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CH0 Before Calculus Part 1Introduction

This document covers the basics of solving inequalities and absolute value equations in calculus. It explains how to manipulate equations, find slopes of lines, and write equations in slope-intercept and point-slope forms. Additionally, it discusses the relationships between parallel and perpendicular lines, providing examples for clarity.

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mo.dmour22
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

CH0 Before Calculus Part 1Introduction

This document covers the basics of solving inequalities and absolute value equations in calculus. It explains how to manipulate equations, find slopes of lines, and write equations in slope-intercept and point-slope forms. Additionally, it discusses the relationships between parallel and perpendicular lines, providing examples for clarity.

Uploaded by

mo.dmour22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Calculus (1)

Chapter 1: Introduction
We can often solve inequalities by adding (or subtracting) a number from both sides:
Multiplying or Dividing by a Value

Another thing we do is multiply or divide both sides by a value.

But we need to be a bit more careful (as you will see).


𝑥−3
Example: Solve ≥0
𝑥+5
𝑥−3
Example: Solve ≥2
𝑥+5
Example: Solve 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 > 6
Absolute Value Function
Absolute Value Equations:

When solving an equation that contains an absolute value, isolate the expression containing the absolute value. Then
write two equations, one with a positive value and one with a negative value.
Solve the following equations.
a. | x + 5 | = 12

b. 2| x – 4 | + 3 = 9
c. | h + 3 | + 10 = 4
Example: Solve the following inequalities. Give the solution as an inequality and graph the
solution set on a number line.
a. | x | < 4
Step 1 Isolate the absolute value expression on the left
side of the inequality. This has been done.

Steps 2 and 3 Rewrite the absolute value inequality as a


compound inequality. Solve the compound
inequality.

|x|<4

–4 < x < 4
Therefore, x must be between –4 and 4.

(-4, 4)

b. | x – 2 |  5
The absolute value is isolated on the left side. It uses a
less than or equal to symbol. Rewrite the absolute value inequality as a
compound inequality and solve.

|x–2|5
c. | b + 5 | + 15 < 20
Example: Solve the following inequalities. Write the solution set as an inequality and graph it on a number
line.

a. | x | > 2

Step 1 Isolate the absolute value expression on the left


side of the inequality. This has been done.
Steps 2 and 3 Rewrite the absolute value inequalities as
two inequalities, one less than and one
greater than.

Solve the two inequalities.


|x|>2
x < –2 or x>2

b. | p + 4 | > 3

The absolute value is already isolated. Rewrite the absolute value inequality as two inequalities and
solve.
c. | x – 2 | + 7  10

First isolate the absolute value on the left side of the inequality. Rewrite into two inequalities and solve.
Example: Find the slope of the line through the points (1, 2) and (3,3)
Reading the graph from left to right and using these two
points, we can see that the rise is 1 when the run is 2.

This gives us a slope of


Finding Equations of Lines
To find the equation of the line, we can use.
the slope -intercept form
y = mx + b
or the point-slope formula
y – y1 = m(x – x1)

The point-slope formula uses the slope m and one additional point (x1, y1) to find the equation of a
line. After substituting the values for m and the additional point, isolate y to put the equation into
slope-intercept form.
Example:
Write the equation of the line that passes through the points (2, 5) and (4, 9).

Solution:

Step 1 Use any two points to calculate the slope.

Step 2 Substitute the slope and a point to find the value of b.


m = 2, point = (2, 5)
y = 2x + b
5 = 2(2) + b
5=4+b
1=b

Step 3 Write the equation in slope intercept form.

Substitute the slope and the y-intercept into the slope-intercept form, and we have the equation of the line.
Example: Use the point-slope formula, y – y1 = m (x – x1), to write the equation of the line that
passes through the points (3, 1) and (7, –9).

Solution:
Step 1 Use any two points to calculate the slope.

Step 2 Substitute the slope and a point into the point-slope formula.
m = –2.5 , point = (3, 1) = (x1, y1)

y – 1 = –2.5(x – 3)

Step 3 Write the equation in slope-intercept form.


Parallel and Perpendicular Line

When looking at two lines, we notice that a couple of special relationships occur. We say that two
lines are parallel if they never intersect. Parallel lines must have the same slope and different y-
intercepts, or they would eventually intersect.

Two lines are said to be perpendicular if they intersect at a right angle (90 degrees). For lines to
meet at a right angle, their slopes must be opposite reciprocals of one another.

For example, if the slope of one line is

then the slope of a line perpendicular to it is


We can use the relationship between the slopes of parallel lines and between the slopes of
perpendicular lines to write equations of these lines.

Example:

a) Write the equation of the line that goes through the point
(7, 10) and is parallel to the line y = 2x + 5.

Solution: The line that we want is parallel to the line y = 2x + 5, so it has the same slope, m = 2.
Using this slope and the given point, (7, 10), in the point-slope formula, yields
y – 10 = 2(x – 7)
y – 10 = 2x – 14
y = 2x – 4
b) Write the equation of the line that goes through the point (2, 6) and is perpendicular to the line
–3x – y = 8.

Solution:

The line that we want is perpendicular to the line –3x – y = 8, so we use the relationship between
the slopes of perpendicular lines to find the slope of this line.
To find the slope, rewrite in slope-intercept form.

–3x – y = 8

– y = 3x + 8

y = –3x – 8
The slope is m = –3. The line that we want has the opposite reciprocal slope m =
Using this slope and the given point, (2, 6), in the point-slope formula, yields

y–6= (x – 2)

Add 6 to both sides to isolate y


c. Write the equation of the line that goes through the point (5, 8) and is parallel to the x-
axis.

Solution:

The line is parallel to the x-axis, so it is a horizontal line and has a slope of zero.
The line goes through the point (5, 8), so it has the y-value 8.
Therefore, we get the line y = 8

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