Intelligent Sensors

Intelligent Sensors
Human senses and sensors:
 Practical sensors must be an extension of our senses.
 An infrared sensor is required to see beyond the human
color spectrum.
 An ultrasonic sensor to discover sounds higher than those
with which the human ear can cope.
 Sensing Devices may require amplification, filtering and
processing prior to further use and/or interpretation.
 At this point measurement and control systems assume
greater significance.
Standard Sensor Vs Intelligent Sensor:
Standard Sensor Vs Intelligent Sensor:
Smart Sensor function:
General Architecture of smart sensor:
 Sensing element/transduction element
 Amplifier
 Sample and hold
 Analog multiplexer
 Analog to digital converter (ADC)
 Offset and temperature compensation
 Digital to analog converter (DAC)
 Memory
 Serial communication
 Processor
Internal Architecture of smart sensor:
Potential advantages of the smart-sensor concept
 lower maintenance
 Reduced down time
 Higher reliability
 Fault tolerant systems
 Adaptability for self-calibration and compensation
 Lower cost
 Lower weight
 Fewer interconnections between multiple sensors and
control systems
 Less complex system architecture.
What does the IoT expect of its sensors?
 Low cost, so they can be economically deployed in large
numbers
 Physically small, to “disappear” unobtrusively into any
environment
 Wireless, as a wired connection is typically not possible
 Self-identification and self-validation
 Very low power, so it can survive for years without a battery
change, or manage with energy harvesting
 Robust, to minimize or eliminate maintenance
 Self-diagnostic and self-healing
 Self-calibrating, or accepts calibration commands via wireless
link
 Data pre-processing, to reduce load on gateways, PLCs, and
cloud resources
Sensor characteristics
Static characteristics:
 Accuracy
 Discrimination
 Precision
 Errors
 Drift
 Sensitivity
 Linearity
 Hysteresis
Dynamic characteristics:
 Zero order systems
 First order systems
 Second order systems
Calibration:
Calibration:
Calibration:
Different Types of Sensor
 Temperature Sensor
 Proximity Sensor
 Accelerometer
 IR Sensor (Infrared Sensor)
 Pressure Sensor
 Light Sensor
 Ultrasonic Sensor
 Smoke, Gas and Alcohol Sensor
 Touch Sensor
 Color Sensor
 Humidity Sensor
 Tilt Sensor
 Flow and Level Sensor.
Different Types of Sensors
Robots Classification
 Variable-Sequence Robot: A device that performs the
successive stages of a task according to a predetermined
method easy to modify
 Playback Robot :A human operator performs the task
manually by leading the Robot
 Numerical Control Robot: The operator supplies the
movement program rather than teaching it the task
manually.
 Intelligent Robot: A robot with the means to understand
its environment and the ability to successfully complete a
task despite changes to the environment
Automatic robot Control Requirements
 To accurately achieve a task, a robot has to be able to react dynamically to changes in its
surrounding
 Robots need sensors to perceive the environment
 Most robots use a set of different sensors (different sensors serve different purposes)
 Information from sensors has to be integrated into the control of the robot
 Internal sensors to measure the robot configuration
 Encoders measure the rotation angle of a joint
 Limit switches detect when the joint has reached the limit
 Proximity sensors are used to measure the distance or location of objects in the environment.
This can then be used to determine the location of the robot.
 Infrared sensors determine the distance to an object by measuring the amount of infrared light
the object reflects back to the robot.
 Ultrasonic sensors (sonars) measure the time that an ultrasonic signal takes until it returns to
the robot.
 Laser range finders determine distance by measuring either the time it takes for a laser beam
to be reflected back to the robot or by measuring where the laser hits the object
 Computer Vision provides robots with the capability to passively observe the environment
 Stereo vision systems provide complete location information using triangulation
 However, computer vision is very complex.
Hierarical/Deliberative Robot Control Architecture
Reactive Robot Control Architecture
Behavioural Based Robot Control Architecture
Hybrid Robot Control Architecture
Sensor in Automobile Engineering Control
Sensor in Automobile Engineering Control
Sensor in Automobile Engineering Control
Sensor in Automobile Engineering Control
Sensor in Automobile Engineering Control
Electronic Fuel Injector system
Advantages
 Safety and onboard navigation sensor Electronic fuel
injection (EFI).
 Allows precise and fast control of fuel injected.
