8

PLAGIARISM & REFERENCING

HARVARD
REFERENCING

STUDENT
SUCCESS
NMU ONLINE RESOURCES

LT COLLAB Hands
Table of contents
1. Harvard Reference Style: Examples
1.1. Books
1.2. E-Books
1.3. Films (Motion pictures)
1.4. Government publications
1.5. Images/Figures/Tables
1.6. Journal articles
1.7. Lecturer notes/handouts
1.8. Magazine articles
1.9. Newspaper articles
1.10. Personal communication
1.11. Powerpoint slides
1.12. Proceedings from conferences/symposia
1.13. Reviews
1.14. Secondary source
1.15. Social Media
1.16. Television programmes
1.17. Theses/Dissertations
1.18. Videos
1.19. Websites

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1. Harvard Reference Style: Examples

Harvard Reference Style Examples Link to: General

notes
This new guide was compiled by H. van der Sandt on 09/12/2018. Any suggestions or comments can
be send to: [email protected]

Below are examples of how to:

List a specific information source in the Reference List

Cite a specific information source as an in-text citation

Single author
Two authors
Three or more authors
Edition other than first
Books
No author(s) or editor(s)
Editor(s)
Chapter author(s) in edited book
Corporate author

E-Books E-Book from the internet

E-Book from an online library
Chapter in edited e-book

Government publications Government publication

Government publication (online)
Images/Tables/Figures Images/Tables/Figures from a book
Images/Tables/Figures from a journal
Images/Tables/Figures from a website
Journal articles Article from a print journal (no DOI)
Article from a print journal (with DOI)
Article from a journal in a database (no DOI)
Article from a journal in a database (with
DOI)
Journal article from the internet (available to
anyone)
Advance online publication of online journal
article
Lecture notes/handouts Lecture notes/handouts not posted on the
internet
Lecture notes/handouts on the internet
Magazine articles Magazine articles (print)
Magazine articles (online)
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Newspaper articles Newspaper articles (print)
Newspaper articles (online)
Personal communication Personal communication
PowerPoint slides PowerPoint slides (online)
Proceedings from Proceedings published in book format:
conferences/symposia Full proceedings
Paper from proceedings
Individual conference papers published in a
journal
Conference/Symposium paper from the
internet
Reviews Reviews of a book
Reviews of a film/DVD
Secondary resources Secondary source
Social media Facebook page
Twitter
Blog entry

Theses/Dissertations Thesis/Dissertation (print)

Thesis/Dissertation viewed online

Videos Video
Video (online)
Websites Websites

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1.1. Books

Books
TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
Components:
In the examples which follow for the
Author(s). Year. Title: subtitle. Place: in-text citations you will see that two
Publisher. options are given.
If you decide in your writing to use the
author's surname as part of the
Example: sentence it falls outside of the
brackets like such (Netscher,
Netscher, P. 2014. Successful
2014:93).
construction project management: the
practical guide. Cape Town: Wiley.
But if I use the authors name as part
of my sentence, like, "According to
Single author Netscher (2014:93) it will fall outside of
the brackets.
Notes:
· Both title and subtitle of a book must Example:
be in italics
… (Netscher, 2014:93).
· The subtitle: a colon after the title,
space and then the subtitle OR
· Place of publisher needs to be a
name of a city and not a country As proved by Netscher (2014:68-69) …

Components:
Author(s). Year. Title: subtitle. Place:
Publisher. Example:
Desha and Hargroves (2014: 67) stress
…
Example:

… (Desha & Hargroves, 2014:101-102).

Desha, C. & Hargroves, K. 2014. Higher
Two authors education and sustainable
development: a model for curriculum Notes:
renewal. London: Routledge.
When a work has two authors, use the
word “and” between authors’ names
Notes: within the text. Use the symbol "&" in
the (brackets). Cite both authors every
Use commas to separate authors: use time the reference occurs.
an ampersand (&) before the last
author.

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TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
Components:
Authors. Year. Title: subtitle. Place:
Publisher.

Example: Example:

Cicmil, S., Cooke-Davies, T., Crawford, Cicmil, Cooke-Davies, Crawford and

L. & Richardson, K. 2017. Exploring the Richardson (2017:202) state that …
complexity of projects: implications of
complexity theory for project
management practice. Newton Square, Cicmil et al. (2017:250) illustrate …
Three or more PA: Project Management Institute.
authors
Notes:
Notes: When a work has three or more authors,
Use commas to separate authors: use cite all authors the first time the
an ampersand (&) before the last reference occurs, but in subsequent
author. Do not use "and". citations only use the first author’s last
name followed by “et al.”
For locations in USA, you should
always list the city and the state using
the two letter postal abbreviation
without periods, e.g. Hoboken, NJ

Components:
Author(s). Year. Title: subtitle. Edition.
Place: Publisher.

Shuker, R. 2016. Understanding Example:

popular music culture. 5th ed. London, According to Shuker (2016:69) …
Edition other than England: Routledge.
first

… (Shuker, 2016:89).

