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Cpi-keyboard Interfacing (3)

The document discusses various methods of parallel data transfer in computer peripherals, including Simple I/O, Simple Strobe I/O, Single Handshake I/O, and Double Handshake I/O, each with distinct mechanisms and examples. It also covers different types of keyboard interfaces such as Mechanical, Membrane, Capacitive, and Hall Effect key switches, highlighting their operational principles and durability. The content emphasizes the importance of synchronization and control signals in data transfer between processors and peripheral devices.

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3 views

Cpi-keyboard Interfacing (3)

The document discusses various methods of parallel data transfer in computer peripherals, including Simple I/O, Simple Strobe I/O, Single Handshake I/O, and Double Handshake I/O, each with distinct mechanisms and examples. It also covers different types of keyboard interfaces such as Mechanical, Membrane, Capacitive, and Hall Effect key switches, highlighting their operational principles and durability. The content emphasizes the importance of synchronization and control signals in data transfer between processors and peripheral devices.

Uploaded by

mehediemon616
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSE 4138- Computer

Peripherals
Methods of Parallel Data Transfer
• Simple I/O
• Simple Strobe I/O
• Single Handshake I/O
• Double Handshake I/O
Simple I/O
• Basic data transfer operations between a computer's processor and its peripheral
devices, such as keyboards, monitors, printers, or storage devices.
• Direct control by the CPU without advanced techniques like buffering, interrupt
handling, or direct memory access (DMA).
• Example of Simple I/O- A computer system reading a character from a keyboard:
o The CPU sends a command to the keyboard to check if a key has been pressed.
o The CPU waits (polls) until the keyboard indicates a keypress.
o Once a key is pressed, the CPU reads the corresponding character from the keyboard buffer
Simple Strobe I/O
• Data transfer technique used to synchronize communication between a source
(e.g., processor) and a destination (e.g., peripheral device) using a strobe signal.
The strobe serves as a control signal to indicate when data is ready to be
transferred or read.
• Example- A basic printer interface where a strobe signal from the CPU tells the
printer when a character is ready to be printed.
• Working Mechanism:
o The source places data on the data lines.
o The source activates the strobe signal, signaling the destination to read the
data.
o The destination reads the data and optionally sends an acknowledgment
(depending on the system).
Single Handshake I/O
• The source places data on the data lines.
• The source activates the control signal (e.g., strobe) to indicate
that data is ready.
• The destination reads the data upon detecting the control signal.
• The source deactivates the control signal after the data transfer is
complete.
• Example: A keyboard interface where the keyboard uses a strobe
signal to indicate a keypress, allowing the processor to read the
key's data.
Double Handshake I/O
• The source places data on the data lines and activates the Request signal.
• The destination detects the Request signal, processes the data, and then
activates the Acknowledge signal.
• The source, upon detecting the Acknowledge signal, deactivates the Request
signal.
• The destination deactivates the Acknowledge signal, completing the cycle.
• Example: A processor communicates with a printer using a double
handshake. The processor sends a Request signal with the data, and the
printer sends an Acknowledge signal after processing the data. This ensures
the printer is ready for the next data transfer.
Handshake from the viewpoint of microprocessor
Interfacing to Keyboards
• Mechanical Key Switches
o When key is pressed-two pieces of metal are pushed together.
o Contains a spring to return the key to the non-pressed position
o Inexpensive
o Contact bounce, oxidized, not dependable
o Lifetime- 1million keystrokes
• Membrane Key Switches
o 3 layers
o Top layer- conductive line of a silver ink running under each row of keys
o The middle layer has a hole under each key
o The bottom layer conductive line of a silver ink running under each column of keys
Interfacing Keyboards Cont
• Capacitive Key Switches
o 2 metal plates(fixed) on PCB
o Another metal plate(movable) on the bottom of foam
o Amplifier detects capacitance and produces signal detecting keystroke
o No mechanical contract
o Lifetime- 20 million Keystroke
Interfacing Keyboards Cont.
• Hall Effect Key Switches
o A reference current is passed through a crystal
o When a key is pressed, the crystal is moved through a magnetic field,
causing a small voltage
o No mechanical contacts
o Expensive but dependable
o Lifetime- 100 million keystrokes

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