
hsordi
stancesuchas
di
ameterof
acy
li
nderorspher
e.I
tisapr
eci
sionmeasur
ementi
nst
rumentusedt
omeasur
ebot
h
i
nter
nalandext
ernaldi
amet
erst
oanaccur
acyof0.
02mm ashi
ntedear
li
erwi
tht
hehel
p
ofVer
niercal
i
perwe

cancal
cul
atecor
rect
lyupt
o1/
1000t
hofcent
imet
eror0.
1mm.AVer
niercal
i
perconsi
st
ofa

12
rect
angul
arst
eelbarwhoseonesi
dei
sgr
aduat
edi
ncent
imet
ers.Thewor
kingpr
inci
ple
ofVerni
er
cal
iper
sbasedi
tsmeasur
ementaccur
acyont
heuseoft
woscal
essl
i
ght
lydi
ff
erenti
n
si
ze.Oneof
thescal
eist
hemai
nscal
eengr
avedi
nther
ect
angul
arf
rameorbeam oft
hei
nst
rument
andthe
ot
heristheVerni
erscal
esl
i
dingal
ongt
hemai
nscal
e.I
tisasubsi
diar
yscal
ethat
i
ndicat
eswher
e
t
hemeasur
ementl
i
esi
nbet
weent
wooft
hegr
aduat
ionsont
hemai
nscal
e.
TheVerni
erscal
eisconst
ruct
edsot
hati
tisspacedataconst
antf
ract
ionoft
hef
ixed
mainscal
e.
Sof oradeci
malmeasur
ingdev
iceeachmar
kont
heVer
nieri
sspacedni
net
ent
hsof
thoseonthe
mai
nscale.I
fyouputt
het
woscal
est
oget
herwi
thzer
opoi
ntsal
i
gned,
thef
ir
stmar
kon
t
heVer
nier
scal
eisonet
ent
hshor
toft
hef
ir
stmai
nscal
emar
k,t
hesecondt
wot
ent
hsshor
t,and
soonupto
theni
nthmar
k—whi
chi
smi
sal
i
gnedbyni
net
ent
hs.Onl
ywhenaf
ullt
enmar
ksar
e
count
edis
ther
eali
gnment
,becauset
het
ent
hmar
kist
ent
ent
hs—awhol
emai
nscal
euni
tshor
t,
andther
efor
e
al
i
gnswi
tht
heni
nthmar
kont
hemai
nscal
e
a)Wor
kingpr
inci
pleofVer
nierScal
e
Thedif
fer
encebet
weent
hev
alueofonemai
nscal
edi
vi
sionandt
henumberofVer
nier
scal
e
di
vi
sioni
sknownas
i
)Leastcountoft
heVer
nier
.Iti
sal
soknownasVer
nierconst
ant
.
Mathemat
ical
l
yequal
sto= smal
l
estdi
vi
sionont
hemai
nscal
e = 0.
5=
0.
02
Numberofdi
vi
sionont
heVer
nierscal
e 25

13
Thest
eelr
ule
Thest
eelrul
eist
hemostcommonandsi
mpl
enon-
preci
sionmeasur
ingi
nst
rument
.
150mm or
300mm steelr
ulet
ypesar
ecommoni
nused.Thest
eelr
ulesi
desar
emachi
nedt
rue
andshoul
dnot
be used t
o scratch orscr
ew any
thi
ng.Measur
ementar
e si
mpl
eread of
fon t
he
gr
aduatedsides.The
si
desaregr
aduat
edi
ncent
imet
ersandi
nches.Thest
eelr
ulei
saf
latf
inemachi
ner
ule
usedf
or
l
inearmeasur
ement
.Iti
smadeofhi
ghcor
rosi
ver
esi
stantst
eel
.Ingener
al,
ameasur
ing
devi
ceis
consider
edaccurat
etot
hesmal
l
estgr
aduat
ion.Soast
eelr
ulet
hati
sgr
aduat
edt
o
1/64"isaccur
ate
t
oabout0.
015.

14
 MARKI
NGOUTTOOLS
Togetadesi
gneddi
mensi
onorcutmat
eri
alt
osi
zei
na wor
krequi
rei
nst
rument
s
knownas
mar
kingoutt
ool
s.Commonmar
kingoutt
ool
sincl
udes:
scr
iber
s,punches,
trysquar
es,
combi
nati
onset
s,sur
facegauges,angl
epl
ates,spr
ingdi
vi
der
s-uset
odr
aw anar
cor
markouta
di
stancefr
om at
wopoi
ntset
c.Thet
rammeli
sal
soamar
kingoutt
oolt
hatconsi
stofa
barandtwo
mov
abl
eheadsusedt
odr
awanar
cthatar
eoutt
hel
i
mitoft
hedi
vi
der
s.
a)Thet
rysquar
eal
soknownast
heEngi
neer
’ssquar
e
Trysquar
econsi
stsofast
eel
bladef
it
tedi
ntoast
eel
stockofr
ect
angul
arcr
oss-
sect
ion.
Theyare
wel
lhar
denedandt
emper
edt
osui
ttheneed.Bot
hinnerandout
ersur
faceoft
hebl
ade
ar
ekept
t
rul
yatr
ightangl
est
othecor
respondi
ngsur
facesoft
hest
ock.Thet
rysquar
eisusedi
n
wood
worki
ngformar
kingandmeasur
ingapi
eceofwood.Thesquar
eref
erst
othet
ool
'
s
pr
imaryuse
ofmeasuri
ngtheaccur
acyofar
ightangl
e(900)
;tot
ryasur
facei
stochecki
ts
st
rai
ght
nessor
cor
respondenceto anadj
oini
ngsur
face.A combi
nat
ionsquar
eisat
oolused f
or
mult
ipl
epurposes
i
nwoodwor
king,st
onemasonr
yandmet
alwor
king.I
tiscomposedofar
ulerandoneor
mor
e
i
nter
changeabl
eheadst
hatmaybe af
fi
xed t
oit
.Themostcommon head i
sthe
st
andardorsquar
e

