Control and

6 Coordination

Fastrack Revision
electrochemical
Coordination in Plants: It occurs vig
and º another.
Coordinatlon in Animals: In animals, control means to convey
information from one cell to
º whlch are made the ability of a plant
coordination is provided by nervous tissues Sensitivity of Plants: It refers to
nerve cells or neurons, and content and responding by
of an organised network of
up
conducting information via electrical to detect changes in water sweling or shrinking of
are speciallsed for to another. changing their shapes such as 'Touch-me-not plant on
impulses from one part of the body
ºNeurons: These are the
structural and Functional units of cellse.g., drooping of leaves of
of dendrite (acquires touching it.
nervous system. A neuron comprises and
information), cell body (acquired information
travels as an occurs In response to a stimuli
electrical impulse º Plant Movements: It
nastic.
electrical impulse) and axon (transmits
neuron). can be of two types, Le., troplc or movements of plant
from cell body to dendrite of next Troplc Movements: These
two neurons where e.g., phototropism
Synapse: It is a small gap between occur in the direction of stimulus,
neuron to another. It is the (stimulus-gravity),
nerve impulse passes From one of one neuron
(stimulus-light), geotropism
junction between the nerve ending of axon impulse hydrotropism (stimulus-water) and
chemotropism
Here, electrical
and the dendrite of next neuron. (growth of pollen tube towards ovule).
onward transmission.
is converted into chemlcal slgnal for response to a Nastlc Movements: These movements occur
Reflex Action: It is an involuntary and rapid drooping
stimuli that is controlled through the spinal cord via relay irrespective of direction of stimulus, e.g.,
it.
neuron. e.g. withdrawal of hand on touching
hot object. of leaves of touch-me-not plant on touching
or
Reflex Arc: It is the pathway through which nerve
impulses Chemical coordinatlon involves chemical compounds
pass during a reflex action. hormones that are released for cOordinatdon.
Reflex arcs are formed in the spinal cord. This provides the chemical substances
º Plant Hormones: These are
more active reflex actions to happen by stimulating splnal naturally produced in plants for regulation of
growth,
without the suspenslon of routing signals environment.
motor neurons, development and responses to the
through the brain. hormones
of signal in a They are also called phyto-hormones. Main plant
The following flow chart shows the flow
are:
reflex arc:
Receptor ’ Sensory neuron ’ Spinal cord (Relay neuron) Auxin, synthesised at shoot tip, helps the cells to
’ Motor neuron’ Effector muscle. grow longer.
the brain and Gibberellins help in the growth of the stem.
º Central Nervous System (CNS): It includes
spinal cord. Cytokinins promote cell dlvislon and are present In
º Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): It consists of all the greater concentration In fruits and seeds.
connecting the
nerves, ie., the cranial and spinal nerves, Abscisic acid inhibits growth and causes wilting of
central nervous system with erent parts of the body.
leaves. It is a stress hormone.
Brain: It is the main coordinating centre of the body
which enables an organism to think and take decisions. MNEMONICS
Forebrain, midbraln and hindbrain are three parts of the Concept : Plant Hormones
braln. Brain Is protected by a fluld Filled balloon that acts Mnemonls:ACAGE
as a shock absorber and is enclosed in a bony case known Interpretotion:
as cranium (skull or brain box). A Auxins C- Gytokinins
> Forebraln: It is the main thinking part of the braln. It A- Abscisic Acid G-Gibberellins
is specialised in hearing, smell, sight etc. It controls
the movement of voluntary muscles (leg muscles) E-Ethylene
and the centre associated with hunger is also ºAnimal Hormones: These are chemical compounds or
located in it. messengers, secreted in small quantitles by endocrine
Involuntary actions like blood pressure, salivation glands, to coordinate their activities and growth.
and vomiting are controlled by the medulla in the
hindbraln. > Endocrine Glands: These are ductless glands which
Cerebellum, a part of hindbrain, is responsible For act at distant sites on target organs. These include
preclslon of voluntary actions and maintaining the pituitary, thyrold, pancreas, adrenal glands, testis
nat1ra and halanro nf the bodv. and ovaries.
 List of different endocrine glands and their functions are given below:.
Endocrine Glands Functlons
Thyrold gland Produces thyroxine hormone that regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism inthe body.
Adrenal gland Produces adrenaline that prepares the body for emergency situations.
Pancreas Produces insuin which regulates blood sugar levels in our body.
Testis
Produces testosterone required for development of male secondary sexual characteristics such as
beard and moustaches during puberty.
Pituitary gland Secretes growth hormone that regulates the growth and development of the body.
Ovaries
Produces oestrogen needed for development of female sex organs, regulates menstrual cycle.
Hormonal Disorders: They occur when glands malfunction and hormone production is affected.
º Dwarfism: Deficiency of growth hormone.
º Gigantism: Excessive secretion of growth hormone.
Dlabetes: Reduced amount of insulin is secreted by pancreas which is responslble to control blood sugar levels.
Goitre: Deficiency of iodine causing less secretion of thyroxine hormone.
ofFeedback
hormonesMechanism: It iseffect
has a harmful the regulation of amount and the timing of hormonal seretion since the excess or deficlency
on our body.

