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Structure of atom -notes-(till Bohr model) dgjh

Chapter 4 discusses the structure of the atom, covering Thomson's and Rutherford's models, including their observations and conclusions from the alpha scattering experiment. It introduces Bohr's model, which outlines the discrete orbits of electrons and the rules for electron distribution in shells. The chapter concludes with questions related to electronic configurations and atomic structure for specific elements.

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3 views

Structure of atom -notes-(till Bohr model) dgjh

Chapter 4 discusses the structure of the atom, covering Thomson's and Rutherford's models, including their observations and conclusions from the alpha scattering experiment. It introduces Bohr's model, which outlines the discrete orbits of electrons and the rules for electron distribution in shells. The chapter concludes with questions related to electronic configurations and atomic structure for specific elements.

Uploaded by

hk9903355
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER-4

STRUCTURE OF ATOM

Pre-Assessment

1) Atoms are indivisible (True,False)


2) Nucleus of an atom consists of ________________ and _________.
3) Electrons are stationary in an atom(True,False)
Learning Objective

Evaluate the obedience of rules of Bohr model of atom for the arrange ment of
electrons,Protons and neutrons.

Success Criteria

• Understand Thomson’s model and Rutherfords’ model of atom.


• Explain the alpha scattering experiment with observations and conclusions.
• Understand the rules of Bohr model of atom and apply it in various elements.

Thomsons model of atom

J. J Thomson proposed his plum pudding (water melon) model of an atom.

According to the model,

i) An atom consists of a positively charged

sphere and the electrons are embedded in it.

(ii) The negative and positive charges are equal in magnitude. So, the atom as a whole is electrically
neutral.

DRAW BACK OF THOMSONS MODEL

Although Thomson’s model explained that atoms are electrically neutral, this model could not
explain the results of experiments carried out by other scientists.

RUTHERFORD’S MODEL OF ATOM


Rutheford introduced his model of atom after conducting alpha particle scattering experiment.
RUTHERFORD’S ALPHA PARTICLE SCATTERING EXPERIMENT OR GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT

Observations and inferences of alpha scattering experiment

Sl.no Observations Conclusions(Inferences)


1 Most of the fast moving particles passed straight Most of the space inside the atoms is
through the gold foil. empty.

2 Some of the alpha particles deflected by the foil The positive charge of the atom
through small or large angles. occupies very little space inside the
atom.

3 One out of every 12000 alpha particles appeared All the positive charge and mass of
to rebound at 180O. the atom are concentrated in a very
small volume within the atom.

Based on his experiment Rutherford put forward his nuclear model of the atom, which had
the following features:

(i) There is a positively charged centre in an atom called the nucleus. Nearly all the
mass of an atom resides in the nucleus.
(ii) The electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular paths.
(iii) The size of the nucleus is very small as compared to the size of the atom.

Drawbacks of Rutherford’s model of the atom

The revolution of the electron in a circular orbit is not expected to be stable.

Any particle in a circular orbit would undergo acceleration. During acceleration, charged
particles would radiate energy. Thus, the revolving electron would lose energy and finally
fall into the nucleus. If this were so, the atom should be highly unstable and hence matter
would not exist. Thus, Rutherford failed to explain the stability of the atom.
Bohr’s model of an atom :-

• LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Analyze the electron distribution of the Bohr’s model by applying it to various elements.

SUCCESS CRITERIA

• Understand the postulates of Bohr’s model of the atom.

• Explain the rules of electron distribution.


• Apply and analyze the rules in various elements

Neils Bohr put forward the following postulates about the structure of an atom:

(i) Only certain special orbits known as discrete orbits of electrons, are allowed inside the
atom.

(ii) Electrons do not radiate energy While revolving in discrete orbits.

These orbits are called shells or energy levels and are represented

by the letters K, L, M, N etc. or numbered as 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.

Distribution of electrons in different shells :-

The distribution of electrons in the different shells was suggested by Bhor and Bury. The following
are the rules for filling electrons in the different shells.

i) The maximum number of electrons in a shell is given by

the formula 2n2 where n is the number of the shell 1, 2, 3

etc.

First shell or K shell can accommodate 2 x 12 = 2x1x1 = 2 electrons

Second shell or L shell can accommodate 2 x 22 = 2x2x2 = 8 electrons

Third shell or M shell can accommodate 2 x 32 = 2x3x3 = 18 electrons

Fourth shell or N shell can accommodate 2 x 42 = 2x4x4 = 32 electrons and so on.

ii) The maximum number of electrons that can be filled in

the outermost shell is 8.

iii) Electrons cannot be filled in a shell unless the inner

shells are filled. That is, the shells are filled in a step-wise manner.

QUESTION

Q)1) Write the electronic arrangement or electronic configuration of element the with

atomic number 16 and Draw the Bohr model of the atom

2) Draw the Bohr-bury structure of the ion Mg 2+


Atomic structure of the first eighteen elements :-

Questions

1. If K and L shells of an atom are full, then what would be the total number of electrons in the
atom?

(2)Draw Bohr’s atomic model for the element with atomic number 7 and find the number of
valence electrons

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