15
headwhi
chi
susedt
olayoutorcheckr
ightand45°angl
es.

b)Bev
elGauge
Wheneverangl
esot
hert
hanr
ightangl
esar
erequi
redt
obesetandmar
ked,
sli
dingbev
el
squar
eor

16
bevelgaugeisused.I
tconsi
stsofast
eelst
ockofr
ect
angul
arcr
oss-
sect
ioncar
ryi
nga
sl
ottedsteel
bl
adeati
tsend.Thi
sbl
adecanbemadet
osl
i
de,setatanydesi
redangl
eandsecur
ed
i
nthat
posi
ti
onbymeansofascr
ewandmeasur
ementt
aken.

c)Si
mpl
eScr
iber
Si
mplescriberi
sar
oundhar
denedshar
ppoi
ntedst
eelpi
eceofabout3t
o5mm i
n
di
ameterand
150to300mm l
ong.Oneshar
ppoi
ntedendi
sbentandusedt
oscr
ibei
nahol
eorpl
ace
di
ff
icul
t
f
ort
hest
rai
ghtpoi
nted.

17
d)Cal
i
per
s
Cal
iper
s are used t
oget
herwi
th a cal
i
brat
ed i
nst
rumentt
otr
ansf
erand conf
ir
m
di
mensions.There
areout
sidecal
i
per
s,spr
ingt
ypecal
i
per
s,i
nsi
decal
i
per
sanddualpur
posecal
i
per
s
knownas
Hermaphrodi
teoroddl
egcal
i
per
s.I
nsi
de,
out
side,
transf
erandspr
ingt
ypecal
i
per
sar
e
usedwit
h
steelr
ulet
oreadof
fmeasur
ement
.Theoddl
egcal
i
per
sar
emai
nlyusedf
ormar
king
outli
nes
paral
lelt
otheedgeoft
hewor
kandf
orl
ocat
ingt
hecent
ersofacy
li
ndr
icalwor
k.
Div
iderswhi
ch
maybespr
ingt
ypeorf
ir
mjoi
ntt
ype.Di
vi
der
sar
eusedi
nmar
kingoutcur
vesandci
rcl
es,
t
ransf
err
ingdi
mensi
onsandgener
all
ayoutwor
k

Cal
i
per
s

e)Punches
Thi
sisoneoft
hebenchwor
ktool
susedi
nmar
kingout
.Thepunchi
susedi
ndr
il
li
ng
oper
ati
onst
osetoutt
hecent
eroft
hewor
kpi
ecet
obedr
il
l.I
tismadeofabout10mm
18
oct
agonalcastst
eelt
hati
s100mm l
ong.Thebodyi
sknur
ledf
oreasygr
ippi
ngwi
tht
he
endonepoi
ntedendgr
oundt
oadesi
gnedangl
eof600,
900et
c.dependi
ngont
het
ype.
Thepunchesi
sal
sousedf
ormar
kingout

endsofawor
kpi
ecet
obecent
eredf
ort
urni
ngi
nal
athemachi
neandcent
ersofci
rcl
es
orl
i
nest
o

bedr
awnbyt
hedi
vi
de.

19
 CUTTI
NGTOOLS
Desi
redl
engt
hsofwoods,barst
ocks,r
ods,t
ubes,i
ronf
lat
sandmet
alsheet
s,et
c.ar
e
al
ways
requi
redtobecuti
nawor
kshopt
opr
oducedi
mensi
onedpar
tsf
ormanuf
act
uri
ng
product
s.The
oper
ati
on ofcut
ti
ng t
hese wor
kpi
ece t
o si
zes ar
e done usi
ng v
ari
ous t
ypes of
i
nstr
uments,
someof
whi
char
eli
stedbel
ow:
a)Saws
Sawsareusedtocutapi
eceofwoodi
ntodesi
gnedshapesandt
ocutof
funwant
ed
par
ts.I
tcomes
i
nv ar
ioust
ypesandshapessuchashacksaw,copi
ngsaw,t
enonsawet
c.TheHack-
sawamuch
st
ronger
,tougherv
ersi
onoft
hej
uni
orhacksaw,t
hissawcancutt
hroughmucht
hicker
woodand
t
hemanualt
ypei
sdesi
gnedt
obeusedt
wohanded.I
tconsi
stsofamet
alf
rame,
fit
ted
wi
thawoodenhandl
e,car
ryi
ngmet
alcl
i
pswi
thwi
ng-
nutati
tscur
vedendt
o.Thecl
i
p
car
ryi
ngt
hewi
ng

nuti
sthreadedsoast
ost
ret
cht
hebl
adet
othedesi
redext
ent
.Thef
ramecanbeei
ther
offi
xed
type,whi
chcanaccommodat
ethesamel
engt
hofbl
adesoradj
ust
abl
ety
pewhi
chi
s
capableof
accommodat
ingdi
ff
erentl
engt
hsofbl
ades.Hacksawbl
adesar
emadeofhi
ghcar
bon
steel
orl
ow

