CHAPTER III

ACTION RESEARCH

This lesson will guide you in understanding content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge, and
curricular knowledge. It will help you analyze the importance of content knowledge and its
application to teaching and learning.

Lesson 1: Understanding Action Research

Guided Practice

Preliminary Activity: Answer the following questions:

Does the school have a research agenda?

Answer: Yes the school has a research agenda.

What are included in the school's research agenda?

Answer: Student learning, teacher development, school culture, and educational policies
are included in the school’s research agenda.

Is there a policy for teachers to conduct action research"?

Answer: According to Mrs.__, “we don’t have a policy for action research, but we have
policy for teachers to conduct research in general”

What is the focus of their action research?

Answer: The focus of action research is the research agenda 2023-2029.

Is there available funding for this action research?

Answer: Yes, we have funding for research. Specifically 10,00 pesos per research, and
another 10.000 if it is published

Analysis of Action Research

Examine the previous action research conducted by the teachers. Supply the information needed
in the table below:

Need Information Data

How many action research are Last year, the school only had one action
conducted each year? research.

How many teachers are doing action Research in general, the school has only one
research? teacher who does research on his/her own.

What are the topics of their action The school has varied topics about
research? education, technology and business research

How many action research were Research in general, the school had 163
published or presented in a conference? research published last year. There are 5
researches presented in a conference.

How many action research were funded All of the action research was funded by the
by the school or an outside agency?
 school.

Conduct an Interview. Ask the following questions:

Are you aware of the action research process?
According to Mrs. ____, “Yes I am aware, last year the school conducted a seminar on
how to conduct action research.

What prompted you to conduct action research?

We are encouraged to conduct action research to solve the problems in the department or
in the community and the institution. We have to start for problems and we look for
certain solutions on that to conduct action research.

What are your action research topics?

The action research topic that I am working right now is about school dropouts and
turnover.

Do you have enough time to conduct action research?

Actually, I don’t have all the luxury of time to conduct research as we have many things
on our hands, not enough time.
Are there incentives for teachers who conduct action research?
Yes, there are incentives. There are publication incentives and research incentives.

How did action research improve your teaching practices?

By utilizing the results of the action research, we are able to solve reappearing problems,
which helps improve our teaching practices.

How did action research enhance students' learning?

It enhances student’s learning because through it, we are able to find efficient and
effective way of improving teaching and learning.

How did you disseminate the results of your action research?

 ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________ _______________________________

Processing

Examine the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:

Do the school and the teachers have a research culture?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________ ___________________________________
Are the teachers aware of the process in conducting action research?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
________________________ _________________________________
How did action research improve the teaching and learning practices in the school?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________ _________________________

What are the things that could be done to encourage the teachers to conduct action
research?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________ ______
Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

I realized that:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________ ___

I believe it is essential to:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________ _______________

From now on, I am determined to:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________ _________________________
Lesson 2: Purposes of Action Research

Guided Practice

Interview some teacher-researchers using the following questions. Summarize their

responses and write them on the space provided after each question.
Who influenced you to conduct action research?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______________________ _________________________________________
What prompted you to conduct action research?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________ __________________________________________________
What was your experience when you conducted your first action research?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________ __________________________________________________
How do you disseminate the results of your action research to other teachers?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________ __________________________________________________
How does action research help you as a teacher?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________ _______________________________
What are the lessons you learned from your action research experiences?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______________ _________________________________________________

Interview the principal using these questions. Write his/her answers in the space below.
How did action research improve the research culture of the teachers?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
What are the positive benefits of action research to your school?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

How did action research develop school performance?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

How did action research improve the quality of students' learning?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

What curricular and instructional innovations were developed as a result of action

research?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Analyze sample action research in school. Read each action research carefully. Select at
least five action research. Identify the purposes of each research.

Title of Action Research Purpose

Processing

Examine the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:

Questions Answer

How many action research aimed to

improve the curriculum content?
How many researched aimed to
improve instruction?
How many action research aimed to
improve students’ behavior and
motivation?
How many research aimed to improve
teaching practices?
How many action research were done
collaboratively?

How many action research were

disseminated in conferences, seminars,
or publications in journal?
What percentage of teachers are doing
action research?
How many teachers think that research
are helpful?

Do you think action research helped develop a culture of excellence among teachers and
students? Explain your answer.

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________ _____
Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

I realized that:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________ ___

I believe it is essential to:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________ _______________

From now on, I am determined to:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________ _________________________
Lesson 3: Selecting Topics and Questions for Action Research

Guided Practice

Preliminary Activity. Examine all the available action research conducted within the past
two years. Write the titles and the research questions for each title in the table below.

Title research Research questions

Interview the teacher-researcher using these questions. Summarize and write their answers in the
space below.

How did you select your topics for action research?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

What prompted you to embark on these topics?