Notes:
The title ends with a full stop before the
edition statement

Components:
Title: subtitle. Year. Place: Publisher. Example:
… (Social policy, 2015:55-56).
Social policy: An introduction. 2015.
Maidenhead: Oxford University Press.
No Notes:
author(s)/editor(s)
Avoid using the title of the reference at
Notes: the beginning of the sentence.
The title moves to the author position Use a few words of the title (in italics), or
before the date of the publication. the whole title if it is short.

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TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
Components:
Name of editor(s). Eds. Year. Title:
subtitle. Place: Publisher.

Example:

Example:
Editor(s) Bothma, J.P. & Du Toit, J.G. Eds. 2016. Bothma and Du Toit (2016: 301) argued
Game ranch management. Pretoria: that …
Van Schaik.

… (Bothma & Du Toit, 2016:316).

Notes:
Identify the editor(s) by the abbreviation This type of reference would only be
Eds.after the last editor’s name. used if you are referring to a chapter
written by Bothma and Du Toit.

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TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
Components:
Authors. Year. Title: subtitle of the
chapter, in Title of book. Edited by
Author/s. Place: Publisher. Page
reference of the entire chapter.

Example:
Zalasiewicz, J. & Williams, M. 2015.
Climate change through Earth's history,
in Climate change: observed impacts on
planet earth. Edited by Fletcher, T. M. Example:
Amsterdam: Elsevier. 3-13

Zalasiewicz and Williams (2015:12) state

…

Notes: … (Zalasiewicz & Williams, 2015:12).

Chapter authors In the above example, you have
in edited books consulted a chapter of the book Climate
change: observed impacts on planet
earth, edited by T. M. Fletcher.
Notes:
The chapter you consulted for your
assignment/research is Climate change References to the work of an author that
through Earth's history, by the authors J. appears as a chapter, or part of a larger
Zalasiewicz, J. and M. Williams. work, that is edited by someone else,
should be cited within your text using the
In the reference list you should include name of the contributory author not the
details of both the chapter author(s) and editor of the whole work.
the editor(s) of the entire work.

The title of the book and the chapter title

is italicized .

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TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION

Components:
Corporate author. Year. Title: subtitle.
Place: Publisher.

Example:
Example:
Project Management Institute. 2017. A
guide to the project management body … (Project Management
of knowledge. [s.l.]: Author Institute, 2017:103-105).
Corporate
author(s)
Notes: Notes:

• When an organization “writes” a book When using the name of an

it is known as the corporate author. organization, avoid putting it at
the beginning of the sentence.
• If you cannot locate publisher
location, replace this missing info with
“[s.l.]”
• When the corporate author and
publisher are identical, use the word
“Author” as the name of the publisher.

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1.2. E-Books

E-Books
IN-TEXT
TYPE REFERENCE LIST
CITATION
Components: Examples:
Author. Year. Title of book [E-reader version, if applicable]. doi/Available:
URL [Date of access].

Examples:
Romm
Romm, J. 2015. Climate change: what everyone needs to know [Kindle (2015:122)
version]. Available: http://www.amazon.com [6 April 2018]. states that ...
E-Book … (Romm,
from the Schama, S. 2014. The story of the Jews: finding the words 1000 BC – 2015:152).
internet 1492 AD [Nook Book version]. Available: https://www.barnesandnoble.com
[27 April 2018].
Schama
(2014:44-45)
Notes: concluded …

Use the DOI if it is available. If no DOI, use the URL.

For references to ebook readers, include the type of e-book reader version … (Schama,
in brackets after the title. 2014:59).

Italicize the title, but not the e-book version if included.

Components:
Examples:
Author. Year. Title of book. doi/Available: URL [Date of access].

Patterson
(2017:13)
Examples: argued …
Patterson, N. 2017. Patterson’s guide to reloading basics: practical ammo
reloading guide for shooters. Available: http://www.overdrive.com [7 May
… (Patterson,
E-Book 2018]
2017:21-22).
from an
online
library Mulvihill, P.R. & Ali, S.H. 2016. Environmental management: critical
thinking and emerging practices. Available:
https://www.ebscohost.com/ebooks [15 September 2018]. Mulvihill and Ali
(2016: 31)
recommended
Notes: …
Provide the home page of the online library (Google Books, NetLibrary,
ebrary, EbscoHost ebooks, etc.) rather than the full URL. Books are easily
… (Mulvihill &
available by search on home page, and some sites require log-in
Ali, 2016: 50).
credentials.

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 IN-TEXT
TYPE REFERENCE LIST
CITATION
Components: Examples:
Author. Year. Title: subtitle of chapter. In editors of book (eds.), Title of
book [E-reader version, if applicable]). doi/ Available: URL [Date of According to
access]. Page reference. Manson and
Chapter
Lanier
in edited
(2015:302) …
e-book Example
Manson, P. & Lanier, A. 2015. Managing the virtual landscape of Oregon’s
territorial sea. In D.J. Wright (ed.), Ocean solutions earth solutions. … (Manson &
Available: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com [26 March 2018]. pp. 287-314. Lanier,
2015:306-307).

