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Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards - Bachelor of Science in Criminology by Philippine Law School - Asst. Prof. Regie Francisco

The document outlines the curriculum for a course on ethics within the Bachelor of Science in Criminology program, emphasizing the importance of moral conduct and professional standards in law enforcement. It details the program's objectives, outcomes, and course expectations, aiming to prepare students for careers in crime prevention and law enforcement while fostering values such as integrity and accountability. Additionally, the document discusses the foundational concepts of ethics, morality, and values as they relate to police conduct and community relations.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
125 views61 pages

Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards - Bachelor of Science in Criminology by Philippine Law School - Asst. Prof. Regie Francisco

The document outlines the curriculum for a course on ethics within the Bachelor of Science in Criminology program, emphasizing the importance of moral conduct and professional standards in law enforcement. It details the program's objectives, outcomes, and course expectations, aiming to prepare students for careers in crime prevention and law enforcement while fostering values such as integrity and accountability. Additionally, the document discusses the foundational concepts of ethics, morality, and values as they relate to police conduct and community relations.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CRIMINAL

JUSTICE
EDUCATION
PROFESSIONAL
CONDUCT
REGIE A. FRANCISCO
MAED, MBA, LPT c. JD, PHD
Assistant Professor

AND ETHICAL
Mobile No. 09544420024
STANDARDS
https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
ETHICS 107
as General Education Core Subject
(CMO No. 5, s. 2018 and CMO No. 4, s. of 2018)
For Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Curriculum Description The field of criminology is the study of crime and the various agencies of justice as they operate
and react to crime, criminals and victims. It is therefore the mission of the Criminology program
to provide the community with professionally competent and morally upright graduates who can
deliver efficient and effective services in crime prevention, crime detection and investigation, law
enforcement, public safety, custody and rehabilitation of offenders, criminological research,
among others.

Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) offering the Criminology program are envisioned as
significant educational institutions actively and continually involved in producing graduates who
have the knowledge, skills, attitude and values in addressing the problem of criminality in the
country and the character and competence to meet the challenges of globalization in the field of
criminology.

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


Course Description This course is an integration of values education, police ethics and police community relations
(PCR). Initially, the study covers the general concepts and foundations of ethics with emphasis on
the right Filipino values for national transformation and reformation of the Philippine police
system.

Discussions gradually focus on the effects of ethics and values in the society, the government and
especially in the PNP. Ethics and values are studied as applied to the present Law Enforcement
Code of Ethics and Police Professional Conduct as embodied under Section 1, Rule II of the PNP
Rules and Regulations. Final topics deal on the development of PCR as well as the philosophies
and foundations of good police community and human relations.

Program Objectives The program aims to:

● encourage research and inquiry on the nature, causes, treatment or punishment


of criminal behavior and how criminal justice agencies function and respond to
crime, criminals and victims.
● prepare the students for careers in crime prevention, law enforcement, scientific
crime detection, correctional administration, public safety and allied fields;
● foster the values of leadership, integrity, accountability and responsibility while
serving their fellowmen, community and country;

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


Program Outcomes The required minimum set of program outcomes are as follows:

A. Common to all programs in all types of schools


● Articulate and discuss the latest developments in the specific field of practice
(PQF level 6 descriptor)
● Effectively communicate orally and in writing using both English and Filipino
● Work effectively and independently in multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural
teams (PQF level 6 descriptor)
● Act in recognition of professional, social and ethical responsibility
● Preserve and promote “Filipino historical and cultural heritage” (based on RA
7722)

Program Outcomes B. Common to the Criminal Justice Education


For the Criminal Justice Education program are expressed in the following minimum set of
learning outcomes:

● Conduct criminological research and further studies


● Ensure public safety and order maintenance
● Prevent, suppress and control crime
● Investigate and detect crime
● Enforce laws, rules and regulations
● Protect lives and properties

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


Program Outcomes C. Common to a horizontal type as defined in CMO No. 46, s. 2012

● For professional institutions: demonstrate a service a service orientation in


one’s profession
● For colleges: an ability to participate in various types of employment,
development activities, and public discourses particularly in response to the
needs of the communities one serves
● For universities: an ability to participate in the generation of new knowledge or
in research and development projects
● Graduates of State Universities and Colleges must, in addition, have the
competencies to support “national, regional and local development plans.” (RA
7722)

Course Outcomes At the end of the course, the students are expected to:

● Explain the foundations of ethics and values.