Practice Exercise
) Multiple Choice Questions y c Receptors ’ Spinal cord ’ Sensory neuron
’ Motor neuron - Muscle
01 Receptors are usually located In sense organs. d. Receptors ’ Sensory neuron ’ Spinal cord
’ Motor neuron Muscle
Gustatory receptors are present in: Q6. Which of the following statements are true about
(C8SE SOP 2023-24) the brain?
a. tongue b. nose
) The main thinking part of brain is hindbrain.
C. eye d. ear (ü) Centres of hearing, smell, memory, slght, etc.,
Q2. In a neuron, conversion of electrical signal to a are located in forebrain.
chemical signal occurs at/in: (iti) Involuntary actlons ike salivation, vomiting,
a. cell body b axonal end blood pressure are controlled by the medulla
C. dendritic end d. axon in the hind brain.
Q3. What is the correct direction of flow of electrical (iv) Cerebellum does not control posture and
impulses? balance of the body.
a. (i) and (ü) b. ). (ü) and (ii)
c (1) and () d () and (iv)
Q7. Spinal cord originates from:
a. cerebrum b. medulla
C pons d. cerebellum
Q8. Involuntary actions in the body are controlled by:
a. medulla in forebrain
b. medulla in midbrain
c medulla in hindbrain
d. medulla in spinal cord
Q9. The growth of tendril in pea plants is due to:
a. effect of ight
d b. effect of gravity
c rapid cell divisions in tendrillar cells that are
away from the support
Q4. Sensory nerve of a reflex arc carries information d raplid cell divisions in tendrillar cells In contact
from the receptor cells to the: (CBSE 2023) with the support
a. spinal cord
b. brain Q10. Observe the three figures given below. Which
c. muscles of the effector organ of the following depicts tropic movements
d. bones of the receptor organ approprlately? (CBSE SOP 2022-23)
Q5. Which is the correct sequence of the components
of a reflex arc?
a. Receptors ’ Muscle ’ Sensory neuron ’ Motor
neuron ’Spinal cord A B
b. Receptors ’ Motor neuron ’ Spinal cord a. Band b. A and c
Alerln c Only B d Only C
Q11 The growth of pollen tubes towards ovules is due a. u-Pancreas, w-Ovary. p-Hypothalamus. q-Pineal
to:
b. p-Pltuitary. t-Thyrold. u-Adrenal w-Ovary
a hydrotropism b. chemotropism c s-Parathyroid. q-Pineal v-Ovary. u-Thyroid
C geotropism d phototropism
Q12. The substance that triggers the fall of mature d qPituitary. t-Adrenal p-Hypothalarnus. v-Pancreas
leaves and fruits from plants Is due to: Q19. Which of the following endocrine glands is
a. axin b. gibberelins unpaired?
c abscisic acid d cytokinin a. Adrenal b. Testes c. Pituitary d Ovary
Q13. In plants,the role of cytokinin is: (CBSE 2023) Q20. In humans, the life processes are controlled and
a. promote cell division regulated by:
b. wilting
of leaves a. reproductive and endocrine systems
c promote the opening of stomatal pore
d. help in the growth of stem b respiratory and nervous systems
Q
4. The directional movement in plants as shown in c. endocrine and digestive systems
figure is due to which plant hormone? d. nervoUs and endocrine systems

