Cell

 Basic structural, functional and fundamental unit of

life
 Derived from Latin word cella
 Unicellular organisms –
 Organism in which one cell is able to perform all the
function
 No division of labour
Multicellular organisms
 Many cells are able to perform different type of
function
 Division of labour
Differences between
Unicellular Multicellular organisms

Only one cell is able to perform all the Many cells are able to perform different
function type of functions

No division of labour Division of labour

Injury in cell result in the death of Injury in cell results in formation of

organism new cells from existing organisms

Comparatively larger Comparatively smaller

Amoeba, euglena spirogyra, fern

Important discoveries in cell
biology
Name of scientist and year Discoveries
Zacharis Jansen (1590) invented compound microscope

Robert hooke (1665) Discovered dead cell

Anton Van leeuwenhoek (1675) First studied living cell

Robert Brown (1831) Discovered nucleus as spherical body

of cell
Purkinje (1840) Gave the term protoplasm
C.Nageli andC. Cromer (1855) Coined the term cell membrane

A. Kolliker (1857) Discovered mitochondria

Schimper (1883) Introduced term chloroplast
Haeckel (1866) Named plastids
Cell theory
 German botanist Mathias Jacob Schleiden 1838 –
plants are made up of cells
 German zoologist Theodor Schwann 1839- animals
made up of cells
 They combined their views and result is cell theory
Statement of cell theory
 All organisms are made up of cell which are the
smallest entities consider as living
 Cell is the structural and functional unit of life
 Cell is the protoplasmic mass consist of nucleus
 Bounded by a cell membrane or cell wall
 Every new cell comes out from its preexisting cell
 All cells are alike in structure and metabolic activities
 Function of cell is the result of interaction and
activities of the constituents of the cells
 Cell contains heredity materials
Objections
 Virus doesnot have cellular machinery
 Bacteria and cyanobacteria do not possess a true
nucleus
 Important cell organelles are also absent in bacteria
 In some organism such as Rhizopus, Mucor and
Vaucheria body is coenocytic so they bear many nuclei
 Mature mammalian RBCs and sieve tube cells are
without nucleus
 This theory does not explain about the presence of the
nonliving substances inside the cell
Cell as a self-contained unit
 Though activities of cells are integrated for the survival
of organism they are independent to carry out
fundamental life processes
 Also known as autonomous unit
 The reasons that cell act as self-contained unit are
 Each cell has its own independent existence
 Each cell can perform anabolic process and different
structures
 Every cell can oxidized food materials and stores
energy in the form of ATP
 Every cell has its own life span
 The whole genetic information is present inside the cell
 Cells can respire and exchange gases with their
surroundings
 Maintains the necessary internal physiochemical
conditions
 Build up new cell component from its own macromolecules
 Each cell regulars its own activities through flow of energy
and flow of information
Cellular totipotency
 Capacity of mature cells to grow themselves into new
individuals
 Cultured in a suitable culture medium in appropriate
condition
 Concept was given by German botanist Haberlandt
in1902
 Experimentally this process was conducted by steward
and his co-workers (1950) in carrot root
Steward’s Experiment
 Steward and his co-workers took small pieces from
phloem tissue of carrot roots
 Cultured explant in liquid culture medium containing
coconut milk
 Contains all the essential elements necessary for plant
growth
 Culture in a flask with continuous gentle shaking
 Obtained isolated cells which gave cell clusters
 Some cell clusters developed into rooted clumps
 The roots inside the flask are callus
 The undifferentiated mass of cells produced from
explants is known as callus
 When they were acclimatized to semi solid medium,
each developed shoot and a complete plant
 Plantlets were transfer to the natural environment
which developed into healthy and fertile plant
Types of cell
 There are two types of cell namely prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell
 Prokaryotic is derived from two words i.e pro-
primitive karyon - nucleus
 The cell which does not consist of true nucleus and
there is present of incipient nucleus ie without nuclear
membrane, nucleoplasm and nucleolus is called
prokaryotic cell
 The organism which does not consist of true nucleus
and there is present of incipient nucleus is called
prokaryotic organism
Eukaryotic cell
 Derived from two words
 Eu – true
 Karyon – nucleus
 The cell that contain true nucleus i.e. presence of