20
al
loyst
eel
.Thebl
adei
sthemai
npar
t.Pusht
ypebl
ades,t
hosewhi
chcuti
nfor
war
d
st
rokeonl
y,
ar
egener
all
yused.I
nthese,
thet
eet
hal
way
spoi
ntawayf
rom t
heoper
ator
.Thebl
ades
i
ncommon
usearegener
all
y0.
7mm t
hick,
12.
7mm wi
deand20cm t
o30l
ong.About5t
o7t
eet
h
percm
l
engthofbladef
rom t
hecoar
segr
oupand8t
o12Tpcm f
rom t
hef
inegr
oupoft
eet
h.
TheJigsaw
i
st hegrandmast
erofcut
ti
ngshapesi
nav
ari
etyofmat
eri
als.Acopi
ngsawi
susedt
o
cutthr
oughthi
n
piecesofwoodandpl
ast
ic.Thet
hingt
hatt
hecopi
ngsawcandobet
tert
hanmostot
her
sawsi scut
curvesandcor
ner
s.Juni
orhacksaw:t
hissaw i
sdesi
gnedt
ocutt
hrought
hinmet
al
plat
e.Tenon
saw:becauseoft
hest
if
fnessoft
hebl
ade,aTenonsaw canonl
ycutst
rai
ghtl
i
nes
al
thoughitcan
dosoveryaccur
atel
yifusedpr
oper
ly.Thewoodormet
alshoul
dbehel
dinav
iceor
pr
oper
ly
securedandthel
i
net
obecutshoul
dbemar
kedwi
thascr
iberwhenusi
ngt
hecut
ti
ng
i
nstruments.

21
b)Kni
fes
Marki
ngourkni
vesar
elay
outt
oolusedt
oscr
ibeal
i
nei
ntoawor
kpi
ece.Thekni
fe'
s
edgehel
ps
makeaccur
atecut
sthatcanbef
oll
owedwi
thahandsaworchi
sel
.

Ther
earemanyv
ari
eti
esofchi
sel
susedf
orchi
ppi
ngwor
kint
hewor
kshopt
ogener
ate
adesi
red
shape.Theyar
eusedt
ogener
atebl
i
ndr
ect
angul
arhol
esi
nwoodwor
king.Somev
ery
commonl y
usedfor
msi
nwoodwor
kingar
eFul
ll
engt
hoft
hechi
seli
snev
erhar
dened,
onl
yasmal
l
l
ength
aboutt
hecut
ti
ngedge(
sayabout20t
o30mm)i
shar
dened.
Theincl
udedangl
eatt
hecut
ti
ngedgev
ari
esbet
ween400and700,
dependi
ngupont
he
materi
al
onwhichi
tist
obeused.Af
latchi
seli
sagener
alpur
posechi
selwhi
chi
smostwi
del
y
usedi
n
cut
ti
ngwor
k,chi
ppi
ngl
argesur
face.

22
c)Afi
lei
satoolusedt
oremov
efi
neamount
sofmat
eri
alf
rom awor
kpi
ece.Mostar
e
handt
ool
s,
for
gedoutofhi
ghcar
bonst
eel
,har
denedandt
emper
ed.Oneormor
esur
facescutwi
th
sharp,
general
lyparal
lelteet
h.Al
lthe f
il
es,i
rr
espect
ive oft
hei
rshape,si
ze and gr
ade,
essenti
all
yconsist
t
hebl
ade,
heel
,andt
ang

I
mpel
li
ngt
ool
s
a)Hammer
s
Thehammeri
soneoft
hemostwi
del
yusedi
nawor
kshop.I
tisusedf
orst
ri
ki
ngchi
sel
s
i
nchippi
ng
and cutt
ing and t
he punch i
n mar
king.Hammer
s used i
nthe wor
kshop ar
e
comparat
ivel
yli
ght
er
i
nweightthant
hesmi
th’
shandhammer
s.Theynor
mal
l
ywei
ghf
rom 0.
45kgt
o0.
7kg.
Bal
lpeen
hammeristhemostcommonl
yusedhammer
.Thepeeni
sbal
lshaped.I
tisusedt
o
shapet
hehead
ofariv
etorr
eachi
ntosmal
lrecesses,chi
ppi
ng,dr
awi
ngandl
ayi
ngout
.Thewei
ghtof
thehammer
v
ari
esf
rom 0.
11t
o0.
91kg(
asperI
Sst
andar
ds)
.

23
A Cl
aw hammeri
sagoodgener
alpur
posehammeral
thoughi
thasacur
vedcl
aw
speci
fi
cal
l
ydesi
gnedf
ort
her
emov
alofbentnai
l
sfr
om wood.

Crosspeenhammerr
esembl
est
hebal
lpeenhammeri
nshapeexceptt
hati
tspeeni
s
i
n
wedgeshapeandatr
ightangl
est
otheey
e.Thi
shammeri
susedf
orbendi
ngand
hammeri
ngin
t
hecor
ner
s.

St
rai
ghtpeenhammerhasapeeni
nli
newi
tht
hehandl
eandi
susedf
orpeeni
ngor
st
ret
chi
ngt
hemet
al.

24
b)Mal
let
s
Whenmateri
alsneedt
obedr
iveni
norknockedt
oget
herar
esof
tenought
obeeasi
l
y
damaged,
t
hesol
utioni
susual
l
ytouseaMal
l
eti
nst
eadofaHammer
.Ther
ear
eawi
der
angeof
mat
eri
als
usedt
omaket
heheadsofMal
l
ets;
Rubber
,Pl
ast
ic(
Nyl
on)
,Wood,
Copperet
c.Themost
common
t
ypeofMal
l
etf
oundi
nthewor
kshopi
saHi
de(
Leat
her
)Mal
l
et.RubberMal
l
et

HandandPowerTool
s
Tool
sar
esuchacommonpar
tofourl
i
vest
hati
tisdi
ff
icul
ttor
emembert
hatt
heymay
posehazar
ds.Al
ltool
sar
emanuf
act
uredwi
thsaf
etyi
nmi
ndbut
,tr
agi
cal
l
y,aser
ious
acci
dentof
tenoccur
sbef
orest
epsar
etakent
osear
choutandav
oidorel
i
minat
etool
-

25
r
elat
edhazar
ds.