 By control of the „on-time‟ period of the solenoid
operated injectors (spray nozzle) and plunger.
 Delivery pipe fuel pressure is maintained constant by a
fuel pressure regulator
 Opening and closing times of between 0.5 and 1 ms.
 Engine operating speed of 6000 rpm (10 ms revolution
time)
 Injector on-time can be controlled between 1 and 10 m
Power Driver Applications
Features
 Multi-pointor sequential fuel injection, with one
fuel injector near the intake valve (or valves) of
each cylinder.
 At a device level, a fuel injector IC package
 Provides the high solenoid drive current required
 Incorporates both over-voltage and short-circuit
protection,
 Fault re porting diagnostic routines also included
Chassis Control Systems
 Anti Lock Braking system
 Electronic Damping Control system
 Power Assisted Steering System
 Traction Control System
Anti-lock braking systems (ABS)
 The vehicle skids, the wheels lock and driving
stability is lost so the vehicle cannot be steered
 If a trailer or caravan is being towed it may jack-
knife
 The braking distance increases due to skidding
 The tyres may burst due to excessive friction and
forces being concentrated at the points where the
locked wheels are in contact with the road
surface.
Anti-lock braking systems (ABS)
Anti-lock braking systems (ABS)
Wheel-speed and braking pressure during ABS-
controlled braking
 If wheel decelerates beyond a certain
level, curtail brake pressure (1)
 If wheel decelerates further, reduce
brake pressure further (2)
 If wheel accelerates, increase brake
pressure (3)
Real time application of sensor:- Ex:- Autopilot
Autopilot
 Almost all civilian and military aircrafts have the feature of Automatic Flight
Control system or sometimes called as Autopilot.
 An Automatic Flight Control System consists of several sensors for various
tasks like speed control, height, position, doors, obstacle, fuel, maneuvering
and many more.
 A Computer takes data from all these sensors and processes them by
comparing them with pre-designed values.
 The computer then provides control signal to different parts like engines,
flaps, rudders etc. that help in a smooth flight.
 The combination of Sensors, Computers and Mechanics makes it possible to
run the plane in Autopilot Mode.
 All the parameters i.e. the Sensors (which give inputs to the Computers), the
Computers (the brains of the system) and the mechanics (the outputs of the
system like engines and motors) are equally important in building a successful
automated system.
Some other applications(Smart Cities)
 Smart Parking: Monitoring of parking spaces availability in the city.
 Structural health: Monitoring of vibrations and material conditions in buildings,
bridges and historical monuments.
 Noise Urban Maps: Sound monitoring in bar areas and centric zones in real time.
 Smartphone Detection: Detect iPhone and Android devices and in general any
device which works with WiFi or Bluetooth interfaces.
 Electromagnetic Field Levels: Measurement of the energy radiated by cell
stations and WiFi routers.
 Traffic Congestion: Monitoring of vehicles and pedestrian levels to optimize
driving and walking routes.
 Smart Lighting: Intelligent and weather adaptive lighting in street lights.
 Waste Management: Detection of rubbish levels in containers to optimize the
trash collection routes.
 Smart Roads: Intelligent Highways with warning messages and diversions according
to climate conditions and unexpected events like accidents or traffic jam
Some other applications(Smart Environment)
 Forest Fire Detection: Monitoring of combustion gases and
preemptive fire conditions to define alert zones.
 Air Pollution: Control of CO2 emissions of factories, pollution emitted
by cars and toxic gases generated in farms.
 Snow Level Monitoring: Snow level measurement to know in real time
the quality of ski tracks and allow security corps avalanche
prevention.
 Landslide and Avalanche Prevention: Monitoring of soil moisture,
vibrations and earth density to detect dangerous patterns in land
conditions.
 Earthquake Early Detection: Distributed control in specific places of
tremors
Some other applications(Smart Water)
 Potable water monitoring: Monitor the qualityof tap water in cities.
 Chemical leakage detection in rivers: Detect leakages and wastes of
factories in rivers.
 Swimming pool remote measurement: Control remotely the
swimming pool conditions.
 Pollution levels in the sea: Control real-time leakages and wastes in
the sea.
 Water Leakages: Detection of liquid presence outside tanks and
pressure variations along pipes.
 River Floods: Monitoring of water level variations in rivers, dams and
reservoir
Some other applications(Smart Metering)
 Smart Grid: Energy consumption monitoring and
management.