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1.3. Films (Motion pictures)

TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION

Components:
Name of producer (Producer) & Name of director
(Director). Year. Title of motion picture [Motion
picture]. Country of Origin: Studio.
Example:

Example:

Film Burton, T. (Producer) & Selick, H. (Director).

(Motion 1993. The nightmare before Christmas [Motion
Picture) picture]. United States: Touchstone. … (Burton & Selick, 1993).

Notes: In this film Burton and Selick (1993)

List the primary contributors in the author demonstrated …
position, and use parentheses to identify their
contribution.

Components:
Name of producer (Producer) & Name of Director
(Director). Year. Title of motion picture [Medium:
DVD, video file, etc.]. Available: URL [Date of
access]. Example:

Example: … (Kohler, Davidson, Knopfler, DiCaprio,

Kohler, W., Davidson, K., Knopfler, W. & Ladkani & Davidson, 2016).
DiCaprio, L. (Producers) & Ladkani, R.,
Davidson, K. (Directors). 2016. The ivory
game [Video file]. Available: In this film Kohler et al. (2016) proved …
Online http://www.netflix.com [8July 2017].
Film
(Motion
picture) Notes:
Notes: When a motion picture has three or more
List the primary contributors in the author primary contributors, cite all the
position, and use parentheses to identify their contributors the first time the reference
contribution. occurs, but in subsequent citations only
use the first contributor’s last name
Provide the URL for the site from which you followed by “et al.”
acquired the content. If the content is behind a
log-in screen or a paywall (e.g., Netflix), or if the
content is easily available by search, provide the
home page URL of the site to avoid nonworking
URLs.

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1.4. Government publications

Government publications
TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
Components:
Name of the country. Full name of government department.
Year. Title (Report series and number if available). Place:
Publisher. Example:
… (South Africa.
Example: Department of Home
Affairs, 2006:12-20).
South Africa. Department of Home Affairs. 2006. Annual
Government report (RP53/2006). Pretoria: Government printer.
publication

Notes: Notes:

Publisher will be the official printer/publisher for the When using the name of
government of that country, e.g. an organization avoid
putting it at the beginning
· South Africa: Government Printer of a sentence.
· UK: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO)
· USA: US Government Printing Office

Example:
Components:
Name of the country. Full name of government department. … (U.S. Department of
Year. Title (Report series and number if available). Health and Human
doi/Available: URL [Date of access]. Services, National
Institutes of Health,
Government National Heart, Lung and
publication Examples: Blood Institute, 2003:50).
(online) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National
Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood
Institute. 2003. Managing asthma: a guide for schools (NIH Notes:
Publication No. 02-2650). Available: http://www.nhlbi.nih When using the name of
.gov/health/prof/lung/asthma/asth_sch.pdf [5 December an organization avoid
2017]. putting it at the beginning
of a sentence.

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1.5. Images/Figures/Tables

Images: Notes
In this guide the word figure refers to all images including, Photographs, Paintings, Drawings,
Charts, Diagrams, Graphs, Tables, etc.
Any image used in your assignment/research requires a caption.
A caption should include:

The word Figure (with a capital letter and in italics)

A number (from 1, in numerical order)
A title for the figure or brief description of the work
An in text citation for the reference of the source (if not your own work), which includes the
Author(s), date and page number for the source, e.g. (Brown, 2018:13).

Images: Examples
TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
Example:
Components:
Author(s). Year. Title: subtitle. Place: Publisher.
Images/Tables/Figures
from a book
Example:
Schmitz, K.S. 2017. Physical chemistry. Amsterdam:
Figure 1. Warfarin
Elsevier.
(Schmitz,
2017:139).
Example:
Components:
Author. Year. Title of article. Title of journal, volume of
journal(issue): page reference. doi/ Available: URL
[Date of access].
Images/Tables/Figures
from a journal
Example:
Tzalmona, R. 2011. Traces of the Atlantik wall or The
Ruins that were Built to Last. Third Text, 25(6):75-86. Figure 2. Atlantic
doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/09528822.2011.624351 Wall (Tzalmona,
2011:78).

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 TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
Components:
Author. Year. Title of document [Format if necessary].
Available: URL [Date of access]. Example:

Example:
Project management trends to transform your
business. 2016. Available:
https://www.seartec.co.za/project-management-trends Figure 3. Project
[21 June 2018]. management
Images/Tables/Figures process (Project
from a website management trends,
Notes: 2016).
When no author can be identified, the title moves to the
author position before the date of the publication.
Notes:
When a work has no
Note that images from clip art packages from common identified author, cite
software programs like Microsoft Word or PowerPoint in text the first few
do not need reference list entries or citations. Describe words of the title of
in text where the images came from because these the article.
programs are so well-known that citations are not
necessary.

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1.6. Journal articles

Journal articles: Notes

Journal article title: Do not italicize the article title.
Journal title: Italicize the journal title.
DOI = Digital Object Identifier is a unique name assigned by the International DOI Foundation
that provides a persistant link to its location on the internet.
If no DOI is assigned to the online content, include the URL for the location of the reference,
e.g. Available: URL [Date of access].