HandTool
s
Hand t
ool
s ar
e non-
power
ed.Theyi
ncl
ude any
thi
ng f
rom axes t
o wr
enches.The
gr
eat
esthazar
dsposedbyhandt
ool
sresul
tfr
om mi
suseandi
mpr
opermai
ntenance.

Basi
cRul
esf
orHandt
ool
Saf
ety

Saf
etyi
sast
ateofmi
nd.Al
way
sthi
nkwhenusi
ngat
ool
:
I
siti
ngoodcondi
ti
on?
I
sitsi
zedr
ightf
ort
hej
ob?
I
siti
nthepr
operwor
kingcondi
ti
on?
Ev
eryt
ool
wasdesi
gnedt
odoacer
tai
njob.Usei
tfori
tsi
ntendedpur
pose.
Tool
ssubj
ectt
oimpact(
chi
sel
s,st
ardr
il
l,punches,et
c.)t
endt
o"mushr
oom"
.Keep
t
hem dr
essed(
shar
pened)t
oav
oidf
lyi
ngspal
l
s.Uset
ool
hol
der
s.

Secur
eyourwor
kinav
isewhenev
erpossi
ble.Nev
erhol
dsmal
lwor
kiny
ourhandwhen
usi
ngascr
ewdr
iver
.

Hammer
sshoul
dhav
eheadsgr
oundpr
oper
ly.Shoul
dnothav
ebr
okencl
awsorhandl
es.
Cutti
ngtool
sshoul
dbekeptshar
ptoensur
egoodsmoot
hcut
ti
ng.Al
way
susepr
oper
handl
es.
Scr
ewdr
iverpoi
ntsshoul
dnotbebadl
ywor
nandhandl
esshoul
dbei
ngoodcondi
ti
on.
Uset
hepr
opersi
zeandt
ypeofscr
ewdr
iverf
ort
hej
ob.

Appr
opr
iat
eper
sonalpr
otect
iveequi
pment
,e.
g.,saf
etygoggl
es,gl
oves,et
c.,shoul
dbe
wor
nduet
ohazar
dst
hatmaybeencount
eredwhi
l
eusi
ngpor
tabl
epowert
ool
sand
handt
ool
s.

PowerTool
s
Powert
ool
scan beext
remel
ydanger
ousi
ftheyar
e used i
mpr
oper
ly.Each y
ear
,
t
housandsofpeopl
ear
einj
uredorki
l
ledbypowert
oolacci
dent
s.Commonacci
dent
s
associ
atedwi
thpowert
ool
sincl
udeabr
asi
ons,cut
s,l
acer
ati
ons,amput
ati
ons,bur
ns,
el
ect
rocut
ion,
andbr
okenbones.Theseacci
dent
sar
eof
tencausedbyt
hef
oll
owi
ng:

26
 Touchi
ngt
hecut
ti
ng,
dri
l
li
ng,
orgr
indi
ngcomponent
s

 Get
ti
ngcaughti
nmov
ingpar
ts

 Suf
fer
ingel
ect
ri
calshockduet
oimpr
opergr
oundi
ng,equi
pmentdef
ect
s,or
oper
atormi
suse

 Bei
ngst
ruckbypar
ti
clest
hatnor
mal
l
yej
ectdur
ingoper
ati
on

 Touchi
nghott
ool
sorwor
kpi
eces

 Fal
l
ingi
nthewor
kar
ea

 Bei
ngst
ruckbyf
all
i
ngt
ool
s

 Whenwor
kingar
oundpowert
ool
s,y
oumustwearper
sonalpr
otect
iveequi
pment
andav
oidwear
ingl
oosecl
othi
ngorj
ewel
ryt
hatcoul
dcat
chi
nmov
ingmachi
ner
y.
I
naddi
ti
onalt
ogener
alshopgui
del
i
nes,f
oll
owt
hesegui
del
i
nesf
orwor
kingwi
th
powert
ool
s:

 Uset
hecor
rectt
ool
fort
hej
ob.

 Donotuseat
ool
orat
tachmentf
orsomet
hingi
twasnotdesi
gnedt
odo.

 Sel
ectt
hecor
rectbi
t,bl
ade,
cut
ter
,orgr
inderwheel
fort
hemat
eri
alathand.Thi
s
pr
ecaut
ionwi
l
lreducet
hechancef
oranacci
dentandi
mpr
ovet
hequal
i
tyofy
our
wor
k.

 Al
way
soper
atet
ool
satt
hecor
rectspeedf
ort
hej
obathand.

 Wor
kingt
oosl
owl
ycancauseanacci
dentj
ustaseasi
l
yaswor
kingt
oof
ast
.

 Wat
chy
ourwor
kwhenoper
ati
ngpowert
ool
s.

 St
opwor
kingi
fsomet
hingdi
str
act
syou.

 Bef
orecl
ear
ing j
amsorbl
ockageson powert
ool
s,di
sconnectf
rom power
sour
ce.

 Donotusey
ourhandt
ocl
earj
amsorbl
ockages,
useanappr
opr
iat
etool
.

 Nev
err
eachov
erequi
pmentwhi
l
eiti
srunni
ng.
27
  Whent
hechancef
oroper
atori
njur
yisgr
eat
,useapushst
ickt
omov
emat
eri
al
t
hroughamachi
ne.

