AS 4100:2020 © S880 AS Steel structuresAS 4300:2020 ‘This Australian Standard ® was prepared by BD-001, Stee! Structures, It was approved ‘on behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 31 July 2020. ‘This Standard was published on 21 August 2020. ‘The following are represented on Committee BD-001: ‘Australian Building Codes Board ‘Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry Australian Industry Group ‘Australian Steel Association Australian Steel Institute Austroads Bureau of Stee! Manufacturers of Australia Consult Australia Engineers Australia Rall Industry Safety and Standards Board University of New South Wales University of Sycney Weld Australia Western Sydney University ‘This Standard was issued in craft form for comment as DR AS 4100:2019, Keeping Standards up-to-date Ensure you have the latest versions of our publications and keep up-to-date about ‘Amendments, Rulings, Withdrawals, and new projects by visting: wa standards. org.au ISBN 978 1 76072 947 9AS 4100:2020 Steel structures Originated in part as SRA INT 351—1956, Previous edition AS 4100—1998, Third edition 2020. (© Standards Australia Umited 2020 All rights are reserved. No part ofthis ork may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the lritten permission of the publisher, uniess otherwise permitted under the Copyright ‘Act 1968 (Cth).AS 4100:2020 ii Preface ‘This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee BD-001, Steel Structures, to supersede AS 4100—1998. The objective of this Standard is to provide designers of steel structures with specifications for steel structural members used for load-carrying purposes in buildings and other structures. Major changes to the 1998 edition include the following: @ Reference to the “construction specification” (as the document containing the particular design data and details to be provided) as one deliverable from the design process. A definition of the construction specification consistent with that in. AS/NZS 5131 has also been provided (Clauses 1.3.16 and 1.6.2). (b) Introduction of the definition of “construction category” and an informative appendix providing guidance on selection of the appropriate construction category, both consistent with AS/NZS 5131 (Clauses 1.3.15 and 17.2, and Appendix L). oO Definition and description of ‘architecturally exposed structural steelwork” (AESS) (Clauses 1.3.3 and 1.7.3) (2) Definition and treatment of lamellar tearing” consistent with AS/NZS 1554.1 (Clauses 1.3.40 and 3.8, and Appendix M). (© Alignment with AS/NZS 5100.6:2017 (various clauses), 0 Referencing of AS/NZS $131:2016 for the majority of requirements in the fabrication and erection sections of this Standard (Sections 14 and 15). (e) Alignment with AS/NZS 1252.1:2016, which includes introduction of an “alternative bolt assembly type” to EN 14399-3 System HR for grade 8.8 bolts and an “additional bolt assembly type’ to EN 14399.3 System HR for grade 10.9 bolts. The Australian Steel Institute (ASI), ‘Technical Note TN-001, High strength structural bolt assemblies to AS/NZS 1252:2016, provides background and basis for the revision to AS/NZS 1252:1996 (Clauses 9.1.6, 9.3, 15.2). (h) —_New specification of geometrical tolerances for fabrication and erection aligned with AS/NZS 5131 (Clauses 14.4 and 15.3), 0 New Appendix Kk “Statistical data’, aligned with AS/NZS 5100.6. o Inclusion of shear modulus G at elevated temperature in Clause 12.4.2 and a new Clause 12.4.3, Slenderness at elevated temperature ‘Table M.2, Criteria affecting the target value of Zgg, was adapted with permission from Table 3.2 of EN 1993-110. Copyright © 2005. CEN, Belgium. www.cen.eu ‘The terms “normative” and “informative” are used in Standards to define the application of the appendices to which they apply. A “normative” appendix is an integral part of a Standard, whereas an “informative ” appendix is only for information and guidance. ‘© Standards Australia Limited 2020ti AS 4100:2020 Contents a ii Section 1 Scope and general 1 1.1 Scope and exclusions. ce cones TA Scope sessccxcnsanacreniconnaouannconsac atnaceai 1 1.12 Exclusions 1 1.2. Normative references 1 13. Termsand definitions .