STATISTICS Example:

: deals with the collection, organization Audrey is interested about phones used by
and interpretation of data. the employees in her company.
Population: All employees in the company.
USES OF STATISTICS: Sample: Randomly selected employees e.g.
1. It summarizes data for public use. 10 from each department
2. It aids in decision making:
• Provides comparison VARIABLES
• Explains action that has taken place : characteristics or attribute of persons
• Justifies a claim or assertion or objects which can assume different
• Predicts future outcome values or labels for different person or
• Estimates unknown quantities objects under consideration.

FIELDS OF STATISTICS: DATA

STATISTICAL METHODS OF APPLIED : any set of observation.
STATISTICS
: procedures and technique in the TYPES OF DATA:
collection, presentation, analysis and CATEGORICAL (Qualitative)
interpretation of data. : data which can be classified into groups
or categories.
STATISTICAL THEORY OF
MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS Example:
: development and exposition of theories • Attitudes of workers in a company
that serve as bases of statistical methods. towards their superiors.

TYPES OF STATISTICS: NUMERICAL (Quantitative)

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS : values of variables expressed in
: organization, classification, and numerical terms
presentation of collected data
• Collect Data (Survey) Example:
• Present Data (Tables and Graphs) • Monthly income of families in your
• Characterize Data (Mean) barangay.

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS TYPES OF NUMERICAL/QUANTITATIVE:

: making decisions based on sample data. DISCRETE
: making decisions concerning a population : variable that assumes a finite number
based on sample results. of possible values within a limited range
• Estimation of values.
• Hypothesis Testing : there are gaps or spaces between possible
values.
POPULATION
• The measurable quality is called Example:
parameter. • Number of females in a family of 5.
• A complete set. • There are only 6 possible values that the
• Reports are true representation of variable can assume, namely; 0,1,2,3,4,5.
opinion.
CONTINUOUS
SAMPLE : variable which can take an infinite
• The measurable quality is called a number of possible values within a
statistic. range.
• The sample is a subset of the : we can represent the values of a
population. continuous variable by a solid line
• Reports have margins of error and connecting the points.
confidence interval.
Example:
• Amount of time spent on housework in a CRITERIA IN DETERMINING THE
week SAMPLE SIZE
1. Level of Precision
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT : sampling error
NOMINAL LEVEL : range in which the true value of the
: weakest level of measurement where population is
numbers or symbols are used simply for estimated to be.
categorizing subjects into different groups. : often expressed in percentage points.

Example: Gender, religious affiliation, 2. Confidence Level

highest educational attainment : risk level
: based on the Central Limit Theorem
ORDINAL LEVEL indicating that when a population is
: contains the property of the nominal level, repeatedly sampled, the average value of
and in addition, the numbers assigned to the attribute obtained by those samples is
categories of any variable may be ranked equal to the true population value
or ordered in some low-high manner. : expressed in percentage

Example: year level, hotel rating, military 3. Degree of Variability

rank, class officers, movie classification : Refers to the distribution of attributes in
the population
INTERVAL LEVEL : the more the heterogeneous the
: has no absolute true zero point. population, the larger the sample size
required to obtain a given level of precision
Example: : the less the variability, a population, the
Time , I.Q., PH level, Temperature smaller the sample size.
STRATEGIES DETERMINING THE
RATIO LEVEL SAMPLE SIZE
: has absolute true zero point. 1. Using a census for small population
: scale that categorizes, ranks, and has • Use the entire population as sample
equal intervals. • Have to consider cost and time
• Used when population size is 200 or less
Example:
Age (in years), number of correct answers 2. Using a sample size of a similar study
in exam, grades, test scores, weight, • Literature review in your discipline that
income, height may provide guidance about the typical
sample size that you can use
DATA SOURCES
PRIMARY: data collection 3. Using published data
• Observation • You can rely on published tables, which
• Survey can provide sample size for a given set of
• Experimentation criteria
• Recommending sample size that reflect
SECONDARY: data compilation the number of obtained responses and the
• Print or electronic attributes measured are normally
distributed
SAMPLING
: act, process, or technique of selecting
suitable sample (sample size), or a
representative part of a
population for the purpose of determining
parameters or characteristics of the whole
population.
 ALTERNATIVE FORMULA: (for smaller N)

4. Using formulas no
• Yamane’s Formula n=
• Cochran’s Formula n0 − 1
1+
N
CONSIDERATIONS IN SAMPLING
• Define population size or number of n0 = Cochran sample size recommendation
people N= Population
• Designate your margin of error
(associated with SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
confidence interval - how much uncertainty 1. Random Sampling
there is in a statistic) : process whose members have equal
• Determine your confidence level chances of being selected from the
• Predict expected variance population
• Finalize your sample size
TYPES:
CALCULATING SAMPLE SIZE a) Simple Random Sampling
1. YAMANE’S FORMULA : lottery sampling

N b) Systematic Random Sampling

n= 2 : randomly selecting one unit and
1+ N e choosing additional elements at an
equal interval “k”
n = sample size
: dividing the population by the sample size
N = population
e = margin of error
c) Cluster Sampling
: any group of persons having similar
characteristics (geographically) area
sample.
Sample Problem:
In a population of 5,000 students enrolled
d) Stratified Sampling
at SLC in a particular semester, what
: dividing the population into smaller
sample size is needed to get an accurate
groups/strata.
result for a study using the margin of error
of 5% at 95% confidence level?

5,000 e) Multistage Sampling

n=
1+5,000 ¿ ¿ : combination of two or more probability
sampling techniques.
370.37 round UP = 371
2. Non-Random Sampling
: process whose members have no equal
2. COCHRAN’S FORMULA chances of being selected from the
population.
2
Z pq
n 0= 2 TYPES:
e a) Convenience Sampling
: selecting respondents at researcher’s
n = sample size convenience.
Z = z-score
p= estimated proportion of the population b) Purposive Sampling
(variability) : based on judgment, criterion-based
e = margin of error
c) Quota Sampling
: reach a prescribed number of
respondents/informants with definite
instructions

d) Snowball Sampling
: useful when respondents are hard to
find.