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
 How did you select the questions for your action research?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
How long did you conduct your action research?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
What challenges and problems did you encounter while conducting your action research?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

Processing

Examine the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:

Do the topics reflect the educational issues and problems encountered in school?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Are the research questions aligned with the research topics?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
What could be done to help teachers improve topic selection and the development of
good research questions?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

I realized that:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________ ___

I believe it is essential to:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________ _______________

From now on, I am determined to:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________ _________________________
Lesson 4: Action Research Process

Guided Practice

Preliminary Activity. Analyze previous action research. Look at the alignment between the
following parts of the research.

Research Topics Research Questions Methodology Data Needed

Evaluate a sample action research based on the following criteria:

Parts of the Research Comments

Introduction
Are the background and rationale
clear and logical?
Is there enough theoretical
background provided for the action
research?
Do the research questions reflect the
variables based on the topic?
Is the study significant?
Review of Literature and Studies
Is there enough study to support the
research?
Does the study include findings of
previous research?
Is there a logical presentation of
literature and studies?
Is there no plagiarism?
Methodology
Is the methodology appropriate for
the study?
Does the study observe ethical
considerations in dealing with the
research participants?
Are the research tools validated?
Are the data collection procedures
clear?
Is the data analysis procedure valid?
Results of the Study
Is the presentation of results logical
and based on the research questions?
Is the statistical analysis valid?
Are the results triangulated with the
review of related literature and
studies?
Conclusions and Recommendations
Are the conclusions supportive of
the results? Are the
recommendations made based on the
results of the study?
Are the recommendations helpful for
solving educational issues?

Processing
Examine the data you have gathered. Explain your answers to the following questions:

Did the action research done follow the standard format?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________ ___

Are the teachers aware of the standards to be followed in conducting action research?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________ ________________

What could be done to help teachers improve the way they conduct action research?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________ _________________

Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

I realized that:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________ ___

I believe it is essential to:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________ _______________
From now on, I am determined to:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________ _________________________
Lesson 5: Using Action Research to Improve Teaching and Learning Practices

Guided Practice

Analyze the results of the previous action research conducted in the school. Identify the
recommendations made and what actions were done in relation to the recommendations.

Title of the Study Recommendations Action Taken

List school programs and policies that were develop as a result of the action research.

School Programs

School Policies

List the titles of action research that were disseminated to other teachers and schools.

Title of Action Research Type of Dissemination

Processing

Examine the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:
 Are the results of the action research fully utilized for school improvement?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Are the results of the action research disseminated to teachers and other schools?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

What could be done to help teachers utilize and disseminate results of their action
research?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________ __

Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

I realized that:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________ ___

I believe it is essential to:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________ _______________

From now on, I am determined to:

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________ _________________________
 CHAPTER II

Instructional

Planning
This lesson will guide you in understanding the purpose and importance of instructional planning
to the success of instruction.
Lesson 1: Determining the Nature of Instructional Planning

Guided Practice

Directions: Interview your cooperating teacher. List down five (5) preparation tips being
done by the teacher in planning for a successful classroom instruction.
1. Prepare your LP ahead of time. At least one week ahead before the class.
2. Have a uniformed classroom instruction before the start of the class through
orientation.
3. Arrange the seating so that boys and girls sit together to reduce talking and improve
focus in class.
4. Prepare the instructional material to be used in the classroom diligently.
5. Mix traditional and ICT instructional resources for better engagement of the students.

Directions: Through the help of your cooperating teacher, determine how many minutes
or hours does your cooperating teacher prepare the following elements of instructional
planning.
How many minutes or hours does your cooperating teacher take to prepare a lesson plan?
Why does it take your cooperating teacher that long?
According to teacher Alido, "I usually take a day, which is my longest prep time, because
I have an advisory and workload to catch up on. I can only do it during weekends where I
have no duty. However, it benefits me since I can plan my lessons thoroughly."
How many minutes or hours does your cooperating teacher prepare the learning activities
for effective instruction? Why does it take your cooperating teacher that long?
According to Teacher Alido, she still takes a full day to prepare learning activities. This
allows her to make thorough revisions whenever needed without time constraints, as she
can only do it on weekends.
How many minutes or hours does your cooperating teacher prepare the instructional
materials needed? Why does it take your cooperating teacher that long?
Teacher Alido mentioned that she can only prepare it during weekdays, specifically
Saturday due to her hectic schedule. She prepares it thoroughly making sure all her
instructional materials like PPT presentation are done already on the weekends.

Processing

Examine the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:

In your own words, how will you define instructional planning?

 In my words, instructional planning is when teachers take the time to organize their lessons
before they teach, like preparing your PPT slides, learning activities, lessons, etc. ahead of
time. It helps make sure that classes run smoothly and that students get the most out of their
learning.