Journal articles: Examples

TYPE REFERENCE IN-TEXT CITATION
Example:

Components:
Author. Year. Title of article. Title of journal, Hart, Jacobs, Ramoroka, Mhlula and
volume of journal(number of issue):page Letty (2015:6) argue …
reference.
Article
… (Hart et al., 2015:8).
from a
print
journal (no Example:
DOI)
Hart, I., Jacobs, P., Ramoroka, K., Mhlula, A. & Notes:
Letty, B. 2015. Innovation and the development
nexus: prospects from rural enterprises in When a work has three or more
South Africa. Africanus Journal of Development authors, cite all authors the first time the
Studies, 45(1):1-9. reference occurs, but in subsequent
citations only use the first author’s last
name followed by “et al.”

Example:
Components:
… (Oehl, Schaffer & Bernauer,
Author. Year. Title of article. Title of journal, 2017:200-201).
volume of journal(number of issue):page
reference. doi
Article Oehl et al. (2017:202) state …
from a
print Example:
journal Notes:
(with DOI) Oehl, B., Schaffer, L.M. & Bernauer, T. 2017.
How to measure public demand for policies When a work has three or more
when there is no appropriate survey data? authors, cite all authors the first time the
Journal of public policy, 37(2):173-204. doi: reference occurs, but in subsequent
10.1017/s0143814X16000155 citations only use the first author’s last
name followed by “et al.”

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 TYPE REFERENCE IN-TEXT CITATION
Components:
Author. Year. Title of article. Title of journal,
volume of journal(number of issue):page
reference. Available: URL [Date of access].

Example:
Hughes, J.N. 2010. Identifying quality in
preschool education: progress and challenge. Example:
Article School psychology review, 39(1):48-53.
from a Available: http://naspjournals.org [7 Augustus
journal in a 2018]. … (Hughes, 2010:49).
database
(no DOI)
Notes: Hughes (2010:50-51) illustrates …
If no DOI is assigned, give the URL of the
journal.
In general, it is not necessary to include
database information as journal coverage in a
particular database may change over time and
may be only accessible to subscribers.

Components:
Author. Year. Title of article. Title of journal,
volume of journal(number of issue):page
reference. doi
Example:
Edwin, Anand and Prasanna (2017:150)
believe …
Example:
Article Edwin, A., Anand, V. & Prasanna, K. 2017. … (Edwin et al., 2017:152).
from a Sustainable development through functionally
journal in a graded materials: an overview. Rasayan
database Journal of Chemistry, 10(1):149-152. doi: Notes:
(with DOI) 10.7324/RJC.2017.1011578
When a work has three or more
authors, cite all authors the first time the
Notes: reference occurs, but in subsequent
citations only use the first author’s last
In general, it is not necessary to include name followed by “et al.”
database information as journal coverage in a
particular database may change over time and
may be only accessible to subscribers.

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 TYPE REFERENCE IN-TEXT CITATION
Components:
Author. Year. Title of article. Title of journal,
volume of journal(number of issue):page
reference. doi/Available: URL [Date of access].

Example:
Journal Example:
article from Supiot, A. 2010. A legal perspective on the
the internet economic crisis of 2008. International Labour According to Supiot (2010:156).
available to Review, 149(2):151-162. Available:
anyone http://www.ilo.org/public/english/revue/ [26 July
2018]. … (Supiot, 2010:158-159).

Notes:
If no DOI is assigned, give the URL of the
journal.
Components:
Author. Year. Title of article. Title of journal,
volume of journal (if available). Advance online
publication. doi/Available: URL [Date of
access].

Example:
Von Ledebur, S.C. 2018. Optimizing knowledge
transfer by new employees in companies. Examples:
Knowledge Management Research & Practice.
Advance online publication. doi:
Advance 10.1057/palgrave.kmrp.8500141 Von Ledebur (2018) states …
online
publication
of online Notes: … (Von Ledebur, 2018).
journal If you are citing an advance release version of
article an article, insert “Advance online publication”
before the retrieval statement. Notes:
This advance online publication has not
yet been given page numbers
This advance online publication has not yet
been given volume, issue, or page numbers
(which would be assigned at the time of
publication).

If no DOI is assigned to the online content,

include the URL for the journal or magazine in
the reference. Do not include the name of the
database. Use this format: Available:
http://xxxxxxx [Date of access].

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1.7. Lecturer notes/handouts

Lecturer notes/handouts
TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
Cite the following only as personal communication
without a reference list entry: Example:

· Lecture notes that are only available from the

teacher, via course management software (such as In a lecture on 8th February
Moodle, Blackboard). 2018 V. Simpson outlined
· Notes taken during a lecture or material that was …
Lecture handed out in class but is not posted elsewhere (e.g.,
notes/handouts on the instructor’s public website).
not posted on Notes:
the internet Cite personal
Notes: communications in text
Part of the purpose of a reference list is to lead your only; include initials as well
reader back to the source. The above listed sources as the surname of the
are not recoverable by other researchers and can only person involved, and give
be cited as personal communication in the text. as precise a date as
possible.