-.-o0-cnewonevevnneeene iisitaicasnaaains’ 14 Notation... —- p10 15 Use of alternative materials or methods - 24 15.1 General. 24 15.2 Existing structures i . 24 1.6 Design... seas SS aa 1.6.1 Design data - - 0 menses 162 Design details 24 1.7 Workmanship 25 17.1 General co - co BS 1.7.2 Constructi a asa 28 1.73 Architecturally exposed structural steelwork 25 1.7.4 Fabrication and erection 26 Section 2 Materials... eines rs 27 2A. Yield stress and tensile strength used in design... praaraeanany 24.1 Yield stress 27 2.1.2 Tensile strength 27 2.2. Structural steel... - - a 28 224 Australian Standards. = am seat 28 222 Acceptance of steels 29 223. Unidentified steel 29 224 Properties of sted... ut ss 8 225 Through-thickness deformation properties... - — 29 23, Fasteners 30 23.1 Steel bolts, nuts and washers 30 232 Equivalent igh strength fsteners.. eee ao 30 23.3) Wil ecrenerenennenceneneneeneeneenrenarm a aaaeleetaarll 234 Welded studs 31 235 Explosive fasteners 31 236 Anchor bolts aL 23.7. Mechanical and chemical anchO?S -..oo-no0-r--erenenenennnnneen ve B81 2A Steel CaStiNgs..-ccncesnnnennnene na eons scant Section 3 General design requirements 32 3.1 Design... ve ce ce — 32 ea ee cs 32 3.12 Requirements 32 3.2 Loads and other actions 32 32.1, Loads . 32 322 Otheractions.- 2 non cD 323 Design load combinations eee eerie are a 324 Notional horizontal forces 33 3.25. Structural robustness: - 33 3.3. Stability limit state es fs 33 34 Strength limit state - - 33 3.5. Serviceability limit state 34 35.1 General 34 35.2 Method.......... Sn - 38 353. Deflection limits... = 2 35Section 4 AS 4100:2020 w 3.54 Vibration of beams 3.55 Bolt serviceability limit state 3.5.6 Corrosion protection ..... = 3.6. Strength and serviceability limit states by load testing 3.7. Brittle fracture co 3.8 Lamellar tearing 3.9 Fatigue - 7 : Se ae . es 3.11 Earthquake. i i SERRE 3.12 Other design requirements 3.13 Reliability management. 4.1. Methods of determining action effects 4.11 General 4.12 Definitions....... sie 4.2 Forms of construction assumed for structural analysis. 42.1 General 42.2 Rigid construction. 4.2.3. Semi-rigid construction 2 ta 4 Simple COnSstEUCHION eosonnen - 425 Design of connections 4.3. Assumptions for analysis. 43.1 General 7 : Saeaae 4.3.2 Span length. 433 Arrangements of live loads for buildings. 434 Simple construction 4.4 Blastic analysis, 44.1 General i ae 44.2 First-order elastic analysis, i 45. Plastic analysis, 45.1 Application 45.2 Limitations - 453 Assumptions of analysis. 454 Second order effects ar 4.6 Member buckling analysis 4.6.1 General 4.6.2 Member elastic buckling load... 0-nnnermnnnm 4.6.3 Member effective length factor. a 4.7 Frame buckling analysis 47.1 General 4.7.2 In-plane frame buckling. Se Section 5 Members subject to bending 5.1 Design for bending moment 5.2 Section moment capacity for bending about a principal axis. 5.2.1 General i scan 5.22. Section slenderness- 5.23 Compact sections 5.24 Non-compact sections. 5.2.5 Slender sections...» niente 5.26 Blasticand plastic section moduli 53. Member capacity of segments with full lateral restraint §.3.1 Member capacity... maps 5.3.2 Segments with full lateral restraint 5.33. Critical section... —— 54 Restraints S41 General 5.4.2 Restraints at a cross-section... sitsvit AS 4100:2020 9.1 General 9.1.1 Requirements for connections 9.1.2 Classification of connections. 