-¬) Assertion &Reason Type Questions

Directions (0. Nos. 21-25): Eoch of the following questions
b. Absci_ic acid consists of two statements, one is Assertion (A) and the other
a. Cytokinins is Reason (R). Give answer:
c Ethylene d. Axin
a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true
Q
15. Choose the incorect statement about insulin. and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
a. It is produced from pancreas Assertion (A).
b. It regulates growth and development of the body b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but
c It regulates blood sugar level Reason (R) 0s not the correct explanation of
d. Insufficient secretion of insulin will cause dlabetes Assertion (A).
Q16. Dramatic changes of body features associated with c. Assertion (A) Is true but Reason (R) is false.
puberty are mainly because of secretion of: d. Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
a. oestrogen from testes and testosterone from Q
21. Assertion (A): A neuron transmits message in both
ovary directions.
b. oestrogen from adrenal gland and testosterone
from pituitary gland Reason (R): Neuron is specialised for conducting
c testosterone from testes and oestrogen from information vio electrical impulses from one part of
ovary body to another.
d from thyroid gland and oestrogen Q
22. Assertion (A): Cerebellum controls the coordination
testoitary gland
fro
of body movement and posture.
Q17. Select the mis-matched pair: Reason (R): Medulla oblongata controls and
a. Adrenaline Pituitary gland
b. Testosterone :Testes regulates the centre for coughing, sneezing and
c Oestrogen Ovary vomiting.
d. Thyroxin :Thyroid gland Q23. Assertlon (A): Movement of leaves of sensitive
Q18. Refer to the given figure deplcting locations of plant is different from movement of a shoot
several endocrine glands in a human female and towards light.
answer the following questlons. Reason (R): Sensitive plant shows seismonastic
movements which are due to turgidity of cells
whereas the movement of shoot is a tropic
movemnent.
q24. Assertion (A): Adrenaline makes the heartbeat
faster, resulting in supply of more oxygen to our
muscles.
Reason (R): Adrenaline is secreted directly
into the blood and carried to different parts of the
body.
Q25. Assertion (A): Amount and timing of hormones
released are requlated by feedback mechanisms.
ldentify the labelled glands and select the option Reason (R): Hypersecretion or hyposecretion of any
hnrmone can lead to different disorders.
 Answers
L (a) tongue
Glands Hormones
2. (b) axonal end
Pltultary gland Growth hormone
Thyroid gland Thyroxine
Pancreas Insulin
4. (a) spinal cord Testes Testosterone
5. (d) Receptors Sensory neuron > Spinal cord
’ Motor neuron ’ Muscle Adrenal gland Adrenaline
6. (c) (ü) and (ii) Pineal gland
7. (b) medulla
8. (c) medulla in hindbrain Hypothalarmus
Piluilary gland
9. (c) rapid cell divisions in tendrillar cells that are
away from the support Paratyrold -Thyroid gland
10. (d) Only C glands
Thymus
1. (b) chermotropism
12. (c) abscisic acid
(a) promote cell divislon
14. (d) Axin
(b) It regulates growth and development of the Pancreas
body Adronal
16. (c) testosterone from testes and oestrogen from glands
ovary Teslos
17. (a) Adrenaline : Pituitary gland Endocrino glands in malo
18. (a) u-Pancreas., w-Ovary. p-Hypothalamus. q-Pineal
Here. p is Hypothalamus. q is Pineal gland. r is Read the above passage carefully and give the
Pituitary gland. s is parathyroid gland. t is thyroid answer of the following questions:
gland. u is pancreas. v is adrenal gland and w is 91. Dwarfism results due to:
ovary. a excess secretion of thyroxine
19. () Pitultary b. less secretion of growth hormone
20. (d) nervous and endocrine systems c less secretion of adrenaline
21. (d) Assertion is false because neurons are unidirec d. excess secretion of growth hormone
tional Le. electrical impulses enter from one
end and leave through the other. Q2. Which of the following endocrine glands is not
present in males?
22. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of a. Adrenal b. Testes c Pituitary d. Ovary
Assertion (A). 03. Which of the following endocrine glands secretes
23. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true digestive enzyme as well as hormones?
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of a. Pancreas b. Thyroxine
Assertion (A). C. Adrenaline d. Insulin
24. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true 04. Which of the following statements are true about
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the endocrine glands?
Assertion (A).
25. (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but ) They are ductless glands.
Reason (R) 0s not the correct explanation of (1) They release their hormones Into a duct.
Assertion (A). (i) They produce chemical messengers called
hormones.
Case Study Based ouestions (v) They release their hormones directly into the
bloodstream.
Case Study 1 a () and (u) b. ().() and (iv)
Endocrinc glands are ductless glands of the c 0). () and (ii) d. () and (iv)
endocrinc system that secrete their products, Q5. Which of the following hormone is responsible for
hormones, directly into the blood. The major
glands of the endocrine system include the pineal regulation of blood pressure?
gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, a Thyroxine b. Insuln
Tostnctornnp d. Adrenaline
 Answers Read the above passage carefully and give the
1. (b) less secretion of groth hormone answer af the following questions:
Q1. Give the full form of TSH.
2 (d) Ovary
3. (a) Pancreas Q2. Where is thyroid gland situated in our body?
4. (b) (). (ui) and (v)
Q3. State the main function of TSH.
5. (d) Adrenaline Q4. Why do TSH levels in pregnant women need to be
monitored?
Case Study 2 Q5. A pregnant woman has TSH level of 8.95 mU/L
What care is needed for her?
Study the figure related to human brain and
answer the questions that follow.
HAnswers
1. The full form of TSH is Thyroid Stimulating Hormone.
2. The thyroid gland Is present in the neck regjon.
3. TSH regulates the production of thyrold hormone. Le.
thyroxine by the thyroid gland.
4. It is because high and low TSH level may increase the
chances of miscarriage.
5. A proper medication in consultation with a doctor is
Q1 Name the parts A, B, Cand Dof human brain. required to bring the TSH level down.
02. What is the function of the fluid filled in the brainr Case Study 4
Q3. Name the endocrine gland associated with brain.
Q4. What constitutes the central nervous system? Study the lable related to blood thyroxine levels
Q5. What constitutes Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
and answer the questions that follow.
Locre Tochnelocies Lud. ThyrcOcare
Answers
1 A-Cerebrum: B-Spinal cord SshuMÁ