Components:
Author. Year. Title [Lecture notes/PowerPoint slides].
Available: URL [Date of access].

Examples:

Brieger, W. 2015. Lecture 3: recruitment and

involvement of trainees [Lecture notes]. Available from Example:
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
OpenCourseWare website:
Lecture http://ocw.jhsph.edu/courses/TrainingMethods
notes/handouts ContinuingEducation/lectureNotes.cfm [3 June 2018].
posted on … (Brieger, 2015).
internet

Notes: As stated by Brieger (2015)

…
When citing online lecture notes, be sure to provide the
file format in brackets after the lecture title (e.g.
Lecture notes).

Identify the name of the website to which the

information was posted when that information is not
evident from the URL or author name.

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1.8. Magazine articles

Magazine articles: Notes

Magazine articles have more popular than academic content and are written by journalists for
a general audience with usually no references/bibliography.

Magazine articles: Examples

TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
Components:
Author. Year. Title of article. Title of journal, day and month,
volume of journal(number of issue):page reference.
Example:

Example:
Magazine
Hefer (2009:79)
article ( Hefer, S. 2009. Get fit and feel great: young Drum. Drum, 9 May,
15(877):78-81. recommends …
print)

Notes: … (Hefer, 2009:81).

Provide a more specific date for magazine articles after the

magazine title (the month, for monthly magazines; the month and
day for weekly magazines).

Components:
Author. Year. Title. Title of journal, day and month, volume of
journal(number of issue):page reference (if available).
doi/Available: URL [Date of access].
Example:

According to John
Example:
(2017).
Magazine John, T. 2017. France’s golden boy loses his luster. Time, 4
article September, 190(9). Available: http://time.com/magazine [10
September 2018]. … (John, 2017).
(online)

Notes: Notes:
Provide a more specific date for magazine articles after the This online resource
magazine title followed by a comma (the month, for monthly does not have page
magazines; the month and day for weekly magazines). numbers for articles.
This online resource does not have page numbers for articles.
If no DOI is assigned and you retrieved it online, include the URL
of the magazine and the date accessed.

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1.9. Newspaper articles

Newspaper articles
IN-TEXT
TYPE REFERENCE LIST
CITATION
Components:
Author. Year. Title of article. Title of newspaper, day and month:page
reference.

Example:
Wilson, G. 2017. Two men slain, one critical in vigilante attacks. The Example:
Herald, 22 August:1, 3, 5.

Newspaper Wilson (2017:1)

article said ...
(print) Notes:

… (Wilson,
The day and month is included after the newspaper title. 2017:3).
Title of the newspaper is italicized. If the newspaper’s name starts
with “The,” include it in italics.

If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers,

and separate the numbers with a comma (e.g. 1, 3, 5).

Example:
Components:
Author. Year. Title of article. Title of newspaper, date and month. Meyer and Hyman
Available: URL [Date of access]. (2017) conclude
that …

Newspaper Example: … (Meyer &

article Hyman, 2017).
(online) Meyer, D & Hyman, A. 2017. Fees must fall movement vows UCT
shutdown. HeraldLive, 4 September. Available:
http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/2017/09/04/fees-must-fall-
movement-vows-uct-shutdown/ [5 September 2018].
Notes:
This online
Notes: resource does not
The day and month is included after the newspaper title in [square have page
brackets] numbers for
articles.

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1.10. Personal communication

Personal communication
TYPE IN-TEXT CITATION
Notes:
Personal communication may be:
· private letters
· memos
· electronic communications, e.g. email
· personal interviews
· telephone conversations
· social media postings where it will be unable to access the content (e.g.,
because of friends-only privacy settings or because the exchange occurred in a
private message)
· Lecture notes that are only available from the teacher, via course management
software (such as Moodle, Blackboard).
· Notes taken during a lecture or material that was handed out in class but is not
posted elsewhere (e.g., on the instructor’s public website).

Where personal communications do not provide recoverable data, it must not be

included in the reference list. Cite personal communications in text only. Give the
Personal initials as well as the surname of the communicator, and provide as exact a date as
communication possible.

When referencing a personal communication you should:

· Ask permission of the author/speaker/sender before quoting them
· Provide the communicator’s initials & surname and the type of communication
in the text
· Provide the exact date of the communication

Examples:
In an email on 23rd July 2017 J. Brown stated that …

In a conversation on 25th March 2018 B. Jones confirmed that …

In a lecture on 8th February 2018 V. Simpson outlined …

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1.11. Powerpoint slides

Powerpoint slides
IN-TEXT
TYPE REFERENCE LIST
CITATION
Components: Example:
Author. Year. Title of presentation [Lecture notes or PowerPoint slides].
Available: URL [Date of access].
… (Kunka,
2018:slide 2).
Example:
Kunka, J.L. 2018. Conquering the comma [PowerPoint slides]. Available: According to
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/workshops//pp/index.html#presentations Kunka
PowerPoint [15 March 2018]. (2018:slide 5)
Slides …
(Online)
Notes:
When PowerPoint slides/lecture notes are available only from the Notes:
teacher, via course management software (such as Moodle, Blackboard), Give the slide
or from someone who took notes during a lecture, cite this as a personal number in
communication. place of page
The same approach would apply to notes taken during a lecture or number.
material that was handed out in class but is not posted elsewhere (e.g.,
on the instructor’s public website).