 Di
sconnect power t
ool
s bef
ore per
for
ming mai
ntenance or changi
ng
component
s.

 Remov
echuckkey
soradj
ust
ingt
ool
spr
iort
ooper
ati
on.

 Keepal
lguar
dsi
npl
ace.Cov
erexposedbel
ts,pul
l
eys,gear
s,andshaf
tst
hat
coul
dcausei
njur
y.

Dr
il
li
ngmachi
nesandcomponent
s
Dr
il
li
ngmachi
nesordr
il
lpr
essesar
eoneoft
hemostcommonmachi
nesf
oundi
nthe
machine
shop.Adr
il
lpr
essi
samachi
net
hatt
urnsandadv
ancesar
otar
ytooli
ntoawor
kpi
ece.

28
Thedr
il
l
pressi
susedpr
imar
il
yfordr
il
li
nghol
es,
butwhenusedwi
tht
hepr
opert
ool
i
ng,
itcanbe
usedfor
anumberofmachi
ningoper
ati
ons.Themostcommonmachi
ningoper
ati
onsper
for
med
onadri
l
l
pr
essaredr
il
li
ng,
reami
ng,
tappi
ng,
count
erbor
ing,
count
ersi
nki
ng,
andspotf
aci
ng.The
dr
il
lpr
ess
compr
isesofpar
tsbr
ief
lydi
scussedbel
ow.
a)Thehead
Theheadcont
aini
ngel
ect
ri
cmot
or,pul
l
eysandV-
bel
twhi
cht
ransmi
trot
arymot
iont
o
thedr
il
l
spi
ndl
eatanumberofspeeds.
b)TheSpi
ndl
e
Thespi
ndl
eismadeupofal
l
oyst
eel
.Itr
otat
esaswel
lasmov
esupanddowni
na
sl
eev
e.Apini
on
engagesarackf
ixedont
othesl
eev
etopr
ovi
dev
ert
icalupanddownmot
ionoft
he
spi
ndleand
hencet
hedril
lsot
hatt
hesamecanbef
edi
ntot
hewor
kpi
eceorwi
thdr
awnf
rom i
t
whil
edr
il
li
ng.
Spi
ndl
espeedort
hedr
il
lspeedi
schangedwi
tht
hehel
pofV-
bel
tandV-
step-
pul
l
eys.
Lar
ger
dr
il
li
ngmachi
neshav
egearboxesf
ort
hesai
dpur
pose.
c)TheDr
il
lchuck
Thedr
il
lchucki
shel
datt
heendoft
hedr
il
lspi
ndl
eandi
ntur
nithol
dst
hedr
il
lbi
t.
d)Thewor
kpi
ecet
abl
e
Thewor kpi
ecet
abl
ecanbeadj
ust
edt
omov
ever
ti
cal
l
yupanddown.Thet
abl
eis
suppor
tedon
thecolumn ofthedr
il
li
ng machi
neand can behor
izont
all
ytur
ned abouta pl
ane
perpendi
cul
art
o
thecol
umn.Theygener
all
yhav
esl
otssot
hatt
hev
iseort
hewor
kpi
ececanbesecur
ely
heldoni
t.
e)TheBaset
abl
e

29
Thebaset
abl
eist
hedr
il
li
ngmachi
nesuppor
tthathol
dst
hest
ruct
urei
nposi
ti
on,i
tis
usual
l
yofa
heav
ycast
ing.Thebasesuppor
tst
hecol
umn,
whi
chi
ntur
n,suppor
tst
het
abl
e,headet
c.
f
)TheCol
umn
Thecolumni
sav
ert
icalr
oundorboxsect
ionwhi
chr
est
sont
hebaseandsuppor
tst
he
headand
t
het abl
e.Theroundcol
umnmayhav
erackt
eet
hcutoni
tsot
hatt
het
abl
ecanbe
r
aisedorlower
ed
dependi
ngupont
hewor
kpi
ecer
equi
rement
s.
Ty
pesofdr
il
li
ngmachi
nes
a)Por
tabl
edr
il
li
ngmachi
ne
b)Mi
crodr
il
li
ngmachi
ne
c)Sensi
ti
vedr
il
li
ngmachi
ne(
BenchandFl
oormount
edt
ypes)
d)Radi
aldr
il
li
ngmachi
ne(
Plai
n,Uni
ver
sal
andsemi
-uni
ver
sal
)
e)Upr
ightdr
il
li
ngmachi
ne(
Pil
l
arorr
oundcol
umnsect
ionandboxcol
umnsect
ion)
f
)Gangdr
il
li
ngmachi
ne
g)Mul
ti
-spi
ndl
edr
il
li
ngmachi
ne
h)Tur
rett
ypedr
il
li
ngmachi
ne
i
)Deephol
edr
il
li
ngmachi
nes(
Ver
ti
cal
andHor
izont
alt
ypes)
.
a)ThePor
tabl
eDr
il
li
ngmachi
ne
A port
abledr
il
li
ngmachi
nei
sasmal
lcompactuni
tandusedf
ordr
il
li
nghol
esi
n
workpi
ecesi
n
anyposi
ti
on,whi
chcannotbedr
il
ledi
nast
andar
ddr
il
li
ngmachi
ne.I
tmaybeusedf
or
dri
l
li
ng
smal
ldiamet
erhol
esi
nlar
gewoodwor
k,cast
ingsorwel
dment
satt
hatpl
acei
tsel
f
wher
etheyar
e
l
yi
ng.Portabl
edr
il
li
ngmachi
nesar
efi
tt
edwi
thsmal
lel
ect
ri
cmot
ors,whi
chmaybe
dr
ivenby
bot
hA.
C.andD.
C.powersuppl
y.Thesedr
il
li
ngmachi
nesoper
ateatf
air
lyhi
ghspeeds
and
accommodat
edr
il
lsupt
o12mm i
ndi
amet
er.