9.1.3 Design of connections....or-- _ - 9.1.4 Minimum design actions on connections = 9.1.5 Intersections 9.1.6 Choice of fasteners 9.1.7 Combined connections... neuen aaa 9.1.8 Prying forces. " " 9.1.9 Connection components 9.1.10 Deductions for fastener holes. 9.1.11 Hollow section connections... .eneo nnn se 9.2. Design of bolts, oa 9.2.1 Bolts and bolting category 9.2.2 Bolt strength limit states: 9.2.3 Bolt serviceability limit state ....... 9.3. Assessment of the strength of a bolt group... 93.1 Bolt group subject to in-plane loading 93.2 Bolt group subject to out-of-plane loading 8 9.4 Design of a pin connection. re 94.1 Pinin shear 94.2 Pinin bearing 94.3 Pinin bending. - Ply in bearing ras details for bolts and pins. 95.1 Minimum pitch 95.2 Minimum edge distance 95.3 Maximum pitch, ” 954 Maximum edge distance 955 Holes 9.6 Design of welds 9.6.1 Scope i 9.6.2 Complete and incomplete penetration butt welds... - 96.3. Fillet welds 9.6.4 Plugand slot welds 9.6.5 Compound weld... 9.7. Assessment of the strength of a weld group. aS . 9.7.1 Weld group subject to in-plane loading = esses 9.7.2 Weld group subject to out-of-plane loading 973 Weld group subjectto n-plane and out-of plane loading 9.7.4 Combination of weld types. 3 9.8 Packing in construction... Section 10 Brittle fracture 10.1 Methods... - 10.2. Notch-duetile range method... 10.3 Design service temperature... 103.1 General 103.2 Basie design temperature 10.3.3 Modifications to the basic design temperature 2 10.4 Material selection, 3 10.4.1 Selection of steel type 104.2 Limitations 104.3 Modification for certain applications. " 10.4.4 Selection of steel grade. 10.5. Fracture assessment Section 11 Fatigue .. ey ree 3 Bolt group subject to combinations of in-plane and out-of-plane loadings... 113, 113, 113 113 114 115, 115, 115, 115, 115, 116 117 117, 117 118 121 122 122 123 123 123 123 123 124Pont eat14.2. Material 14.2.1 General 14.2.2 Identification 14.3 Fabrication procedures. 143.1 General 143.2 Hole size 143.3. Bolting. 144 Geometrical tolerances 144.1 General 14.4.2 Nonconformance of tolerances Section 15 Erection 15.1 General 15.1.1 Rejection of an erected item 15.1.2 Safety during erection 15.2 Erection procedures 1521 General 15.2.2 Assembly of a connection involving bolts 15.3 Geometrical tolerances 153.1 General 15.3.2 Nonconformance of tolerances Section 16 Modification of existing structures 16.1 General 162 Materials Section 17 Testing of structures or elements 171 General 17.1.1 Scope of Section, 17.1.2 Circumstances requiring tests. 17.2. Definitions 17.3. Test requirements 174 Proof testing. 17. plication oa 17.4.2 Testload 17.4.3. Criteria for acceptance 17S Prototype testing. 17.5.1 Test specimen, 175.2. Testload. 175.3. Criteria for acceptance. 175.4 Acceptance of production units 17.6 Report of tests. Appendix A (normative) Not used Appendix B (informative) Suggested deflection limits. Appendix € (informative) Selection of corrosion protection requirements Appendix D (normative) Advanced structural analysis. Appendix E (normative) Second order elastic analysis. Appendix F (normative) Moment amplification for a sway member Appendix G (normative) Braced member buckling in frames. : Appendix H (informative) Elastic resistance to lateral buckling Appendix I (informative) Strength of stiffened web panels under combined actions. Appendix J (normative) Standard test for evaluation of slip factor Appendix K (normative) Statistical data Appendix L (informative) Guidance on determination of the construction category AS 4100:2020 174 174 174 174 174 174 176 176 176 177 178 178 178 178 178 178 178 179 179 179 180 180 180 181 181 181 181 181 181 181 181 181 182 182 182 182 182 182 182 184 185 187 189 190 191 192 194 200 203 207 209AS 4100:2020 x Appendix M (informative) Selection of materials for the avoidance of lamellar tearing 212 Bibliography. 