C-Medulla: D -Cerebellum
REPORT
2. It prevents the brain from mechanlcal shocks.
. Pituitary gland
4. The brain and spinal cord constitute the central TUGL TIDDOTINupNIND TW
nervouS System
5. PNS contains the cranlal nerves arising from the braln uUltkuälsu Tal Aas
and spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord. Cuaatu:

Case Study 3 Q1 What do you analyse from this blood test report?
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) stimulates Q2. Which gland secretes thyroxine and TSH hormone?
thyroid gland produce thyroxine. Study the 03. Which diet would you recommend to the affected
table given below: patient?
Table: TSH levels durlng pregnancy Q4. Enlist the alternative name for"hormones":
Stage of Normal Low High
pregnancy (mU/L) (mU/L) (mU/L) HAnswers
1. TSH level is high and thyroxine level is low
First trimester 0.2-2.5 <02 2.5-10 2. Thyrold gland secretes thyroxdne and pituitary gland
secretes TSH hormone.
Second trimester 0.3-3.0 <03 B.0-4.5 3. lodine rich diet

Third trimester 0.8-5.2 <0.8 >5.2 4. Chemical coordinators (messengers)

It is important to monitor TSH levels during -) Very Short Answer Type Questions
pregnancy. High TSH levels and bypothyroidism
Q1. Name the part of the neuron through which
can especially affect chances of miscarriage.
information travels as an electrical impulse.
Therefore, proper medication in consultation Ans. Axon
with a doctor is required to regulatc/control
the proper functioning of the thyroid gland. Q2. What Is a nerve impulse?
(C8SE 2020)
Ans. Nerve Impulse is an electrical signal transmitted
alono a nervP fibre (axon).
Q3. What is reflex action? Short Answer Type-l Questions
Ans. An involuntaryor instantaneous action by the human
body parts
P
in response to a stimulus is called reflex
action. QL Label the parts of a neuron in the given figure:
(NCERT EXEMPLAR)
Q4. Which system faciitates communication between
central nervous system and other parts of the body?
Ans. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
Q5. Name the major parts of the brain.
Ans. The brain is composed of three main parts the
forebrain. midbrain and hindbrain (C) (d)
Q6. Mention the part of brain which controls the (b
involuntary actlon Uke blood pressure
Ans. All involuntary actions such as pressure are Ans. (a) Dendrite (b) Cell body
controlled by the medulla in the hindbrain. () Axon (d) Nerve ending
Q7. Write the function of vertebralcolumn.
Ans. The major function of the vertebral colunn is Q2. () Name one gustatory receptor and one olfactory
protection of the spinal cord. receptor present In human beings.
Q8. What is atropic movemet? (NCERT EXEMPLAR) () Write (a) and (b) in the given low chart of
Ans. The directional growth movements of plants due to neuron through which informatlon travels as
external stimul are called tropic movements. It can an electrical impulse.
be either towards the stimulus or away from it Dendrite| End point of Nouron
Q9. In fgures (a), (b) and (C), which appears more (CBSE 2018)
accurate and why? (NCERT EXEMPLAR) Ans.