30
b)Mi
crodr
il
li
ngmachi
ne
Themi cr
odr i
l
lpr
essi
sanext
remel
yaccur
ate,hi
ghspi
ndl
espeeddr
il
lpr
ess.I
tis
ty
pical
l
yv er
y
smal
lseeFi
gur
ebel
owandi
sonl
ycapabl
eofhandl
i
ngv
erysmal
lpar
ts.Manymi
crodr
il
l
pr
esses
ar
emanuf act
uredasbencht
opmodel
s.Mi
crodr
il
lpr
essi
sforpr
eci
siondr
il
li
ngof
micr
oscopi
cal
ly
smal
lhol
esi
nsi
zesf
rom .
03mm t
o.50mm di
amet
er(
.0012"t
o.020"
).Theyar
eoper
ated
manual
ly
andar
eequi
ppedwi
thchuckscapabl
eofhol
dingdr
il
lbi
tsof1mm t
o3mm i
ndi
amet
er

c)Sensi
ti
vedr
il
li
ngmachi
ne
Thesensi
ti
vedr
il
lpr
ess(
seeFi
gur
ebel
ow)i
sal
i
ght
-dut
yty
peofdr
il
li
ngmachi
net
hat

31
nor
mal
l
y
i
ncor
por
atesabel
tdr
ivev
ert
ical
spi
ndl
ehead,
hor
izont
alt
abl
e,av
ert
ical
col
umn,
ahead
suppor
ti
ng themotorand dr
ivi
ng mechani
sm.Thi
smachi
nei
sgener
all
yused f
or
moderat
e-t
o-li
ght
dut
ywork.Thesensi
ti
vedr
il
lpr
essget
sit
snameduet
othef
actt
hatt
hemachi
necan
onl
ybehand
fed.Handfeedi
ngt
het
ooli
ntot
hewor
kpi
eceal
l
owst
heoper
atort
o"f
eel
"thecut
ti
ng
acti
onofthe
tool
.Ast heoper
atorsensest
hedr
il
li
ngact
ioni
nthewor
kpi
ece,atanyi
nst
ant
,iti
s
call
edsensi
ti
ve
dri
ll
ingmachi
ne.Dr
il
lsofdi
amet
erf
rom 1.
5to15.
5mm canber
otat
edi
nthespi
ndl
eof
sensit
ive
dr
il
li
ng machi
ne.Dependi
ng on t
he mount
ing ofbase oft
he machi
ne,i
tmaybe
cl
assi
fi
edint
othe
f
loorst
yleandt
hebenchst
ylemodel
s.

d)Radi
aldr
il
li
ngmachi
ne
Theradialar
m dr
il
lpr
essseeFi
gur
ebel
ow i
sthehol
epr
oduci
ngwor
khor
seoft
he
machineshop.
Thepr
essi
scommonl
yref
err
edt
oasar
adi
aldr
il
lpr
ess.Ther
adi
alar
m dr
il
lpr
ess

32
al
l
owst
he
oper
atort
oposi
ti
ont
hespi
ndl
edi
rect
lyov
ert
hewor
kpi
ecer
athert
hanmov
ethewor
k
pi
eceto
thet
ool.Thedesi
gnoft
her
adi
aldr
il
lpr
essgi
vesi
tagr
eatdealofv
ersat
il
it
y,especi
all
y
onpart
s
toolar
getoposi
ti
oneasi
l
y.Radi
aldr
il
lsof
ferpowerf
eedont
hespi
ndl
e,aswel
lasan
automati
c
mechani
sm t
oswi
ngandmov
ether
adi
alar
mver
ti
cal
l
yupanddown.Power
fuldr
ive
motor
sare
gear
eddir
ect
lyi
ntot
heheadoft
hemachi
neandawi
der
angeofpowerf
eedsar
e
avai
l
abl
easwell
assensit
iveandgear
edmanualf
eeds.Thewheelhead,whi
chi
slocat
edont
her
adi
al
ar
m, canalso
betraversedal
ongt
hear
m,gi
vi
ngt
hemachi
neaddedeaseofuseaswel
lasv
ersat
il
it
y.
Thatisthe
radi
al,
ver
ti
cal
andswi
ngmov
ementoft
hedr
il
li
ngheadenabl
esl
ocat
ingt
hedr
il
lspi
ndl
e
atany
pointwit
hinav
eryl
argespacer
equi
redbyl
argeandoddshapedj
obs.Radi
alar
m dr
il
l
pressescan
beequi
ppedwi
that
runni
ont
abl
eort
il
ti
ngt
abl
e.Thi
sgi
vest
heoper
atort
heabi
l
ityt
o
dr
il
l
i
nter
secti
ng,swi
vel
ed,t
il
tedand/orangul
arhol
esi
noneset
up.Ther
adi
aldr
il
li
ng
machinei
sused
pri
maril
yfordr
il
li
ngmedi
um t
olar
geandheav
ywor
kpi
eces.Themaxi
mum si
zeofhol
e
thatt
he
machi
necandr
il
lisnotmor
ethan50mm.Dependi
ngont
hedi
ff
erentmov
ement
sof
hor
izont
alar
m,t
abl
eanddr
il
lhead,andt
hemachi
nemaybecl
assi
fi
edi
ntof
oll
owi
ng
t
ypes;
-Pl
ainr
adi
al

dr
il
li
ngmachi
ne,
Semi
uni
ver
sal
dri
l
li
ngmachi
ne,
andUni
ver
sal
dri
l
li
ngmachi
ne.