2151 AS 4100:2020 Australian Standard® Steel structures Section 1 Scope and general 1.1 Scope and exclusions 14.1 Scope ‘This Standard sets out minimum requirements for the design and the engineering aspects of fabrication and erection, and modification of steelwork in structures in accordance with the limit states, design method, This Standard applies to buildings, structures and cranes constructed of steel. NOTE Fordesign of box and longitudinally stiffened girders, refer to AS/NZS 5100.6. 1.1.2 Exclusions ‘This Standard does not apply to the following structures and materials: (a) _ Steel elements less than 3 mm thick, with the exception of sections in accordance with AS/NZS 1163 and packers. (0) Steel members for which the value of the yield stress used in design () exceeds 690 MPa (9 Cold-formed members, other than those in accordance with AS/NZS 1163, which are designed in accordance with AS/NZS 4600. (4) Composite steel-concrete members, which are designed in accordance with AS/NZS 2327. © Road, railway and pedestrian bridges, which are designed in accordance with AS 5100.1, ‘AS 5100.2 and AS/NZS 5100.6. NOTE ‘The general principles of design, fabrication, erection, and modification embodied in this Standard may be applied to steel-framed structures or members not specifically mentioned herein. 1.2 Normative references ‘The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document, NOTE Documents for informative purposes are listed inthe Bibliography. AS 1101.3, Graphical symbols for general engineering, Part 3: Welding and non-destructive examination AS 1110.1, 180 metric hexagon bolts and screws—Product grades A and B, Part 1: Bolts AS 1110.2, 150 metric hexagon bolts and screws—Product grades A and B, Part 2: Screws AS 1111.1, [SO metric hexagon bolts and screws—Product grade C, Part 1: Bolts AS 1111.2, 150 metric hexagon bolts and screws—Product grade C, Part 2: Screws AS 1112.1, 150 metric hexagon nuts, Part 1: Style 1—Product grades A and B AS 1112.2, 150 metric hexagon nuts, Part 2: Style 2—Product grades A and B AS 1112.3, ISO metric hexagon nuts, Part 3: Product grade C AS 11124, ISO metric hexagon nuts, Part 4: Chamfered thin nuts—Product grades A and B (© Standards Australia Limited 2020AS 4100:2020 2 AS 11704, Structural design actions, Part 4: Earthquake actions in Australia AS 12374, Plain washers for metric holts, crews and nuts for general purposes, Part 1: General plan AS 1275, Metric screw threads for fasteners AS 1391, Metallic materials—Tensile testing at ambient temperature AS 1418.1, Cranes, hoists and winches, Part 1: General requirements AS 1418.3, Cranes, hoists and winches, Part 3: Bridge, gantry and portal (including container cranes) and jib cranes AS 1418.5, Cranes, hoists and winches, Part 5: Mobile cranes AS 1418.18, Cranes, hoists and winches, Part 18: Crane runways and monorails AS 1530.4, Methods for fire tests on building materials, components and structures, Part 4: Fire-resistance test ofelements of construction AS 1657, Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders—Design, construction and installation AS 1735, Lifts, escalators and moving watks (series) AS 1858.1, Electrodes and fluxes for submerged-are welding, Part 1: Carbon steels and carbon manganese steels AS 1958.2, Electrodes and fluxes for submerged-are welding, Part 2: Low and intermediate alloy steels AS 2074, Cast steels AS 2670, Evaluation of human exposure to whole-body vibration (series) AS 3597, Structural and pressure vessel