TiP
The bosic concepts should be leornt thoroughly.
(a)
Gustatory receptors and olfoctory receptors are the
()
sensory receptors that are reloted to sense of taste and
sense of smell respectively.
() Gustatory receptor is tongue and olfactory
(C) receptor is nose in the human belngs.
(ü) The electric impulse travels from the dendrite
Ans. Figure (a) is more approprlate because in a plant.
shoots are negatively geotropic. hence grow to the cell body. and then along the axon to its
upwards and roots are positively geotroplc. so they end. Thus. a' is cell body and b' is axon.
grow downwards.
93. How is the mode of action in beating of the heart
Q10. What are plant hormones? (NCERT EXEMPLAR) different from reflex actions? Give four examples.
Ans. Plant hormones or phytohormones are chemical (CBSE SQP 2022-23)
Ans.
substances that regulate various physiological Basis of
functions üke plant growth. development and Beating of heart Reflex actions
No. Difference
responses to the environment.
1.Stirnulus They do not need They required
QL Name the plant hormones responsible for the any kind af stimuluUS stimulus for its action.
following: to work
(i) elongation of cells These actions are
(i) growth of stem (NCERT EXEAIPLAR) 2ControlledThese actions are
by regulated by the regulated by the
Ans. () Auxin (@) Gibberellin
brain spinal cord.
Q12. Name the diseases caused by deficlency of: They do not involve They involve skeletal
(i0) insulin 3. Skeletal
0) iodine
muscle skeletal muscle. muscle.
Ans. () Goitre (i) Dlabetes
Life These actions are These actions are
Q13. Name the hormone in humans which regulates performed through produced in response
carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism in the out one's ife. to an eVent of an
body. Mention the site where it is synthesized. ernergency
Ans. The hormone which regulates carbohydrates. This action may be Reflex actions are
5. Nature
protein and fat metabolism in our body is always quick
quick or slov.
thyroxine. Thyroxine hormone is secreted by the
thvrold eland. (Any four)
Q4. Name the part of brain which is responsible for the Ans. (a) Pineal gland (b) Pituitary gland
following actions: (c) Thyroid (d) Thymus
(0) Maintaining posture and balance
(ü) Beating of heart cOMMON ERROR -
(üü) Thinking Many students fail to label the endocrine glands
(lv) Blood pressure (C8SE 2023) correctly.
Ans. () Cerebellum (0) Medulla in hindbraln Q9. What will happen if Intake of lodine in our dlet is
(u) Forebrain (v) Medulla in hindbraln Low? (NCERT EXEMPLAN)
Q5. How is the movement of leaves of the sensitive Ans. When iodine intake is low. release of thyroxine
plants different from the movement of a shoot from thyrold gland will be less by which protein.
towards light? (CBSE 2019) carbohydrate and fat metabolsms vill be affected.
Ans.
A person might suffer from goitre in case of iodine
Movement of Movement of deficiency in the body.
Basis of
S.No. leaf in shoot
Difference sensitlve plant towards light Q10. What is insulin? Why are some patients of diabetes
Nature This movement This movement treated by giving injections of insulin? (coSE 2019)
Ans. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas
does not depend depends on the which helps in regulating blood sugar levels.
on the direction direction of Ught
of stimulus. (stimulus). Patients of diabetes have high sugar level in their
blood. This has ill effects on the working of vital
2 Type It is a nastic It is a tropic organs of the body. Thus. dlabetic patients are given
movement.
movement. injections of insulin to control their blood sugar level
3 Grovth It is independent t is a growth
of growth movement. -) Short Answer Type-ll Questions
Q6. Where are auxins synthesised in a plant? Which Q1 Name the parts (a) to (e) in the following diagram:
organ of the plant shows: (CI

0 positive phototropism?
(ü) negative geotropism?
(iü) positive hydrotropism? (COSE 2023)
(O)
Ans. Auxins are synthesised at the shoot tip.
() Shoot (ü) Stem (ii) Root
Q7. Name the hormone secreted in scary situations by
animals. Write any three responses which enable
the animal body to deal with it. (CaSE 2023)
Ans. Adrenaline is secreted in scary situations by animals
Following responses enable the animal body to deal
with this situation What is the term given to the sequence of events
0) Heart beats faster. resulting in supply of more occurring in the diagram? (COSE 2020)
Oxygen to our muscles. Ans. (a) Receptors (skin) (b) Sensory neuron
(u) The blood the digestive system and skin Is (c) Spinal cord (d) Relay neuron
reduced due to contraction of muscles around (e) Motor neuron
small arteries in target organs. The term given to the sequence of events occurring
(ii) The breathing rate also increases because of here is the reflex action
the contractions of the dlaphragm and the rib Q2. Trace the sequence of events which occur when a
muscles. bright ight is focused on your eyes. (CBSE2019)
Q8. Label the endocrine glands in the given figure: Ans. The sequence of events which occur when a bright
ight if focUsed on our eyes is:
(a) Receptor cells of eyes

