Unit Four

Chapter 1
Lesson 2: (Energy)
Man needs energy to exert effort (do work) and without energy no
task can be performed.

For example: When a person kicks a ball, the chemical energy stored
inside his body is converted into another form of energy which causes
the movement of the ball.

Energy: is the capacity (ability) for doing work.

Energy can be measured in joule or N.m (Kg.m2/s2) & D.F = ML2T-2

The forms of energy :

1- Kinetic energy

2- Potential energy

First Kinetic energy:

When work is done to move an object, this work gets acquired by

the object as kinetic energy.

Examples (A man running, a car moving, water falling, elc….)

87
Deduce the kinetic energy of an object:

If a force (F) acts on an object of mass (m) at rest to move it at a

uniform acceleration (a) to reach velocity (vf) after moving a
displacement (d), thus From the third equation of motion: vf2 =vi2+ 2ad

𝑣𝑓2
Vi = 0 so vf2= 2 a d d= multiplying both sides to F
2𝑎
1 𝐹 𝐹
Fd = ∗ ∗ vf2 but =m
2 𝑎 𝑎
1
So F.d = ∗𝑚∗ vf2
2
 Fd = work done to move the object till it acquire velocity vf
1
 ∗ 𝑚 ∗ vf2 = kinetic energy (K.E) that is the form of energy
2
into which the work is converted
1
kinetic energy (K.E) = ∗ 𝑚 ∗ vf2
2
The factors that affect the kinetic energy of an object:

88
Notes:

1) Kinetic energy is a scalar quantity because it is the product of two

scalar quantities which are the object's mass and the square of its speed
(or the dot product of the velocity vector times itself).

2) In the opposite figure, the work

done by the car to move from
position (A) to position (B):

1 1 1
W= mvf2 - mvi2 = m (vf2- vi2) = 𝛥(K.E)
2 2 2
3) If the work done on a body is:

Positive: the kinetic energy of the body increases by increasing the

work done and the velocity of the body increases.

i.e. The resultant force acting on the body is in the same direction of its
motion.

Negative: the kinetic energy of the body decreases by decreasing the

work done and the velocity of the body decreases.

i.e. The resultant force acting on the body is in the opposite direction
of its motion.

Equal to zero: the kinetic energy remains constant which means that the
velocity of the body remains constant.

i.e. The resultant force acting on the body vanishes.

89
Example 1:

Calculate the kinetic energy of a car of mass 2000 kg that is moving with
at a velocity of 72 km/h.

Solution: m= 2000kg v=72 km/h

5 1 1
V= 72 ∗ = 20 m/s so K.E = m v2 = x 2000 x (20)2 = 4 x 105 joule
18 2 2
Example 2:

A car of mass 1200 kg is moving on a horizontal road, calculate the work

done by the car to increase its velocity from 5 m/s to 10 m/s.

Solution: m= 1200 kg vi= 5 m/s vf= 10 m/s

1 1
𝛥K.E = m (vf2- vi2) = (1200)(100-25) = 4500 J
2 2
Example 3:

A car moves with a velocity of 15 m/s, then the driver applies the brakes,
the car stops after covering a distance of 20m. Calculate the distance
that would be covered by the car before stopping if the driver applies
the brakes by the same force when the car is moving with a velocity of
30 m/s (using the work and energy equations).

Solution: vi1= 15 m/s d1=20 m d2=?? Vf1=0 vf2= 30m/s

1 1 1
-Fd = m (vf2- vi2) so -Fd1= m (vf12- vi12) = -20∗F= m (0- 152)
2 2 2
1 1
For second period -Fd2= m (vf22- vi22) so -Fd2= m (302- 0)
2 2
𝑑2 900
F & m are const. by dividing 2 equations we found = = 80 m
20 − 225

90
Example4:

Two bodies (x) ,(y) have the same mass if their kinetic energies are 100J,
900J respectively and the linear momentum of body (x) is 20 kg.m/s,
calculate the linear momentum of body (y).

Solution: mx = my K.Ex = 100J K.Ey = 900J px =20 Kg.m/s

𝑝 1 1 𝑝 2
P=mv so v= & K.E= m vf2 so K.E= m( )
𝑚 2 2 𝑚
1 𝑝 2 1
For body (x) K.E= m( ) so 100 = (20)2 so m = 2 Kg
2 𝑚 2𝑚
1 𝑝 2 1
For body (y) K.E= m( ) so 900 = (𝑝)2
2 𝑚 2𝑚
But they have the same mass so (mx=my=2)

3600 = (𝑝)2 so 𝑝 = 60 kg.m/s

Note that momentum (p) is directly proportional to velocity (v)

So momentum (p) is directly proportional to √K. E

Second Potential energy:

When work is done on a body to change its position, this work is stored
in the body as a form of energy which is called potential energy.