33
e)Upr
ightDr
il
li
ngMachi
ne
Theupri
ghtdr
il
li
ngmachi
nei
slar
gerandheav
iert
hanasensi
ti
vedr
il
li
ngmachi
ne.I
tis
desi
gned
f
orhandl
i
ngmedi
um si
zedwor
kpi
ecesandi
ssuppl
i
edwi
thpowerf
eedar
rangement
.In
t
his
machinealargenumberofspi
ndl
espeedsandf
eedsmaybeav
ail
abl
efordr
il
li
ng
di
ff
erentt
ypes
ofwor
k.Upr
ightdr
il
li
ngmachi
nesar
eav
ail
abl
einv
ari
oussi
zesandwi
thv
ari
ousdr
il
li
ng
capaci
ti
es(rangi
ngupt
o75mm di
amet
erdr
il
ls)
.Thet
abl
eoft
hemachi
neal
sohas
dif
fer
entty
pes
ofadjust
ments.Basedont
heconst
ruct
ion,t
her
ear
etwogener
alt
ypesofupr
ight
dr
il
li
ngmachine
wi
thsi
mil
arconst
ruct
ional
feat
uresexceptf
ort
hecol
umnsuppor
tshapenamel
y:
(
i)Roundcol
umnsect
ionorpi
l
lardr
il
li
ngmachi
ne.
(
ii
)Boxcol
umnsect
ion.
i
)Pi
l
lardr
il
li
ngmachi
ne
Theroundcol
umnsect
ionupr
ightdr
il
li
ngmachi
neort
hepi
l
lardr
il
ls,
arequi
tesi
mil
art
o
the
sensi
ti
vedr
il
li
ngmachi
nesbutofl
i
ttl
elar
gersi
zeandhi
ghercapaci
ty(
0.55–1.
1kW)

34
andar
e
gr
outedonthef
loor(
foundat
ion)
.Theyhav
eroundcol
umnandt
hedr
il
l-
feedandt
he
worktabl
e
movementar
edonemanual
l
y.Thesel
owcostdr
il
li
ngmachi
nesgener
all
ydesi
gnedand
usedf
or
medi
um si
zedwor
kpi
ece.
i
i
)BoxCol
umndr
il
li
ngmachi
ne
Boxcol
umndr
il
li
ngmachi
nespossessmor
emachi
nest
rengt
handr
igi
dit
yascompar
ed
tot
hose
hav
ingr
oundcol
umnsect
ionmachi
ne.Theyboxcol
umnt
ypedr
il
li
ngmachi
neasshown
i
nthe
Fi
gurebel
owi
smuchmor
est
rong,
rigi
dandpower
ful
thant
hepi
l
lardr
il
ls.I
nboxcol
umn
dr
il
ls,
t
hef
eedgearboxenabl
esaut
omat
icandpowerf
eedoft
her
otat
ingdr
il
latdi
ff
erent
f
eedr
atesasdesi
red.Suchdr
il
li
ngmachi
nesar
emostwi
del
yusedandhav
eov
erwi
de
r
angeofoper
ati
on(
li
ght

t
oheav
y)wor
k.

35
Oper
ati
onsondr
il
li
ngmachi
ne
Dri
l
li
ngi
sav
ari
edt
ermi
nol
ogyt
hati
srel
atedt
omaki
nghol
eswi
thr
evol
vi
ngt
ool
s.A
hol
emay
bedri
l
ledorbor
ed;
awl
s,gi
mlet
s,andauger
sal
sopr
oducehol
es.Anawli
sthesi
mpl
est
hol
e
maker
,li
keaneedl
e,i
tsi
mpl
ypushesmat
eri
alt
oonesi
dewi
thoutr
emov
ingi
t.Dr
il
ls,
gi
mlet
s,and
auger
s,howev
er,
hav
ecut
ti
ngedgest
hatdet
achmat
eri
alt
oleav
eahol
e.

a)Bor
ing
Adri
ll
edhol
eisor
dinar
il
ysmal
landusual
l
ymadei
nmet
al;abor
edhol
eisl
argeandi
n
woodor,
i
finmet
al,
isusual
l
ymadebyenl
argi
ngasmal
lhol
e.Dr
il
li
ngusual
l
yrequi
reshi
ghspeed
andl
ow
t
orque(tur
ningf
orce)
,wi
thl
i
ttl
emat
eri
albei
ngr
emov
eddur
ingeachr
evol
uti
onoft
he
t
ool.Low
speedbuthight
orquear
echar
act
eri
sti
cofbor
ingbecauset
hebor
ingt
oolhasal
arger
radi
usthan

36
adr
ill
.Bori
ngi
ssi
mpl
yenl
argi
ngahol
ethathasal
readybeendr
il
ledbyasi
ngl
epoi
nt
t
oolsothat
ar
equi
redordesi
gnedspeci
fi
cat
ioni
sachi
eved.

b)Count
erbor
ing
Themachi
neoper
ati
onofenl
argi
ngt
hemout
hofadr
il
ledhol
etosetnutheadandbol
t
head
sl
ight
lydowni
nawayt
heywi
l
lnotpr
ojectabov
ethewor
kpi
ecesur
faceort
hesur
face
l
eveli
s
knownascount
erbor
ing.Count
erbor
ingdr
il
lisusual
l
ygui
dedbyapi
l
otpi
n,whi
chf
it
s
i
ntothe
dr
il
ledhol
e.

c)Count
ersi
nk
I
tisanoper
ati
ont
obev
elt
het
opofadr
il
ledhol
etoi
mpr
essaconi
calseatf
oraf
lat
headscr
ew.
Aflatdri
llgr
oundedt
oaspeci
fi
edangl
eisusual
l
yusedasacount
ersi
nkt
ool
.Fl
uted
counter
sinks
bi
tscomei
nsev
eralsi
zes,abl
etocutconi
calhol
esi
ntendedt
ofi
tscr
ewsofv
ary
ing
head
dimensi
ons.Api
l
othol
eisf
ir
stdr
il
ledf
ort
hescr
ew,
fol
l
owedbycount
ersi
nki
ngt
hehol
e
toal
low

37
af
lat
headscr
ewt
oseatf
lushwi
tht
hewor
ksur
face.