steel—Quenched and tempered plate AS 5100.1, Bridge design, Part 1: Scope and general principles AS 5100.2, Bridge design, Part 2: Design loads AS 5216, Design of post-installed and cast-in fastenings in concrete AS/NZS 1170.0, Structural design actions, Part 0: General principles AS/NZS 1170.1, Structural design actions, Part 1: Permanent, imposed and other actions AS/NZS 1170.2, Structural design actions, Part 2: Wind actions AS/NZS 1170.3, Structural design actions, Part 3: Snow and ice actions AS/NZS 1252.1, High strength steel fastener assemblies for structural engineering—Bolts, nuts and washer, Part 1: Technical requirements AS/NZS 1163,Cold-formed structural steel hollow sections AS/NZS 1554.1, Structural steel welding, Part 1: Welding of steel structures AS/NZS 1554.2, Structural steel welding, Part 2: Stud welding (steel studs to steel) AS/NZS 1554.4, Structural steel welding, Part 4: Welding of high strength quenched and tempered steels AS/NZS 1554.5, Structural steel welding, Part 5: Welding of steel structures subject to high levels of fatigue loading AS/NZS 1559, Hot-dip galvanized steel bolts with assoctated nuts and washers for tower construction (© Standards Australia Limited 20203 AS 4100:2020 AS/NZS 1594, Hot-rolled steel flat products AS/NZS 1873, Powder-actuated (PA) hand-held fastening tools (All parts) AS/NZS 2327, Composite structures—Composite steel-concrete construction in buildings AS/NZS 2717.1, Welding—Electrodes—Gas metal arc, Fart 1: Ferritic steel electrodes AS/NZS 3678, Structural stee!—Hot-rolled plates, floorplates and slabs AS/NZS 3679.1, Structural steel, Part 1: Hot-rolled bars and sections AS/NZS 3679.2, Structural steel, Part 2: Welded I sections AS/NZS 4600, Cold-formed steel structures AS/NZS 4855, Welding consumables—Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of non-alloy and fine grain steels— Classification AS/NZS 4857, Welding consumables—Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of high-strength steels—Classification AS/NZS 5100.6, Bridge design, Part 6: Steel and composite construction AS/NZS 5131, Structural steelwork—Fabrication and erection AS ISO/IEC 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories AS/NZS 1SO 17632, Welding consumables—Tubular cored electrodes for gas shielded and non-gas shielded ‘metal arc welding of non-allay and fine grain steels—Classification AS/NZS ISO 18276, Welding consumables—Tubular cored electrodes for gas shielded and non-gas-shielded metal arc welding of high-strength steels—Classification NZS 1170.5, Structural design actions—Part 5: Earthquake actions—New Zealand NZS 3404, Steel structures standard—Parts 1 and 2 1S0 636, Welding consumables — Rods, wires and deposits for tungsten inert gas welding of non-alloy and fine-grain steels — Classification ISO 13918, Welding — Studs and ceramic ferrules for arc stud welding 1S0 14341, Welding consumables — Wire electrodes and weld deposits for gas shielded metal arc welding of non alloy dnd fine grain steels — Classification ISO 16834, Welding consumables — Wire electrodes, wires, rods and deposits for gas shielded are welding of high strength steels — Classification EN 13381-4, Test methods for determining the contribution to the fire resistance of structural members — Part 4: Applied passive protection products to steel members EN 13381-8, Test methods for determining the contribution to the fire resistance of structural members — Part 8: Applied reactive protection to steel members 1.3. Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. Definitions peculiar toa particular Clause or Section are given in that Clause or Section, 1.3.1 action cause of stress or deformations in a structure ‘© Standards Australia Limited 2020