● Discuss the salient points of the PNP code of professional conduct.
● Evaluate the PNP core values and virtues and its impact to their performance.
● Recite the law enforcement code of ethics in today’s setting.
● Appraise the moral/ethical weaknesses of the PNP causing incompetence and
propose a solution for the problem.
● Provide specific recommendations to upgrade the PNP capabilities after
evaluating the law enforcement code of ethics, the code of professional
conduct, ethical standards, and the PCR system.

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco

Lesson Outline:

SECOND
SEMESTER
COVERAGE
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco

TABLE OF CONTENTS

MORALITY PNP ETHICS


01 Contextualizes character,
personality, ethics, morality
02 Interprets the five pillars and
cannons of police ethics,
and human acts principles, tenets of discipline

DOCTRINES CUSTOMS
03 PNP stand on basic issues, 04 Police customs, courtesy
as law enforcement officer, and traditions, police power
professional conduct and and social expectations
ethical standards
01

MORALITY
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

a. explain the difference between ethics and morality; character and personality
b. have deep understanding of human existence

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


01

TOPICS
● Ethos
● Ethics and Morality ● Values ● Service Pledge
● 3 Features of Ethics ● 3 Features of Values ● Core Values
● Character ● Philippine National Police ● Functions
● Personality Mandate ● 10 Basic Human Rights
● 5-Factor Model of ● Vision and Mission ● Morality and Legality
Personality
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
ETHOS
or ETHICOS

The word ethics is derived from the


Greek word ‘ethos,’ meaning ideals,
norms, morals, or character of an
individual or a group of individuals
prevailing in a society.

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


ETHOS
or ETHICOS

Therefore, ethics can be defined as a


study of moral behavior and defining
what is right and wrong in an
individual's behavior by judging them
based on the standards of moral
conduct, expressed and established
by society in a specific field of
activity.

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


ETHOS
or ETHICOS
Ethics can be seen as moral values
attached by society to the actions of
human beings, and they can be seen
as codes or a system of control as
they serve human ends.

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


Ethics is concerned with rights,
responsibilities, use of language,
what it means to live an ethical
life, and how people make moral
decisions. We may think of
moralizing as an intellectual
exercise, but more frequently it's
an attempt to make sense of our
gut instincts and reactions. ETHICS AND
MORALITY
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
It's a subjective concept, and
many people have strong and
stubborn beliefs about what's right
and wrong that can place them in
direct contrast to the moral beliefs
of others. Yet even though morals
may vary from person to person,
religion to religion, and culture to
culture, many have been found to
be universal, stemming from basic
ETHICS AND
human emotions. MORALITY
3 FEATURES
OF ETHICS
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
Ethics involves the exploration
and application of fundamental
moral principles, such as
honesty, integrity, fairness,
respect for others, responsibility,
and compassion.

MORAL
PRINCIPLES
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
Ethical principles are often
subjective and can vary among
individuals, cultures, religions, and
philosophical traditions. Different
societies and belief systems may
have distinct ethical frameworks.

SUBJECTIVE AND
DIVERSITY
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
Personal Ethics refers to an
individual’s own moral code and
values. It influences how
individuals make decisions, treat
others, and navigate ethical
dilemmas in their personal and
professional lives.

PERSONAL
MORALITY
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
CHARACTER
A person becomes
It can be referred to outstanding in the
as the qualities of society because of
an individual. A his/her character.
person could have Character is
good as well as bad developed once a
qualities, and person is born, and
depending on these it is further
qualities, we can developed
decide the depending on the
character of the social associations
particular individual. he/she encounters.

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


CHARACTER
Therefore, it is quite
difficult to deduce
Character brings the real character of
reputation to an someone within a
individual. The short period of time,
society in which and one has to
he/she lives in has observe an
a great influence individual for some
on molding his/her time in order to
character. understand his/her
character.
A good personality PERSONALITY
is subjective. What Honesty
one may consider Discipline
moral and good Organization
could be different Hard work
from another’s Friendliness
judgment. In Open-minded
general, though, a Dependability
good personality is Leadership
defined as having Empathy
admirable and Conscientiousness
positive personal Responsibility
qualities. Courage
5-FACTOR MODEL
OF PERS NALITY