Cent
erLat
he
Thelatheisamachi
net
oolusedf
orshapi
ngmet
al(
andsomet
imeswoodorot
her
mater
ials)
bycausi
ngt hewor
kpi
ecet
obehel
dandr
otat
edbyt
hel
athewhi
l
eat
oolbi
tis
adv
ancedint
o
t
hewor
kcausi
ngt
hecut
ti
ngact
ion.Thebasi
clat
het
hatwasdesi
gnedt
ocutcy
li
ndr
ical
met
alst
ockhasbeendev
elopedf
urt
hert
opr
oducescr
ewt
hreads,
taper
edwor
k,dr
il
led
hol
es,knur
ledsur
facesandcr
ankshaf
ts.Thet
ypi
call
athepr
ovi
desav
ari
etyofr
otat
ing
speedsandameanst
omanual
l
yandaut
omat
ical
l
ymov
ethecut
ti
ngt
ooli
ntot
hewor
k
pi
ece.

Turni
ngi
sthemachi
ningoper
ati
ont
hatpr
oducescy
li
ndr
icalpar
ts.I
nit
sbasi
cfor
m,i
t
canbe

38
def
inedast
hemachi
ningofanex
ter
nal
sur
face:
wi
tht
hewor
kpi
ecer
otat
ing,wi
thasi
ngl
e-poi
ntcut
ti
ngt
ool
,andwi
tht
hecut
ti
ngt
ool
f
eedi
ngpar
all
elt
otheaxi
soft
hewor
kpi
eceandatadi
stancet
hatwi
l
lremov
etheout
er
sur
faceoft
hewor
k.

Abasi
cmanual
cent
rel
athei
sshownbel
ow.Thi
sty
peofl
athei
scont
rol
l
edbyaper
son
tur
ningt
hev
ari
oushandl
esont
het
opsl
i
deandcr
osssl
i
dei
nor
dert
omakeapr
oduct/
part
.

39
 Cent
erLat
heMai
nPar
ts

HeadSt
ock:Pr
oducet
hemai
nmot
ionandhousest
hemai
nspi
ndl
eandi
tsdr
ivi
ng
ar
rangement
.Thegeart
rai
nsgi
vedi
ff
erentr
evol
uti
ont
othemai
nspi
ndl
e.
Lat
heBed:i
tcar
ri
est
hel
athepar
tsandgui
dest
hecar
ri
ageandt
ail
stock.
TheCar
ri
age:Tr
ansmi
tst
headj
ust
ingandf
eedmot
ionst
othet
ool
andmov
est
het
ool
ov
ert
hedi
ff
erentsur
facesoft
hewor
kpi
ece.
TailSt
ock:I
tcanbemov
edal
ongt
hel
athebedandl
ockedi
nanyposi
ti
ont
osuppor
t
the
l
ongwor
kpi
eces.Al
so,
itcanbeusedf
orcent
eri
ng,
dri
l
li
ng,
andt
aperoper
ati
ons.

40
SAFEPRACTI
CE
Thef
oll
owi
ngar
esomeoft
hesaf
eandcor
rectwor
kpr
act
icesi
nbenchwor
kandf
it
ti
ng
shop,
wit
hrespectt
othet
ool
sused.

1.Keephandsandt
ool
swi
pedcl
eanandf
reeofdi
rt
,oi
landgr
ease.Dr
ytool
sar
e
saf
ert
ouset
hansl
i
pper
ytool
s.

2.Donotcar
ryshar
ptool
sonpocket
s.

3.Wearl
eat
hershoesandnotsandal
s.

4.Don’
twearl
oosecl
othes.

5.Donotkeepwor
kingt
ool
satt
heedgeoft
het
abl
e.

6.Posi
ti
ont
hewor
kpi
ecesucht
hatt
hecutt
obemadei
scl
oset
othev
ice.Thi
s
pr
act
icepr
event
sspr
ingi
ng,
sawbr
eakageandper
sonal
inj
ury
.

7.Appl
yfor
ceonl
yont
hef
orwar
d(cut
ti
ng)st
rokeandr
eli
evet
hef
orceont
he
r
etur
nst
rokewhi
l
esawi
ngandf
il
ing.

8.Donothol
dthewor
kpi
ecei
nhandwhi
l
ecut
ti
ng.

9.Uset
hef
il
ewi
thapr
oper
lyf
it
tedt
ighthandl
e.

10.
Aft
erf
il
ing,r
emov
ethebur
rsf
rom t
heedgesoft
hewor
k,t
opr
eventcut
stot
he
f
inger
s.

11.
Donotusev
iceasananv
il
s.

12.
Whi
l
esawi
ng,
keept
hebl
adest
rai
ght
,ot
her
wisei
twi
l
lbr
eak.

13.
Donotuseaf
il
ewi
thouthandl
e.

14.
Cleant
hev
iceaf
teruse.

41