Which among the tips on instructional planning is the most difficult to follow? Why do
you think so?
The hardest tip to follow might be planning lessons ahead of time. Many teachers have busy
days with lots of tasks, like grading and meetings. Finding time to plan a week in advance
can be tough, especially when unexpected things come up.
What will happen if the teacher did not prepare for the instruction?
If a teacher doesn’t prepare for their lessons, it can create a lot of challenges. Without a clear
plan, the teacher may struggle to keep students focused and engaged. The class can quickly
become disorganized, with students unsure of what to do next.
Which among the given tips above is the most important? Why?
The most important tip is to plan lessons ahead of time. Although it may pose a challenge, it
greatly helps the teacher stay organized during class. A good lesson plan provides structure
and direction, which makes it easier for students to follow along and understand what they
are learning
Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

I realized that:
planning lessons is crucial for effective teaching. For example, when teachers prepare in
advance, they can anticipate student questions and provide clearer explanations. In my
observations, well-prepared teachers had more engaged students who participated
actively.

I believe it is essential to:

prioritize lesson planning ahead of time. For instance, if a teacher sets aside time each
week to gather materials and plan activities, it makes the class run smoothly. This way,
when it’s time for the lesson, everything is ready to go.

From now on, I am determined to:

develop strong planning habits. I plan to create a weekly schedule dedicated to lesson
planning. This will help me ensure my future students have a clear and engaging learning
experience, which will make them excited to participate in class.
Lesson 2: Formulating the Instructional Objectives

Guided Practice

With the guide of your cooperating teacher, write six (6) instructional objectives
composed of behavior and content following the revised Bloom’s Taxonomy.

Instructional Objective 1 (Remembering): Identify the duties and obligation of citizenship.

________________________________________________________________________

Instructional Objective 2 (Understanding): Discuss the concept of citizenship.

Instructional Objective 3 (Applying): Reflect on the value of the duties and obligations of
being a Filipino citizen through an essay.

________________________________________________________________________

Instructional Objective 4 (Analyzing): Compare and contrast the rights and responsibilities of
Filipino citizens with those of citizens in other countries

________________________________________________________________________

Instructional Objective 5 (Evaluating): Critique the effectiveness of community projects in

terms of their impact on civic engagement change through a case study.

________________________________________________________________________

Instructional Objective 6 (Creating): Create a personal development plan towards becoming a

good Filipino citizen.

Download the DepEd Curriculum Guide. Select one (1) learning competency for each
component of the revised Bloom’s Taxonomy. Encircle the behavior and box the content
in each learning competency.

Learning Competency 1 (Remembering): Recognize the nature, dimensions, types, and

consequences of power

________________________________________________________________________

Learning Competency 2 (Understanding): Explain the roles and powers of the Philippine
president___________________________________________________________________
 Learning Competency 3 (Applying): Appraise the impact of Congress’s performance on
Philippine development

________________________________________________________________________

Learning Competency 4 (Analyzing): Analyze how political ideologies impact on the social
and political life of Filipino

________________________________________________________________________

Learning Competency 5 (Evaluating): Evaluate how globalization influences nation-states.

________________________________________________________________________

Learning Competency 6 (Creating): Conduct an interview with barangay officials on

community programs

________________________________________________________________________

Processing

Examine the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:

What difficulty have you encountered in formulating the instructional objectives using
the revised Bloom’s Taxonomy?
One difficulty I have encountered is that I had some trouble making sure each objective was
clear and easy to understand. I wanted to ensure they were specific enough so that students
know exactly what to learn, but not so complicated that they would feel lost.

What are the components of the DepEd Curriculum Guide? Enumerate and explain each.
The DepEd Curriculum Guide includes Learning Competencies, which outline the skills
students should acquire; Content Standards, detailing essential knowledge like government
facts; Performance Standards, setting benchmarks for demonstrating learning; and
Assessment Tools, which measure understanding through quizzes and projects.
Which is easier to use in constructing the instructional objectives, Bloom’s Taxonomy or
the DepEd Curriculum Guide? Why?
 I found Bloom’s Taxonomy easier to use because it gives a clear way to think about different
levels of learning. It helps me create objectives that are easy to follow. The DepEd
Curriculum Guide is useful, but you need a good understanding of all its parts to utilize it.

Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

I realized that:
formulating clear instructional objectives is essential for effective teaching. It helps both
teachers and students understand what is expected in each lesson, guiding learning
outcomes more effectively.

I believe it is essential to:

align instructional objectives with both Bloom’s Taxonomy and the DepEd Curriculum
Guide to create a comprehensive learning experience that addresses various cognitive
levels while meeting educational standards.

From now on, I am determined to:

focus on writing simple and clear objectives for my future lessons. I want to make sure
my students feel engaged and understand how they can apply what they learn in their
everyday lives.
Lesson 3: Writing Your Lesson Plan

Guided Practice

With the permission of your cooperating teacher, paste a sample daily or detailed lesson
plan. Answer the following questions below.
What are the parts of the sample detailed or daily lesson plan?
The parts of the sample lesson plan include content standard, performance standard,
learning content, learning resources, core value, learning targets, and 3 I’s procedure.

Which among the basic parts of a lesson plan does the sample lesson plan include?
I observed that most of the basic parts of a lesson plan were included in the sample lesson
plan. The two just seemed to differ in terms of their arrangement and placement.

