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General-Types-of-IMF_MODULE-5

The document discusses the general types of intermolecular forces, including Van der Waals forces, ion-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding. It explains how these forces arise from the interactions between molecules, highlighting the differences between polar and nonpolar substances. The document also provides examples of how these forces manifest in various chemical scenarios.

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Arabella Khane
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6 views

General-Types-of-IMF_MODULE-5

The document discusses the general types of intermolecular forces, including Van der Waals forces, ion-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding. It explains how these forces arise from the interactions between molecules, highlighting the differences between polar and nonpolar substances. The document also provides examples of how these forces manifest in various chemical scenarios.

Uploaded by

Arabella Khane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AGUSAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

GENERAL TYPES OF
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

PHYSICAL SCIENCE – CRYSTAL A. AMOGUES, RN, LPT


Objectives
1 Describe the types of intermolecular forces
present in substances, and

2 Identify the types of intermolecular forces present


between and among substance
INTRAMOLECULAR
FORCES
• Forces that hold
atoms together
within a molecule.
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
• Forces that exist
between
molecules.
KEY ASPECTS OF
ITRAMOLECULAR
FORCES AND
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
Atoms
Atoms are held together in molecules by
strong intramolecular forces, like covalent
and ionic bonds.
Other forms of attractive forces are present
to keep these molecules together giving rise
to the different states of matter, which, then
exhibit their own bulk properties such as
boiling, melting, and freezing points, and
viscosity among others
(3) GENERAL
TYPES OF
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCES
• VAN DER WAALS FORCE

• ION-DIPOLE INTERACTION

• H-BONDING
VAN DER WAALS
FORCE
• Named after the Dutch chemist Johannes
van der Waals (1837-1923)
• Consist of dipole-dipole interaction, dipole-induced
dipole interaction, and dispersion forces.
DIPOLE-DIPOLE
ATTRACTION
• Dipole-dipole attraction is present among polar
molecules. Through constant movement, the charges
of the molecules align in such a way that the positive
(+) end of one molecule is attracted to the negative (-)
end of the other molecule. This happens due to the
shift of electron density towards the more
electronegative element in the molecule resulting to
(+) and (-) ends. The measure of this electron shift is
known as dipole moment, represented by crossed
arrow, .
DIPOLE-INDUCED
DIPOLE INTERACTIONS
• Dipole-induced dipole interaction, just like the
dipole-dipole forces, depends on the presence of
polar molecules. The other molecule needs not be
a polar one. The partial charges present in the
dipole cause the polarization or distortion of the
electron distribution of the other molecule. This
gives rise to regions of partial (+) and (-) poles.
This induced dipole will then be attracted to the
original polar molecules, resulting to dipole-
induced dipole attraction.
DISPERSION FORCES
(LONDON DISPERSION
FORCES)
• Named after the German physicist Fritz
London (1900-1954).
• . The electron cloud of a neutral substance
can be normally distributed around the
nucleus. At any given time, the electron
distribution may be uneven resulting to an
instantaneous dipole. This temporary dipole
will then influence the neighbouring atoms
through attractive and repulsive forces.
DISPERSION FORCES
(LONDON DISPERSION
FORCES)
• Eventually, the substances will gain
instantaneous dipoles, too. Attraction
between opposite charges will happen
among the species present. These are true
for ion-induced dipole and induced dipole-
induced dipole interactions.
VAN DER WAALS
FORCE
• This happens due to the shift of electron
density towards the more electronegative
element in the molecule resulting to (+) and (-)
ends. The measure of this electron shift is
known as dipole moment, represented by
crossed arrow,
ION-DIPOLE
INTERACTION
• Ion-dipole interaction results from the
attraction between either a cation (+) or an
anion (-) with permanent polar molecules.
The ions will be attracted to the opposite
charges present in the dipole resulting to
this type of attraction.
HYDROGEN
BONDING
• A special type of dipole-dipole interaction
between the H-atoms in a polar bond. It
requires that the H-atoms in the molecules
be bonded with more electronegative atoms
such as O, N, or F to form H-bonds with
other molecules.
Intermolecular forces (IMF)
present among species
• Polar substances exhibit dipole-dipole interaction due to the presence
of (+) and (-) ends of the molecules. In the exercise above, sulfur
dioxide (SO2) has polar ends that will participate in the dipole-dipole
forces of attraction.
• With the presence of an ion (cation or anion), the charged ends of polar
molecules will be attracted to the dipole. This is true in the case of Na+ and
formaldehyde. The positive (+) sodium ion will be attracted to the partially-
negative oxygen in formaldehyde, resulting to an ion-dipole interaction.
• For the third example, CO2 is a nonpolar substance. It is a linear molecule
and the electron shift at the right of C is balanced by the electron shift to the
left. This produces no net shift in electron density so no net charged is
produced. For nonpolar molecules, only dispersion forces are present.
In both NH3 and H2O, the hydrogen atoms are
bonded to more electronegative atoms, nitrogen and
oxygen, respectively. This permits them to form H-
bonds with other molecules with the same condition.
Thus, H-bond is present between NH3 and H2O.
• Ion-induced dipole forces of attraction
are present among Fe2+ ions together
with oxygen molecules.
• The charge in iron will distort the
electron distribution in O2 resulting to
temporary poles in oxygen.
• The oppositely-charged particles, Fe2+
and partially-negative end of O2 will
then be attracted to form the above-
mentioned force of attraction

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