SPORTS MANAGEMENT

Management is a process in which proper care is taken to ensure an event is carried out
properly.

Management in itself includes 5 more sub parts thar are:

1) Planning- Planning is the first and the most crucial step when it comes to hosting an
event. It includes all the intricate detail like what will be the venue of the event and what
all games are going to be held and other details as what games are going to be played.
2) Organising- It comes after planning and also plays an important part of making sure that
the even will go smoothly. It includes dividing aspects of the work that helps in
improving the overall experience,
3) Staffing- Staffing makes sure the proper employees are assigned where they are required
to make sure that a pr determined plan is being followed
4) Directing- Directing includes allotting the work to certain sets of groups so that the best
possible result is obtained . It also include overall motivating and properly leading the
workers.
5) Controlling- It includes creating a proper standard of performance and making sure that
it is followed. It also include helping fix the issues if there are any major deviations from
the set standard.

Committees:

1) Decoration
2) Boarding and Lodging
3) Ground equipment
4) Health and first aid
5) Security
6) Prize distribution
7) Public
8) Press and media
9) Discipline
10) Food and refreshment

POST EVENT

1) Budgeting
 2) Permits for venue
3) Parking and transport
4) Propper staff
5) Managing media
6) Medical
7) Coaches

DURING

1) Smoothness
2) Managing food and refreshments
3) Managing volunteers
4) Ensuring safety
5) Medical aid

POST

1) Records
2) Prize distribution
3) Equipment return
4) Finishing ceremony

WOMEN AND CHILDERN IN SPORTS

There are certain guidelines set by the WHO (World Health Organization) that has divided
people in age groups and allotted different types of activities which helps set a standard of
physical fitness among them

1)Less than 1 year olds-

At least 30-60 minutes of floor based activities that can be done multiple times a day and
should be done in the prone postiton

The child should get 14-17 hours of sleep daily including naps

No screen time should be allowed and basic activities such as reading and writing should be
encouraged.

2)1-5 year olds-

At least 180 minutes of physical activity out of which 60 min should be vigorous

The child should be getting 11-14 hours of sleep

The child should only be allowed 1 hour of screentime and other activities should be
encouraged

3)6-17 year olds-

At least 60 minutes of highly vigorous activities that include aerobic activities at least thrice a
week

8-10 Hours of sleep

Should limit screen time as much as possible

3)18-65 year olds-

150-300 minutes of moderate activity and 75-150 minutes of muscle intensive activities 3 times
a week

8-10 hours of sleep

Should replace free time with physical activities that helps them imrove their health

4)65+ year olds:

Work on balancing activities for 3 days a week while preventing falls

9-10 Hours of sleep

All older adults should follow these guidelines to ensure good health

Postural deformities:
 1) Flat foot – This occurs when the foot loses its curvature and becomes flat with the
ground. It usually occurs with malnutrition or obesity. It can be fixed by ensuring a
proper diet and doing remedies like walking on your inner and outer feet and also
walking on your toes and heels
2) Knock knees- This occurs when the knees of a person bend inwards, “knocking” with
each other. It is also caused due to obesity and lifting heavy weights. It can however be
fixed by taking cod liver oil and doing horse riding
3) Bow Legs- This is noticeable when the knees bend outwards, crating a bow like shape. It
is caused due to deficiency in vitamin D and forced walking from a young age. It can be
cured by taking Vit D and walking of the outer edge of your feet.
4) Round shoulders- It is the forward hunching of the shoulder causing a bent posture. It is
hereditary and also can be caused by wearing tight shapeless clothes and carrying heavy
loads. It can be cured by hanging from a horizontal bar and stretching muscles
thoroughly by rotating them in a clockwise and an anticlockwise motion .
5) Lordosis- It occours when the lower spine starts to bend inwards, causing bad posture. It
is cause due to an improper diet and improper muscle development. It can be cured by
tilting head backwards and swimming
6) Kyphosis- It is caused when the upper back starts to bend outward. It is caused by
hereditary issues and can be fixed by sleeping with a pillow under your back and also
swimming.
7) Scoliosis- It is the lateral curvature of spine. It is caused due to improper muscle
development and rickets. It can be fixed by sleeping on your side and also swimming.

Female participation is sports:-

Participation of women in sports has always been less in india. The Indian government has tried
making attempts to fix this by hosting National sports festival for women but was unsuccessfull.