What are the other parts of the sample lesson plan which is not included in the basic parts
of the lesson plan?
I observed that no parts of the basic lesson plan were excluded in the sample lesson plan.
The sample lesson plan of my cooperating teacher efficiently utilized all the basic parts of
a lesson plan.

Interview your school principal. Ask the following questions:

What is the importance of writing a lesson plan?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
__________________ _____________________________________________
When do the teachers write the lesson plan, daily or weekly? Why?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________ _________________________________
How do they check, evaluate, and monitor the lesson plan of the teachers?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________ _______________________________________
With the guidance of your cooperating teacher, write a detailed lesson plan about the next
topic for the class. Paste your detailed lesson plan here.
Processing

Examine the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:

What is the importance of writing a lesson plan?

Writing a lesson plan is important because it serves as a roadmap for teaching. It helps
teachers organize their thoughts, set clear objectives, and outline the steps needed to achieve
those goals

In preparing the lesson plan, which part is the most difficult to prepare?
The most difficult part to prepare is the learning objectives. It can be challenging to make
them specific, measurable, and aligned with the curriculum. You need to consider the time,
resources, and learning styles to prepare it.

Which do you think is the most important part of a lesson plan? Why?
I believe the learning objectives are the most important part of a lesson plan. They guide the
entire lesson and provide a clear focus for both the teacher and students. Although it may be
hard sometimes to create it. But once you do, the rest just feels easy to do.

Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

I realized that:
writing a lesson plan is not just about filling out a template, it’s about thoughtfully
considering how to engage students and facilitate their learning. A good lesson plan can
make a significant difference in how effectively I teach.

I believe it is essential to:

take the time to create detailed learning objectives in my lesson plans. These objectives
will guide my teaching and help my students understand what they are working towards,
making lessons more purposeful.

From now on, I am determined to:

spend extra time on formulating clear learning objectives when planning my lessons. I
want to ensure that they are specific and measurable so that both my students and I can
track their progress effectively.
Lesson 4: Selecting Appropriate Teaching Strategies

Guided Practice

Observe your cooperating teacher in one of his/her classes. List ten (10) teaching
strategies that he/she used and determine the level of participation of the students

Teaching Strategy Level of Participation

1. Lecture High

2. Deliver the lesson productively High

3. Discussion High

4. Question and Answer High

5. Video Presentation High

6. Mindful to the topic High

7. Role Play High

8. Assignment High

9. Gather some ideas form the students High

10. Let the students read the text High

Explain the guiding principles in selecting and using appropriate teaching strategies.
Learning is an active process.
This phrase pertains to students learning best when they are actively involved in their
learning, rather than just passively listening to a lecture. Activities like discussions and
group work are great examples that encourage active participation and engagement.

The more senses that are involved in learning, the more and the better learning.
This phrase means that when students can see, hear, and touch, they are more likely to
remember what they learn. Using videos, hands-on activities, and visual aids can enhance
understanding and retention.
 Emotion has the power to increase retention and learning.
This phrase means that when students feel connected emotionally to what they are
learning, they are more likely to remember it. Activities that relate to their interests or
experiences can make lessons more impactful.

Learning is meaningful when it is connected to students’ everyday life.

When lessons relate to real-life situations, students find them more relevant and
engaging. This connection helps them understand the importance of what they are
learning, and makes them participate actively.

Good teaching goes beyond recall of information.

This phrase means effective teaching encourages critical thinking and problem-solving
skills, not just memorization of facts. Teachers should aim to help students understand
concepts deeply.

An integral teaching approach is far more effective than teaching isolated bits of
information.
This phrase basically means that ntegrating different subjects and topics helps students
see connections in their learning, making it easier for them to understand complex ideas.

Processing

Examine the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:

Based on your observations, what is the common level of participation of the students to
the teaching strategies used by the teacher?
Based on my observations, the common level of participation among students was high for
all teaching strategies used by the teacher. For example, during the discussion, students were
raising their hands excitedly to share their thoughts, and I could see their enthusiasm.
Which among the guiding principles of selecting and using teaching strategies is the most
important? Why?
The most important guiding principle is that learning is meaningful when it is connected to
students’ everyday life. When lessons relate to their experiences, students are more interested
and motivated to learn._

Why do teachers need to use various teaching strategies?

 Teachers need to use various teaching strategies because each student learns differently. For
instance, I noticed that some students thrived during group activities while others were more
comfortable during individual activities. By mixing things up, the teacher kept everyone
engaged.

Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

I realized that:
different teaching strategies really keeps students engaged and helps them learn better.
For example, during the role play activity I observed, students were laughing and really
getting into their characters. It was clear they were having fun and learning at the same
time.

I believe it is essential to:

connect lessons to real-life situations so that students see the value in what they are
learning. For instance, when the teacher used a video about climate change and then
asked students how it affects their own community, I noticed everyone was interested.