nucleus membrane, nucleolus and nuclear sap is
called eukaryotic cell
 The organism which contain such type of nucleus is
called eukaryotic organism
Difference between prokaryotic
and eukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell
Lacks nuclear membrane, nucleolus and Nucleus is organized
nucleoplasm
Cyclosis absent Cyclosis present
DNA is naked DNA is covered by histon and non
histone protein
DNA is usually circular DNA is usually linear in chromosome
Membrane bounded cell organelles are Presence of membrane bounded cell
absent organelles
Ribosome are of 70S type Ribosome are of 80S type
Cellwall is made up of carbohydrate and Cellwall may be present or absent if
protein present made up of cellulose and chitin
Cell division takes place by amitosis cell Cell division takes place by mitosis and
division meiosis
Exocytosis and endocytosis are rare Exocytosis and endocytosis are common
Difference between plant and
animal cell
Plant cell Animal cell
Cell wall is present Cell wall is absent
Plastids are present Plastid are absent
A large and central vacuole are present Small and numerous vacoule are
present
Lysosome is absent Lysosome is present
Reserve food material is generally Reserve food material is fat
starch and oil
Mitochondria are fewer in number Mitochondria are present in more
number
There is presence of definite shape due There is irregular shape
to the presence of cell wall
Cytokinesis occurs by cell plate Cytokinesis occurs by the contriction
formation method
Cell wall
 Outermost rigid, semi-living and semi-transparent
part which is protective in function
 Cell wall is made up of cellulose, hemicelluloses,
pectin, chitin (fungi), peptidoglycan
 Completely absent in animal
Layer of cell wall
 Consist of three layer
1. Middle layer
2. Primary layer
3. Secondary layer
Structure of cell wall
1. Middle lamella
 First layer of cell wall formed after cytokinesis
 Cementing layer made between the adjacent cells
 Composition of calcium and magnesium pectate
 Present in all types of plant
2. Primary wall
 Formed after the formation of middle lamella
 Made up of composition of cellulose, hemicellulose
and pectin
 Found in plant
 Cellulose of this wall contains microfibrils which is
attached together by hemicellulose
 No layer
3. Secondary layer
 Lies just beneth primary wall
 Made up of composition of cellulose, hemicellulose,
pectin and lignin
 Common in sclerenchyma, trachids, vessels
 It forms when cell attain maximum size at maturity
 Further dividedinto three layers i.e S1, S2 and S3
 Other chemicals such as xylan, suberin and cutin
Plasmodesmata
 It is the cytoplasmic bridge between the layers of the
cell wall which help in exchanging of fluids between
the adjacent cells
 Known as desmosomes in animals
Function
 Gives definitive shape to the pant cell
 Help in protection from mechanical injury
 Suberin and cuticle helps to reduce the rate of
transpiration
 Protect the cell from osmotic brusting
 Help in enzymatic activities
 Help in absorption
Cell Membrane
 Thin, transparent, permeable living structure which
protects the protoplasmic content
 Discovered by C. Nageli and C. Cramer in 1885
 Also known as plasma membrane or plasma lemma
 Membranes of cell organelles - sub cellular membrane
 Cell membrane and sub cellular – bio-membrane
Chemical composition
 Lipoproteinous in nature
 Made up of lipid 20-40% protein 60-80% carbohydrate
5%
 Threetypes of protein are found
 Structural protein – help in formation of backbone
 Functional protein – help to protect protoplasm
 Carrier protein – help in transport of substances
Structure of cell membrane
 Different scientist have prescribe different models of
cell membrane
 The major one are
1. Danielli and Davson model (sand wich model)
2. Robertson model (unit membrane model)
3. Fluid mosaic model
Danielli and Davson model (sand
wich model)
 Given by James Danielli and Hugh Davson in 1935
 Based on physical and chemical composition of the
membrane
 According to this model cellmembrane is composed of
four layers
 Two phospholipid and two layers of protein
 Phospholipid are present between protein layer
 So called sand wich model
Robertson model (unit membrane
model)
 Given by J. D. Robertson in 1959
 Based on the observation under electron microscope
 According to this model the biomembrane consist of
three layers
 All bio membranes have trilaminar structure i.e
phospholipid present between protein layers
 Made up of unit membrane or multiple unit
membrane
 Total thickness is 7.5nm where phospholipid covers 3.5
nm and protein molecule covers 2nm
Drawbacks
 Doesnot discuss about
 active transport and movement of substance
 Accurate thickness of the model