Potential energy :

It is the energy stored in objects because of their new positions or

states.

91
 Examples of Potential energy:
Stored potential When a spring is compressed or
energy in a elongated, its molecules acquires
compressed or a new position and they store
elongated spring. elastic potential energy. Then,
(elastic potential the spring does work to release
energy) this energy and restore its
original position.
Stored potential When a rubber band is
energy in a stretched, its molecules acquires
stretched rubber a new position and they store
band. (elastic elastic potential energy. So when
potential energy) removing the acting force on the
rubber band, the band shrinks to
release this energy and restore
its original shape.
Stored potential Gravitational potential energy
energy in an depends on the object's position
object that is relative to the Earth's surface
raised off the (relative to the gravitational
ground. field).
(gravitational
potential energy)
Stored potential Electrons flow when the battery
energy in the is connected to a closed circuit.
electrons inside a
battery. (chemical
potential energy)

92
 Finding the potential energy of an object:

If an object of mass (m) is lifted up to a

height (h), the work done (𝑊) is
determined by the relation: 𝑊= F.h
Where (F) is the force required to lift the
object up and equals its weight (w) = m.g

𝑊 = m.g.h

But the work done (𝑊) is stored in the form of Potential energy (P.E)

So P.E = m.g.h

P.E : is potential energy

m : mass of the object

h : height which the body moved to

Note:

In the opposite figure, the work done to lift

a body of mass (m) from the position (A) to
the position (B)
𝑊 = m.g.hf – m.g.hi = m.g(hf – hi) = m.g.𝛥h

So 𝑊 = 𝛥P.E

93
The factors that affect Potential energy of an object:

Life application:

(First case) when lifting a box of (Second case) when lifting the same
weight 450 N vertically upwards box vertically upwards to a height
to a height of 1 m. of 1 m by using a ramp (inclined
surface) of length 3 m

94
 The work done will be 𝑊 = w.h = 450 ∗ 1 = 450 J

The first object : The second object :

Needs a force that is equivalent to Needs a force that is less than the
the box’s weight: box’s weight, but needs larger
𝑊 450 displacement:
F= = = 450 N
𝑊 450
𝑑 1
F= = = 150 N
𝑑 3
Example 5:

Two bodies x, y the mass of each is 10 kg, a person lifted the body (x)
to a height of 1 m from the Earth's surface and lifted the body (y) to a
height of2.5 m from the Earth's surface, calculate:

(a) The change in the potential energy for each of the two bodies.

(b) The work done by the person on each of the two bodies and what do
you conclude from that? (knowing that : g = 10 m/s)

Solution: mx=my= 10 kg h 1= 1 m h2= 2.5 m

a) 𝛥P.Ex = m.g.(hf- hi) = 10 x 10 x (1-0)= 200 J

𝛥P.Ey = m.g.(hf- hi) = 10 x 10 x (2.5-0)= 250 J

b) work done by x = m.g.h = 10 x 10 x 1 = 200 J

work done by y = m.g.h = 10 x 10 x 2.5 = 250 J

We conclude that the work done equals the change in the potential
energy. (W = 𝛥PE)

95
Example 6:

In the opposite figure, a small car of mass 200 kg is moved from the
Earth's surface to position (1) then to position (2). Calculate the work
done and the change in the potential energy when the car moves from
the Earth's surface to:

(a) position (1).

(b) position (2).
(knowing that : g = 10 m/s)
Solution:
m= 200 kg h1=10m h2=25m g=10m/s
𝛥 P.E1 = m.g.𝛥h = (200) (10)(10-0) = 20000 J

𝛥 P.E2 = m.g.𝛥h = (200) (10)(25-0) = 50000 J

Comparison between Kinetic energy & potential energy

Comparison Kinetic energy Potential energy
points
Definition The energy possessed The energy stored in the
by the object due to object due to its position or
its motion. state.
Mathematical 1 PE = m.g.h
K.E = mv2
expression: 2
Affecting Object's mass (m) (1) Object's mass (m).
factors (2) Object's velocity (2) Height above the Earth’s
(v). surface
(3) Free fall acceleration (g).
Unit & Joule (J) or N.m Joule (J) or N.m or Kg.m2.s-2
dimensions: ML2T-2 ML2T-2

96
Note:

The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy is called mechanical

energy.

i.e. Mechanical energy = Kinetic energy + Potential energy

ME = KE + PE

Physics in environment:

Most of the energy used by man comes from non-renewable resources

such as:

- Coal & Petroleum.

• Non-renewable resources of energy are considered as unclean

resources since they produce a lot of harmful products to the
environment and man health.

• Because of this, there is a global trend, especially in the most

industrialized countries, to use the renewable resources such as wind
power and waterfalls as an energy resource to generate electricity and
preserve the environment, as well.

97