From now on, I am determined to:

incorporate a variety of teaching strategies in my future lessons. I want to create an
engaging environment where all my students feel involved and excited about learning.
Lesson 5: Selecting Appropriate Instructional Materials

Guided Practice

List the top 10 most used instructional materials of your cooperating teacher in his/her
classes.
Top 1: Book_________________________________________________________
Top 2: Laptop_________________________________________________________
Top 3: Lapel Microphone______________________________________________
Top 4: Whiteboard__________________________________________________________
Top 5:Internet__________________________________________________________
Top 6: PPT Presentation_______________________________________________________
Top 7:Television________________________________________________________
Top 8: Activity sheet_______________________________________________________
Top 9: Computer____________________________________________________
Top 10: Pen______________________________________________________
 Evaluate an instructional material (IM) used by your cooperating teacher using the
checklist below.

Evaluation of Instructional Material

Preview YES NO N/A

Did your cooperating teacher check in / check tanan

advance: lab
That he/she has not used too many IMs;
/
That he/she has not used too few IMs; and
That his/her instructional materials work? /

Presentation

Can the IMs be seen or heard? /

It is used for too long or not long enough?
/
It is the instruction clear (Does it aid
learning? /

Design

Will it work (blackout, bulbs, leads)? /

Is there a logical sequence?
/
Is the time for use about, right?
Can it be misinterpreted? /

Is there enough or too much variety? /

Is there enough or too much color?
/
It is well made?
/

Use

Has your cooperating teacher invited the /

cooperation of the students?
/
Does it attract attention?
Has your cooperating teacher decided how it /
will be introduced? /
Does it supplement verbal information?
/
Does it hold attention?
 Is it challenging for the students? /
Does it consolidate learning?
/

Explain the guiding principles in selecting and using instructional materials.

All instructional materials are aids to instructions. They do not replace the teacher.
This phrase means that instructional materials are tools that help support the teaching
process. However, the teacher remains the most important part of instruction. The teacher
guides and explains questions, while materials like presentations help clarify and enhance
the learning.

Choose the instructional material that best suits your instructional objectives.
This phrase means that the material you pick should match the lesson’s goals. For
example, if the objective is to teach math problem-solving, using a whiteboard and
practice sheets would be effective rather that PPT presentation only.

If possible, use a variety of tools.

Using different materials, such as videos, PPT slides, or hands-on activities, really helps
keep students engaged. It also allows you to address different learning styles which
ensures that more students understand the lesson.

Check out your instructional materials before class starts to be used. It is working
properly.
This phrase means to always test your materials in advance. This includes ensuring that
the projector, internet, or PowerPoint are working correctly. By doing this, you avoid
delays and technical issues that could disrupt the class.

Processing

Examine the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:

What is the importance of using appropriate instructional materials in the class?

Using the right instructional materials helps make the lesson clearer and more engaging.
For instance, when my CT showed a video about global warming, the topic became
engaging and enhanced comprehension. It supports different learning styles and makes it
easier for students to understand complex topics.

What common instructional materials does your cooperating teacher use in his/her
classes?
 My cooperating teacher commonly uses a laptop, PowerPoint presentations, and activity
sheets in her classes. These materials help organize the lesson and keep students actively
involved.

Do the top 10 most used materials of your cooperating teacher use more than one sense?
Yes, many of the materials engage more than one sense. For example, the PowerPoint
presentation engages both sight and hearing, while activity sheets require students to use
sight and touch. This approach helps reinforce learning and keeps students focused.

Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

I realized that:
using various instructional materials makes a significant difference in how students learn.
For instance, when the teacher showed a video about global warming, I noticed the
students became more engaged and excited. It was heartwarming to see them connect
with the content and discuss it afterward.

I believe it is essential to:

choose materials that align with the lesson objectives. This connection ensures that
students grasp the content and achieve their learning goals. Like using a PPT
presentation, it can help break down topics and make them more understandable.

From now on, I am determined to:

focus on integrating a variety of instructional materials into my future lessons. I want to
ensure that I create an engaging and supportive learning environment.
 Chapter II

Instructional Resources
Instructional resources provide information and tools to draw upon in order to support teaching
and learning activities. This lesson is designed to help you in understanding the different
instructional resources and its application to teaching and learning.
Lesson 1: Understanding Instructional Resources

Guided Practice

Preliminary Activity: Find answers to the following questions.

Does the school have library facilities?
Yes, the school has library facilities.
Does the library contain textbooks and other reference materials?
Yes, the school contains textbooks and other reference materials that are ready to be used
for learning.
Do teachers and students have access to the library resources?

Yes, teachers and students have access to the library resources including books, reference
materials, and other learning resources for an improved teaching and learning
environment.

Do teachers have a copy of the K to 12 curriculum guides?