 Tank level: Monitoring of water, oil and gas levels in
storage tanks and cisterns.
 Photovoltaic Installations: Monitoring and optimization of
performance in solar energy plants.
 Water Flow: Measurement of water pressure in water
transportation systems.
 Silos Stock Calculation: Measurement of emptiness level
and weight of the good
Some other applications(Security & Emergency)
 Perimeter Access Control: Access control to restricted
areas and detection of people in non-authorized areas.
 Liquid Presence: Liquid detection in data centers,
warehouses and sensitive building grounds to prevent
break downs and corrosion.
 Radiation Levels: Distributed measurement of radiation
levels in nuclear power stations surroundings to generate
leakage alerts.
 Explosive and Hazardous Gases: detection of gas levels
and leakages in industrial environments, surroundings of
chemical factories and inside mines
Some other applications(Retail)
 Supply Chain Control: Monitoring of storage conditions
along the supply chain and product tracking for
traceability purposes.
 NFC Payment: Payment processing based in location or
activity duration for public transport, gyms, theme parks,
etc.
 Intelligent Shopping Applications: Getting advices in the
point of sale according to customer habits, preferences,
presence of allergic components for them or expiring
dates.
 Smart Product Management: Control of rotation of
products in shelves and warehouses to automate
restocking processes.
Some other applications(Logistics)
 Quality of Shipment Conditions: Monitoring of vibrations,
strokes, container openings or cold chain maintenance for
insurance purposes.
 Item Location: Search of individual items in big surfaces
like warehouses or harbours.
 Storage Incompatibility Detection: Warning emission on
containers storing inflammable goods closed to others
containing explosive material.
 Fleet Tracking: Control of routes followed for delicate
goods like medical drugs, jewels or dangerous
merchandise
Some other applications(Industrial Control)
 M2M Applications: Machine auto-diagnosis and assets control.
 Indoor Air Quality: Monitoring of toxic gas and oxygen levels inside
chemical plants to ensure workers and goods safety.
 Temperature Monitoring: Control of temperature inside industrial
and medical fridges with sensitive merchandise.
 Ozone Presence: Monitoring of ozone levels during the drying meat
process in food factories.
 Indoor Location: Asset indoor location by using active (ZigBee) and
passive tags (RFID/NFC).
 : Information collection from CanBus to send real time alarmsVehicle
Auto-diagnosis to emergencies or provide advice to drivers
Some other applications(Smart Agriculture)
 Wine Quality Enhancing: Monitoring soil moisture and trunk diameter
in vineyards to control the amount of sugar in grapes and grapevine
health.
 Green Houses: Control micro-climate conditions to maximize the
production of fruits and vegetables and its quality.
 Golf Courses: Selective irrigation in dry zones to reduce the water
resources required in the green.
 Meteorological Station Network: Study of weather conditions in
fields to forecast ice formation, rain, drought, wind changes.
 Compost: Control of humidity and temperature levels in alfalfa, hay,
straw, etc. to prevent fungus and other microbial contaminant
Some other applications(Smart Animal Farming)
 Hydroponics: Control the exact conditions of
plants grown in water to get the highest
efficiency crops.
 Offspring Care: Control of growing conditions of
the offspring in animal farms to ensure its survival
and health.
 Animal Tracking: Location and identification of
animals grazing in open pastures or location in big
stables.
 Toxic Gas Levels: Study of ventilation and air
quality in farms and detection of harmful gases
from excrements
Some other applications(Home Automation)
 Energy and Water Use: Energy and water supply
consumption monitoring to obtain advice on how
to save cost and resources.
 Remote Control Appliances: Switching on and off
remotely appliances to avoid accidents and save
energy.
 : Detection of windows and doors openings and
violations to preveIntrusion Detection Systemsnt
intruders.
 Art and Goods Preservation: Monitoring of
conditions inside museums and art warehouses.
Some other applications(eHealth)
 Fall Detection: Assistance for elderly or disabled people
living independent.
 Medical Fridges: Control of conditions inside freezers
storing vaccines, medicines and organic elements.
 Sportsmen Care: Vital signs monitoring in high
performance centers and fields.
 Patients Surveillance: Monitoring of conditions of patients
inside hospitals and in old people's home.
 Ultraviolet Radiation: Measurement of UV sun rays to
warn people not to be exposed in certain hour