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1.12. Proceedings from conferences/symposia

Proceedings from Conferences/Symposia

TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
Conference Full proceedings Example:
proceedings published
in book format
Components
Author/Editor. Year. Title of The conference (Jones, 2015:102)
conference/symposium: subtitle of …
conference/symposium. Location and
date of conference. Place of
publisher: Publisher.
Example:
Example:
Jones, T. (ed.). 2015. Small
rd firms: In his expert analysis Cook
adding the spark; the 23 ISBA (2015:46) …
national small firms policy and
research conference. Robert Gordon
University, Aberdeen, 15-17 … (Cook, 2015:48-49).
November. Leeds: Institute for Small
Business Affairs.

Paper from proceedings Notes:

References to author(s) of a paper
that appears as a part of
Components conference proceedings published
Author. Year. Title: subtitle of the in book format, edited by someone
conference paper. In editors of else, should be cited within your
conference proceedings (eds.), Full text using the name of the author(s)
title of conference. Location and date of the paper and not the editor of
of conference. Place of publisher: the whole published proceedings.
Publisher. Page reference.

Example:
Cook, D. 2015. Developing franchised
business in Scotland. In T. Jones
(ed.), Small
rd firms: adding the spark;
the 23 ISBA national small firms
policy and research conference.
Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen,
15-17 November. Leeds: Institute for
Small Business Affairs. pp. 22-23.

Notes:

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 TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
To cite a paper from conference
proceedings published in book format,
use the same format as for a book
chapter.

Components:
Author. Year. Title of paper. Title of
journal, volume of journal(number of Examples:
issue):page reference. doi/Available:
URL [Date of access]. … (Wroe, Ferrara, McHenry,
Curnoe & Chamoli, 2010:3580).

Examples:
Wroe et al. (2010:3581-3582) state
Wroe, S., Ferrara, T.L., McHenry, …
Individual conference C.L., Curnoe, D. & Chamoli, U. 2010.
papers published in The craniomandibular mechanics of
journals being human. Proceedings of the Notes:
Royal Society B/Biological Sciences,
277:3579–3586. doi: http://dx.doi.org When a work has three or more
/10.1098/rspb.2010.0509 authors, cite all authors the first
time the reference occurs, but in
subsequent citations only use the
Notes: first author’s last name followed by
“et al.”
If no DOI is assigned to online
content, use this format: Available:
URL [Date of access].

Components
Author of the paper. Year. Title of
paper. Title of conference. Location
and date of conference. doi/Available:
URL [Date of access].

Example: Example:
Dawson, H. 2015. Is Alzheimer’s a
Conference/Symposium transmissible disease? WHO
papers from the Symposium on Dementia. Geneva, According to Dawson (2015) …
internet Switzerland, 3-6 April. doi:
15.1243/GH.2015.132
… (Dawson, 2015).

Notes:
If no DOI is assigned to online
content, use this format: Available:
URL [Date of access].

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1.13. Reviews

Reviews
TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
Examples:
Components:
Author of the review. Year. Title of review (if there is one) [Review of … (Hall, 2012:126).
the book Title of book been reviewed, by Author Initial(s).
Surname]. Journal Title, volume(number of issue):page reference.
doi/Available: URL [Date of access]. Hall (2012:126)
states that ...

Examples:
Hall, A. 2012. [Review of the book Child psychology and psychiatry:
frameworks for practice, by D. Skuse, H. Bruce, L. Dowdney & D. … (Schatz,
Mrazek]. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 17(2):126. 2000:1304).

Schatz, B.R. 2000. Learning by text or context? [Review of the book According to Schatz
The social life of information, by J.S. Brown & P. Duguid]. Science, (2000:1304) …
Review 290:1304. doi: 10.1126/science.290.5495.1304
of a
book
Boyd, W. 2010. Man as an island [Review of the book William
Golding, by J. Carey]. Available:
http://www.nytimes.com/goldingreview [1 July 2018].
According to Boyd
(2010) …
Notes:
· If the review is untitled, use the material in brackets as the title; … (Boyd, 2010).
retain the brackets to indicate that the material is a description of
form and content, not a title.
· Identify the type of medium being reviewed in brackets (book,
motion picture, television program, etc.). Notes:
· If the reviewed item is a book, include the author names (initials The last example is
followed by surname) after the title of the book, separated by a an online resource
comma. and no page
numbers are
available).

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 TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
Components:
Author of the review. Year. Review title (if there is one) [Review of
the film/DVD Film/DVD title, produced by producer’s name, year of
release]. Journal Title, volume(number of issue):page reference.
Example:
doi/Available: URL [Date of access].
Example:
Axelman and
Review Axelman, A. & Shapiro, J.L. 2007. Does this solution warrant the
Shapiro (2007:63)
of a problem? [Review of the DVD Brief therapy with adolescents,
state …
film/DVD produced by the American Psychological Association, 2007].
PsycCRITIQUES 52(51):62-65. doi: 10.1037/a009036
… (Axelman &
Shapiro, 2007:64).
Notes:
If the reviewed item is a film, DVD, or other media, include the year
of release after the title and author of the work, separated by a
comma.