Yes, teachers have a copy of the K to 12 curriculum guide, as it is an essential reference
material in the formulation of their lesson plans.
Do teachers have a copy of the teacher's guide?
Yes, teachers have a copy of the teacher’s guide as it is another reference that makes the
teaching process more fluid and systematic, which results in an efficient delivery of
instruction.
Do teachers have access to the Internet?
Yes, teachers have access to the internet both at home and at school as it is an integral
tool in finding teaching references aside from what can be found in the library.
Do teachers have access to technology tools?
Yes, teachers have access to technology tools including laptops, televisions, HDMI, lapel
microphone, and other tools which are usually used to enhance the teaching process.
 Does the school provide training of teachers in the use of varied instructional resources?
Yes, the school never holds back in terms of giving their teachers training and seminars,
and that includes training in the use of varied instructional resources.
Request permission to conduct an interview with teachers. Identify the instructional
resources used by teachers in teaching and learning.
What are the types of instructional resources used by teachers to motivate learners about
the lesson?
The types of instructional resources used by teachers include traditional resources,
graphic organizers, and teacher-made resources. These traditional resources include
textbooks and workbooks.

What are the types of instructional resources used by teachers in the delivery of the
content of the lessons?
The types of instructional resources used by teachers in the delivery of the content
include lectures, readings, textbooks, multimedia components such as PPT, and
worksheets.

What types of instructional resources are used by teachers in the assessment of students'
academic performance?
The types of instructional resources used by teachers during assessment include handouts,
worksheets, tests, quizzes,and projects.

What are the types of resources used by teachers in practical applications?

The types of resources used by teachers in practical applications include research

projects, collaborative activities, and case studies.

Processing

Review the data you have gathered carefully. Answer the following questions:

How essential is the use of varied instructional resources to teaching and learning?

Using different types of instructional resources is important for teaching and learning. When
teachers use varied instruction, it really helps students understand better. It keeps lessons
interesting and makes it easier for everyone to learn in their own way. I’ve noticed that when
there is a variety of resources, students are more engaged and willing to participate.
Aside from the K to 12 Curriculum Guide and Teachers' Guide what is the most essential
instructional resource?

Besides the K to 12 Curriculum Guide and Teacher's Guide, I believe having access to
technology is one of the most essential resources. Technology opens up a world of
information and tools that can make learning more interactive and fun.

In the absence of available instructional resources, what is the best thing that a teacher should do
to support teaching and learning activities?

In the absence of available instructional resources, I think the best thing a teacher can do is to
be resourceful and creative. They can come up with their own materials or use everyday
items to create engaging lessons. Also, getting students involved in discussions or group
activities can really help keep the learning going,

Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

I realized that:

having different resources for teaching really makes a difference. When teachers use
things like videos, games, or hands-on activities, it helps us understand better and keeps
us interested. I’ve seen how much more engaged students are when lessons are varied,
it’s just more fun.

I believe it is essential to:

keep looking for new ways to teach. Education is always changing, and I want to be a
teacher who finds creative methods to reach all my students. Everyone learns differently,
and I think it’s essential to have different tools available so that everyone can connect
with the material.

From now on, I am determined to:

be open-minded and try out different resources in my future classroom. I want to make
learning enjoyable and create an environment where students feel comfortable sharing
their ideas. My goal is to inspire them just like my teachers have inspired me!
Lesson 2: Educational Researches and Literatures

Guided Practice

Preliminary Activity. Look for research journals and literature that can be used as
instructional resources for your chosen field of specialization or major. Write you’re your
answers on the columns provided on the next page

1. TEXTBOOKS

Year Published
Number of (write N.D. if City of
Title of the Book Publisher
Author/s there is no date Publication
indicated)

One author 2018 The Social State University Albany, NY

Studies of New York
Curriculum: Press
Purposes,
Problems, and
Possibilities

Two authors 2016 Introduction to Vibal Group Quezon City

world religion
and beliefsystem

One author 2021 Handbook on Information Age Charlotte, North

teaching social Publishing Carolina.
issues

One author 2018 Trends, C & E Quezon City

Networks, and Publishing, Inc.,
Critical Thinking
in the 21st
Century

Two authors 2016 Philippines JFS Publishing Pasay City

Politics and Service
Governance

2. RESEARCH JOURNALS
 Year Published
Number of (write N.D. if City of
Title of the Book Publisher
Author/s there is no date Publication
indicated)

Four authors 2021 Learning Design International Jakarta, Indonesia

on Social Studies Journal of
Through Digital Interactive
Book in Senior Mobile
High School. Technologies

One author 2020 Research ethics Springer Nature Berlin, Germany

for students in the
social

Two author 2016 Research ethics Sage New York

for social
scientists

One author 2020 Postcolonial Oxford Research Oxford

philosophy of Encyclopedias
education in the
Philippines

One author 2022 Philosophy of Routledge London

social science: A
contemporary
introduction

Request permission to conduct a survey. Request teachers to help you identify resources where
you can access education research and literature. Write down your answers below:

Research Gate
ProQuest
Google Scholar
ERIC
JSTOR
Science Direct
Semantic Scholar

Science.gov
Find answers to the following questions:

Do teachers use educational research journals and literature to support the teaching and learning
activities?

Yes, teachers use educational research journals and literature. These resources help them
find effective strategies and insights that improve their teaching methods and enhance
student learning.

What are the challenges faced by teachers in using educational research and literatures?

