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The document outlines various experiments aimed at determining electrical resistance, focal length of a concave mirror, and verifying laws of resistance combinations using a meter bridge. It includes details on apparatus, observations, precautions, and potential sources of error for each experiment. The experiments involve plotting graphs, measuring distances, and analyzing I-V characteristics of a p-n junction diode.

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purushottambhodwal6
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3 views

PC

The document outlines various experiments aimed at determining electrical resistance, focal length of a concave mirror, and verifying laws of resistance combinations using a meter bridge. It includes details on apparatus, observations, precautions, and potential sources of error for each experiment. The experiments involve plotting graphs, measuring distances, and analyzing I-V characteristics of a p-n junction diode.

Uploaded by

purushottambhodwal6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C-1

Q(1)
Aim: To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph of potential difference versus current.
Apparatus: A metallic conductor (coil or a resistance wire), a battery, one way key, a voltmeter and an ammeter of
appropriate range, connecting wires and a piece of sand paper, a scale.

Observation:
(i) Range:
Range of given voltmeter = 3 v
Range of given ammeter = 500 mA

(ii) Least count:


Least count of voltmeter = 0.05v
Least count of ammeter = 10 mA

(iii) Zero error:


Zero error in ammeter, e1 = 0
Zero error in voltmeter, e2=0

Length of resistance wire: 28 cm

Graph between potential difference & current:

Scale: X – axis : 1 cm = 0.1 V of potential difference


Y – axis: 1 cm = 0.1 A of current

The graph comes out to be a straight line.

Precautions:
Voltmeter and ammeter should be of proper range.
The connections should be neat, clean & tight.
Source of Error:
Rheostat may have high resistance.
The instrument screws may be loose.
C-1
Q(2)
Aim: To find the value of v for different values of ‘u’ in case of a concave mirror & to find its focal length.
Apparatus: An optical bench with three uprights. Concave mirror, a mirror holder, two optical needles, a knitting
needle & a half – meter scale.

Observation:
Rough focal length of given concave mirror = 10.9 cm
Actual length of the knitting needle, x = 15 cm
Observed distance between the mirror & object needle when knitting needle is placed between them, y = 15.2 cm.
Observed distance between the mirror & image needle when knitting needle is placed between them, z = 15.8 cm.
Index error for u, e1 = y – x = – 0.2 cm
Index error for v, e2 = z – x = – 0.8 cm

Precautions:
(i) The uprights should be vertical.
(ii) Tip-to-tip parallax should be removed between the needle I and image of needle O.
(iii) To locate the position of the image the eye should be at least 30 cm away from the needle.
Sources of Error: * The uprights may not be vertical.
* Parallax removal may not be perfect
C-1
(3) Activity
C-2
Q(1)
C-2
Q(2)
C-2
(3) Activity
C-3
Q(1)

Aim: To verify the laws of combination (series & parallel) of resistances using meter bridge (slide Wire Bridge)
Apparatus: A meter bridge, laclanche cell, a galvanometer, a resistance box, a jockey, two resistances wires, set
square, sand paper and connecting wires.

Observations: Table for length (l) & unknown resistance (r):

Result: Within limits of experimental error, experimental & theoretical values of RS are same. Hence the
law of resistance in series i.e. RS = r1 + r2 is verified.

Precautions:
(i) The connections should be neat, clean & tight.
(ii) Move the jockey gently over the wire & don’t rub it.
(iii) All plugs in resistant box should be tight.

Sources of Error:
(i) The plugs may not be clean.
(ii) The instrument screws maybe loose.
C-3
Q(2)
Aim: To draw the I – V characteristics curve of p-n junction in forward bias & reverse bias.
Apparatus: A p-n junction semi-conductor diode, a three volt battery, a high resistance, a rheostat, a voltmeter
(0-3v), a milli ammeter (0-.30 mA), one – way key, connecting wires.
C-3
(3) Activity
C-4
Q(1)
C-4
Q(2)
C-4
(3) Activity

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