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


Imaginative or OPENNESS TO
Philosophical EXPERIENCE,
vs. Uncreative INTELLECT OR
IMAGINATION
or Unintellectual

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


Efficient or
Organized vs. CONSCIOUSNESS
Haphazard or
careless

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


Bold or EXTRAVERSION
Energetic vs. OR SURGENCY
Shy or Bashful

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


Sympathetic or
cooperative vs. AGREEABLENESS
cold or harsh

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


Moody or NEUROTICISM OR
Nervous vs. LOW EMOTIONAL
STABILITY
Relaxed or Calm

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


VALUES
Values are deeply-held beliefs and principles that
individuals or groups consider important and
desirable. They serve as guiding principles that
influence attitudes, behaviors, and
decision-making across various aspects of life.

Values are shaped by a combination of factors,


including cultural upbringing, family background,
education, and personal experiences.

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


3 FEATURES
OF VALUES
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
Values have a significant
influence on attitudes,
behaviors, and
decision-making. They
guide individuals' choices
and actions, shaping their
priorities, preferences,
and interactions with
others.

INFLUENTIAL
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
Values are subjective and
deeply personal,
reflecting individuals'
beliefs, priorities, and
experiences. Different
people may prioritize and
interpret values
differently based on their
unique perspectives and
backgrounds.

SUBJECTIVE
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
Values are influenced by
cultural norms,
traditions, and societal
expectations. They
reflect the collective
beliefs and priorities of
a particular culture or
community and
contribute to its identity
and cohesion.

CULTURAL
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
Republic Act (RA) No. 6975 entitled: An Act Establishing the Philippine
National Police (PNP) under a reorganized Department of the Interior and
Local Government and Other Purposes as amended by RA 8551 PNP
Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998 and further amended by RA 9708.

MANDATE

PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL
POLICE
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
Imploring the aid of the Almighty, by 2030, We shall be a highly capable,
effective, and credible police service working in partnership with a
responsive community towards the attainment of a safer place to live,
work, and do business.

VISION

PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL
POLICE
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
The PNP shall enforce the law, prevent and control crimes, maintain peace
and order, and ensure public safety and internal security with the active
support of the community.

MISSION

PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL
POLICE
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
Anchored on the provisions set forth by the Philippine Constitution, through
the enactment of Republic Act No. 6975, we, the personnel of the Philippine
National Police, by this solemn Oath, embody our philosophy of “Service,
Honor and Justice” in every public safety initiative we deem important to
address the diverse concerns of the Filipino people.

SERVICE PLEDGE

PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL
POLICE
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
As a law enforcement agency, we shall indulge ourselves to promote and
reflect on our core values whilst upholding the vision and mission of the
police organization. Likewise, we adhere to Republic Act No. 11032 entitled,
“Ease of Doing Business and and Efficient Government Service Delivery Act
of 2018” by implementing measures to to foster apt, convenient, innovative,
and client-friendly process flow of various frontline services offered by the
agency within the specified processing time.

SERVICE PLEDGE

PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL
POLICE
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
so, we guarantee less rigid transactions and flexible payment options to
guarantee customer satisfaction that will elicit feedback for further
service improvement.Thereafter, we shall realize our end goal of
empowering a police-community partnership that is responsive and
resilient toward the joint pursuit of attaining a safer Philippines to live,
work, and do business

SERVICE PLEDGE

PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL
POLICE
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
so, we guarantee less rigid transactions and flexible payment options to
guarantee customer satisfaction that will elicit feedback for further
service improvement.Thereafter, we shall realize our end goal of
empowering a police-community partnership that is responsive and
resilient toward the joint pursuit of attaining a safer Philippines to live,
work, and do business

SERVICE PLEDGE

PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL
POLICE
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
● Makadiyos (God-fearing)
● Makabayan (Nationalilstic)
● Makatao (Humane)
● Makakalikasan (Environment-Friendly)

CORE VALUES

PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL
POLICE
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
1. Maintains peace and order and take all necessary step to ensure
public safety.

2. Promote a more pro-active community in crime prevention and


cooperation with the media for factual accounts of crime incidents
and perceptions of the police.

FUNCTIONS

PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL
POLICE
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
3. Maximize prevention of crimes through continuing police visibility,
investigate crime and effect the arrest of criminal offenders and assist
in their prosecution.