One challenge is that sometimes the research can be hard to understand or not directly
applicable to their specific classroom situations. Also, finding time to read through
journals while managing their daily responsibilities can be tough.

Does the school promote the use of research-based materials and textbooks to support
instruction?

Yes, the school encourages teachers to use research-based materials. They understand
that these resources lead to better teaching practices and improved student outcomes.

Are the teachers' instructional plans informed by research?

Yes, teachers' instructional plans are informed by research. This helps ensure that their
lessons are grounded in effective practices that have been proven to work in real
classrooms.

Processing

Review the data you have gathered. Answer the following questions:

How do educational research and literatures help improve the content of the lesson?
Educational research and literature help improve lesson content by providing up-to-date
information on what works best in teaching. This means teachers can create lessons that are
relevant and effective, tailored to meet students’ needs better.
How do educational researches and literatures differ from other types of instructional
resources?
 Educational research and literature differ from other resources because they are based on
systematic studies and evidence. While textbooks offer information, research literature
provides deeper insights into effective teaching strategies backed by data.

How do teachers benefit from using these types of instructional resources?

Teachers benefit from using these resources by gaining new ideas and strategies that enhance
their teaching. Research keeps them informed about current trends and effective practices,
which ultimately leads to better learning experiences for their students.

Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

I realized that:

having access to educational research really helps teachers improve their lessons. It’s not
just about what’s in textbooks, it’s about understanding what actually works in real
classrooms.

I believe it is essential to:

stay updated with new research and findings in education. This way, we can adapt our
teaching methods to better support our students’ learning needs.

From now on, I am determined to:

explore various educational resources actively. I want to incorporate more evidence-
based practices into my future teaching so that I can provide the best possible learning
experience for my students.
Lesson 3: Digital Media Resources

Guided Practice

Preliminary Activity. Conduct a survey of digital media used by teachers in teaching and
learning activities. Write your answers below.

Teachers often use platforms like YouTube or educational apps

to create and share video lessons.
Tools such as PowerPoint and Google Slides are commonly
utilized for creating engaging presentations.
Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are used for
sharing educational resources and fostering communication among
students.
GENYO to manage course materials and assignments online.

Perform the following activities.

Create a short video clip about a specific lesson using ICT tools. Write your experience in
creating the video in the space provided below:

Creating a lesson video using ICT tools was really easy and efficient. I utilized software
that allowed me to record my screen while explaining the lesson, which made it
engaging. This experience taught me how to effectively convey information in a digital
format.

Link: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Z6o6vqS82HVcURk7WXeFfRCjDhptcuob/view?
usp=sharing
Prepare presentation slides regarding a specific topic using PowerPoint or other presentation
software. Describe the process of creating presentation slides.

Choose a Topic - I selected a relevant subject that aligns with the

curriculum.
Outline Content - I created an outline of key points to cover in the
presentation.
Design Slides - I used templates for consistency, especially in
canva. I also incorporating images and bullet points for clarity.
Limit Content - I avoid putting everything in the slides so that the
listeners will not just read but actually listen to me.

Visit the DepEd Learning Portal through https://Irmds.deped.gov.ph/k to_12 Check and observe
how the learning portal is designed. Describe your experience accessing information from the
portal. Write down your observation below.

When I accessed the learning portal, I noticed that it is simple and easy to
use. It features a well-structured layout that allows users to easily access a
wide range of educational resources tailored for various subjects and grade
levels. The portal highlights monthly popular resources, which shows
materials like science experiments and math modules, which have been
downloaded thousands of times. Each resource is accompanied by a brief
description, making it clear what content is available and its intended
educational purpose.

Using Google or other search engines, look for Open Educational Resources online and try to
download an e-book. List down the websites where you downloaded the materials below.

College Open Textbooks

Learningpod
Lumen Learning
MIT Open Courseware Online Textbooks
Open Course Library
Open Education Consortium
Open Learning Initiative
OpenStax CNX
MERLOT II
Rizal Library
Processing

Review the data you have gathered carefully. Answer the following questions:

How does digital media impact student learning?

Digital media impacts student learning in several ways. It makes lessons more engaging and
interactive, which can capture students' attention better than traditional methods. With access
to a wealth of online resources, students can explore topics more deeply and at their own
pace, which enhances their learning experience.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using digital media in teaching and learning?
Write down your answers below:

Advantages Disadvantages

Digital media can make lessons more The availability of non-educational content
interactive and enjoyable, capturing students' online can lead to distractions, making it
attention. harder for students to focus.

Students can easily access a wide variety of Not all students have equal access to
information and learning materials online, technology and the internet, which can create
expanding their knowledge base. disparities in learning opportunities.

Using digital media helps students develop Dependence on digital media can hinder
important skills, such as digital literacy, traditional learning methods and critical
critical thinking, and problem-solving. thinking skills.

Other comments:

The integration of digital media in education is transformative but requires careful management
to avoid its negative impact.
Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

I realized that:

digital media can truly change how we teach and learn. It opens up so many new ways for
students to connect with the material and each other. I’ve seen firsthand how excited my
students get during my demos when they can use videos online resources. It makes
learning feel more alive and relevant to them.