 Ratio of protein and lipid layer
Fluid mosaic model
 This is the most accepted and recent model
 It was given by singer and Nicholson in 1972
 According to this model protein is not found in uniform
layer but found in mosaic pattern like ice burgs in the sea
 So they described cell membrane as protein ice burgs in the
sea of lipid
 It consist of biomolecular lipid layers directed in the
opposite directions
 Tail of layers face each other
 Both the layers of phospholipids arefluidy in nature
 Protein occurs in the form of globular molecules and they
are two types
 Extrinsic or peripheral protein- proteins lies out side
the outer and inner surfaces of phospholipids bilayer
 Intrinsic or Integral proteins – protins are partly or
completely embedded in the phospolipid bilayer
Function of cell membrane
 It protect the cell from mechanical injury
 It is permeable in nature and provide selective
needable substances can allow through this membrane
 It provides sheath for cillia and flagella
 It is the receptor site for different types of stimuli
recept
 Transportation of materials takes place by different
processes like diffusion, osmosis endocytosis and
exocytosis
Some important terms
 Diffusion - movement of ions or molecules from the
region of higher concentration to the region of lower
concentration eg exchange of gases in cellular
respiration
 Osmosis – movement of solvent particle from the
region of higher concentration to the region of lower
concentration through the semi permiable membrane
 Active transport – Energy dependent movement of
solvent particle from the region of high concentration
to the region of lower concentration through
semipermiable membrane
 Endocytosis – it is the process of taking in a larged
size, solid orliquid particle through cell membrane it is
of two types
 Pinocytosis – it is the process of taking in of larged
sized liquid particles through the cell membrane. It is
also known as cell drinking
 Phagocytosis – it is the process of taking in of larged
sized solid particles through the cell membrane it is
also known as cell eating
 Exocytosis – it is the process of throwing out or
expelling solid or liquid particles through the cell
membrane. It is also known as cell vomiting
Protoplasm
 It is the colloidal mass found in cell
 It includes cytoplasm and nuclus
 Huxley defined protoplasm as physical basis of life
Cytoplasm
 It is jelly- like semi fluid, general mass of protoplasm
excluding nucleus including all other components
 Its composition includes cytosol, cell organelles and
cell inclusions
 The matrix with out cell organelles and cell inclusions
is called cytosol
 It consist of water, salts of Na, k and other metals
 The streaming movement of the cytoplasm is called
cyclosis
Cell organelles
 Cell organelles are living sub-cellular bodies of
cytoplasm which have definite size, shape and
specilized for particular functions eg. Mitochondria,
chloroplast, golgi body etc
 Cell inclusions – Cell inclusions are non living,
metabolically inactive substances found in cytoplasm
for eg. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipid, pigments
hormones etc.
Mitochondria
 First discovered by Kolliker in 1880 A.D.
 Largest cell organelles in the animal cell
 Commonly called power house of cell
 Energy is in the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is
formed during aerobic respiration
 For various cellular activities
 Found in all kinds of eukaryotic cells except in RBC
 Found in different shape such as cylindrical cubical
spherical or sausage
 Mostly rod shaped
 Number depends upon metabolic state of cell
 Consist of two membrane and two chamber Ie outer and
inner
 Outer membrane is smooth
 Inner membrane is folded inwards forming finger like
structures called cristae
 Increase surface area of cell respiration
 Inner mitochondrial membrane has cystal or c-face and
matrix or m-face
 On the matrix side of inner membrane bears of tennis
racket like structure called oxysome or f1 particles or
elementary particle
 Oxysome consist of head, stalk and base
 Head contains ATPase enzyme
 Necessary for formation and break down of ATP
 Outer chamber is filled with fluid having few enzyme
 Inner chamber contains gel like substance called
matrix
 Consist of proteins, ribosomes (70S type), double
stranded circular naked DNA, single stranded RNA,
enzymes for Krebs cycle, amino acid, fatty acids etc
Functions of mitochondria
 Known as power house of cell and acts as cellular
respiration
 Helps in formation of Yolk of the egg
 Helps in production of certain amino acids like
glutamic acid, aspartic acids
 Helps in the formation of haeme part of haemoglobin
 Regulates the calcium ion concentration in cell