Sensory neuron
Spinal cord
Motor neuron
(d)
Eye muscles
Pupil contracts
 93. (0) Name the part of human brain which controls: Ans. 0 Shoot growing towards üght
(a) voluntary actions and (b) ivoluntary actions.
(0) Roots growing away from Ught towards ground.
(ü) Write the function of peripheral nervous system.
Name the components of this system stating (iü) Growth of roots towards earth due to the pull of
their orlgin. (C8SE 2019) the earth
Ans. () (a) Forebrain (b) Hindbrain (iv) Shoots growing away from the earth
(0) The communication between the Central Nervous (V) Roots growing towards the source of water.
Systerm (CNS) and the other parts of the body i (vl) Growth of pollen tubes towards the ovules.
facilitated by the peripheral nervous system
PNS consists of cranial nerves arising from the -TiP
brain and spinal nerves arising from the spinal Learn and understand the concept of tropic movement
cord. plants. Loy emphasls on exomples of eoch type of
94. List in tabular form three distinguishing features tropic movement.
between cerebrum and cerebellum. Q7. Define geotroplsm. Draw a labelled dlagram of a
Ans.
plant showing geotropic movements of its parts.
S.No. Basis of
Cerebrum Cerebellum (CBSE 2020)
Difference Ans. The movement of the growth of the roots downwards
1 Initial part It is a part of It is a part of and the shoots upwards under the stimuli of gravity
fore brain. hindbrain is called geotropism
2 Function It initiates It maintains
intelligence posture and
memory and equllibrium of Nogatively
gootopic
voluntary the body
movements

3 Feature It is the main It is responsible

thinking part offor precision of
the brain.
voluntary
actions üke Plant showing geotropism
walking in a
straight line. Q8. Explain the directional movement due to growth In
pirabicycle. response to touch in a pea plant. (CBSE 2023)
up a Ans. Pea plant cümb up other plants or fences by means of
pencil tendrils These tendrils are sensitive to touch. When
Q5. Why is chemical communiation better than they come in contact with any sUpport. the part of
electrical impulses as a means of communication the tendril in contact with the object does not grow as
between cells in a multicellular organism? rapidly as the part of thetendril away from the object.
Ans. Chemical communication is better than electrical This causes the tendril to circle around the object and
impulses as a means of communication between
cells in a multicellular organism because of the thus cling to it Because this growth is directional. it
following reasons appears as if the pea plant is moving,
0 Electrical impulses have limited access to only Q9. State the functions of plant hormones. Name four
those cells that are connected by nervous tissue different types of plant hormones.
(neurons). whereas chemical signals can reach Ans. Plant hormones help to coordinate growth.
each and every cell of the body. development and responses in environment.
(0) Cells connected by nervous tissues. after
generation and transmission of the impulse. Different types of plant hormones are given below.
take some time to reset in order to generate and 0) Auxins: They control the tropic(growth related)
transmit newelectrical impulses whereas no such movements of the plants in response to ight.
time is required for chernical comnunication. gravity. touch. etc. by increasing the size of cells.
Q6. Write one example of each of the following tropic (ü) Gibberellins: They stimulate stem elongation
movements:
and expansion of leaves.
() Positive phototropism
(ii) Cytokdnins: They promotegrowth by stimulating
(i) Negative phototropism
(ii) Positive geotropism cell division.
(iv) Negative geotropism (iv) Abscisic Acid: It is a stress hormone in plants
(V) Hydrotropism that inhibits growth in different parts of the
nlant hnv
 Q10. Name the hormones secreted by the following The functions of neuron are given below:
endocrine glands and specify one function of each: () Passing of information takes place by the way
of electric impulse inside the neuron and in the
() Thyroid () Pituitary (ii) Pancreas
SE 2018)
(CBSE form of chemicals at synapse.
Ans. () Thyrold: It secretes a hamone called thyroxine. It (ü) It undergoes reflex actions. For example.
regulates the metabolism of fats. carbohydrates withdrawing of hand on touchlng a hot object.
and proteins in the body. Q2. (0) Why Is the flow of signals in a synapse from
axonal end of one neuron to dendritic end of
(0) Pituitary: It secretes growth hormone which another neuron but not the reverse?
regulate5 growth and developrnent of the body. (NCERT EXEMPLAR)
(i0) Pancreas: It secretes insulin which helps in (ii) Sameer was studying in his room. Suddenly he
regulating blood sUgar levels. smells something burning and sees smoke in the
room. He rushes out of the room immediately.
Q1L We are advised to take lodised salt in our diet by Was Sameer's action voluntary or involuntary?
doctors. Justify its Importance in our body.
(COSE SQP 2023-24)
Ans. () When an electrical signal reaches the axonal end
of a neuron. it releases a chermical substance. This
Ans. We are advised to take iodised salt in our diet because
of the following reasons: chernical diffuses towards the dendrite end of next
(0) It Is essential for the synthesis of thyroxin neuron where it generates an electrical impulse
hormone or signal Hence. the electrical signal is converted
(ü) Thyroxin regulates carbohydrate. protein and into a chemical signal at the axonal end. Since