Womwn don’t participate in sports events due to the following reasons:

1) Time Constraints: Women often don’t have time to prepare for sports events as other
domestic activities are given more preference.
2) Social constraints- The attitude of women participating in sports is often taken as a
negative thing
3) Lack of proper infrastructure- In India, there are very few coaches and institutes the
help women achieving sports goals
4) Personal safety- Women often are scared to explore fields that are men dominant, so
women are often concerned about their safety and harassment.
5) Due to these, women face lack of confidence that makes everything worse
 6) However, if women do participate in sports, they will have a much healthier lifestyle,
manage stress easily and boost mental health.

First women participated in the 1900 Olympics and only 22 women were present.

Then, in 2000 4069 women participated

And in RIO Olympics, 4637 women participated

INDIA –
2000 (bronze) Karnam malleshwar
2012 Saniya Nehwal (Bronze)
2016 PV Sandhu won silver

Special conditions: These are some special conditions that women may face and need to take
special care of. These are related to their physiology and might affect their psychology.

1) Menarche- It refers to the start of women period cycle and can happen as early as 9 or
as late as 16. Women who are yet to face this need to take extra precautions and care to
ensure their optimal performance.
2) Menstural Dysfunction- This includes abnormal bleeding and irregular menstrual cycle.
It usually lasts for 5-7 days after a time of 22-35 days. It causes back pain and headache
and also affects their performance

Female triads: These are syndromes related to 3 conditions:

1) Osteoporosis: It is the syndrome that causes the weakening of bones and making them
brittle due to decrease of bone density make them extremely brittle and easy to
fracture. This condition means that the affected have low mineral and oestrogen levels
which adversely affect performance and outcome.
2) Amenorrhea- This is a condition caused when women participating in sports even do not
take proper diets which causes absence of periods and other problems such as hair loss,
change in vision and facial hair.

Eating Disorders-

1) Anorexia Nervosa- This is a condition where the athlete is unhappy about her weight and
eats too little while excercising a lot to help reduce weight, which causes this critical
condition.
2) Bulimia Nervosa- This is caused when an athlete eats too much food but, in order to not
gain any weight, they often vomit forcefully. This is a life threatening disorder where the
athlete becomes extremely weak and their performance reduces significantly.

P.ed for CWSN

Adaptive or disability sports is the type of competitive sports that are specially curated
for the people that are disabled. These sports are slighty different from the normal
sports as there are certain modification in the rules or the equipment used in a sport.

Special Olympics
Eunice Kennedy Shriver founded the Special Olympics in 1968. It is created to provide
year round training and competition for those who have intellectual disabilities. It also
provides opportunities for those who want to express joy of sportsmanship and
participate with other special Olympic athletes.
HEADQUATERS- Washinton DC
MOTTO- Let me win. but if I cant win, let me be brave in my attempt
Logo: Joy and happiness to all the children if the world
GOVERNING BODY- Special Olympics International
 Paralympics
It is an international multisport event for athletes with a range of disabilities. It takes
place once in two years and immediately after the Olympics, there are two types of
Paralympics held that include summer and winter paralympics. All paralympics games
are managed under the International Paralympics Committee (IPC). Athletes that join
paralympics have physical disabilities instead of intellectual disabilities.
HEADQUATERS- Bonn, Germany
MOTTO- Spirit in motion (2004 Athens); Mind, Body, Spirit (1994)
Logo: Bringing athletes together
GOVERNING BODY- International Paralympics Committee

Deaf Olympics
Deaf Olympics is an international Olympics where deaf people participate. As these
people cannot hear a gunshot, special arrangements are made such as waving g a flag
instead of gunshot to start the race . These games are one of the fastests developing
games in the world.
MOTTO- Equality through sports

TESTS AND MEASUREMENT IN SPORTS

Fitness defines the ability to perform physical activities and be able to do a wide range of
activities . Each of these activities and sports requires a specific set of skills to do and so,
being fit enough for the activity is a necessity. To make sure that one meets these set of
skills , SAI Khelo Fitness Tests of india has set some different tests.
These tests are divided for different sets of people of different age groups

1) AGE GROUP 5-8: All children that are in this age group are put thru various tests to
help ensure their fitness. These testss include the BMI tests, the FLAMINGO
BALANCE tests and the PLATE TAPPING TESTS
 BMI TESTS- Body composition refers to the ratio of mass of muscles and the amount of
fat present in one’s body . This tests is conducted by first measuring the height (in m)
and the weight ( in kgs ) of the person to be testsed. After that to get a value , the weight
 of the person is divided by the square of the person’s height . [18.5 > = Underweight]
[18.6-24.9 = Normal][25-39.9 = Overweight][40< = Obese].
Equipment required- Flat and clean surface, Weighing machine, Measuring tape
posted on a wall.