4. Neutralize of organized crime groups, especially kidnappers, terrorist,


bank robbers and carnappers.

FUNCTIONS

PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL
POLICE
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
5. Sustain campaign against dangerous drugs.

6. Expedite the processing of personnel transactions in favor of


deserving personnel.

7. Perform such other duties and exercise all other functions as maybe
provided by law.

FUNCTIONS

PHILIPPINE
NATIONAL
POLICE
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
10 BASIC HUMAN
RIGHTS STANDARDS
LAW ENFORCEMENT
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
1.
Everyone is entitled to equal
protection of the law, without
discrimination on any grounds,
and especially against violence
or threat.
Be especially vigilant to protect
potentially vulnerable groups
such as children, the elderly,
women, refugees, displaced
persons and members of
minority groups.

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


2.

Treat all victims of crime with


compassion and respect,and in
particular protect their safety
and privacy.

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


3.

Do not use force except when


strictly necessary and to the
minimum extent required
under the circumstances

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


4.

Avoid using force when


policing unlawful but
non-violent assemblies. When
dispersing violent assemblies,
use force only to the minimum
extent necessary.

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


5.

Lethal force should not be


used except when strictly
unavoidable in order to
protect your life or the lives
of others

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


6.

Arrest no person unless there are


legal grounds to do so, and the
arrest is carried out in
accordance with lawful arrest
procedures.

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


7.

Ensure all detainees have access


promptly after arrest to their
family and legal representative
and to any necessary medical
assistance

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


8.

All detainees must be treated


humanely. Do not inflict,
instigate or tolerate any act of
torture or ill-treatment, in any
circumstances, and refuse to
obey any order to do so

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


9.

Do not carry out, order or cover


up extrajudicial executions or
“disappearances”, and refuse to
obey any order to do so

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


10.
Report all breaches of these
Basic Standards to your senior
officer and to the office of the
public prosecutor.

Do everything within your


power to ensure steps are
taken to investigate these
breaches.

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


LEGAL VS. MORAL:
WRITTEN VS. RIGHT

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


What is legal and what is moral are similar in many
ways, but very different in others. Both provide social
organization, meaning that they shape how people
behave and what is considered socially acceptable.
Also, they help people interact more cohesively and
aim to protect individuals from harm. Lastly, they
accept or discourage many of the same actions. For
example, from a legal and moral standpoint, drunk
driving is unacceptable.

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


However, law and morality are not the same. For one, the law
is binary, which means that an action is either legal or illegal.
But, morality is full of gray areas. For example, stealing bread
is unlawful regardless of motivations, but most people are
more sympathetic if it was done to feed starving orphans than
as a random act of robbery. Additionally, the law is enforced
by government actors like the police and the courts, and there
are set punishments for offenders. Morality is not formally
regulated, though there certainly could be social
consequences for immoral actions. Finally, the law is the
same for all citizens, but morality depends on who you are
asking because everyone has a different perspective and set
of experiences. Keep these similarities and differences in
mind as we define exactly what legal and moral mean.

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


Morality is a body of
principles that attempt to
define what is good and bad
conduct. Moral principles can
be based on culture, religion,
experiences, and personal MORALITY
values. An action is
considered moral if it fits
within those standards,
though everyone has different
standards.

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


The law is a system of rules
that a state enforces to
regulate behavior through
penalties. Legal principles are
LEGALITY based on the rights of the
citizens and the state
expressed in the rules. An
action is permissible if it does
not violate any of the written
rules.

Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco


LEGAL VS. MORAL: WHY CARE?

As society evolves and opinions shift, what is thought of as


moral changes as well. Looking back at history, there are
many examples of laws that were unequivocally immoral
according to the standards of today. The United States has
stolen Native American lands, enslaved Black people for
generations, and discriminated against homosexuals
among many other examples. As society becomes more
informed and open, citizens demand their laws reflect their
new definition of what is moral. While not everyone agrees
with the decisions, changing the laws is a big step towards
shifting overall social views. By altering the law, society is
told the new definition of what is acceptable. Law and
morality interact together and often cause the other to
change. The bottom line is that when laws are unjust or
outdated, the people need to stand up and fight for what
is right.
Asst. Prof. Regie Anarredo Francisco | Mobile No. 09544420924 | https://m.me/regie.anarredo.francisco
THANKS!
Do you have any questions?
[email protected]
09544420024

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