fat metabolism in the body. these chemicals are absent at the dendrite end
of the neuron. the electrical signal cannot be
(I) Thyroxin also provides best balance for growth.
converted into chemical signalL Thus. the impulse
Q12. Nervous and hormonal systems together perform always flows from axonal end of one neuron to
the function of control and coordinatlon in human dendritic end of another neuron.
beings. Justify this statement with the help of an (ü) Sameer's action was voluntary because rushing
example. (COSE 2019)
out of the room was under his conscious control
Ans. In human belngs, nervous and hormonal systems
The smoke and smell were perceived by the
work together in controlling and coordinating receptors in the sense organs and signals are
varlous Ufe processes in the body. Nervous system sent to the brain. The brain. then sent signals to
work by generation and transmisslon of electrical the effector organs. Le. the muscles. to move out
Impulse while hormonal system works by secreting of the room
chemical messengers called hormones Q3. () (a) Draw a neat diagram of human brain and
For example. when an emergency stimuluS 0s label medulla and cerebellum.
detected by the nervoUs system. the stimulus (b) Write the functions of the above mentioned
recelved and analysed by CNS that send message to parts.
effectors to provide proper response. At the same (ü) "Both overproduction and underproduction of
time, nervous system activates adrenal gland to growth hormone leads to disorders in the body.
release adrenaline that prepares body by increasing Explain.
heart rate. blood pressure. respiratlon etc Thus, both Ans. (0) (Y) Diagram of human brain:
these systems work together to perform functlons
af control and coordination.