 Plate Tapping Tests- This tests measures the speed and the coordination of limb
movement of children.
Equipment required- Table of adjustable height, Two yellow disks(20 cm diameter),
Rectangle(30x20 cm), Stopwatch
Procedure- Adjust the table so that the person performing the tests is comfortable. Place
the two yellow disks with their centres 60 centimetres apart. The rectangle is placed
equidistant from both the circles. The non preferred hand is then placed on the
rectangle and then the preferred hand is moved back and forth as quickly as possible
and is repeated for 25 full cycles.

 Flamingo Tests- It is used to measure the ability to balance on either on of the legs. This
tests assesses the strength of the leg as well as other areas such as balancing ability.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED- Non slippery even surface, stopwatch and can be done standing
on a beam
PROCEDURE- Stand on a beam and while starting, hold the instructor’s hand. While
balancing the preferred leg, the other leg is held close to the buttocks and the time is
started. If the participant falls off the beam the stopwatch is stopped immediately and is
started again once the balance is restored. The number of falls is counted within a 60
second period and if the participant falls more than 15 times in the first 30 seconds, the
tests is terminated

2) AGE GROUP 9-18- BMI, 50M SPEED TESTS, 600M RUN/WALK SIT AND REACH
FLEXIBILITY, STRENGTH( ABDOMINAL PARTIAL CURLUPS )(PUSHUPS FOR BOYS,
PARTIAL PUSHUPS FOR GIRLS)
 50 M Speed Tests- This tests is used to determine the speed of the performer
EQUIOMENT- Measuring tape or marked tests track.
PROCEDURE- The tests involves running in a singular sprint of 50 meters with time being
recorded. Though a prior warm up should be given, including practice starts. When
ready, start from a standing position with one foot in front of the other.
 600M Run tests- To measure endurance
EQUIOMENT- Measuring tape or marked tests track.
 ABDOMINAL CURL UPS- To tests strength and endurance of abdominal muscles.
EQUIPMENT- Flat clean cushioned surface, Recording sheet
 Procedure- The starting position in laying on your back with knees fixed and feet 2.5 cm
from the buttocks. The feet can not be held against an object and the arms are extended
and rested on the thighs. Head is kept in a neutral position. The subject slowly curls up
until the shoulder comes 2 inches off the ground and then goes down again. One curl up
is complete within 3 secomds and there should be no rest in between motions that is
always keeping the abdominal muscle under stress.

Cardio Vascular Fitness- These are series of tests that are used to measure the ability of
the heart and lungs and the other organ’s to utilize oxygen. The maximum volume of oxygen our
body can consume is called our VO. When we do exercise, our heart bead becomes faster and
the proper consumption of oxygen becomes more and more.

Harvard step test: The purpose of this test is to measure the aerobic fitness using basic
equipment and simple tests.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: Step or a platform 20 cm high and a stopwatch, metronome

PROCEDURE: This included stepping up and down of the subject at a rate of 30 completes
cycles per minute for 5 minutes. The client immediately sits down and the heart rate is
measured from 1-1.5 min then 2-2.5 min and the 3-3.5 min by feeling for the client’s pulse at
their wrist. The score is then found by [ 100 x SECONDS TAKEN (300)] / [2 x SUM OF PLUSE]

BASAL METABOLLIC TEST: BMR test is used to figure out how much calories our
body needs everyday to continue performing basic functions such as breathing and blood
circulation. Around 60-75% of calories eaten daily are used in these processes. Building lean
muscle mass can increase the BMR but, there is a limit to how high someone’s BMR can be and
if exceeded, it can cause serious side effects to the individual.

RIKLI AND JONES TESTS: These are series of different test that are used to
evaluate the physical fitness of adults of 60 or more years of age. These tests provide testes to
measure aspects suck as the strength, fitness, balance , endurance and the coordination. The
results can be used to develop personal areas to help exercise which further helps making
health better.
 Chair stand test- To measure lower body strength
Chair seat with 44 cm of seat height
Up down for 30 sec period (count full cycle)

 Arm curl test- to measure upper body strength

5 pound women and 8 pound men
Fully straight elbow
Do as many in 30 sec

 Chair sit and stretch- Measure flexibility of the upper body

A sturdy chair w/o arms, a ruler or a measuring tape, flat surface

 Back scratch test- To measure the flexibility of the lower body