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1.14. Secondary source

Secondary source: Notes

In some cases you may want to refer to a source that is mentioned or quoted in the work you
are reading. This is known as a secondary source. It is important that, whenever possible, you
cite and reference the primary source of your information.
For example, if you read about a study by Warkington (primary source) in a journal article written by
Roberts, Jones and Munroe (secondary source) you should try and locate and read the original work
by Warkington. If you cannot locate the primary source (in this case Warkington), you cannot include it
in your reference list. You can only cite it in your text. In your essay or assignment, you should cite
both sources and use the phrase “quoted in” or “cited in” depending on whether the author of the
secondary source is directly quoting or summarizing from the primary source.

Secondary source: Examples

TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
Example: Example:
Roberts, M., Jones, R.L. & Munroe, N. 2014. Children and In Warkington’s study (as
cognition and the development of language. Psychological cited in Roberts, Jones &
Reports, 19(7):412-419. Munroe, 2014:413) …
Secondary
Source

Notes: Notes:
Give the secondary source in the reference list if you are If you are unable to read the
unable to read the primary source. The secondary source primary sources you can only
can be a book, journal article or any other type of cite them (as in the above
information source. example).

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1.15. Social Media

Social media: Notes

Social Media Websites include Facebook, Twitter, Google+, Tumblr, Instagram, etc. You may
want to cite examples or mention these popular sites in a research paper, but most likely you
will not use these sites exclusively in a research paper.
The required elements for a social media reference are: Author. Year. Title of page [Social
media type]. Day and month of post. Available: URL [Date of access].

Social Media: Examples

IN-TEXT
TYPE REFERENCE LIST
CITATION
Examples:
Components:
Author. Year. Title of page [Facebook]. Day and month of post. Available: URL
[Date of access]. …
(Ngomso,
2017).
Facebook
Example:
page
Ngomso, D. 2017. SA Concerned Consumer Group [Facebook]. 13 January.
Ngomso
Available: https://www.facebook.com/groups/6814981679260616 [15 January
(2017) said
2017].
…

Components:
Author. Year. Full text of tweet [Twitter]. Day and month of post. Available:
URL [Date of access].
Examples:

Example:
Twitter Blake, S. 2017. Energising development with Jatropha curcas? Biofuel Blake
reflections from Mali in @PracticalAction briefing paper [Twitter]. 27 March. (2017) …
Available: https://twitter.com/SBlake [28 March 2017]. … (Blake,
2017).

Notes:
The full text of the tweet is in italics.

/
 IN-TEXT
TYPE REFERENCE LIST
CITATION
Components:
Author. Year. Title of blog entry. Title of blog. [Blog]. Day and month of blog
entry. Available: URL [Date of access]. Examples:

Example:
Buesseler, K. 2018. This twilight zone is dark, watery, and yes, also full of Buesseler
intrigue. Earth right now [Blog]. 21 Aug. Available: (2018)
Blog https://climate.nasa.gov/blog/2788/this-twilight-zone-is-dark-watery-and-yes- agreed …
entry also-full-of-intrigue/ [29 Aug 2018].

…
(Buesseler,
2018).
Notes:
The title of the blog is in italics and not the title of the blog entry.

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1.16. Television programmes

Television programmes
TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
Components:
Name of producer (Producer). Year, month, day.
Title [Programme type]. Place: Network, Studio or
Distributor.
Example:

Example:
Individual
television Smith, K.G. (Producer). 2009, October 1. Every
broadcast day news [Television broadcast]. New York, NY:
West Broadcasting. ... (Smith, 2009).

In this news report Smith (2009) …

Notes:
List the primary contributors in the author position,
and use parentheses to identify their contribution.

Components:
Name of producer (Producer). Year. Title
Example:
[Programme type]. Place: Studio or Distributor.
… (Engel, 2004).
Television
series Example:
With this series Engel (2004) proved
Engel, R. (Producer). 2004. Oliver [Television
…
series]. New York: KLC.

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 TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
Components:
Name of producer (Producer). Year. Title
[Programme type]. Example:
Available: URL [Date of access]. … (Grazer, Howard, Hurwitz & Nevins,
2003-2006).

Example:
In this series Grazer et al. (2003-
Grazer, B. (Producer), Howard, R. (Producer),
2006) proved …
Hurwitz, M. (Producer & Creator) & Nevins, D.
Television
(Producer). 2003–2006. Arrested development
series
[Television series]. Available:
(online)
http://www.hulu.com/arrested-development [12
July 2018]. Notes:
When a television series has three or
more contributors, cite all the
contributors the first time the
Notes: reference occurs; in subsequent
citations, include only the surname of
List the primary contributors in the author position,
the first contributor followed by et al.
and use parentheses to identify their contribution.