Long Answer Type Questions

QL State the structural and functional unit of the
nervous system. Draw its neat labelled diagram
(COSE 2014)
and write two functions.
Ans. Structural and functional unlt of the nervous system Medulla Corebelium
is neuron
Nucleus GTiP.
endrte Practice diagrams with proper labelling.
(b) Involuntary actions lüke blood pressure. salivation
and vomiting are controlled by the medulla.
Nerve Cerebellum ls responsible for precision of
ending voluntary actions and maintalning the posture
Cell body and balance of the body.
 (0) Over production of growth hormone leads to which helps the cells to grow longer. When
glgantism and its under production eads to ight is coming from one side of the plant. auxin
dwarfism. diffuses towards the shady side of the shoot.
This concentration of auxin stimulates the cells
cOMMON ERROR to grow longer on the side of the shoot which is
Mony students forget to answer the sub parts of this away from Üght Thus. the plant appears to bend
question. towards unidirectional ight.
Q4. What is hydrotropism? Design an experiment to Q6. () Adoctor has advised Sameer to reduce sugar
demonstrate thls phenomenon. (CBSE 2019) intake in his dlet and do regular exercise after
Ans. The movement of plant parts in response to water is checking his blood test reports. Which disease
known as hydrotropism do you think Sameer is suffering from? Name
Experiment: the hormone responsible for this disease and
) Soak the seeds in water overnight. the organ producing the hormone.
Place moist cotton in a perforated petri dish.
(M) Put the soaked seeds in the petri dish and place (i) Which hormone is present in the areas of rapid
it on a beaker. cell divislon in a plant and which hormone
(iv) Roots pass through pores and grow downwards. inhlbits the growth? (CBSE SQP 2023-24)
(v) After sorne time. roots will bend towards base Ans
) Sameer is suffering from dlabetes Insuln
of petri dish having molsture. hormone helps in regulating blood sugar levels.
Result This confirms that the plants move and grows Insulin is produced by pancreas
towards the source of water. hence plants show () Cytokinins is present in areas of rapid cell divislon.
hydrotropism Abscisic acid inhibits growth.
-TiP Q7. ) Name the disorder which a person is likely to
suffer from due to the following:
Always write the experiment point-wise. Do not repeat
the some point in different words. (a) Over-secretion of growth hormone
Q5. (0) List three points of difference between nervous (b) Deficiency of oestrogen in female
and hormonal mechanisms for control and () Less secretion of thyroxine
coordination in animals.
Also, name the gland that secretes each of the
() How are auxins related with the bending of hormones mentioned above.
plant shoot towards unidirectional light?
(CBSE 2023) (i) How is the timing and amount of hormone
Ans. (0) released regulated? Explain with the help of an
Nervous example.
S.No. System Hormonal System Ans. 0
Mechanism Mechanism
SNo. Dlsorder Gland
It conslsts of It consists of
Gigantism Pltuitary gland
nerve impulsesendocrine system b. Menstrual Ovaries
between PNS. which secretes
CNS and brain. hormones directly Irregularities
into blood. Goitre Thyroid gland
Flow of The flow of The information (ü) Feedback mechanism of harmonic regulation
informa Information istravels slowly and is the mechanism of regulating the timing and
tion and rapld and the the response is amount of hormone released so that they are
responseresponse 0sslow.
quick secreted In precise quantitles.
Action Nerve impulsesEach hormone has cOMMON ERROR
are not specific specific actions.
in their action. Students ore unowore of the concept of feedbock
mechanism. So, they write vague answer.
4 Effect Effects are It has prolonged
short ived. effects Example: If the sugar levels in the blood rise. they
are detected by the cells of the pancreas which
(Any three)
(i) When growing plants detect Ught. a hormone respond by producing more Insulin. As the blood
sugar level falls. insulin secretion is reduced.
called auxin is synthesised at the shoot tip
 Chapter Test
Multiple Choice Questions Q5. Assertion (A): Cytokinins are present in greater
QL Which ofthefollowing is nota reflex action? concentration in areas of rapid cell division.
a. Coughing Reason (R): Cytokinins promote cell division.
b. Bünking of eyes Q6. Assertion (A): Reflex actions are automatic and
c Knee-erk
rapid responses to stimuli.
d. Weeping
Reason (R): These actions are controlled by brain.
Q2. Which of the following is not assoclated with
growth of plant?
a. Auxin Case Study Based Question
b. Gibberellins Q7. Srudy the figure related to endocrine glands in
c Cytokinins hunan being (male) and answer the questions that
d. Abscisic acid follows.
Q3. The movement of sunflower in accordance with the
path of Sun Is due to:
a. phototropism
b. geotropism
c chemotropism
d hydrotropism
Q4. The given figures show movement seen in Mimosa
pudica plant when it is touched.

(() Name the endocrine glands POR and S.

(ü) Name the hormone responsible for regulation
Select the incorrect option regarding this. of blood pressure. Also name the gland whlch
a The movement is directional that involves secretes this hormone.
growth (ii) Which gland secretes digestive enzymes as
b. The movement is non-directional that occurs due well as hormones?
to turgor changes. (v) Which endocrine gland is present female
C The movement is immediate in response to but not in male?
stimulus.
d The movement is in response to touch and is Very Short Answer Type Questions
called thigmonasty. Q8. Name two body functions that will be affected if
cerebellum gets damaged.
Assertion and Reason Type Questions Q9. Define chemotropism.
Directions (Q Nos. S-6): Eoch of the following questions
consists of two statements, one ls Assertion (A) and the other Short Answer Type-I Questions
is Reason (R). Give answer: Q10. Tendrils encircle or coil around the object in contact
a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true with it. Elaborate.
and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Ql Write the main functions of the following:
Assertion (A)
(0) Sensory neuron
b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true but (i) Cranium
Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
Assertion (A). (ii) Vertebral column
c Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. (iv) Motor neuron
d Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true. Q12. Differentiate between troplc and nastic movements.
Short Answer Type-1 Questions Q17. (i) ldentify the endocrine glands A, B, C, D, E and F
in the given diagram.
Q13. (0 Draw a well-labelled diagram of human brain.
() Which is the main thinking part of brain?
(ii) Which part of the brain controls involuntary A
actions?
Q14. Name the hormone which regulates carbohydrate,
protein and fat metabolism in our body. Which
gland secretes this hormone? Why is it important
for us to have iodised salt in our diet?
Q15. (0) Draw the structure of neuron and label cell
body and axon.
() Name the part of neuron:
(a) where the information is required.
(b) through which information travels as an
electrical impulse.
Long Answer Type Questions
Ql6. (0 Define reflex arc. Draw a flowchart showing F
the sequence of events which occur during
sneezing. (ü) List the functlons of each part.
(ü) List four plant hormones. Write one function of
each.