I believe it is essential to:

keep exploring and learning about new digital tools. As a teacher, it’s essential to
find ways to make lessons more engaging and fun. I also think it’s important to
teach my students how to use these tools wisely and responsibly so they can
benefit from them without getting distracted.

From now on, I am determined to:

incorporate more digital media into my lessons. I want to create a classroom where
technology enhances learning, but also where students feel comfortable asking questions
and sharing their thoughts. My goal is to inspire them to be curious and excited about
learning in this digital age!
Lesson 4: Graphic Organizers as Resources for Visual Presentation

Guided Practice

Find answers to the questions indicated in the following forms of graphic organizers.
Tables can be used for brainstorming and the assessment of learners' prior knowledge
about the topic.

Topic: Graphic Organizers

List anything that comes in your mind about the topic:

When I think of graphic organizers, I think of tools that present information visually, which help
break down complicated ideas into simple and understandable parts. We have a venn diagram,
fish bone, KWL Chart, concept map, flowchart, and many more. My major subject teachers
actually encouraged the use of it as it really makes the class more engaging and efficient for
student learning.
How will you use graphic organizers in teaching?

I will use graphic organizers as much as I could in teaching as it makes the teaching process
more easier and fun. For instance, using graphic organizers in the motivation part of the lesson
will make the class more engaging. Using it also during generalization will allow me to actually
see how much my students have learned, like using 1-minute paper and KWL chart.

What do you think are the benefits of using a graphic organizer?

I think the benefits of using graphic organizers is not only limited to being efficient and fun, It is
also a great way to help students visualize relationships between ideas and topics, making it
easier to comprehend and process the topics at hand. In addition, these tools also enhance
memory retention, as information presented in a visual format is easier to recall. It just basically
makes the lesson more easier for students, which leads to improved learning process.
 Using the Venn diagram below, identify the advantages of using graphic organizers
compared to other forms of instructional resources

Processing

Draw a concept map about graphic organizers. Identify the benefits of using graphic organizers
in student learning.
Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

I realized that:

graphic organizers truly transform the way we teach and learn. They make information
clearer and help students see connections between ideas that might seem unrelated at
first. Watching students engage with these tools brings a sense of joy and excitement to
the classroom.

I believe it is essential to:

use graphic organizers to create an interactive learning environment. They empower

students to take charge of their understanding and make learning a more personal
experience. When students visualize their thoughts, they often find a deeper appreciation
for the material.

From now on, I am determined to:

embrace graphic organizers in my teaching. I want to experiment with different types and
encourage my students to express their ideas visually. This approach will not only enrich their
learning but also make my lessons more enjoyable and effective.
Lesson 5: Teacher-made Instructional Resources

Guided Practice

Conduct a survey of instructional resources developed and produced by teachers. List

down your answers below.

Lesson Plan
PowerPoint presentations
Graphic organizers
Interactive games
Educational videos

Describe how teacher-made resources are developed.

I believe teacher-made resources are created by thinking first about

what students need to learn. A teacher must consider the lesson
objectives and decide how to present the information in an engaging
way. For instance, one of the lesson objective is about analyzing,
therefore your resources must be about something that students have
to analyze to derive the knowledge or learning.
 Identify the challenges faced by teachers in developing and producing teacher-made
resources.

*Time Constraints - Teachers have many responsibilities, both at

home and at school, which makes it hard to find time to create new
resources.
*Curriculum Alignment - Aligning resources with curriculum
standards can also be difficult sometimes.
*Diversity - Students have different abilities and learning styles. It
can be tough for teachers to create resources that work for everyone

Processing

Review the data you gathered carefully. Answer the following questions:

What is the primary consideration in developing and producing teacher-made resources?

The primary consideration in developing teacher-made resources is to ensure the resources

meet the learning objectives and fit the needs of the students. It’s important that the materials
are clear, engaging, and relevant to what students are learning.

How do students benefit from teacher-made resources?

Students benefit from teacher-made resources because it is designed based on their needs.
They can relate better to the content, which helps them understand and remember what they
learn.

How will you promote the use of teacher-made resources?

I will promote the use of teacher-made resources by sharing my own experiences and
examples with colleagues. I will encourage collaboration among teachers to create and share
resources together for better learning experience for our students.
Reflection

Write your reflection by completing the following statements:

I realized that:

creating teacher-made resources is about much more than just making organizers or
visuals. It’s about enhancing the learning experience and truly connecting with students.
When I put effort into developing these resources, I can ensure better learning experience
for students and improve their engagement

I believe it is essential to:

focus on creating teacher-made resources that resonate with students. These tools can
help bridge gaps and make learning more accessible and enjoyable. Effort must be done
to make it more effective and improve the learning experience.

From now on, I am determined to:

dedicate time to develop my own resources and collaborate with others in creating teacher-made
resources to promote it. I want to keep improving what I create so that my students can benefit
the most from their learning experience.