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JSS2 Basic Science Lesson Note PDF PDF Respiratory Tract Kidney

The document is a lesson note for JSS2 Basic Science, focusing on the human body, specifically the skeletal and muscular systems. It outlines the structure of the skeleton, including the axial and appendicular skeleton, and discusses the types of vertebrae in mammals. Additionally, it covers the composition of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and muscles.

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7 views

JSS2 Basic Science Lesson Note PDF PDF Respiratory Tract Kidney

The document is a lesson note for JSS2 Basic Science, focusing on the human body, specifically the skeletal and muscular systems. It outlines the structure of the skeleton, including the axial and appendicular skeleton, and discusses the types of vertebrae in mammals. Additionally, it covers the composition of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and muscles.

Uploaded by

Nony Jay
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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JSS2 Basic Science Lesson

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JSS2 IST TERM BASIC SCIENCE E-NOTE

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THE HUMAN BODY (SKELETON)

MUSCULAR SYSTEM


RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

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EXCRETORY SYSTEM

HUMAN BEINGS AS HIGHER ANIMALS

MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH, TIME, WEIGHT AND VOLUME

WEEK 1

CONTENT:
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The Human Body (Skeletal System and Movement)

Introduction

The human body has a bony framework known as the skeleton which gives
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the body shape, rigidity, support, etc. These supporting structures in the
organism which helps the body in running, jumping, moving from place to
place and bending to pick objects form the skeletal system. These acts of
changing position from one point or position to another, or from one
direction to another is known as movement.

In fact, the body of animals consists of:

1. Bones called skeletons


2. Flesh called muscles
3. Fluid called blood

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The Skeletal System of Man

The skeleton is made up of two main parts:

1. Axial Skeleton
2. Appendicular Skeleton

The Axial Skeleton

The axial skeleton is made up of the skull and the vertebra, which include
the spine and the chest plate. The skull refers to the bones of the head and
it protects the brain. The vertebrae are otherwise referred to as backbones.
These bones are placed end to end to form a hollow tube through which the
spinal cord passes. The vertebra therefore protects the spinal cord.

There are 5 types of vertebrae in mammals

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Types Position Man Rat Rabbit


1 Cervical vertebra Neck 7 7 9
Thoracic vertebra Chest 12 13 12
Lumbar vertebra Upper trunk abdomen 5 6 7
4 Sacral vertebra Lower trunk abdomen 5 4 3-4
5 Caudal vertebra Tall 14 27-30 16
Appendicular Skeleton

The appendicular skeleton is made up of the limbs and limb girdles which is
directly concerned with movement in animals.

The limbs: There are two pairs of limbs in every animal, these are the
forelimbs and the hind limbs. In man, the forelimbs are free and are called
hands. In other animals except Ape and Gorilla, both the fore and hind limbs
are used for walking. The forelimbs consists of the arm (humerus, ulna and
radius) and the hands(carpals, metacarpals and phalanges) while the hind-
limbs consists of the legs(femur, fibula and tibia) and the feet(tarsals,
metatarsals and phalanges).

Limb Girdles: Generally, there are two limb girdles and they support the
weight of the body. They are:

The pectoral (Shoulder) Girdles: This is a group of large flat bones in the
shoulder region to which the forelimbs are attached.

The Pelvic (Hip) Girdles: This is another group of large flat bones in the hip
region to which hind limbs are attached.

What are Bones?

Bones are made of hard chemical materials called calcium (ii)


Tetraoxophosphate (vi), calcium (ii) Trioxocarbonate (iv). These materials
are living cells make bone from soluble compounds of calcium and
phosphorus in the blood which come from the food you eat. Newly formed
bone is soft and easily bent. The human body has a total of about 206
bones.

Cartilages, Ligaments, Tendons and Muscles

1. Cartilage: The end of bones have a covering materials called


cartilage, which is made of a tough elastic tissue. The cartilage
prevents these ends from the wears and tears (friction) that would

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Figuras de hielo
únicas

Esculturas de hielo
que brillan en el
corazón de las
Mágicas Navidades

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