Components: Example:
Name of writer (Writer) & Name of Director
(Director). Year. Title of television series
episode/webisode [Television series In this episode Egan and Alexander,
episode/webisode]. In Name of Executive (2005) …
Producer [Executive Producer], Series Title. Place:
Single Network, Studio or Distributor.
episode … (Egan & Alexander, 2005).
from a
television
series Notes:
Example:
References to the contributors of the
specific episode should be cited within
Egan, D. (Writer) & Alexander, J. (Director). 2005. your text using the name of the
Failure to communicate [Television series contributors of only the specific
episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), episode and not the producer of the
House. New York, NY: Fox Broadcasting. whole series.

/
 TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
Name of writer (Writer) & Name of Director
(Director). Year. Title of television series
episode/webisode [Television series
episode/webisode]. In Name of Executive Example:
Producer [Executive Producer], Series Title.
Available: URL [Date of access]. In this episode Thompson, Weddle &
Rose (2006) …
Thompson, B. (Writer), Weddle, D. (Writer) &
Rose, W. (Director). 2006. Webisode 1 [Television
Single series webisode]. In D. Eick & R.D. Moore … (Thompson et al., 2006).
episode (Executive Producers), Battlestar Galactica: the
from a resistance. Available: http://video
television .syfy.com/sr/webisode-1/v31166 [27 October
series 2018].
(online) Notes:
When a television series episode has
Notes: three or more contributors, cite all the
authors the first time the reference
For an episode from a television series, use the
occurs; in subsequent citations,
same format as for a chapter in a book, but list the
include only the surname of the first
script writer and director in the author position and
contributor followed by et al.
the producer in the editor position.

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1.17. Theses/Dissertations

Theses/Dissertations
TYPE REFERENCE LIST IN-TEXT CITATION
Components:
Author. Year. Title: subtitle. Degree
statement, Degree-awarding body.

Examples:
Examples:
Davis, L. 2006. British travelers
th th and the
Theses/ rediscovery of Sicily: 16 -19 century. … (Davis, 2006:72)
PhD Thesis, Southampton Solent
Dissertations University.
(print) Boshoff (2018:16) stated …

Boshoff, R. 2018. An adaptive internet

management model for higher
education institutions in South Africa.
Thesis (D.B.A.), Nelson Mandela
University.

Components:
Examples:
Author. Year. Title: subtitle. Degree
statement, Degree-awarding body. … (Parsons, 2014:64).
Available: URL [Date of access].

Theses/ Parsons (2014:17) state …

Dissertations Example:
viewed
online Parsons, J.D. 2014. Nutrition in Notes:
contemporary diet. PhD thesis, Durham
University. Available: When a work has three or more authors, cite
http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/846 [3 June all authors the first time the reference occurs,
2019]. but in subsequent citations only use the first
author’s last name followed by “et al.”

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1.18. Videos

Videos
IN-TEXT
TYPE REFERENCE LIST
CITATIONS
Example:
Components:
Name of director (Director) & Name of producer (Producer). Year of distribution.
Title [Medium]. Place of distribution: distributor.
In this
video
Example: Brownke
Video Brownke, S. (Director) & Thompson, V. (Producer). 2011. The manager as and
coach [DVD]. Brighton & Hove: Supernova Learning Solutions. Thompson
(2011) …

Notes:
…
List the primary contributors in the author position and use parentheses to (Brownke &
identify their contribution. Thompson,
2011).
Components:
Author and/or [Screen name]. Year. Title [Medium]. doi/Available: URL [Date of
access].

Example:
Example:
Rees, M. [TED]. 2008. Sir Martin Rees: earth in its final century? [Video file].
… (Rees,
Available:
2008).
Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?
(online) v=3qF26MbYgOAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3qF26MbYgOA [6 March
2018].
According
to Rees
(2008) the
Notes:
following …
For retrievability purposes, the person who posted the video is credited as the
author. If the person’s real name and user name are both available, provide the
real name followed by the user name inside brackets. Otherwise, when the real
name is not available, include only the user name, without brackets.

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1.19. Websites

Websites
IN-TEXT
TYPE REFERENCE LIST
CITATIONS
Examples:

Components:
Author. Year. Title of web document/site. Available: URL [Date of access].

Segal and
Examples: Cloete (2012)
Segal, N. & Cloete, B. 2012. Celebrating climate change: how might state that …
“green” growth facilitate or hinder SA’s developmental objectives?
Available: http://www.sagreenfund.org.za/wordpress/wp-
content/uploads/2015/04/Combating-Climate-Change.pdf [28 September … (Segal &
2018]. cloete, 2012).
Websites

British Psychological Association. [n.d.]. Career options in psychology.

Available: https://www.bps.org.uk/public/become-psychologist/career-
… (British
options-psychology [14 February 2018].
Psychological
Association,
n.d.).
Notes:
The basic reference template for any information you get off a website is
made up of four pieces: author, date, title [with a description of format in According to
brackets, if necessary], and source (the URL) with date accessed. the British
Psychological
Association
(n.d.) …

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